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<document id="EB93D7BFBD96E0C9DE8022EA646EECE5" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.14926803" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14926803" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1740507034271" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Gunther, Albert C. L. G., Dallas, William S., Carruthers, William &amp; Francis, William" docDate="1885" docId="584D535BFF8AFFB175823A07FE2CFDD1" docLanguage="en" docName="AnnMagNatHist.1885.15.5.1-96.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Reptiles and Batrachians from Brazil, LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.; KENT AND CO.,; WHITT AKER AND CO.: BAILLIERE, PARIS: MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH: HODGES, FOSTER, AND CO., DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN: TAYLOR AND FRANCIS" docTitle="Hystricrinus Carpenteri. A 1885, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="173" masterDocId="A4742B23FF91FF9774513F4CFF85FFA0" masterDocTitle="The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology" masterLastPageNumber="96" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="162" updateTime="1740510925147" updateUser="juliana">
<mods:mods id="B247267DE4EA14D3ACECB196EBB12FC4" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="9566650187F6E782438B5BFD19431183">
<mods:title id="0813C74CA6564C1D71136370CE78C1D8">The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="99FD8D357704D096588C997E14ECD7AA">Gunther, Albert C. L. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="23D4108E999A0E707EC4DD409D49570C">Dallas, William S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6569B23B2C233EE30C5CC79C9357C559">Carruthers, William</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="07F4366A9FA2D40274B62A6ACB210074">Francis, William</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="AE9F9BF54C813E1FCA5B89EE0803E76C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="7FDE561F25BF44E0FEA4CADD69583C90" type="host">
<mods:originInfo id="E43CE316AC6F083BE8EC955A160E1448">
<mods:dateIssued id="24813BBAFD92A9A6B8F997BAA4104CD9">1885</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="944B3CD800E351A8A5C11C2746628CDA" type="pubDate">1885-03-30</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="D92761B7D7F318E9E1C4181593D21F61">TAYLOR AND FRANCIS</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="0434807B4E819B42BF8D8E377CEE297B">
<mods:placeTerm id="4759EB5972589767F826B20E8104D4B2">LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.; KENT AND CO.,; WHITT AKER AND CO.: BAILLIERE, PARIS: MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH: HODGES, FOSTER, AND CO., DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="4A8D13AA4622E23AB47B5A419356F2CA">
<mods:title id="88D48E4CB7EE20E2520CF54C6AD34EF5">Reptiles and Batrachians from Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:classification id="174DB290E8BBFB8725B7DEB1238FD882">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="90B552DD228416E7F3922AB8C766CD20" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.14926803</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="FDC859C37A68D00836A9DE79F497FF04" type="Zenodo-Dep">14926803</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="584D535BFF8AFFB175823A07FE2CFDD1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14926807" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14926807" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:584D535BFF8AFFB175823A07FE2CFDD1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/584D535BFF8AFFB175823A07FE2CFDD1" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="27" pageNumber="162">
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FF8AFF8C75823A07FC73FAD8" box="[467,1014,1355,1400]" pageId="27" pageNumber="162" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8AFF8C75823A07FC73FAD8" blockId="27.[196,1290,1355,1547]" box="[467,1014,1355,1400]" pageId="27" pageNumber="162">
<heading id="8B135521FF8AFF8C75823A07FC73FAD8" box="[467,1014,1355,1400]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="162" reason="4">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8AFF8C75823A07FC00FAD8" box="[467,901,1355,1400]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="162">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFF8AFF8C75823A07FCFAFAD8" authority="Carpenteri" authorityName="Carpenteri. A" authorityYear="1885" box="[467,895,1355,1400]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hexacrinitidae" genus="Hystricrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="n. sp.">Hystricrinus Carpenteri</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8AFF8C77C63A07FC73FAD8" bold="true" box="[919,1014,1355,1400]" pageId="27" pageNumber="162">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F9A38324FF8AFF8C77C63A07FC73FAD8" box="[919,1014,1355,1400]" pageId="27" pageNumber="162" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FF8AFFB174BD3ACBFDC9FDBB" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="27" pageNumber="162" type="description">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8AFF8B74BD3ACBFCB0FE07" blockId="27.[196,1290,1355,1547]" lastBlockId="28.[179,1649,193,947]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="27" pageNumber="162">Body cup-shaped, widest at the summit of the first radials, then slightly contracting by the curving inwards of the interbrachial plates. The vault is flat or slightly convex. rL'he height of the calyx, measuring to the distal margin of the interbrachial plates, varies from 18 to 23 miilim. in different specimens, and is slightly less than their width, which varies between 20 and 25 miilim.</paragraph>
<footnote id="B3FFFE43FF8AFF8C74B73967FDE7F7F8" pageId="27" pageNumber="162">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8AFF8C74B73967FA89F9EB" blockId="27.[198,1299,1579,2136]" box="[230,1292,1579,1611]" pageId="27" pageNumber="162">* Denkschr. k. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, Bd. xxvi. 1867, Taf. viii. fig. 5.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8AFF8C74B93900FEB2F86E" blockId="27.[198,1299,1579,2136]" pageId="27" pageNumber="162">
t It is a noteworthy circumstance that the aberrant Blastoid,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8AFF8C70FE3900FE36F92C" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="162">Astrocrinitis Benniei,</emphasis>
R. Etheridge, Jun., described and figured in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxii. 1876, p. 103, pls. xiii., xiv., appears tohave possessed articula.ed spines. A small spine was discovered by Mr. Etheridge adhering to one of the specimens, though not in position on the tubercle; and in a subsequent paper on this form Messrs. R. Etheridge, Jun., and 1 ’. II. Carpenter record the fact that some at least of the peculiarly ornamented tubercles, which thickly cover the surface of this species, were perforated at their summits, which renders it highly probable that they supported movable spines (Ann. &amp; Mag. Nat. Hist. April 1883, p. 236).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8AFF8C74BE3883FDE7F7F8" blockId="27.[198,1299,1579,2136]" pageId="27" pageNumber="162">
Dr. Hambach, of St. Louis, also states that he possesses a specimen of
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFF8AFF8C749D38BDFD25F7B3" authority=", Romer" authorityName="Romer" box="[204,672,2033,2067]" family="Pentremitidae" genus="Pentremites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="162" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulatus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8AFF8C749D38BDFEFCF7B3" box="[204,377,2033,2067]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="162">Pentremites</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8AFF8C75D838BDFDA8F7B3" box="[393,557,2033,2067]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="162">granulatus,</emphasis>
Romer
</taxonomicName>
, on which the coarse granules show very distinct sockets for the articulation of spines (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, vol. vi. no. 3, 1884, p. 543).
</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8DFF8B74A53EE5FDD8F4BC" blockId="28.[179,1649,193,947]" lastBlockId="28.[163,1624,2383,2844]" pageId="28" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8DFF8B74A53EE5FE13FE44" box="[244,406,425,484]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="163">Basals.</emphasis>
—The base of the calyx has the form of an open shallow cup, tiie marginof which is hexagonal in figure, with indistinct angles. The lower exterior portion where it connects with the stem is circular, about 5 miilim. in diameter, with a slightly projecting collar, the edges of which are finely grooved (Pl. VI. fig. 2). Within this is a slight depression and at the bottom of it a small circular aperture communicating with the interior of the calyx. The base is formed by three equal plates of a pentagonal form. The basal plates vary from -3 to -6 millim. in thickness near their upper margins, whilst near their bases they are from 1 to 2 millim. in thickness. The base itself varies from 5 to 7 -5 millim. in height, and is thus about one third the entire height of the calyx; it is from 14 to 21 miilim. in width. The upper margins connecting the basals with the radials are not exactly straight, but rudely crenulate, the edges slightly overlapping the radial margins.
</paragraph>
<caption id="849BB2C5FF8DFF8B75CC3773FAB8F6AC" pageId="28" pageNumber="163" startId="28.[413,583,2111,2159]" targetBox="[390,1422,1025,2012]" targetPageId="28">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8DFF8B75CC3773FAEEF7CF" blockId="28.[169,1632,2111,2316]" box="[413,1387,2111,2159]" pageId="28" pageNumber="163">
Diagram of
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8DFF8B76DE3773FBE8F7CF" box="[655,1133,2111,2159]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="163">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFF8DFF8B76DE3773FBE2F7CF" authority="Carpenteri" authorityName="Carpenteri. A" authorityYear="1885" box="[655,1127,2111,2159]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hexacrinitidae" genus="Hystricrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="163" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Hystricrinus Carpenteri</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
natural size.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8DFF8B74F83733FAB8F6AC" blockId="28.[169,1632,2111,2316]" pageId="28" pageNumber="163">
A, anal plate;
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8DFF8B75853733FD8DF70A" box="[468,520,2175,2218]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="163">ar,</emphasis>
arms;
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8DFF8B76F93733FD56F70A" box="[680,723,2175,2218]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="163">B,</emphasis>
basals;
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8DFF8B77DD3733FC3AF70A" box="[908,959,2175,2218]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="163">1b,</emphasis>
interbrachial plates;
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8DFF8B71283733FA5AF70A" box="[1401,1503,2175,2218]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="163">1b. A,</emphasis>
interbrachial anal plates;
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8DFF8B769637E7FC86F77D" box="[711,771,2219,2269]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="163">int,</emphasis>
interaxillary plate;
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8DFF8B70FA37E7FB60F77D" box="[1195,1253,2219,2269]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="163">pi,</emphasis>
pinnules;
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8DFF8B719437E7FA78F77D" box="[1477,1533,2219,2269]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="163">R,</emphasis>
first radial;
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8DFF8B75F03792FE40F6AC" box="[417,453,2270,2316]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="163">R</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8DFF8B75983792FE65F6AC" box="[457,480,2270,2316]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="163">²,</emphasis>
second radial;
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8DFF8B77753792FCE6F6AC" box="[804,867,2270,2316]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="163">R³,</emphasis>
third or axillary radial.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8CFF8A74883FDFFE40FCE1" blockId="29.[171,1277,143,1956]" pageId="29" pageNumber="164">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8CFF8A74883FDFFEE9FF19" box="[217,364,147,185]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="164">Radials.</emphasis>
—The first or true radials are relatively large flattened plates, spade-shaped or trapezoidal in form, varying from 10 to 12 millim. in height, 8 to 11 millim. in width at their bases, and between 10 and 14 millim. at their summit ­ margins. They are about -75 millim. in thickness, but in the central upper portion increase to 2 millim. The basal and the two lateral margins are straight, whilst the distal is in some cases straight and in others is slightly elevated towards the centre, where there is a shallow semicircular excavation with radial ridges and grooves for the reception of tlie second radial. The sutural surfaces of the first radials, by which they connect with each other and the basals, are covered with very delicate transverse ridges and grooves (Pl. VI. fig. 5), whilst those of their distal margins, which connect with the interbrachial plates, run in a longitudinal direction (Pl. VI. fig. 4).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8CFF8A748A3C09FE98FB51" blockId="29.[171,1277,143,1956]" pageId="29" pageNumber="164">The second and third so-called radials are short thick plates or joints, whose united length varies from 2-5 to 3-25 millim., and they are about 3'5 millim. in width. The lower and shorter of the two has an oblong or trapezoidal outline, and varies in different specimens from ’8 to 1'25 millim. in height, whilst the third or * radial is a small pentagonal joint 1-7 to 2 millim. in height. There are one or two spines on the dorsal surfaces of each of these upper radials. Laterally the upper radials are united by sutures to the interbrachial plates.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8CFF89748A3BB8FE29FEBA" blockId="29.[171,1277,143,1956]" lastBlockId="30.[131,1256,152,2138]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="165" pageId="29" pageNumber="164">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8CFF8A748A3BB8FDC7FABA" box="[219,578,1268,1306]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="164">Arms and Pinnules.</emphasis>
—The two sloping upper facets of the axillary radial each support a single arm. The first four joints of each arm are subequal, with four unequal sides, and approximately semielliptical in transverse section. They are disposed in a single vertical series, and their united length is 3-2 millim. The sutural facets of these joints are strongly grooved radially. The inner lateral faces of the first two joints of each arm are bevelled and grooved and suturally connected with the corresponding arm-joints springing from the adjoining axillary facet. The next two joints in each arm diverge from those of the corresponding arm; but they are nevertheless united together by an elongate tongue-shaped interaxillary plate. Above the fourth joint in each arm the joints become wedge-shaped and form a double alternate vertical series. The inner edges of these joints are dove ­ tailed into each other, so that the sutures form a zigzag line on the dorsal surface of the arm. The separate joints are about -7 millim. in height and 3-2 millim. from the dorsal to the ventral edge.
</paragraph>
<footnote id="B3FFFE43FF8CFF8A748238AFFCFCF7EB" pageId="29" pageNumber="164">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8CFF8A748238AFFCFCF7EB" blockId="29.[176,1274,2019,2123]" pageId="29" pageNumber="164">* An abnormality occuis in one of the radial series of one of the specimens, which has two joints or plates between the first radial and the axillary, thus exhibiting four radials altogether.</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8FFF8974E23E52FBDCFDBC" blockId="30.[131,1256,152,2138]" pageId="30" pageNumber="165">The two lowest arm-joints above the axillary radial are suturally united to the interbracbial plates, and thus bound up with the calyx; the joints above these appear to have been free, with the exception of the third and fourth, which are connected together by the interaxillary plate. There are from two to three spine-bearing tubercles on each of the arm-joints.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8FFF8974E83D6CFDEEFBED" blockId="30.[131,1256,152,2138]" pageId="30" pageNumber="165">The pinnules consist of elongate compressed joints, horse ­ shoe-shaped in transverse section. The longest joint measures -3 millim. and the terminal about 1-8 millim. They are about -5 millim. from the dorsal to the ventral edge. In one or two cases the canals on the ventral surface can be distin ­ guished. There are apparently six, if not more, joints in each pinnule; the facets between the joints are smooth and even. The outer surface of the joints is also smooth and free from tubercles. I am unable to deteimint with accuracy the lowest joint of the arms which is furnished with pinnules, but they appear to commence on the fourth or fifth above the axillary radial. In none of my specimens are there more than eight arm-joints preserved.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8FFF8974EF3B1EFC98FA06" blockId="30.[131,1256,152,2138]" pageId="30" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8FFF8974EF3B1EFE0FFBD8" box="[190,394,1106,1144]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="165">Anal Plate.</emphasis>
—This is nearly oblong in form, very slightly wider above than below; it differs from the first radials, between two of which it is inserted, in not increasing in width to the same extent above and in the absence of the central notch and tumidity (Pl. VI.
<figureCitation id="48DFFEC8FF8FFF8977153BB2FC2DFA84" box="[836,936,1278,1316]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="38.[126,177,737,769]" captionText="Fig. 1. Hystricrinus Carpenteri. A slightly compressed specimen, show­ ing the anal plate (A) with the anal interbrachial plates above it (1b.A). Attached to the vault of the crinoid is a specimen of Platyceras erectum, Hall. Natural size." pageId="30" pageNumber="165">fig. 1</figureCitation>
,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8FFF8977933BB2FC79FA84" box="[962,1020,1278,1316]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="165">A).</emphasis>
Its upper margin is nearly straight and in a line witli that of the first radials. The plate varies from 8-5 to 10 millim. in width, and from 10 to 12 millim. in height.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8FFF8874923AE0FBCCFDB5" blockId="30.[131,1256,152,2138]" lastBlockId="31.[152,1253,147,2129]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="30" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8FFF8974923AE0FDA8FA72" box="[195,557,1452,1490]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="165">Anal Interbrachials</emphasis>
(Pl. VI.
<figureCitation id="48DFFEC8FF8FFF8976AE3AE0FC74FA72" box="[767,1009,1452,1490]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="38.[126,177,737,769]" captionText="Fig. 1. Hystricrinus Carpenteri. A slightly compressed specimen, show­ ing the anal plate (A) with the anal interbrachial plates above it (1b.A). Attached to the vault of the crinoid is a specimen of Platyceras erectum, Hall. Natural size." pageId="30" pageNumber="165">
fig. 1,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8FFF8977C43AE0FB87FA72" box="[917,1026,1452,1490]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="165">1b.A).</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
—The area covered by these plates is nearly half as large again as that in the other interbracbial spaces. In the best-preserved specimens it is 15 millim. in width at the base and at least 7-5 millim. in height. There are three vertical zones of plates exposed; the space above these is concealed from view. In the lowest zone six plates are present; the two connected with the upper radials on each side are trapezoidal in form, whilst the intermediate four plates are subequal, pentagonal, with straight bases and sides and angular summits. These plates are each about 2-5 millim. in width and from 3 to 4 millim. in height. Seven plates are present in the second series; these are polygonal, with the lower angles accurately fitting into the angles of the lower series. The upper series is also of seven plates, of a similar character to the series below them. The entire series of plates are suturally attached together and also to the distal margins of the first radials and anal plate below, and laterally to the upper radials and the two lowest arm-joints on each side, so that they form a compact slightly incurving shield over the area. These plates are not so abundantly provided with spines as the anal and radial plates, and they are usually much smoother. There are from one to five spine-bearing tubercles irregularly disposed on each plate. The anal aperture is concealed; it is probably slightly above the third zone of plates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8EFF8874963D5AFCF7F9EB" blockId="31.[152,1253,147,2129]" pageId="31" pageNumber="166">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8EFF8874963D5AFE41FDE0" box="[199,452,534,576]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="166">Interbrachials.</emphasis>
—The space covered by these plates is from 8- 75 to 10-5 millim. in width in different specimens; it also varies somewhat even in the same example; the plates reach from 6 to 9 o millim. above the distal margin of the first radials. The plates of the lower of the three zones are always three in number; they are all larger than the plates of the higher zones, and the middle of the three is very prominent. This is usually, but not invariably, situated centrally above the distal margins of the first radials; its base is generally straight, but in the rare cases in which there is an entering angle at the union of the first radials the base of this plate is angular and accurately fits into the space. Strictly, therefore, this middle plate of the lower zone is an interradial plate. This plate is from 3 to 4 millim. in width and about 4 in height. The lateral plates of the lower zone are relatively wider and shorter than the central plate; their outer margins arc suturally attached to the sides of the second and axillary radials, even sometimes reaching to the lowest armplate. The middle zone consists of three or four polygonal plates, varying from 2 to 3 millim. in width and height, which dovetail into the open angles of the lower series, and their own summit-angles are similarly filled by the top series, usually of four plates. In one specimen there are one or two partially detached plates above the third zone; but I cannot tell whether such were generally present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8EFF8874953900FD38F785" blockId="31.[152,1253,147,2129]" pageId="31" pageNumber="166">These interbrachial plates, like those of the anal area, have comparatively smooth surfaces; in some no tubercles can be detected, probably from obliteration, whilst in others there are from one to three spine-bearing tubercles. The plates are about -5 millim. in thickness, and their sutural surfaces are furnished with longitudinal minute ridges, of which there are from four to five. In none of the specimens is the contact of the distal margins of these plates with the plates of the vault actually shown; but the vault-plates are in such close proximity (Pl. VI. fig. 10) that there can be no doubt of their original union with them.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFF8EFFB7749A376AFB03FB3C" blockId="31.[152,1253,147,2129]" lastBlockId="32.[143,1250,150,1568]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="167" pageId="31" pageNumber="166">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFF8EFF88749A376AFEA9F7F1" box="[203,300,2086,2129]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="166">Vault.</emphasis>
— In none of my specimens is the vault complete; but portions of it are
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB1FFB776613FDAFD31FF1C" box="[560,692,150,188]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="167">in situ,</emphasis>
and there are also numerous detached plates in the interior of an individual whose roof has collapsed. It was composed of a solid massive layer of numerous small polygonal but relatively thick plates, very intimately united together, so that the partitions between them czufnot in ııııııkfiııstıııııccs bc detected”. Tiıcircnııtııut« surfaces in some cases show minute longitudinal ridges and grooves of a similar character to those of the interbrachial plates, but liner; in other cases the contact-surfaces appear to be quite smooth. The plates throughout the vault are about -9 millim. in thickness, and thus nearly double as thick as the interbrachial plates. Those of the peripheral area (Pl. VI. fig. 10) are not more than 1 millim. in width; their upper surfaces are now relatively smooth, but on each there are from one to four spine-bearing tubercles of two different sizes. The plates of the central portion of the vault are thickly covered with minute blunted fixed spines oxtubercles, with some articulated spines as well, and also short sinuous ridges (Pl. VI. figs. 11, 12). I am unable to ascertain definitely the form and number of the places in this central portion; some were clearly larger than those of the peripheral area, and there is a detached united mass, evidently belonging to the central area, which may be of only two or three large plates; but no divisions are perceptible in it.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB1FFB674983BEDFB59FEBE" blockId="32.[143,1250,150,1568]" lastBlockId="33.[139,1248,157,2140]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="32" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB1FFB774983BEDFDC2FB67" box="[201,583,1185,1223]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="167">Tubercles and Spines.</emphasis>
— The tubercles are minute truncated cones which project slightly from the surface of the plates. Their narrow summits are perforated by a minute circular aperture or pit, from -1 to -15 millim. in width; their sides gradually enlarge towards the base, which varies from -3 to -5 millim. in width, and merges into the general surface of the plate without any distinctive collar or depression. In the best-preserved examples there is no prominent rounded knob at the summit of the tubercle. They appear to be very liable to be worn down to the surface of the plate, so that in many instances they look like so many minute rings, and their real characters would scarcely be recognized in this condition.
</paragraph>
<footnote id="B3FFFE43FFB1FFB774EC390CFB57F7EE" pageId="32" pageNumber="167">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB1FFB774EC390CFB57F7EE" blockId="32.[151,1253,1600,2126]" pageId="32" pageNumber="167">
* Prof. Williams (
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB1FFB77585390CFDB7F9C3" box="[468,562,1600,1635]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="167">op. cit.</emphasis>
p. 88) considers it probable that the detached spine-bearing plates described and figured under the name of
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB1FFB770193928FEE2F903" pageId="32" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB1FFB774CB39CBFEE2F903" box="[154,359,1671,1699]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB1FFB770193928FB67F926" box="[1096,1250,1636,1670]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="167">Lipidocentrus</emphasis>
eifelianus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Joli. Muller from the Devonian at Rommersheim, may have belonged to the vault of a crinoid similar to
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB1FFB777FD39E8FBEEF96C" box="[940,1131,1700,1740]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="167">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB1FFB777FD39E8FBE2F96C" box="[940,1127,1700,1740]" pageId="32" pageNumber="167">Hystricrinus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
From Chiller’s description of these plates in the Abhandl. der kdnigl. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, p. 259, it appears that their edges are bevelled and adapted to fit over each other like fish-scales. This character, and the fact that nearly similar plates have been discovered in position, forming part of the test of a
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB1FFB7759D3816FDF2F8DB" box="[460,631,1882,1915]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="167">Palcechinus,</emphasis>
by Schultze (Denkschr. kbnigl. Akad. u. Wiss. Wien, Bd. xxvi. 1867, p. 124, Taf. xiii. fig. 1), satisfactorily show that Muller’s specimens could not have belonged to a crinoid. Their relatively large size also renders it improbable. At the same time it should be acknowledged that the simple form of the tubercles and spines and their attachment to each other in
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB1FFB776B33744FC23F788" authorityName="Müller" authorityYear="1856" box="[738,934,2056,2088]" class="Echinoidea" family="Lepidocentridae" genus="Lepidocentrus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="167" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB1FFB776B33744FC23F788" box="[738,934,2056,2088]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="167">Lepidocentrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and also in
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB1FFB770393744FDB2F7EE" authority=", Meek and Worthen" authorityName="Meek and Worthen" class="Echinoidea" family="Proterocidaridae" genus="Pholidocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="167" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB1FFB770393744FE81F7EE" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="167">Pholidocidaris,</emphasis>
Meek and Worthen
</taxonomicName>
, are of the same character as in Hystricrinus.
</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB0FFB674953E6DFC84FBDC" blockId="33.[139,1248,157,2140]" pageId="33" pageNumber="168">The spines are elongate, cylindrical in section, with a slightly prominent ring or collar at their basal extremity (Pl. VI. fig. 8). The base is perforated with a minute cir ­ cular pit. Just above the basal collar is a slight contraction or neck, beyond which the spine gradually increases in thick ­ ness to near its middle and then tapers to an obtuse or, in some cases, a sharp point. In some examples the spine is thickest near the base, the collar is not perceptible, and it tapers regularly to its distal end. The surface of the spines, when examined under the microscope, is seen to be orna ­ mented with minute longitudinal parallel ridges, which do not appear to be continuously even with its surface, but at intervals project outward at a small angle; these ridges are about -025 millim. apart. The spines vary from 1-5 to 4 millim. in length, and from -25 to -35 millim. in thickness. Those on the basals and first radials are tolerably uniform in size, and average 2-5 millim. in length, whilst those of the vault-plates are only 1-5 millim. in length, but nearly as thick as those of the calyx (Pl. VI. fig. 9). The spines on the arms appear to be very slender.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB0FFB674EA3BCCFD25FADF" blockId="33.[139,1248,157,2140]" pageId="33" pageNumber="168">The excavated basal faces of the spines are approximately of the same dimensions as the summits of the tubercles, and could therefore but very slightly have overlapped or clasped these latter, and they would consequently be mainly held in position by the ligament passing between the cavity in the tubercle and that in the spine.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB0FFB574E83ACFFC32FE15" blockId="33.[139,1248,157,2140]" lastBlockId="34.[152,1259,137,2122]" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="33" pageNumber="168">There is no apparent regular distribution of the tubercles and spines on the plates of the calyx. In some few cases there are rows of tubercles which seem to be parallel with the margins of the first radials; but, as a rule, the tubercles are irregularly scattered over the plates, sometimes being in close proximity or only about -2 millim. apart, whilst not unfrequently there is an interval of 1 millim. between two of them. They are most thickly grouped on the upper tumid portion of the first radial, just below the excavated surface on which the second radial rests. There are as many as seventy-three spine-bearing tubercles on the surface of a large first-radial plate, and from fifty to sixty on smaller plates. A large basal plate has sixty-five tubercles, whilst an unusually small plate possesses only twenty-seven. The tubercles and spines of the radial and basal plates are approximately equal in size, but there are two distinct sizes of tubercles on the smaller vault-plates. The interspaces on the plates between the tubercles appears to be smooth. It is a curious circumstance that in several instances in which the spines remain on the calyx-plate they do not lie irregularly crossed over each other, but in one nearly parallel direction, as if their attaching ligaments had simultaneously given way, and some gentle uniform influence had acted on the spines, so that they all fell in the same direction (Pl. VI. figs. 6, 7).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB3FFB574993EF6FE28FD44" blockId="34.[152,1259,137,2122]" pageId="34" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB3FFB574993EF6FEADFE40" box="[200,296,442,480]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="169">Stem.</emphasis>
—Attached to the bases of two of my specimens (Pl. VI.
<figureCitation id="48DFFEC8FFB3FFB5756E3EAAFE28FDAC" box="[319,429,486,524]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="38.[126,177,737,769]" captionText="Fig. 1. Hystricrinus Carpenteri. A slightly compressed specimen, show­ ing the anal plate (A) with the anal interbrachial plates above it (1b.A). Attached to the vault of the crinoid is a specimen of Platyceras erectum, Hall. Natural size." pageId="34" pageNumber="169">figs. 1</figureCitation>
, 6) there are five or six of the upper joints of the stem, which show its characters and enable the nume ­ rous detached fragments, which are abundant in the same beds with the crinoids themselves, to be identified. I have col ­ lected thirty of these fragments, but the longest docs not ex ­ ceed 21 millim.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB3FFB574983DA5FC9BF7BE" blockId="34.[152,1259,137,2122]" pageId="34" pageNumber="169">The stem is cylindrical, with a moderately large cylindrical central canal (Pl. VI. figs. 13, 14). It varies from 3 miilim. in diameter in a very small form, to 6-3 millim. in a large one; in the majority of specimens it is from 4-5 to 5 miilim. in thickness, including the exterior flange. The inner canal of the stem is from 1-5 to 2-8 miilim. in width (Pl. VI. fig. 15). The constituent joints or rings are of two kinds, with inter ­ mediate forms. In the larger joints the peripheral margin expands into a flange with thin edges, and the joints arc nearly as thick again as the smaller intermediate joints, in which the projecting flange is either entirely absent or but very slightly developed. The larger are between -4 and -7 miilim. in thickness, and the smaller from -2 to -5 millim. In some portions of the stem there are three of the smaller rings be ­ tween each of the larger, which are then about 1-5 millim. apart, and the central of the smaller rings exhibits an inci ­ pient flange, whilst in others the larger are only about 1 millim. apart, with a single intervening narrow ring. The facets of the rings are even and furnished with numerous, fine, equal, radiating grooves and ridges, which extend from the exterior margin to the inner edge (Pl. VI. fig. 15). The number of these varies partly with the size of the ring. In a small ring, 3 millim. in diameter, there were sixty-four ridges, and an equal number were present in a ring 4-25 millim. in width. The face of the ring in another detached stem, 3-75 millim. in width, had seventy-five ridges, while there were only seventy-seven with a thickness of 5 millim. As a rule, these minute ridges are simple, but rarely there is a slight bifurcation or notch in them near the outer margin. There is no special delimitation of the inner margin of the stem-joints round the central canal.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB3FFB474873768FCEBFC2C" blockId="34.[152,1259,137,2122]" lastBlockId="35.[148,1246,137,1944]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="170" pageId="34" pageNumber="169">At irregular intervals on the stem, whorls of cirri are developed (Pl. VI. figs. 13, 14). The distance between the whorls varies from 5 to 14 millim., but with only the short detached fragments which I possess it is not easy to deter ­ mine satisfactorily if there were regular intervals between the whorls. The whorls are unequal in size; and whilst in some the cirri, or their bases, are large and apparently full-grown, in others the cirrus-bases are very small and apparently imperfect. In several instances there is a distance of about 14 millim. be ­ tween the whorls or nodes of perfectly developed cirri, and between each of these, though not centrally, there is a node of imperfectly developed cirri (Pl. VI. fig. 13). It would thus appear that in this genus whorls of cirri are developed on some of the intercalated joints between the larger nodes, which indicates a different mode of growth from that which prevails in the recent Pentacrinidae According to Dr. P. Herbert Carpenter * the youngest nodes are always at the top of the stem in this family, and all the joints subsequently intercalated between them are internodal.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB2FFB474903CDDFB3EFA49" blockId="35.[148,1246,137,1944]" pageId="35" pageNumber="170">
As a rule there are five cirri in each whorl, but in some cases only four are developed; the space, however, in which the fifth should appear is vacant and marked by a slight cicatrix. Though normally the cirri of the same whorl are at the same horizontal level, yet instances occur in which one or more of the cirri are situated on joints higher or lower on the stem than those bearing the others. Similar abnormalities have been shown by Dr. P. H. Carpenter to be present in the recent
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB2FFB475033BA7FDB9FAB1" box="[338,572,1259,1297]" pageId="35" pageNumber="170">Pentacrinidae</taxonomicName>
. Thus in
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB2FFB476AE3BA7FEA0FA9C" authority=", Wyv. Thomp." authorityName="Wyv. Thomp." class="Crinoidea" family="Isselicrinidae" genus="Pentacrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isocrinida" pageId="35" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="decorus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB2FFB476AE3BA7FBE1FAB1" box="[767,1124,1259,1297]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="170">Pentacrinus decorus,</emphasis>
Wyv. Thomp.
</taxonomicName>
f, and in
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB2FFB475863A5AFCE0FA9C" box="[471,869,1302,1340]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="170">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB2FFB475863A5AFCDAFA9C" authorityName="P. H. Carpenter" authorityYear="1884" box="[471,863,1302,1340]" class="Crinoidea" family="Isselicrinidae" genus="Metacrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isocrinida" pageId="35" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Metacrinus cingulatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
H. Carp. f, the ab ­ sence of a single cirrus is not at all unfrequent; and further, in
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB2FFB474963A20FD0EFA32" box="[199,651,1388,1426]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="170">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB2FFB474963A20FD01FA32" box="[199,644,1388,1426]" class="Crinoidea" family="Isselicrinidae" genus="Pentacrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isocrinida" pageId="35" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Pentacrinus alternicirrus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
H. Carp.§, the cirri of a whorl are distributed on two nodal joints, and in a much more regular manner than appears to be the case in
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB2FFB477863A8FFB3EFA49" box="[983,1211,1475,1513]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="170">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB2FFB477863A8FFB33FA49" box="[983,1206,1475,1513]" pageId="35" pageNumber="170">Hystricrinus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB2FFB374903AA2FB16FE08" blockId="35.[148,1246,137,1944]" lastBlockId="36.[132,1256,123,1979]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="171" pageId="35" pageNumber="170">
The whorls in this genus are not, as is usually the case in the
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB2FFB4755E3955FE72F9E0" box="[271,503,1561,1600]" pageId="35" pageNumber="170">Pentacrinidae</taxonomicName>
, developed nearly entirely on the lateral surface of a single, in some respects specially modified, stem ­ joint; but the individual cirrus appears to commence its growth on one of the smaller joints or rings (which must have been penetrated by the cirrus-canal), and then extends above and below it, so as to cover over the space between two or three of the larger rings and the intervening smaller ones. In the whorls of the larger cirri the stem-joints are nearly entirely concealed by the cirrus-sockets, but they can be clearly distinguished beneath the smaller cirri. This extension of the cirrus-sockets over more than a single stem ­ joint occurs also in other Palmocrinoids, and is well shown in
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB5FFB374D93E4CFDA7FE86" box="[136,546,256,294]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="171">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB5FFB374D93E4CFD9EFE86" box="[136,539,256,294]" class="Crinoidea" family="Poteriocrinitidae" genus="Poteriocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="36" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rostratus">Poteriocrinus rostratus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
Austin*; it is also the case in some of the recent Pentacrinidae, as, for example, in
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB5FFB370403E60FE37FEDD" authority=", IL Carp." authorityName="IL Carp." class="Crinoidea" family="Isselicrinidae" genus="Metacrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isocrinida" pageId="36" pageNumber="171" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB5FFB370403E60FE83FEDD" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="171">Metacrinus nobilis,</emphasis>
H. Carp.
</taxonomicName>
f, in which both the joint above and that below the nodal joint share in the formation of the cirrus-socket.
</paragraph>
<footnote id="B3FFFE43FFB2FFB474E3389CFBD2F799" pageId="35" pageNumber="170">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB2FFB474E3389CFB25F852" blockId="35.[178,1184,2000,2105]" box="[178,1184,2000,2034]" pageId="35" pageNumber="170">
* Report on the
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB2FFB475E5389CFDC6F852" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1821" box="[436,579,2000,2034]" class="Crinoidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Crinoidea</taxonomicName>
. Voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger,’ p. 16.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB2FFB474E238BFFC77F7B5" blockId="35.[178,1184,2000,2105]" box="[179,1010,2035,2069]" pageId="35" pageNumber="170">
f See Report on the
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB2FFB475AC38BFFD08F7B5" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1821" box="[509,653,2035,2069]" class="Crinoidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Crinoidea</taxonomicName>
, p. 12, pl. xxxvi. fig. 1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB2FFB474E7375AFBD2F799" blockId="35.[178,1184,2000,2105]" box="[182,1111,2070,2105]" pageId="35" pageNumber="170">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB2FFB474E7375AFF3EF799" box="[182,187,2070,2105]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="170">|</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB2FFB47484375AFF7BF799" box="[213,254,2070,2105]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="170">Id.</emphasis>
p. 349.
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB2FFB4776A375AFC02F799" box="[827,903,2070,2105]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="170">§ Id.</emphasis>
p. 12, pl. xxv
</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB5FFB374EB3EE1FF7BFAA7" blockId="36.[132,1256,123,1979]" pageId="36" pageNumber="171">The nodal portion of the stem is somewhat expanded, but the increased thickness is rather owing to the cirri than to an enlargement of the stem itself. The sockets of the cirri are slightly sunk below the surface of tiie stem. Only the lowest four or five joints of tiie cirri are preserved in any of the specimens; they have a slightly oblique direction in rela ­ tion to the stem, but I cannot say whether upwards or down ­ wards. The faces of the joints are circular; they vary in diameter from 1 to 1-5 millim. in the smaller cirri, and about 2-5 millim. in the larger, and the joints are about -4 millim. in thickness. The cirrus-joints are united to each other by radiating unequal ridges and grooves, which are proportionally larger and less numerous than those uniting the joints of the stem (Pl. VI. fig. 16). There are from twelve to fourteen ridges, which extend nearly to the centre of the face, most of which bifurcate about halfway to the margin leaving a deep groove between, and there are also short ridges between the larger. There is a minute central canal in the cirri about -15 millim. in width, uhich is bordered by a slightly elevated collar.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB5FFB274943A40FCD2FE86" blockId="36.[132,1256,123,1979]" lastBlockId="37.[145,1272,123,2107]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="172" pageId="36" pageNumber="171">The cirri in the same whorl are not horizontally equidis ­ tant from each other, and, at first sight, their disposition appears to be altogether irregular; but closer consideration shows, in many instances, an appearance of a bilateral ar ­ rangement. Thus frequently there are two cirri in a whorl in close proximity, whilst a considerable space separates the remaining three from this pair and from each other. Now, if a line is drawn between this pair through the stem, it bisects the base of the cirrus on the opposite side; and this cirrus, which I regard as the anterior one (Pl. VI. fig. 14), has the remaining two of the live at about equal distances on either side of it. As this disposition can be traced in several in ­ stances, it can hardly be of an accidental character. In each of the horizontal interspaces between the cirri of the larger whorls, with the exception of that between the paired cirri, there are usually two laterally compressed blunted spines, one above the other (Pl. VI. fig. 14). These spines are really portions of the thin flanges of the larger rings of the stem, and they indicate the position of the larger rings, which have been covered over by the cirrus-bases.</paragraph>
<footnote id="B3FFFE43FFB5FFB3751E38BCFD64F796" pageId="36" pageNumber="171">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB5FFB3751E38BCFBC5F7B3" blockId="36.[335,1088,2032,2102]" box="[335,1088,2032,2067]" pageId="36" pageNumber="171">
* Monogr. Rec. and Foss. Crinoids, pl. ix. fig. 2
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB5FFB3707838BCFBC5F7B3" box="[1065,1088,2032,2067]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="171">a.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB5FFB3751E3758FD64F796" blockId="36.[335,1088,2032,2102]" box="[335,737,2068,2102]" pageId="36" pageNumber="171">
f
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB5FFB375233758FE31F796" box="[370,436,2068,2102]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="171">L. c.</emphasis>
p. 14, pl. xli. fig. 5.
</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB4FFB274B13E64FC4CFC8D" blockId="37.[145,1272,123,2107]" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">
The points of difference between this form and
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB4FFB2703C3E64FE9AFEDD" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB4FFB2703C3E64FE9CFEDD" authorityName="Nieto Nafría, Ortego &amp; Mier Durante" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Aphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ithacensis">H. ithacensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
as described by Prof. Williams, clearly indicate that it is a distinct species. The calyx is nearly twice the size, and whilst the tubercles on the corresponding plates are nearly thrice as numerous, the spines themselves, particularly those of the vault plates, are not more than one third the length of those of
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB4FFB275083D67FDCDFDF5" box="[345,584,555,597]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB4FFB275083D67FDC5FDF5" box="[345,576,555,597]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hexacrinitidae" genus="Hystricrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="172" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="itliacensis">H. ithacensis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The interbracbial plates are also more numerous, and there are no indications of smooth rows of plates in the vault, as is stated to be the case in this latter species. Hitherto no cirri have been discovered in connexion with the stem of
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB4FFB276573D94FD6BFCA1" box="[518,750,728,769]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB4FFB276573D94FD66FCA1" box="[518,739,728,769]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hexacrinitidae" genus="Hystricrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="172" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="itliacensis">H. ithacensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but it is probable such will be found to be present in this species as well.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB4FFB2748B3C62FB37FBFC" blockId="37.[145,1272,123,2107]" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">
Prof. Williams compares
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB4FFB276E53C62FC14FCF8" box="[692,913,814,856]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hexacrinitidae" genus="Hystricrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="172" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="itliacensis">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB4FFB276E53C62FC14FCF8" box="[692,913,814,856]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">H. ithacensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with specimens of an undescribed form in the Museum of Cornell University, of which, he states, Prof. Hall has privately distributed the photograph with a name attached. As no description of these specimens has ever been published, and as 1 have not the opportunity, like Prof. Williams, of examining them, I cannot institute any comparison between them and
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB4FFB277E73B7EFB37FBFC" box="[950,1202,1074,1116]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB4FFB277E73B7EFB28FBFC" box="[950,1197,1074,1116]" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">H. Carpenteri</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB4FFB274823B11FC13F830" blockId="37.[145,1272,123,2107]" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">
An interesting feature in connexion with this species is the fact that out of eleven examples which have been discovered there are three in which a gastropod shell of the genus
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB4FFB2702A3BFEFF7BFAA8" authority=", Conrad" authorityName="Conrad" class="Gastropoda" family="Platyceratidae" genus="Platyceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="172" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB4FFB2702A3BFEFF7BFAA8" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">Platyceras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB4FFB274AF3B92FE81FAA8" box="[254,260,1246,1288]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">,</emphasis>
Conrad, is attached to the vault of the crinoid, which it nearly entirely covers. Though the shells have been somewhat displaced by the compression of the crinoids, there is clear evidence that the sinuosities of their margins, when in their original positions, very closely fitted to the surface of the crinoid vault. It is also noticeable that, in all three instances, these shells have a similar very definite position in relation to the anal aperture of the crinoid, so far as it can be deter ­ mined by the situation of the anal plate; and they arc so placed that the front margin of the gastropod shell would just project over this aperture. There can be no doubt that the gastropod derived its support from the materials rejected by the crinoid, whilst, at the same time, the position it had taken up does not appear to have in any way injured the crinoid; at all events, the specimens to which the shells are attached are larger and more perfect than the others.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB4FFB1749338DDFCA4FEB9" blockId="37.[145,1272,123,2107]" lastBlockId="38.[125,1227,153,626]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">
The
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB4FFB2754038DDFE45F81A" box="[273,448,1937,1978]" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB4FFB2754038DDFE45F81A" box="[273,448,1937,1978]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">Platyceras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-shells belong to two species: one, with the surface smooth, merely showing sinuous lines of growth, is closely related to
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB4FFB2759C38AAFCFCF7B3" authority=", Hall" authorityName="Hall" box="[461,889,2022,2067]" class="Gastropoda" family="Platyceratidae" genus="Platyceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="172" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="erectum">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB4FFB2759C38AAFC9CF7B3" box="[461,793,2022,2067]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">Platyceras erectum,</emphasis>
Hall
</taxonomicName>
*; whilst the other species was provided with spines, and appears to be the small variety of
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFB7FFB175683F84FDB2FF4E" box="[313,567,200,238]" class="Gastropoda" family="Platyceratidae" genus="Platyceras" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="173" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dumosurn">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB7FFB175683F84FD93FF4E" box="[313,534,200,238]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="173">P. dumosum,</emphasis>
Conrad
</taxonomicName>
* which is of frequent occur ­ rence in the same beds as this crinoid.
</paragraph>
<footnote id="B3FFFE43FFB4FFB275563754FBD9F79B" box="[263,1116,2072,2107]" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB4FFB275563754FBD9F79B" blockId="37.[145,1272,123,2107]" box="[263,1116,2072,2107]" pageId="37" pageNumber="172">* See Pakeont. New York, vol. v. p. 5, pl. ii. figs. 4, 11.</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB7FFB174FE3E52FDC9FDBB" blockId="38.[125,1227,153,626]" pageId="38" pageNumber="173">In conclusion, I desire to express my grateful sense of the kind assistance which Dr. P. Herbert Carpenter most willingly afforded me in tracing out the relations of this crinoid, and my thanks are also due to Dr. Henry Woodward, F.R.S., for permitting me to examine the fossil crinoids in the British Natural-History M useum.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFB7FFB174FB3D6CFE2CFDD1" pageId="38" pageNumber="173" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFB7FFB174FB3D6CFE2CFDD1" blockId="38.[125,1227,153,626]" pageId="38" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFB7FFB174FB3D6CFE02FDE6" box="[170,391,544,582]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="173">Distribution.</emphasis>
Middle Devonian, Hamilton group, Arkona, Ontario, Canada.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<treatment id="584D535BFFA0FFA575D939A7FD18FA25" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:584D535BFFA0FFA575D939A7FD18FA25" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/584D535BFFA0FFA575D939A7FD18FA25" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFA0FFA675D939A7FBA1F8B5" box="[392,1060,1771,1813]" pageId="49" pageNumber="184" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA0FFA675D939A7FBA1F8B5" blockId="49.[392,1060,1771,1857]" box="[392,1060,1771,1813]" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA675D939A7FE23F8B5" bold="true" box="[392,422,1771,1813]" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA0FFA675ED39A7FBA1F8B5" authority="Jones &amp; Kirkby." authorityName="Jones &amp; Kirkby." box="[444,1060,1771,1813]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiralis">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA675ED39A7FDC9F8B5" box="[444,588,1771,1813]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">Kirkbya</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA6760F39A7FD6FF8B5" box="[606,746,1771,1813]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">spiralis,</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA676AB39A7FBA1F8B5" bold="true" box="[762,1060,1771,1813]" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">Jones &amp; Kirkby.</emphasis>
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(Pl. III figs. 11,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA6771B385AFC24F8E1" box="[842,929,1814,1857]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">a, b.)</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFA0FFA67489381DFDE9F841" pageId="49" pageNumber="184" type="reference_group">
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA0FFA67489381DFD24F8D4" authority="(J. &amp; K . MS.)" baseAuthorityName="J. &amp; K. MS." box="[216,673,1873,1908]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiralis">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA67489381DFED5F8D4" box="[216,336,1873,1908]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">Kirkbya</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA6750D381DFE41F8D4" box="[348,452,1873,1908]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">spiralis</emphasis>
(J. &amp; K. MS.)
</taxonomicName>
, Kirkby, 1880, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvi. pp. 564, 568, 573, 588.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA0FFA6748938D4FDE9F841" blockId="49.[181,1276,1873,2119]" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA0FFA6748938D4FD20F81B" authority=", Jones, 1884" authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1884" box="[216,677,1944,1979]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiralis">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA6748938D4FE51F81B" box="[216,468,1944,1979]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">Kirkbya spiralis,</emphasis>
Jones, 1884
</taxonomicName>
, Proc. Berwicksh. Nat. Club, vol. x. p 323, pl. ii. figs. 12, 13.
</paragraph>
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Carapace subovate or oblong, highest behind, compressed, slightly lobate; height half the length or more. Dorsal border straight and about two thirds of the valve-length; ventral border incurved and sloping downwards to maxi ­ mum height, which is in the posterior third; extremities rounded, the posterior being the larger and more projecting. The subcentral pit, which is transverse, is placed somewhat nearest the dorsal and posterior portions of the valve. A marginal rim bounds each valve, and is continued as a ridge from the dorsal centre downwards, and concentrically with the margins to or near the subcentral pit; within the central area thus formed is a longitudinal and somewhat sinuous ridge, which is free at the ends. Edge view (fig. 11,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA3FFA570CF3D67FB3EFDF1" box="[1182,1211,555,593]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="185">b,</emphasis>
lateral contour) narrow, ovate, and rather constricted near the centre. Surface smooth. Length A t inch.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA3FFA574CF3DE1FB87FD5E" blockId="50.[109,1219,121,1414]" pageId="50" pageNumber="185">This species does not vary among individuals much in character, except perhaps a little in relative length.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA3FFA574F13C4FFDC6FC20" blockId="50.[109,1219,121,1414]" pageId="50" pageNumber="185">It appears to be confined to the lower portion of the Car ­ boniferous series, where it is very abundant at some horizons, as already noted (p. 176).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA3FFA574F03CC8FE93FB8B" blockId="50.[109,1219,121,1414]" pageId="50" pageNumber="185">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA3FFA574F03CC8FEDBFC0A" box="[161,350,900,938]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="50" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiralis">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA3FFA574F03CC8FEDBFC0A" box="[161,350,900,938]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="185">K. spiralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been described by one of us in the 1 Proceed ­ ings of the Berwickshire Naturalists ’ Club,’ from somewhat imperfect specimens collected by the late Mr. George Tate, of Alnwick.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFA3FFA574F53B7DFD18FA25" pageId="50" pageNumber="185" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA3FFA574F53B7DFF4EFB79" blockId="50.[109,1219,121,1414]" pageId="50" pageNumber="185">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA3FFA574F53B7DFDA6FBF7" box="[164,547,1073,1111]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="185">Localities.—England.</emphasis>
Lower Carboniferous: Tweedmouth, Northumberland. Scar or Mountain Limestone: Meathop (near Grange-over-Sands), Westmoreland; Calces, Cumber ­ land.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA3FFA574F73B91FD18FA25" blockId="50.[109,1219,121,1414]" pageId="50" pageNumber="185">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA3FFA574F73B91FEC0FAA3" box="[166,325,1245,1283]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="185">Scotland.</emphasis>
Calciferous Sandstone: on the coast near the fol ­ lowing places:—east of Pittenweem, Billow Ness, Kilminning, llandcrstone, and Kingsbarns, in Fifeshire; Oakbank Sand ­ stone Quarry, Linlithgowshire.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA675C73FD9FE31FF1A" bold="true" box="[406,436,149,186]" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA0FFA6759A3FD9FBAEFF1A" authority=", Jones &amp; Kirkby." authorityName="Jones &amp; Kirkby." box="[459,1067,149,187]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plicata">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA6759A3FD9FD6BFF1B" box="[459,750,149,187]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">Kirkbya plicata,</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA676AC3FD9FBAEFF1A" bold="true" box="[765,1067,149,186]" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">Jones &amp; Kirkby.</emphasis>
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(Pl. III. figs. 9 and 10,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA677C33F8DFC6DFF47" box="[914,1000,193,231]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">a, b.)</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA6748E3FB5FED2FEB9" box="[223,343,249,281]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">Kirkbya</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA675373FB5FE57FEB9" box="[358,466,249,281]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">plicata,</emphasis>
J. &amp; K., 1867
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, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii. p. 221; 1871, vol. iii. Suppl. p. 28.
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA0FFA6748D3E72FD02FEFE" authority=", Armstrong" authorityName="Armstrong" box="[220,647,318,350]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plicata">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA6748D3E72FE57FEFE" box="[220,466,318,350]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">Kirkbya plicata,</emphasis>
Armstrong
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and others, 1876, Catal. W.-Scot. Foss, p. 45.
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA0FFA6748D3EC8FD18FE04" authority=", Kirkby, 1880" authorityName="Kirkby" authorityYear="1880" box="[220,669,388,420]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plicata">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA6748D3EC8FED1FE04" box="[220,340,388,420]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">Kirkbya</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA6750C3EC8FE4DFE04" box="[349,456,388,420]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">plicata,</emphasis>
Kirkby, 1880
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, Q. J. G. S. vol. xxxvi. p. 588.
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Ovate to subovate, compressed, and considerably over half as high as long. Dorsal border straight, and two thirds (or more) of the maximum length; ventral border boldly arched; anterior extremity rounded and decidedly the smaller, sloping below; posterior extremity boldly and obliquely rounded. The subcentral pit is deep, transverse, and usually placed rather posteriorly. A narrow but prominent rim bounds the valves, and two sinuous ribs of equal size to the rim cross the valve from their point of junction near the antero-centre to near the hind margin or the postero-ventral angle, wdiere they again approach very nearly together. These ribs divide the valve into dorsal, central, and ventral areas. The edge-view (lateral contour) varies in different specimens from flatly lenticular to subcuneiform (fig. 10,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA670843CA6FB79FBB0" box="[1237,1276,1002,1040]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">b).</emphasis>
Surface smooth in most of our specimens, but in a few cases finely reticulated. Length
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA676F93B0DFD57FBC7" box="[680,722,1089,1127]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">1/23</emphasis>
inch.
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA0FFA674B43A54FE12FA9E" box="[229,407,1304,1342]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plicata">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA674B43A54FE12FA9E" box="[229,407,1304,1342]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">K. plicata</emphasis>
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was discovered by the late Mr. Charles Moore, of Bath, in the Carboniferous Limestone of Backwell, Somerset, where it appears to be not at all rare.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA674B43AD5FDE7FA1F" box="[229,610,1433,1471]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">Localities.—England.</emphasis>
Carboniferous Limestone: Backwell, Charterhouse, Weston-super-Mare, in Somerset.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA0FFA674B83ABCFE01F9B6" box="[233,388,1520,1558]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="184">Scotland.</emphasis>
Calciferous Sandstone: Randerstone, Fife; Craiglockhart Quarry and Camps, in Edinburghshire; Larriston Quarry and Penton Bridge, in Roxburghshire. Carbon ­ iferous-Limestone series: Campbelltown, Argylesbire; White ­ field New Quarry, Peeblesshire.
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8.
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(M ’Coy)
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(Pl. III. figs. 13
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14 a, b; var. fig. 15.)
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA2FFA4748C3C80FD17FC4C" authority="M'Coy, 1814" authorityName=", M'Coy" authorityYear="1814" box="[221,658,972,1004]" class="Ostracoda" family="Cytheridae" genus="Cythere" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="51" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costata">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA2FFA4748C3C80FECEFC4C" box="[221,331,972,1004]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="186">Cythere</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA2FFA4750D3C80FE43FC4C" box="[348,454,972,1004]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="186">costata,</emphasis>
M'Coy, 1844
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, Syn. Char. Carb. Foss. p. 165, pl. xxiii. fig. 11.
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA2FFA474883B5EFD26FB92" authority="J. &amp; K., 1866" authorityName="J. &amp; K." authorityYear="1866" box="[217,675,1042,1074]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="51" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costata">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA2FFA474883B5EFE42FB92" box="[217,455,1042,1074]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="186">Kirkbya costata,</emphasis>
J. &amp; K., 1866
</taxonomicName>
, Ann. &amp; Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. p. 43.
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA2FFA474883B14FD6CFBD8" authority="J., K., &amp; B., 1884" authorityName="J., K., &amp; B." authorityYear="1884" box="[217,745,1112,1145]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="51" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costata">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA2FFA474883B14FED4FBD8" box="[217,337,1112,1144]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="186">Kirkbya</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA2FFA475353B14FE49FBD8" box="[356,460,1112,1144]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="186">costata,</emphasis>
J., K., &amp; B., 1884
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, Monogr. Brit. Foss. Biv. Entom. Pal..Soc. p. 89, pl. 7. fig. 17.
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Subovate or ovate-oblong, flat-sided, rather highest behind, height more than half the length; thick-shelled, and strongly ribbed with subconcentric ridges. Dorsal border straight or nearly so, and over two thirds of the maximum length; ventral border more or less convex; extremities rounded, the anterior smaller than the other, and both somewhat angular above. Subcentral pit circular, rather above the median line, and showing internally as a raised spot. Edge view (lateral contour) long-ovate with flattened sides (fig. 13
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA2FFA470523945FBA5F98F" box="[1027,1056,1545,1583]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="186">b,</emphasis>
14b). The extreme anterior portion of each valve is smooth, but from near the centre of that portion spring two strong ribs, one curving abruptly up and the other down, and then passing along the valves rather obliquely and sinuously to near the postero-ventral angle, where they curve to each other and join; between them are two or three somewhat smaller but similar ribs, also free at their anterior ends, but connected at the other. Other ribs come in below, more or less parallel to the lowest of those just described; and others come in above and fill up the triangular space between the upper large rib and the dorsal border, the highest being nearly as strong as the two first-mentioned. There is considerable variation in the curvatures and connections of the riblets. Surface not re ­ ticulated so tar as known. Length inch.
</paragraph>
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The above description is taken from specimens which we identify with Prof. M'Coy ’s
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA5FFA376283E49FC0FFE8C" box="[633,906,261,300]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA5FFA376283E49FC01FE8C" authorityName=", M'Cov" authorityYear="1814" box="[633,900,261,300]" class="Ostracoda" family="Cytheridae" genus="Cythere" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="52" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costata">Cythere costata</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but which do not exactly agree with the figures of the species in his ‘ Synopsis of the Characters of the Carboniferous Fossils of Ireland.’ In all probability his specimens may not have been so perfect as ours; or the latter may possibly differ somewhat from the Irish examples. However this may be we think it well to assume that the highly costated species now described is the same as M£Coy ’s.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFA5FFA374F73D12FC00FCFC" pageId="52" pageNumber="187" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA5FFA374F73D12FC94FCA5" blockId="52.[113,1227,132,1277]" pageId="52" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA5FFA374F73D12FDA4FD24" box="[166,545,606,644]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="187">Localities.— England.</emphasis>
Carboniferous-Limestone series: Steeraway, Salop; Weston-super-Mare, Somerset; Railway ­ cutting near He versham, Westmoreland; Cam Beck, Cum ­ berland; Plashetts, Northumberland.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA5FFA374FB3C46FEC0FC90" box="[170,325,778,816]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="187">Scotland.</emphasis>
Carboniferous Limestone (Lower): Brockley, Lanarkshire; Cults Lime-works, Fifeshire.
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7.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA3FFA574A03AFBFD9AFA7D" box="[241,543,1463,1501]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="185">Kirkbya spinosa,</emphasis>
Jones &amp; Kirkby.
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(Pl. III. figs. 12
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA3FFA576DE3AADFD67F9A7" box="[655,738,1505,1543]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="185">a, b.)</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA3FFA574CD3956FE14F99A" box="[156,401,1562,1594]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="185">Kirkbya spinosa,</emphasis>
J. &amp; K., 1867
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, Trans. Geol. Soc. of Glasgow, vol. ii. p. 220; 1871, vol. iii. Suppl. p. 29.
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA3FFA574CE392CFDC9F920" authority=", Armstrong" authorityName="Armstrong" box="[159,588,1632,1664]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="50" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA3FFA574CE392CFE1EF920" box="[159,411,1632,1664]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="185">Kirkbya spinosa,</emphasis>
Armstrong
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and others, 1876, Catal. W.-Scot. Foss, p. 45.
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Ovate-oblong, oblique at the ends, swollen in front, rather compressed behind, less than twice as high as long. Dorsal border straight, and a fourth less than maximum length; ventral border curved; anterior extremity rounded and most prominent above; posterior extremity obliquely rounded and most prominent below. The anterior portion of the valve is much the thickest. The subcentral pit is sometimes longi ­ tudinal, sometimes transverse and almost a sulcus, which is occasionally divided by the upper ridge. Two, and even three, ridges traverse the valve longitudinally, one either above or across the pit, the others below; the upper and mid ridges terminate in strong spines, which curve upward and forward. A very delicate rim bounds the free margins. Edge view (lateral contour) subcuneiform (fig. 12,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA2FFA477D23E66FC2AFEF0" box="[899,943,298,336]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="186">b).</emphasis>
Shell thin; sur ­ face smooth (?). Length inch.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA2FFA474B63D4EFDE6FD88" box="[231,611,514,552]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="186">Localities.—England.</emphasis>
Carboniferous-Limestone series: Steeraway, Salop; Calces, Cumberland; Scremerston and Ridsdale, Northumberland; Holker Park, Lancashire.
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Carboniferous Limestone (Lower): Craigenglen, Scullengour, in Stirlingshire; Garpel Water, Ayrshire; Paiston Quarry, East Lothian. Carboniferous Limestone (Upper): Ravenscraig, Fifeshire.
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10.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA4FFA2754C3E94FDB3FE5E" box="[285,566,472,510]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="188">Kirkbya rigida,</emphasis>
Jones &amp; Kirkby.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA4FFA277CC3E9BFB47FE5D" blockId="53.[211,1218,471,510]" box="[925,1218,471,510]" pageId="53" pageNumber="188">(Pl. III. fig. 18.)</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA4FFA274973D43FD2FFD90" authority="J. &amp; K., 1867" authorityName="J. &amp; K." authorityYear="1867" box="[198,682,527,560]" class="Ostracoda" family="Beyrichiidae" genus="Beyrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeocopida" pageId="53" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rigida">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA4FFA274973D43FED1FD8F" box="[198,340,527,559]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="188">Beyrichia</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA4FFA275383D43FE4DFD8F" box="[361,456,527,559]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="188">rigida,</emphasis>
J. &amp; K., 1867
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, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii. p. 220; 1871, vol. iii. Suppl. p. 26.
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA4FFA2749B3D19FDFFFDD5" authority=", Armstrong" authorityName="Armstrong" box="[202,634,597,629]" class="Ostracoda" family="Beyrichiidae" genus="Beyrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeocopida" pageId="53" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="riyida">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA4FFA2749B3D19FED6FDD5" box="[202,339,597,629]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="188">Beyrichia</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA4FFA2753B3D19FE4CFDD5" box="[362,457,597,629]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="188">rigida,</emphasis>
Armstrong
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and others, 1876, Catal. W.-Seot. Foss, p. 43.
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Elongate7, nearly oblong,L compressed, height half the length and less. Dorsal border straight, and not much less than the maximum length; ventral border more or less concave in most cases; extremities abruptly rounded and nearly alike, the anterior being slightly the smaller. The valves are very Hat, and have two flanges or rims round the extreme and ventral borders; the inner one is usually the larger, projecting beyond the slight convexity of the carapace; the other, more truly marginal, is smaller. They are more or less sparsely denticulated in many specimens. Two narrow ver ­ miform ridges descend from the dorsal border across half or two thirds of the valve, at about a third of the length of the valve from each extremity. Edge view (fig. 18,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA4FFA270013BF8FBE9FB7A" box="[1104,1132,1204,1242]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="188">b,</emphasis>
lateral contour) is elongately oblong, much compressed. Subcentral pit circular, small or obsolete. Surface reticulated, but very often more or less incrustcd. Shell moderately thick. Length A- U r inch.
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This species varies in relative height and length, but is generally elongated, and much compressed at the sides. The anterior end is usually slightly the smaller, and the posterior is sometimes rather obliquely rounded, projecting most below. The two ribs are curious features, and, at first sight, might almost be looked upon as foreign bodies incrusted on the valves. As a rule, they are placed rather nearest to the anterior cud; but they are not constant in position, and occasionally one of them is much stronger than the other. Seen from below, the carapace, with its ventral flanges, pre ­ sents an elongated figure, tour or five times as long as wide, with parallel or slightly concave sides, and abruptly truncate ends and attenuate corners (fig. 18,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA4FFA2776738DDFCC8F817" box="[822,845,1937,1975]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="188">b</emphasis>
), the ends being fully wider than the centre. In the dorsal view, the sides are decidedly concave and the ends much the widest part of the figure.
</paragraph>
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We formerly looked upon this species as referable to the genus
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA7FFA174A53FE6FE22FF70" authorityName="M'Coy" authorityYear="1846" box="[244,423,170,208]" class="Ostracoda" family="Beyrichiidae" genus="Beyrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeocopida" pageId="54" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA7FFA174A53FE6FE22FF70" box="[244,423,170,208]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="189">Beyrichia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; but the general outline of the carapace, its compressed sides, marginal ridges, reticulated surface, and subcentral pit lead us now to place it, without much hesita ­ tion, in
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA7FFA175583E67FE2DFEF0" box="[265,424,299,336]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="189">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA7FFA175583E67FE25FEF0" box="[265,416,299,336]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="54" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kirkbya</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
whilst its vertical ridges find an analogy in the median ridges of the next species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA7FFA174F63ECDFCD9FD88" blockId="54.[122,1222,127,552]" pageId="54" pageNumber="189">It was discovered by Mr. John Young, of Glasgow, in the Carboniferous-Limestone series (Upper) of Orchard, near Thornliebank, Renfrewshire; and it also occurs in the same position at Kinneil Mill, Linlithgowshire.</paragraph>
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9.
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Jones &amp; Kirkby.
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J. &amp; K., 1867
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, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii. p. 220; 1871, vol. iii. Suppl. p. 28.
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA5FFA374FE3AF2FDC8FA7E" authority=", Armstrong" authorityName="Armstrong" box="[175,589,1470,1502]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="52" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scotica">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA5FFA374FE3AF2FE1AFA7E" box="[175,415,1470,1502]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="187">Kirkbya scotica,</emphasis>
Armstrong
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and others, 1876, Catal. W.-Scot. Foss, p. 45.
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Subrhomboidal, compressed, uniformly highest in the central third; height more than half the length. Dorsal border straight and over two thirds of the maximum length; ventral border slightly convex; extremities obliquely rounded, the posterior having the longest curve above, and the anterior below. Lateral contour (edge view) compressed-oblong. Subcentral pit roundish oval, and nearly in the centre of the valve in most cases. Valves covered with numerous (twelve or more) sinuous and inosculating ribs, somewhat concen ­ tric lengthwise and obliquely arranged. The ribs become less concentric and more parallel in some cases, as in fig. 17. Surface otherwise smooth, so far as known. Length inch. This species, which was discovered by Mr. James Thomson, of Glasgow, is allied to
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.
</emphasis>
It is about the smallest member of the genus; and it is rare, having as yet occurred only in two localities, both of which are north of the Border.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA4FFA274833E61FDCAFEF7" box="[210,591,301,343]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="188">Localities.—Scotland.</emphasis>
Carboniferous Limestone (Lower): Campbelltown, Argyleshire. Carboniferous Limestone (Upper): Linlithgow Bridge, Linlithgowshire.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA5FFA3751B3C39FE64FC3A" bold="true" box="[330,481,885,922]" pageId="52" pageNumber="187">8a. Var.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA5FFA375A43C39FD23FC3B" box="[501,678,885,923]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="187">
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.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA5FFA376843C39FC7AFC3A" blockId="52.[113,1227,132,1277]" box="[725,1023,885,922]" pageId="52" pageNumber="187">(Pl. III. fig. 15.)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA5FFA374FA3CE6FC76FB5D" blockId="52.[113,1227,132,1277]" pageId="52" pageNumber="187">
From Weston-super-Mare we have seen another costated
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA5FFA374D03C98FE9EFC5A" box="[129,283,980,1018]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="52" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kirkbya</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
rather resembling the present species, but relatively much shorter and more subquadrate in outline, the height being two thirds of the length. The costation likewise is slightly different; and the subcentral pit takes more the form of a transverse slit. This may possibly be a distinct species; for the present we term it
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA5FFA3760D3BE0FC93FB72" box="[604,790,1196,1234]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA5FFA3760D3BE0FC95FB72" authorityName=", M'Cov" authorityYear="1814" box="[604,784,1196,1234]" class="Ostracoda" family="Cytheridae" genus="Cythere" kingdom="Animalia" order="Podocopida" pageId="52" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="costata">K. costata</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA5FFA3772A3BE0FBB4FB72" box="[891,1073,1196,1234]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA5FFA3772A3BE0FBA9FB72" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1926" box="[891,1068,1196,1234]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Mooreana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mooreana</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
It was collected by the late Mr. Charles Moore, of Bath.
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11.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA7FFA175033D0AFDCBFDCC" box="[338,590,582,620]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="189">Kirkbya Urei,</emphasis>
Jones.
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA7FFA174C63D32FDA3FD3E" authority="Urei, Jones, 1859" authorityName="Urei, Jones A Holl" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,550,638,670]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="54" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA7FFA174C63D32FEEEFD3E" box="[151,363,638,670]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="189">Kirkbya Urei,</emphasis>
Jones, 1859
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, Trans. Tyneside Field-Club, vol. iv. p. 136.
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA7FFA174CC3DEDFDCDFD61" authority="Urei, J. N K., 1867" authorityName="Urei, J. N K." authorityYear="1867" box="[157,584,673,705]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="54" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA7FFA174CC3DEDFEE8FD61" box="[157,365,673,705]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="189">Kirkbya Urei,</emphasis>
J. N K., 1867
</taxonomicName>
, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii. p. 220; and 1871, vol. iii. Suppl. p. 29.
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA7FFA174CA3DABFD36FCA7" authority="Urei, Jones A Holl, 1869" authorityName="Urei, Jones A Holl" authorityYear="1869" box="[155,691,743,775]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="54" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA7FFA174CA3DABFEF6FCA7" box="[155,371,743,775]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="189">Kirkbya Urei,</emphasis>
Jones A Holl, 1869
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, Ann. A Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. iii. p. 225.
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA7FFA174CD3C61FDABFCED" authority="Urei, Junes, 1870" authorityName="Urei, Junes" authorityYear="1870" box="[156,558,813,845]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="54" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA7FFA174CD3C61FE93FCED" box="[156,278,813,845]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="189">Kirkbya</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA7FFA175793C61FEF5FCED" box="[296,368,813,845]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="189">Urei,</emphasis>
Junes, 1870
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, Monthly Microscop. Journ. vol. iv. p. 185, pl. Ixi. f. 15
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA7FFA175253C1CFE09FCD0" box="[372,396,848,880]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="189">a,</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA7FFA175C43C1CFE2EFCD0" box="[405,427,848,880]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="189">b.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA7FFA174C83C3FFD92FC33" authority="Urei, Armstrong" authorityName="Urei, Armstrong" box="[153,535,883,915]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="54" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA7FFA174C83C3FFEEFFC33" box="[153,362,883,915]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="189">Kirkbya Urei,</emphasis>
Armstrong
</taxonomicName>
and others, 1876, Catal. W.-Scot. Foss. p. 15.
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Oblong, with ends rounded and nearly alike, and of equal height to the rest of the valve, height equal to two thirds of the length, strongly ribbed concentrically, thick-shelled. Dorsal border straight and four fifths of tin; maximum length; ventral border straight or very slightly concave, and sloping evenly up into the curvature of the extremities. There are three strong concentric ridges on each valve; the two outer ­ most of which (speaking of the single valve) are marginal, and follow more exactly the contour of the valve, while the third forms, as it were, an escutcheon in the centre and is attached to the second, or inner one of the two marginal dorsal ridges; within the escutcheon is usually a more delicate, sharply bent ridge, U- or V-shaped, with the subcentral oval pit at its base. The surface is strongly reticulated, the meshes often being more or less rounded and irregular in size. Edge view (lateral contour) compressed ovate or suboblong, with the anterior end the narrower. Viewed from below, little is seen of the carapace but the four ventral ridges with intermediate reticulated spaces and the ridges of the escutcheon; the view from above (fig. 19,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA7FFA176D93993FD1FF8A5" box="[648,666,1759,1797]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="189">b</emphasis>
) shows a broad obtusely angulated dorsal area, widest at the posterior end; along this area the two marginal ridges arc continued (in less strength), single rows of meshes separating them from each other. Length inch.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA7FFA074F438FBFDC3FCA4" blockId="54.[118,1217,582,2098]" lastBlockId="55.[174,1281,127,1853]" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="190" pageId="54" pageNumber="189">
This is one of the smaller forms of the genus. Some spe ­ cimens are relatively longer than others, and some have the extreme dorsal and ventral regions well rounded, and so are more oval and less rectangular in figure than in perhaps more typical examples. The ridges vary in strength and sharp ­ ness, being sometimes very high and wall-like; the central concentric ridge, or escutcheon, as we have termed it, is occasionally imperfect ventrally. There are also other slight variations, as in all the
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA6FFA0760B3E16FD7BFE20" box="[602,766,346,384]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="190">Kirkbyae</emphasis>
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; but, on the whole, this is a well-marked and characteristic species. It is of interest also on account of its having been discovered by the Rev. David Ure, of Ruthcrglen, in the Carboniferous-Limestone series of Western Scotland, so far back as 1793 or before. Specimens of it, along with other Microzoa, were sent by him to his friend Dr. John Hunter, in London, who placed them in his Museum, now the Hunterian Museum, Royal College of Surgeons, where they were noticed by one of us more than sixty years afterwards.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA6FFA074B53C44FC42FC24" blockId="55.[174,1281,127,1853]" pageId="55" pageNumber="190">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA6FFA074B53C44FDDAFC8E" box="[228,607,776,814]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="190">Localities.—England.</emphasis>
Carboniferous-Limestone series: Dun Quarry near Lowick, Skellygatc (Ridsdale), Scremcrston, in Northumberland; Holker Park, Lancashire.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA6FFA074B63CC6FE1EFA94" blockId="55.[174,1281,127,1853]" pageId="55" pageNumber="190">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA6FFA074B63CC6FE05FC10" box="[231,384,906,944]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="190">Scotland.</emphasis>
Carboniferous Limestone (Lower): Brockley, High Bhmtyre, Head of Mouse Water, Capelrig Quarry, Brankumhall Quarry, and elsewhere in Lanarkshire; Craigenglen, Stirlingshire; Murrayficld Old Pit, AVhitebaulks Quarry, Linlithgowshire; Burlage Quarry, East Lothian; Darcy Limestone Quarry, Edinburghshire; Inverted Quarry, Coast near Abden and Seafield Tower, Wilkieston Quarry, Coast cast of St. Monans, Sunnybank Quarry, Glenniston Quarry, in Fifeshire. Carboniferous Limestone (Upper): Robroystone.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA6FFA074B33A1FFB8DF9F2" blockId="55.[174,1281,127,1853]" pageId="55" pageNumber="190">
Besides the foregoing species there are some other forms which additional material and further study may show to belong to
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA6FFA0753B3AE6FD82FA70" box="[362,519,1450,1488]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="190">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA6FFA0753B3AE6FD87FA70" box="[362,514,1450,1488]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="55" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kirkbya</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Certain of these forms (from the Lower Carboniferous beds) are rather perplexing in their double and almost equal relationship to
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA6FFA07752394DFC29F987" authorityName="M'Coy" authorityYear="1846" box="[771,940,1537,1575]" class="Ostracoda" family="Beyrichiidae" genus="Beyrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeocopida" pageId="55" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA6FFA07752394DFC29F987" box="[771,940,1537,1575]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="190">Beyrichia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA6FFA07053394DFB19F987" box="[1026,1180,1537,1575]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="190">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA6FFA07053394DFB12F987" box="[1026,1175,1537,1575]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="55" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kirkbya</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
To these we shall recur at some future opportunity.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFA6FFA074B33927FECBF89D" pageId="55" pageNumber="190" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA6FFA074B33927FECBF89D" blockId="55.[174,1281,127,1853]" pageId="55" pageNumber="190">
Note.— In the Zeitschrift deutsch. geol. Gesellsch. 1867, Dr. R. Richter has figured and described
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA6FFA077C339DBFB79F91D" authority=", Richteriana" authorityName="Richteriana" box="[914,1276,1687,1725]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="55" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA6FFA077C339DBFB79F91D" box="[914,1276,1687,1725]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="190">Kirkbya, Richteriana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(p. 224, pl. v.
<figureCitation id="48DFFEC8FFA6FFA07583398DFDC0F947" box="[466,581,1729,1767]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="38.[126,177,737,769]" captionText="Fig. 1. Hystricrinus Carpenteri. A slightly compressed specimen, show­ ing the anal plate (A) with the anal interbrachial plates above it (1b.A). Attached to the vault of the crinoid is a specimen of Platyceras erectum, Hall. Natural size." pageId="55" pageNumber="190">figs. 1</figureCitation>
-3) and
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA6FFA076BE398DFC38F947" box="[751,957,1729,1767]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="190">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA6FFA076BE398DFC30F947" box="[751,949,1729,1767]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="55" pageNumber="190" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coll">K. collaris</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
sp. nov. (p. 225, pl. v. figs. 5, 6), from the Zechstein of the neighbourhood of Saalfeld.
</paragraph>
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82
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* 4
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA8FFAE764C3EDEFC0EFE18" box="[541,907,402,440]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">. Enyalius Iheringii</emphasis>
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<caption id="849BB2C5FFA8FFAE74B33E82FE51FE54" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14926805" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14926805" box="[226,468,462,500]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14926805/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="192" startId="57.[226,468,462,500]" targetBox="[396,1106,943,1238]" targetPageId="57">Distinguished</caption>
from
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA8FFAE76043E82FC33FE54" authority="(Wied)" baseAuthorityName="Wied" box="[597,950,462,500]" class="Squamata" family="Leiosauridae" genus="Enyalius" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="57" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catenatus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA8FFAE76043E82FCAFFE54" box="[597,810,462,500]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">E. catenatus</emphasis>
(Wied)
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in the following points:—Nostril nearly equally distant from the orbit and the tip of the snout. The scales on the vertebral region rela ­ tively larger, subrhomboidal, flat, distinctly keeled. Limbs shorter; tibia shorter than the head; the adpressed bind limb reaches the anterior border of the orbit in the male, the angle of the mouth in the female. Purplish brown above, the male uniform, the female with an alternating series of black spots on the vertebral region and, on each side from nape to base of tail, a broad yellow band; lower surfaces brownish or purplish.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA8FFAE74B63BBEFDEDFAB8" blockId="57.[231,616,1266,1304]" box="[231,616,1266,1304]" pageId="57" pageNumber="192">Two specimens, ♂ ♀.</paragraph>
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72
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*21.
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFAAFFAC766A3A42FC0BFA94" ID-CoL="YH3V" authorityName="Gunther &amp; Dallas &amp; Carruthers &amp; Francis" authorityYear="1885" box="[571,910,1294,1332]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Coronella" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="59" pageNumber="194" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iheringii" status="sp. nov.">Coronella Iheringii</taxonomicName>
,
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFAAFFAB74A33A01FF7FFEA5" blockId="59.[202,1298,1357,2127]" lastBlockId="60.[152,1256,133,346]" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="195" pageId="59" pageNumber="194">Hinder maxillary teeth not grooved. Head small, not di ­ stinct from neck; snout short; rostral moderate; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; one preocular, two postoculars; a single anterior temporal; seven inferior labials, five in contact with chin-shields; latter, hinder pair longest. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 172 to 178; anal divided; caudals 47 to 58. Grey-brown above; a black band on each side of the head, passing through the eye, uniting with a broad transverse black band on the occiput, covering the posterior half of the parictals; the rest of the upper surface of the head with black variegations or almost entirely black; a triangular light spot behind the eye and two roundish ones close together behind the angle of the frontal; the black band across the occiput edged with lighter posteriorly; a blackish longitudinal nuchal line, sometimes continued along the back as a vertebral series of small spots, and a roundish dark spot on each side behind the head; lower surfaces pale yellow; two black dots on the side of each ventral, and one on the side of each caudal; a few other minute dots scattered on the ventrals; gular region brown, with yellowish black-edged spots.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFADFFAB74963E4AFD1BFEFA" blockId="60.[152,1256,133,346]" pageId="60" pageNumber="195">Three specimens; the largest measures GOO millim., into which the tail enters for 120.</paragraph>
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* 17.
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* 19.
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Jan.
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Hens.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFACFFAA749A3B79FC0CFB13" blockId="61.[159,1252,1026,1203]" pageId="61" pageNumber="196">In concluding, I must observe that this list is by no means complete, as Dr. v. 1 liering informs me that he has not sent specimens of all the species found by him.</paragraph>
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,
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Order I.
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There are only two species of this order in Mr. Wilson ’s collection, viz. a
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29.
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(Mik.), var.
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?
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liens, nec Wagl.
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Agrees with the typical form of
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFADFFAB77413CAFFC5AFBAE" box="[784,991,995,1038]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="195">T. Nattereri</emphasis>
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in the length of the tail, which is less than one fourth of the total, with
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFADFFAB74C63B76FE42FBC3" box="[151,455,1082,1123]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="195">T. punctatissimus</emphasis>
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in the perfectly smooth scales. Ventrals 142 or 143, caudals 62 or 63 f.
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76
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5.
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(Hens.)
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.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFADFFAB74FD39E2FE3EF96E" box="[172,443,1710,1742]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="195">Leiuperus falcipes,</emphasis>
Hens.
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6.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFADFFAB74FE386CFE40F8E0" box="[175,453,1824,1856]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="195">Paludicola gracilis,</emphasis>
Blgr. Ann. &amp; Mag. Nat. Hist.
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(5), xi. 1882, p. 17.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFADFFAB74E0380FFEEBF8C3" box="[177,366,1859,1891]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="195">Gomphobates</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFADFFAB7528380FFE6DF8C3" box="[377,488,1859,1891]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="195">notatus,</emphasis>
Hens
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, nec Reinh. &amp; Liitk.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFAFFFA97524390EFD6AF9C8" box="[373,751,1602,1640]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="197">Boltenia australiensis</emphasis>
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(provisional).
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There are three or more specimens of this
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in the collection, together with a sessile Ascidian of the common stalkless form, all covered with a layer of this
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFAFFFA977E4399CFBE3F956" box="[949,1126,1744,1782]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="197">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFAFFFA977E4399CFBE5F956" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1842" box="[949,1120,1744,1782]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrillida" pageId="62" pageNumber="197" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Halisarca</taxonomicName>
,
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about l-24th in. in thickness; but there is only one
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in which the stem is perfect, and here it is 17 in. long with a diameter of 7-2libs in. where it joins the head, and one of l-4th in. below, where it ends in a root-like ex ­ pansion; while the head, which is nodosely tubercular all over except towards the lower part, is 3 in. high by 2 x I in. in its greatest dimensions; and yet the whole, from top to bottom, is covered by a layer of the
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.
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Both the head and stem are composed of firm whitish cartilage, and the nodosely tuberculated surface of the former covered by the
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tends greatly to obscure the position of the openings of the Ascidian. Internally the head is smooth, corresponding with the form of the Ascidian which it contains, so all the rest must be viewed as the test, connected only with the Ascidian itself by vascular extension from the latter, which
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most strikingly manifests its presence by two large vessels (? artery and vein) which, side by side, longitudinally and centrally extend throughout the stem. But the most remarkable part of the stem is that, being almost entirely composed of the white or colourless cartilage, it has imbedded in its structure a thin cylindrical layer of reticulated, anastomosing, keratose, solid, laminated, amber-coloured fibre, so similar to that of a keratose sponge, that, if the two were placed together, it would be almost impossible to distinguish between them. This is situated just inside the circumference of the stem in the midst of the white cartilage, where, by its amber-yellow colour, it contrasts strongly with the latter. It extends from one end to the other of the stem, to which it appears to be confined, disappearing equally towards the head and in the branches of the root-like expansion. Nowhere does the presence of the
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.
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appear to influence the form of the test, which is as smooth over the nodosely tuberculated head as it is over the even surface of the cylindrical stem. How far the Ascidian itself may be identified with Prof. Herdman ’s
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(‘ Challenger ’ Reports, pt. xvii. p. 89) I am not prepared to say; but as I find specimens of
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in Mr. Wilson ’s collection, 1 can with confidence state that there is considerable difference between the forms of the tests and the composition of their stems gene ­ rally. That which corresponds to the description of
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is not covered with
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,
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while the smooth, wrinkled, and horn-like corrugated stem presents no keratose fibre, but is charged with little calcareous spicules extending inwards for about 1-lSOth in.; inside which the cartilage and the two longitudinal vessels are the same as in my
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFAEFFA874A13983FDEBF954" box="[240,622,1742,1781]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="198">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFAEFFA874A13983FDECF954" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1885" box="[240,617,1742,1781]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Boltenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="63" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australiensis">Boltenia australiensis</taxonomicName>
.
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In general form, composition, and appearance the spicule is like that of the Alcyonaria, while it more particularly resembles that from the stem of
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFAEFFA8700F386FFEECF8D7" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="198">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFAEFFA8700F386FFEE6F8D7" authorityName="MacLeay" authorityYear="1825" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Boltenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="63" pageNumber="198" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reniformis">Boltenia reniformis</taxonomicName>
,
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as represented by the late Prof. Quekett (‘Lec ­ tures on Histology,’ 1852, p. 264, fig. 148); that is, consist ­ ing in its most perfect state of a short thick shaft, terminated at each end by a rosette of five globular tubercles arranged quincuncially, the whole about 8 by 7-6000ths in. in greatest dimensions.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFAFFFA974E73E56FE76FBD4" pageId="62" pageNumber="197" type="description">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFAFFFA974E73E56FE76FBD4" blockId="62.[139,1236,231,1572]" pageId="62" pageNumber="197">
Thin and spreading, or contracted, sessile and massive. Consistence soft, elastic, and tough, but yielding like dough to the slightest pressure. Colour cream or pinkish yellow. Surface even, smooth, covered uniformly with a meshed fibro-reticulation, which contrasts strongly by its whiteness with the darker colour of the interstices, but is sometimes in the opposite condition, and sometimes so delicate as to be only seen well under the microscope, if even then. Pores in the interstices of the reticulation. Vents sparse, projecting here and there. Parenchyma consisting of a fibrous reticulation connected with that on the surface, which thus dips down into the interior, holding together the ampul!aceous sacs (Geisselkammern); the whole traversed by the branches of the excretory canal-systems. Fibre throughout consisting of delicate transparent filaments twisted together rope-like. Size variable. Largest
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFAFFFA976073CEDFD7AFC67" box="[598,767,929,967]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="197">spreading</emphasis>
specimen about 2 in. in diameter by 1-Sth in. in its greatest thickness, thinning towards the advancing circumference; largest
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFAFFFA977843CBBFBDDFBBD" box="[981,1112,1015,1053]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="197">massive</emphasis>
speci ­ men, which is subglobular with crevices on the surface, about 3-4ths in. each way.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFAFFFA974E83B35FCA4FB6A" pageId="62" pageNumber="197" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFAFFFA974E83B35FCA4FB6A" blockId="62.[139,1236,231,1572]" pageId="62" pageNumber="197">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFAFFFA974E83B35FE8FFB3E" box="[185,266,1145,1182]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="197">Hab.</emphasis>
Marine. Apparently extending itself over every ­ thing with which it comes in contact.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFAFFFA974E83B83FB57FB55" box="[185,1234,1231,1269]" pageId="62" pageNumber="197" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFAFFFA974E83B83FB57FB55" blockId="62.[139,1236,231,1572]" box="[185,1234,1231,1269]" pageId="62" pageNumber="197">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFAFFFA974E83B83FE84FB55" box="[185,257,1231,1269]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="197">Loc.</emphasis>
Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Depth 20 fath.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFAFFFA974913BB7FCDFF984" pageId="62" pageNumber="197" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFAFFFA974913BB7FCDFF984" blockId="62.[139,1236,231,1572]" pageId="62" pageNumber="197">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFAFFFA974913BB7FE83FA81" box="[192,262,1275,1313]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="197">Obs.</emphasis>
As this species becomes hard by contraction in alcohol, so in pure water it becomes flaccid, hence the specimens vary in size a little when subjected to these conditions respectively. The most striking]&gt;ai t about it is the fi bro-reticulated struc ­ ture of the surface, which, when well developed, is very beauti ­ ful. It appears to be particularly prone to extend itself over a species of
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFAFFFA975373AB2FE7FF984" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[358,506,1534,1572]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Boltenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="62" pageNumber="197" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFAFFFA975373AB2FE7FF984" box="[358,506,1534,1572]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="197">Boltenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(stalked Ascidian).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<treatment id="584D535BFFBBFFBA757C38AEFD91FE21" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:584D535BFFBBFFBA757C38AEFD91FE21" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/584D535BFFBBFFBA757C38AEFD91FE21" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="42" pageNumber="177">
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFBBFFBD757C38AEFBFDF7AF" box="[301,1144,2018,2063]" pageId="42" pageNumber="177" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBBFFBD757C38AEFBFDF7AF" blockId="42.[301,1144,2018,2063]" box="[301,1144,2018,2063]" pageId="42" pageNumber="177">
<heading id="8B135521FFBBFFBD757C38AEFBFDF7AF" box="[301,1144,2018,2063]" pageId="42" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBBFFBD757C38AEFECDF7AF" bold="true" box="[301,328,2018,2063]" pageId="42" pageNumber="177">1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBBFFBD753338AEFCAAF7AF" authority=", Jones." authorityName=", Jones &amp; Kirkby" authorityYear="1859" box="[354,815,2018,2063]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="42" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="permiana">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBBFFBD753338AEFD34F7AF" box="[354,689,2018,2063]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="177">Kirkbya permiana,</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBBFFBD769338AEFBFDF7AF" bold="true" box="[706,1144,2018,2063]" pageId="42" pageNumber="177">
Jones. (Pl. III.
<figureCitation id="48DFFEC8FFBBFFBD705638AEFBD8F7AF" box="[1031,1117,2018,2063]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="38.[126,177,737,769]" captionText="Fig. 1. Hystricrinus Carpenteri. A slightly compressed specimen, show­ ing the anal plate (A) with the anal interbrachial plates above it (1b.A). Attached to the vault of the crinoid is a specimen of Platyceras erectum, Hall. Natural size." pageId="42" pageNumber="177">fig. 1</figureCitation>
.)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFBBFFBC749B3752FEB9FD3C" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="178" pageId="42" pageNumber="177" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBBFFBD749B3752FC55F7C5" blockId="42.[202,1266,2078,2149]" pageId="42" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBBFFBD749B3752FD58F7E1" authority=", Jones, 1850" authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1850" box="[202,733,2078,2113]" class="Malacostraca" family="Rhinocarididae" genus="Dithyrocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="42" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="permiana">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBBFFBD749B3752FDA5F7E1" box="[202,544,2078,2113]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="177">Dithyrocaris permiana,</emphasis>
Jones, 1850
</taxonomicName>
, in King ’s ‘ Monograph of Permian Fossils ’ (Pakeont. Soc.), p. 66, pl. 18. figs. 1
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBBFFBD77C2370EFC55F7C5" box="[915,976,2114,2149]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="177">a-d.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBAFFBC74E43FDDFEBCFF74" blockId="43.[151,1261,140,2154]" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBAFFBC74E43FDDFD0DFF11" authority=", Jones" authorityName="Jones" box="[181,648,145,177]" class="Malacostraca" family="Ceratiocarididae" genus="Ceratiocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="permiana">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBAFFBC74E43FDDFEF3FF11" box="[181,374,145,177]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">Ceratiocaris?</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBAFFBC75D53FDDFD9EFF11" box="[388,539,145,177]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">permiana,</emphasis>
Jones
</taxonomicName>
, in Morris's Catal. Brit. Foss. 1854, p. 103.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBAFFBC74E73F9AFD29FEBB" blockId="43.[151,1261,140,2154]" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBAFFBC74E73F9AFD6FFF56" authority=", Kirkby, 1858" authorityName="Kirkby" authorityYear="1858" box="[182,746,214,246]" class="Ostracoda" family="Leperditiidae" genus="Leperditia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="permiana">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBAFFBC74E73F9AFEC8FF56" box="[182,333,214,246]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">Leperditia</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBAFFBC75063F9AFD8CFF56" box="[343,521,214,246]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">? permiana,</emphasis>
Kirkby, 1858
</taxonomicName>
, Ann. &amp; Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. ii. p. 434, pl. xi. figs. 5-13.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBAFFBC74E83E50FC0EFE23" blockId="43.[151,1261,140,2154]" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBAFFBC74E83E50FCAEFE9C" authority=", Jones &amp; Kirkby, 1859" authorityName=", Jones &amp; Kirkby" authorityYear="1859" box="[185,811,284,316]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="permiana">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBAFFBC74E83E50FE48FE9C" box="[185,461,284,316]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">Kirkbya permiana,</emphasis>
Jones &amp; Kirkby, 1859
</taxonomicName>
, Trans. Tyneside Field-Club, vol. iv. p. 129, pl. viii. a.
<figureCitation id="48DFFEC8FFBAFFBC76003E73FD2CFEFF" box="[593,681,319,351]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="38.[126,177,737,769]" captionText="Fig. 1. Hystricrinus Carpenteri. A slightly compressed specimen, show­ ing the anal plate (A) with the anal interbrachial plates above it (1b.A). Attached to the vault of the crinoid is a specimen of Platyceras erectum, Hall. Natural size." pageId="43" pageNumber="178">figs. 1</figureCitation>
, 2, 3, and 5 (figs. 4 and 7,
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBAFFBC70113E73FB4AFEFF" box="[1088,1231,319,351]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glypta">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBAFFBC70113E73FBE1FEFF" box="[1088,1124,319,351]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">K.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBAFFBC703E3E73FB65FEFF" box="[1135,1248,319,351]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">glypta),</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pl. x. figs. 5, 7, 9-12 (figs. 6 and 8
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBAFFBC76BF3E2FFC0EFE23" box="[750,907,355,387]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBAFFBC76BF3E2FFCFEFE23" box="[750,891,355,387]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glypta">K. glypta</taxonomicName>
).
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBAFFBC74E73EC9FEBFFE6A" blockId="43.[151,1261,140,2154]" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBAFFBC74E73EC9FD35FE05" authority=", Kirkby, 1861" authorityName="Kirkby" authorityYear="1861" box="[182,688,389,421]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="permiana">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBAFFBC74E73EC9FEAAFE05" box="[182,303,389,421]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">Kirkbya</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBAFFBC756C3EC9FE55FE05" box="[317,464,389,421]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">permiana,</emphasis>
Kirkby, 1861
</taxonomicName>
, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xvii. p. 308.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBAFFBC74E73E87FCD0FDAF" blockId="43.[151,1261,140,2154]" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBAFFBC74E73E87FCB0FE4B" authority=", Jones &amp; Kirkby, 1867" authorityName="Jones &amp; Kirkby" authorityYear="1867" box="[182,821,459,491]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="permiana">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBAFFBC74E73E87FEABFE4B" box="[182,302,459,491]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">Kirkbya</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBAFFBC75673E87FE49FE4B" box="[310,460,459,491]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">permiana,</emphasis>
Jones &amp; Kirkby, 1867
</taxonomicName>
, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii. p. 220; 1871, vol. iii Suppl. p. 28.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBAFFBC74E63D5DFD8FFDF5" blockId="43.[151,1261,140,2154]" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBAFFBC74E63D5DFD13FD91" authority=", Armstrong" authorityName="Armstrong" box="[183,662,529,561]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="permiana">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBAFFBC74E63D5DFEB4FD91" box="[183,305,529,561]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">Kirkbya</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBAFFBC75173D5DFE59FD91" box="[326,476,529,561]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">permiana,</emphasis>
Armstrong
</taxonomicName>
and others, 1876, Catal. Western-Scottish Foss. p. 44.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBAFFBC74ED3D14FEB9FD3C" blockId="43.[151,1261,140,2154]" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBAFFBC74ED3D14FE51FDD8" box="[188,468,600,632]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">Kirkbyapermiana,</emphasis>
J. &amp; K. 1880, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvi. p. 588.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFBAFFBB74933DFDFBFBFC1A" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="43" pageNumber="178" type="description">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBAFFBC74933DFDFCD8FB92" blockId="43.[151,1261,140,2154]" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">This species, as a Permian “ recurrent,” was fully described in the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History ’ for Nov. 1858; and again, in more detail, in the ‘Transactions of the Tyneside Field-Club ’ for 1859. The descriptions and figures there given of Permian specimens from the Mag ­ nesian Limestone of Tunstall Hill would do equally well for most of the many Carboniferous examples of the species that have come under our notice; but, for convenience, we describe it from the latter as follows:—</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBAFFBC74993B7AFDC6F9C4" blockId="43.[151,1261,140,2154]" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">Carapace ark-shaped or suboblong, flatly convex or com ­ pressed, height half the length or rather more. Dorsal border straight, sometimes the full length of the valve, some ­ times rather less, according to the relative boldness of the curve of the extremities; ventral border faintly incurved, straight, or gently convex in its middle third, and boldly curved at the extremities, the anterior extremity being the most acute. The extremities and ventral portion of each valve are bordered by two parallel, concentric rims or expan ­ sions, v hicli project a considerable distance beyond the surface of the valve. A small oval pit occupies a subcentral position on each valve, and the surface is beautifully reticu ­ lated. Length inch.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBAFFBC749D3925FBA7F8B0" blockId="43.[151,1261,140,2154]" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">
The Carboniferous specimens of this species vary consider ­ ably in character. The drawing here given (Pl. III.
<figureCitation id="48DFFEC8FFBAFFBC702E39D8FB5FF91A" box="[1151,1242,1684,1722]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="38.[126,177,737,769]" captionText="Fig. 1. Hystricrinus Carpenteri. A slightly compressed specimen, show­ ing the anal plate (A) with the anal interbrachial plates above it (1b.A). Attached to the vault of the crinoid is a specimen of Platyceras erectum, Hall. Natural size." pageId="43" pageNumber="178">fig. 1</figureCitation>
) is that of an average good specimen; other illustrative figures would have been given had circumstances allowed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBAFFBC749E385AFCAEF7B3" blockId="43.[151,1261,140,2154]" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">The outline of the valves is usually as described above; but sometimes the extremities and ventral margin almost approximate the curve of a semicircle in the regularity of their contour; from this extreme the ends by degrees become more abruptly sloped, and the ventral border straightened, until an oblong figure is approached.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBAFFBB74803754FEACFEFD" blockId="43.[151,1261,140,2154]" lastBlockId="44.[162,1265,134,1950]" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="43" pageNumber="178">
Many examples have the valves much depressed, others have them moderately convex (and so form a carapace of fair capacity); and there are some few where the regularity of their surface is interfered with by one or more lobe-like swel ­ lings. In this feature it resembles
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBDFFBB77163FADFBC6FEA7" box="[839,1091,225,263]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="179">K. Schrenkii,</emphasis>
Keyserling*; but the latter has a rounded, and not ridged, ventral margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBDFFBB749E3E2EFC16FDAA" blockId="44.[162,1265,134,1950]" pageId="44" pageNumber="179">The ventral rims vary in development, and are apparently largest in old individuals. In some cases the mesh-walls on the reticulated surface show a tendency to run in faint riblets within and parallel to the marginal ridges.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBDFFBB74813D43FCBBFD2C" blockId="44.[162,1265,134,1950]" pageId="44" pageNumber="179">The reticulation of the surface is relatively large, in most cases with a more or less angular form of mesh, and is very beautiful in well-preserved specimens.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBDFFBB749F3DDDFB0AFD17" blockId="44.[162,1265,134,1950]" box="[206,1167,657,695]" pageId="44" pageNumber="179">The subcentral spot is often obsolete or not to be seen.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBDFFBB749F3DF0FBACFCC4" blockId="44.[162,1265,134,1950]" pageId="44" pageNumber="179">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBDFFBB749F3DF0FD9BFD42" baseAuthorityName="Jones" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[206,542,700,738]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="44" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ptermiana">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBDFFBB749F3DF0FD9BFD42" box="[206,542,700,738]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="179">Kirkbya ptermiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is of common occurrence in the marine shales of the Carboniferous-Limestone series of Scotland and the north of England. It is found in a similar shale in the upper portion of the Calciferous Sandstone of Fife.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBDFFBB749E3C25FBFBFC1A" blockId="44.[162,1265,134,1950]" pageId="44" pageNumber="179">As a Permian species it is met with in the Magnesian Limestone of Durham and Yorkshire, also in Germany.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFBDFFBA74803C8CFD91FE21" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="44" pageNumber="179" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBDFFBB74803C8CFB82FC46" blockId="44.[162,1265,134,1950]" box="[209,1031,960,998]" pageId="44" pageNumber="179">Some of its British localities are as follows:—</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBDFFBB74823CA6FD70F9E3" blockId="44.[162,1265,134,1950]" pageId="44" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBDFFBB74823CA6FEEAFBB0" box="[211,367,1002,1040]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="179">Scotland.</emphasis>
Calciferous Sandstone: coast west of Pittenweem, Fife. Carboniferous Limestone (Lower): Brockley, Calderside Quarry, Brankumhall Quarry, in Lanarkshire; Galabraes, Whitebaulks, in Linlithgowshire; Corrieburn, Scullengour, Craigenglen, in Stirlingshire; Fullerton, Currielee Lime-works, Darcy Limestone Quarry, Magazine Lime ­ works, Hillhead Quarry, near Cockmuir Bridge, in Edin ­ burghshire; Catcraig, near Dunbar, Burlage Quarry, East Saitou, in East Lothian; coast near Abden, Glenniston Quarry, Inverted Quarry, Ladedda Quarry, Wilkieson, Cults, Teasses, in Fife; Carlops, Whitefield, in Peeblesshire. Car ­ boniferous Limestone (Upper): Robroystone, Orchard, Kennox Water, Auchenbeg, in Lanarkshire; River Avon below Kinneil, in Linlithgowshire; &amp;c.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBDFFBB7481390BFC1BF950" blockId="44.[162,1265,134,1950]" pageId="44" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBDFFBB7481390BFEEAF9CD" box="[208,367,1607,1645]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="179">England.</emphasis>
Carboniferous-Limestone series: Scremerston, Ridsdalcf, Ancroft, in Northumberland; Barnard Castle, Dur ­ ham; Wyebourne, Calces, in Cumberland; in the Scar Limestone at Stainton Quarry, Lancashire.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBDFFBB748339B9FDAEF8E7" blockId="44.[162,1265,134,1950]" pageId="44" pageNumber="179">As a “ recurrent ” in Permian strata it is found in the following localities:—</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBDFFBA74823800FD91FE21" blockId="44.[162,1265,134,1950]" lastBlockId="45.[146,1249,127,385]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="44" pageNumber="179">In Lower Magnesian Limestone: Westoe, Eldon, East Thickley, Walworth, Morton Tinmouth, Summerhouse, and Langton, in Durham; railway-cutting at Chapel Houses (west of Pierce Bridge), Crakehall, Thornton Watlass, Nosterfield, and Hampole, in Yorkshire. In Middle Magnesian Lime ­ stone: Tunstall Hill, in Durham. In Upper Magnesian Limestone: Byer ’s Quarry, and cliffs to the south of Marsden, on the Durham coast.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:namePart id="837758738237A3CF121EC12D91647F0B">Carruthers, William</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7CEEDF54E462021A9AEE7A516DED3B67">Francis, William</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFBCFFBA74FD3EF5FB4CFE41" box="[172,1225,441,481]" pageId="45" pageNumber="180" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBCFFBA74FD3EF5FB4CFE41" blockId="45.[150,1256,437,2119]" box="[172,1225,441,481]" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">
<heading id="8B135521FFBCFFBA74FD3EF5FB4CFE41" box="[172,1225,441,481]" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">
2.
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBCFFBA74B23EF5FBEFFE41" authorityName=", Jones A Kirkby" authorityYear="1867" box="[227,1130,441,481]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbonata">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBCFFBA74B23EF5FDADFE7F" box="[227,552,441,479]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">Kirkbya umbonata</emphasis>
(D ’Eichwald), and var.
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBCFFBA77B53EF7FBF4FE41" box="[996,1137,443,481]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">radiata,</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nov.
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFBCFFBA76703EA9FCDEFDAB" box="[545,859,485,523]" pageId="45" pageNumber="180" type="description">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBCFFBA76703EA9FCDEFDAB" blockId="45.[150,1256,437,2119]" box="[545,859,485,523]" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">(Plate III. fig. 2.)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFBCFFBA74ED3D68FEABFD54" pageId="45" pageNumber="180" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBCFFBA74ED3D68FDACFDCB" blockId="45.[150,1256,437,2119]" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBCFFBA74ED3D68FCA8FDE6" box="[188,813,548,582]" class="Ostracoda" family="Beyrichiidae" genus="Beyrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Palaeocopida" pageId="45" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbonata">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBCFFBA74ED3D68FECBFDE4" box="[188,334,548,580]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">Beyrichia</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBCFFBA75393D68FD84FDE4" box="[360,513,548,580]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">umbonata,</emphasis>
D ’Eichwald, 1860
</taxonomicName>
, Lethrea Rossica, livr. vii. p. 1347, pl. lii. fig. 10.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBCFFBA74EC3D27FC10FD10" blockId="45.[150,1256,437,2119]" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBCFFBA74EC3D27FCABFD2C" authority=", Jones A Kirkby, 1867" authorityName=", Jones A Kirkby" authorityYear="1867" box="[189,814,619,652]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbonata">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBCFFBA74EC3D27FE52FD2B" box="[189,471,619,651]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">Kirkbya umbonata,</emphasis>
Jones A Kirkby, 1867
</taxonomicName>
, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii. p. 221; and 1871, vol. iii. Suppl. p. 29.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBCFFBA74EB3DFCFEABFD54" blockId="45.[150,1256,437,2119]" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBCFFBA74EB3DFCFD00FD71" authority=", Armstrong" authorityName="Armstrong" box="[186,645,688,721]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbonata">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBCFFBA74EB3DFCFEB1FD70" box="[186,308,688,720]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">Kirkbya</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBCFFBA75143DFCFE5DFD70" box="[325,472,688,720]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">umbonata,</emphasis>
Armstrong
</taxonomicName>
and others, 1876, Catal. W.-Scot. Foss, p. 45.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBCFFBA74943C5DFE35FACA" blockId="45.[150,1256,437,2119]" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">Ark-shaped, with a central umbo and a wide ventral frill or marginal radiated expansion to each valve; height about half the length or more. Dorsal border straight; ventral border usually boldly curved; extremities rounded, the poste ­ rior being the larger and more obliquely curved than the other. The umbo is near the dorsal border, oval in shape, about a third of the valve ’s length and half its height in size; it is often awry or placed obliquely on the valve. There is a lamellar expansion or radiate frill round the ventral and extreme borders of each valve, which in older specimens has considerable development; these frills are plaited or ruffle ­ like, and have more or less scalloped edges. The surface is reticulated in some specimens, and in others finely papulose. Length 1/2 3 inch.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBCFFBA749B3A21FC4FF8B9" blockId="45.[150,1256,437,2119]" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">This species is subject to some variation. Younger indi ­ viduals more especially look different, owing to greater regu ­ larity of outline, the smaller size and pap-like form of the umbo, and the absence or meagre development of the frills. In the Russian specimen, described and figured by D ’Eich ­ wald, from the Yellow Carboniferous Shale of Sloboden, Government Toula, the surface is said to be finely striated and pitted, the space between the umbo and the margin is raised into nearly regular concentric rolls or rounded ridges, and the frilling is absent, as in some of our specimens.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBCFFB974973850FDFCFEA3" blockId="45.[150,1256,437,2119]" lastBlockId="46.[139,1243,131,778]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="181" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">
It is undoubtedly a near ally of
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBCFFBA77443852FB82F8E5" box="[789,1031,1822,1861]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBCFFBA77443852FB84F8E5" box="[789,1025,1822,1861]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="permiana">K. permiana</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
with which it has much in common. It is usually, however, to be distin ­ guished from the latter by its greater relative height, the more
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBCFFBA74C738D2FEBBF865" box="[150,318,1950,1989]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="180">Leperditia</emphasis>
- like truncation of the valves, by its irregular hump or umbo, and by the character of its ventral rims. The sur ­ face-reticulation also differs somewhat, not being so definitely meshed like network. The frill-less form occurs in Scotland and in Westmoreland, and it has the umbo quite regular sometimes. The frill may be obsolete, or easily lost perhaps, as in the fringed
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBFFFB975903F91FDFCFEA3" box="[449,633,221,260]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBFFFB975903F91FDF1FEA4" box="[449,628,221,260]" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">Beyrichiae</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFBFFFB974E93E45FB13FCA8" pageId="46" pageNumber="181" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBFFFB974E93E45FBA2FE8D" blockId="46.[139,1243,131,778]" box="[184,1063,264,303]" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBFFFB974E93E45FE1FFE8F" box="[184,410,265,303]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="46" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbonata">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBFFFB974E93E45FE1FFE8F" box="[184,410,265,303]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">K. umbonata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBFFFB975F63E45FBA2FE8D" bold="true" box="[423,1063,264,302]" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">occurs in the following localities:—</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBFFFB974EA3E78FCB7FDFC" blockId="46.[139,1243,131,778]" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBFFFB974EA3E78FED2FEFA" box="[187,343,308,346]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">Scotland.</emphasis>
Carboniferous Limestone (Lower): Brockley and Hairmyers, in Lanarkshire; Craigenglen, in Stirling ­ shire; Whitefield and Carlops, in Peeblesshire; Billhead Quarry, near Cockmuir Bridge, in Edinburghshire; Kidlaw Quarry, Cateraig, Burlage Quarry, East Salton, in East Lothian; Wilkicson, Ladedda, Charleston, Cowdens Quarry, coast east of St. Monans, in Fifeshire.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBFFFB974EA3D2FFB13FCA8" blockId="46.[139,1243,131,778]" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBFFFB974EA3D2FFEDCFD29" box="[187,345,611,649]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">England.</emphasis>
Carboniferous-Limestone series: Scremerston, Barmoor Bedhouse (Lowick), Ridsdale, in Northumberland; Calces, in Cumberland. In the Scar Limestone: at Arnside and in a railway-cutting near Heversham, Westmoreland.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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<heading id="8B135521FFBEFFB874E23ABBFCE5F9BD" box="[179,864,1527,1566]" fontSize="9" level="7" pageId="47" pageNumber="182" reason="4">
4.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBEFFB874B33ABBFDB4F9BE" box="[226,561,1527,1566]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">Kirkbya annectens,</emphasis>
Jones &amp; Kirkby.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBEFFB877DA3ABBFC70F9E8" blockId="47.[178,1277,1522,2111]" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">
(Pl. III. figs. 7,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBEFFB870F73AB4FB7FF9BE" box="[1190,1274,1528,1566]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">a—d;</emphasis>
and
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var.
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBEFFB8760C396EFD7AF9E8" box="[605,767,1570,1608]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">bipartita,</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
figs. 8, a, b.)
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBEFFB874843917FE26F900" blockId="47.[178,1277,1522,2111]" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBEFFB874843917FDEFF9DB" authority="J. &amp; K" authorityName="J. &amp; K" box="[213,618,1627,1659]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annectens">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBEFFB874843917FE6EF9DB" box="[213,491,1627,1659]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBEFFB874843917FECAF9DB" box="[213,335,1627,1659]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">Kirkbya</emphasis>
annectens,
</emphasis>
J. &amp; K
</taxonomicName>
., 1866, Ann. &amp; Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xviii. p. 42.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBEFFB8748539EDFC4AF944" blockId="47.[178,1277,1522,2111]" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBEFFB8748539EDFDF0F961" authority="J. &amp; K" authorityName="J. &amp; K" box="[212,629,1697,1729]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annectens">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBEFFB8748539EDFECEF961" box="[212,331,1697,1729]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">Kirkbya</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBEFFB8750739EDFE6DF961" box="[342,488,1697,1729]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">annectens,</emphasis>
J. &amp; K
</taxonomicName>
., 1867, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii. p. 220; and
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBEFFB875E63988FDBEF944" box="[439,571,1732,1764]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBEFFB875E63988FDB3F944" box="[439,566,1732,1764]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipartita">bipartita</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
1871, vol. iii. Suppl. p, 28.
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBEFFB8748439AAFE61F8A6" box="[213,484,1766,1798]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annectens">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBEFFB8748439AAFE61F8A6" box="[213,484,1766,1798]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">Kirkbya annectens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBEFFB8766139AAFC17F8A6" authority=", Armstrong" authorityName="Armstrong" box="[560,914,1766,1798]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipartita">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBEFFB8766139AAFD66F8A6" box="[560,739,1766,1798]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">K. bipartita,</emphasis>
Armstrong
</taxonomicName>
and others, 1876, Catal. W.-Scot. Foss. p. 44.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFBEFFA7748F380DFB0FFAD4" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="183" pageId="47" pageNumber="182" type="description">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBEFFB8748F380DFB7FF79F" blockId="47.[178,1277,1522,2111]" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">Valves suboblong in outline, rather convex and lobed, height half the length or more. Dorsal border straight or slightly incurved, and about two thirds of the maximum length; ventral border either straight or slightly incurved, or as slightly convex; extremities rounded and in some speci ­ mens nearly alike, in others the anterior is the more acute.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA1FFA774D63FDCFE55FE4A" blockId="48.[135,1239,144,2042]" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">
The medio-dorsal portion of the valve is depressed, and in front is a rounded boss-like lobe, and behind is another lobe or tubercle, usually smaller than that in front; the ventral portion of the valve is swollen, and traversed longitudinally by a curved ridge or rib. Lateral contour subcuneiform. Shell rather- thin. Surface smooth so far as known. Length 1/30 inch. Edge view (figs. 7 b,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA1FFA776873EDFFD6AFE60" box="[726,751,403,448]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">c,</emphasis>
and 8
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA1FFA777283EDFFC11FE60" box="[889,916,403,448]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">b,</emphasis>
lateral contours) compressed, ovate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA1FFA774E43EA7FD27FBE5" blockId="48.[135,1239,144,2042]" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">
The above description applies more correctly to the Irish members of this species. Scotch examples show some differ ­ ences; instead of two lobes or tubercles they sometimes have three, cither all on the dorsal region of the valve or with the middle one rather lower down than those at the ends, ami two (or at times three) strong ridges sweep across the valve concentrically with the extreme and ventral borders; the uppermost of these is occasionally fully above the median line of the valve, and the lowermost often takes the form of a marginal rim. The surface also, in some examples at least, is reticulated. It may be that these specimens represent a Scotch form specifically distinct from the others. This is a point for further investigation. For the present we designate it
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA1FFA774E53B51FD18FBE5" box="[180,669,1053,1093]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="annectensy" variety="bipartita">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA1FFA774E53B51FE18FBE5" box="[180,413,1053,1093]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">K. annectensy</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA1FFA776533B51FD27FBE5" box="[514,674,1053,1093]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">bipartita.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA1FFA774E93B0AFB0FFAD4" blockId="48.[135,1239,144,2042]" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">The Irish specimens we have seen were collected and submitted to our inspection by the late Sir Richard Griffiths. They are very uniform m character, all of them having the two bosses or tubercles, one towards each extremity of the valve, and but a single ventral rib. They have rather a Beyrichian look, and undoubtedly come nearer that genus than other members of the group under description.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFA1FFA774ED3A39FDB1F85A" pageId="48" pageNumber="183" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA1FFA774ED3A39FB0DFA6A" blockId="48.[135,1239,144,2042]" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA1FFA774ED3A39FDA1FA3E" box="[188,548,1397,1438]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">Localities.—Ireland.</emphasis>
In Lower-Limestone Shales, Drumard, Londonderry; Cultra, Down; Larganmore, Mayo.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA1FFA774ED3A87FCA6F9EA" blockId="48.[135,1239,144,2042]" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA1FFA774ED3A87FED2FA55" box="[188,343,1483,1525]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">Scotland.</emphasis>
Carboniferous Limestone (Lower): Brockley, Lanarkshire; Orchard, Gare, in Lanarkshire; River Avon below Kinneil Mill, Linlithgowshire.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA1FFA774EA3907FDE6F96D" blockId="48.[135,1239,144,2042]" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA1FFA774EA3907FEDDF9D6" box="[187,344,1611,1654]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">England.</emphasis>
Hurst, near Richmond
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA1FFA777463907FC56F9D6" box="[791,979,1611,1654]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">(bipartita)</emphasis>
Yorkshire, on the authority of Mr. G. R. Vine (Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Polyt. Soc. 1883, p. 237).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFA1FFA774EC3982FDB1F85A" blockId="48.[135,1239,144,2042]" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">
Dr. C. W. Gumbel’s
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA1FFA776683982FCD6F956" box="[569,851,1742,1782]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA1FFA776683982FCC8F956" box="[569,845,1742,1782]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpina">Kirkbya alpina</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
figured in his ' Kurze Anleitung zu geol. Beobacht. in den Alpcn,’ 1878, p. 83, fig. 28, has a distant resemblance to
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA1FFA777343869FBD4F8EF" box="[869,1105,1829,1871]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFA1FFA777343869FBC9F8EF" box="[869,1100,1829,1871]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annectens">K. annectens</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but is much more like
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFA1FFA775E3381CFD69F8D9" box="[434,748,1872,1913]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="183">Beyrichia arcuata</emphasis>
(Bean)
</taxonomicName>
, as far as the little woodcut shows. It is from the Bellerophon-Iimcstone, a passage-bed from the Palaeozoic to the Mesozoic (between the Permian and the Trias).
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFBFFFB974923C1CFCE4FCDC" box="[195,865,848,892]" pageId="46" pageNumber="181" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBFFFB974923C1CFCE4FCDC" blockId="46.[142,1241,848,2120]" box="[195,865,848,892]" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">
<heading id="8B135521FFBFFFB974923C1CFCE4FCDC" box="[195,865,848,892]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="6" pageId="46" pageNumber="181" reason="4">
3.
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBFFFB974AB3C1CFCE4FCDC" ID-CoL="85T79" authority=", Jones &amp; Kirkby." authorityName="Jones &amp; Kirkby." box="[250,865,848,892]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="46" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblonga">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBFFFB974AB3C1CFDA1FCDC" box="[250,548,848,892]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">Kirkbya oblonga,</emphasis>
Jones &amp; Kirkby.
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFBFFFB977C23C1CFC7EFC07" pageId="46" pageNumber="181" type="description">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBFFFB977C23C1CFC7EFC07" blockId="46.[142,1241,848,2120]" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">
(Pl. III. fig. 3; and varieties, figs. 4, 5, and 6,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBFFFB977F43C31FC7EFC07" box="[933,1019,893,935]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">a, b.)</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFBFFFB974E03C8CFEA7FBEE" pageId="46" pageNumber="181" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBFFFB974E03C8CFD5CFBA6" blockId="46.[142,1241,848,2120]" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBFFFB974E03C8CFD1EFC43" authority="J. &amp; K., 1867" authorityName="J. &amp; K." authorityYear="1867" box="[177,667,960,995]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="46" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblonya">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBFFFB974E03C8CFEAFFC43" box="[177,298,960,995]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">Kirkbya</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBFFFB9756A3C8CFE2BFC43" box="[315,430,960,995]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">oblonya,</emphasis>
J. &amp; K., 1867
</taxonomicName>
, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii. p. 221; 1871, vol. iii. Suppl. p. 28.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBFFFB974E13B4BFEA7FBEE" blockId="46.[142,1241,848,2120]" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBFFFB974E13B4BFDE3FB89" authority=", Armstrong" authorityName="Armstrong" box="[176,614,1031,1065]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="46" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblonya">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBFFFB974E13B4BFE37FB89" box="[176,434,1031,1065]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">Kirkbya oblonya,</emphasis>
Armstrong
</taxonomicName>
and others, 1876, Catal. W.-Scot. Foss, p. 44.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFBFFFB974EA3B2AFCEFF851" pageId="46" pageNumber="181" type="description">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBFFFB974EA3B2AFE61F8B9" blockId="46.[142,1241,848,2120]" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">Oblong-ovate, convex; height (which is uniform in the central third) equal to half the length or more. Dorsal border almost straight, but rather concave; ventral border usually straight in the central third; extremities boldly rounded and almost alike. In some cases the regular convexity of the valves is scarcely broken except by a slight medio-dorsal depression; in others this depression is more pronounced and the valves become rather humped towards the extremities; and in some specimens a circular boss appears in the. centre. A slight rim bounds the free margins of the valves; in certain specimens a second is added, and occasionally the reticulation of the surface shows a tendency to develop itself into other less regular concentric wrinkles. Lateral contour subovate. Subcentral pit oval, often obscure. Surface covered with rather large hexagonal reticulation. Length inch.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBFFFB974EB3856FCEFF851" blockId="46.[142,1241,848,2120]" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">
This species was discovered by our friend Mr. John Young, of Glasgow. It is a near ally of
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBFFFB976B5380AFC41F8D0" box="[740,964,1862,1904]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="46" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="permiana">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBFFFB976B5380AFC41F8D0" box="[740,964,1862,1904]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">K. permiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; but, although the latter sometimes takes on a curved subcentral riblet (see Trans. Tyneside, 1859, pl. x. a. fig. 5 a), yet it never loses its marginal rims or its strong dorsal angles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFBFFFB874EA38BEFE20FA19" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="46" pageNumber="181" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBFFFB874EA38BEFCEFFF76" blockId="46.[142,1241,848,2120]" lastBlockId="47.[177,1277,127,1465]" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="182" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBFFFB974EA38BEFDBCF7BB" box="[187,569,2034,2075]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="181">Localities.—Scotland.</emphasis>
Carboniferous Limestone (Lower): Brockley, Lanarkshire; Craigenglen, Stirlingshire; coast east of St. Monans, Fifeshire. Carboniferous Limestone (Upper): near Kinneil Mill and Orchard Quarry.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBEFFB874B13F96FB37FE0C" blockId="47.[177,1277,127,1465]" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">
Under this name
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBEFFB876743F96FD72FEA0" box="[549,759,218,256]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">
(
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBEFFB876623F96FD6CFEA0" box="[563,745,218,256]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblonga">K. oblonga</taxonomicName>
}
</emphasis>
we also place certain speci ­ mens that occurred to us first from the Carboniferous-Lime ­ stone series of Fife (figs. 4 and 6). The character of their reticulated surface, central pit, and ventral riblets sufficiently identify them with
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBEFFB8765F3ECAFD29FE0C" box="[526,684,390,429]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBEFFB8765F3ECAFD23FE0D" box="[526,678,390,429]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kirkbya</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
We describe them thus:—
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBEFFB874B03EFDFB64FC90" blockId="47.[177,1277,127,1465]" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">
Varying from subreniform to suboblong and subquadrate in outline, often compressed; height two thirds of the length. Dorsal border straight for from about a third to a fourth less than the maximum length; ventral border curved or straight in central third; extremities rounded, the anterior being slightly the more acute. Surface reticulated (hexagonal or pentagonal meshes) and with two or more faint concentric riblets (including a slight marginal rim) below. Length inch. Edge view (lateral contour, fig. 6
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBEFFB877983C46FC60FC90" box="[969,997,778,816]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">b)</emphasis>
is acute-oval.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBEFFB8748E3C7AFB7FFC26" blockId="47.[177,1277,127,1465]" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">Discovered by Mr. James Bennie in the Lower-Carbon ­ iferous Limestone, on the coast near Seafield Tower, Fifeshire.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFBEFFB874B13CC0FE20FA19" blockId="47.[177,1277,127,1465]" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">
Figs. 5 a, 5 6, represent a form that Mr. Robertson has from Williamswood, near Glasgow. It is relatively shorter than
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBEFFB8755E3CAEFE78FBA8" box="[271,509,994,1032]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBEFFB8755E3CAEFE73FBA8" box="[271,502,994,1032]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="permiana">K. permiana</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and the dorsal line is only about two thirds of the total length; it is thus nearly oblong, with rounded ends. The valves have each a slight marginal rim, are humpy towards the ends, or faintly lobed, and more coarsely reticulated than is usual with
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBEFFB876A93BC3FC5AFB15" baseAuthorityName="Jones" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[760,991,1167,1205]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penniana">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBEFFB876A93BC3FC5AFB15" box="[760,991,1167,1205]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">K. penniana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and there is a weak submedial riblet in some individuals. We figure it so as to keep it in view, as it is a form requiring further study. A somewhat similar short form, but more convex and more definitely ridged, we have seen in Air. C. Moore ’s collection from Steeraway, Salop. Probably they are all closely allied to
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFBEFFB874B13ADFFE20FA19" box="[224,421,1427,1465]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="182">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFBEFFB874B13ADFFE25FA19" box="[224,416,1427,1465]" class="Ostracoda" family="Kirkbyidae" genus="Kirkbya" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="47" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblonga">K. oblonga</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFC0FFC676583C8DFC2DFC46" box="[521,936,961,999]" pageId="81" pageNumber="216" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC0FFC676583C8DFC2DFC46" blockId="81.[179,1282,956,2133]" box="[521,936,961,999]" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">
<heading id="8B135521FFC0FFC676583C8DFC2DFC46" box="[521,936,961,999]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="6" pageId="81" pageNumber="216" reason="4">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC0FFC676583C8DFDA2FC46" bold="true" box="[521,551,961,998]" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC0FFC6766F3C8DFC27FC46" ID-CoL="84NC8" authority="Kirkii, Bk" authorityName="Kirkii, Bk" box="[574,930,961,999]" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Dysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="81" pageNumber="216" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC0FFC6766F3C8DFCDEFC47" box="[574,859,961,999]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">Dysidea Kirkii,</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC0FFC6773E3C8DFC2DFC46" bold="true" box="[879,936,961,998]" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">Bk.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFC0FFC6748E3CB9FE1EF905" pageId="81" pageNumber="216" type="description">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC0FFC6748E3CB9FE1EF905" blockId="81.[179,1282,956,2133]" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">Massive, sessile, more or less contracted towards the base, simple or lobate; lobes convex, mamilliiorm, digital, sub ­ branched or indefinitely varied in their forms. Consistence firm, but easily broken, light. Colour grey externally, generally orange-yellow internally. tSuriace smooth and even or more or less rough, consisting of the dermal membrane, raised or not into small conuli by the projection of the subjacent aienaceous fibre. Pores in juxtaposition, uniformly continued over the dermal membrane, or interrupted in their continuity by the projections of the subdermal fibre. Vents numerous and large, sitm ted on the prominent parts, at the ends of the mamilliform lobes, or along the borders or ridges of the crested growths. [Structure fibro-reticulate: fibre arenaceous, tympanized in its interstices by the parenchymal sarcode traversed by the branches of the excretory canal-systems. Size variable.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFC0FFC674B139E6FE55F970" box="[224,464,1706,1744]" pageId="81" pageNumber="216" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC0FFC674B139E6FE55F970" blockId="81.[179,1282,956,2133]" box="[224,464,1706,1744]" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC0FFC674B139E6FEB7F970" box="[224,306,1706,1744]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">Hab.</emphasis>
Marine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFC0FFC674B33999FB7BF95B" box="[226,1278,1749,1787]" pageId="81" pageNumber="216" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC0FFC674B33999FB7BF95B" blockId="81.[179,1282,956,2133]" box="[226,1278,1749,1787]" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC0FFC674B33999FEA9F95B" box="[226,300,1749,1787]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">Loc.</emphasis>
Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Depth variable.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFC0FFC574B7384DFD75FEA3" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="217" pageId="81" pageNumber="216" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC0FFC574B7384DFD75FEA3" blockId="81.[179,1282,956,2133]" lastBlockId="82.[101,1209,128,259]" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="217" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC0FFC674B7384DFEABF887" box="[230,302,1793,1831]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">Obs.</emphasis>
When fresh this sponge, although firm, is easily broken, on account of the minimum of keratine which holds together the arenaceous material of the fibre. 1 have as ­ sumed that it is the species alluded to by Dr. Bowerbank, because out of a great number of specimens in Mr. W ’ilson ’s collection, as well as in the British Museum, 1 can find no other meriting the term
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC0FFC67637374FFCABF789" box="[614,814,2051,2089]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">“ Dysidea,</emphasis>
and Dr. Bowerbank docs not appear to have gone beyond the description of its fibre, while it is certain that it was among the Australian sponges which Air. Kirk sent to him about the end of 1840 (Trans. Microscop. Soc. Loud. vol. i. p. 32).
</paragraph>
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<heading id="8B135521FFC1FFC775DF39F0FC27F947" box="[398,930,1724,1767]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="6" pageId="80" pageNumber="215" reason="4">
1.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC1FFC7759539F0FD6DF947" box="[452,744,1724,1767]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="215">Dysidea fragilis,</emphasis>
Johnston
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC1FFC674CF39B4FD19FF46" blockId="80.[117,1215,1784,2132]" lastBlockId="81.[177,1280,143,922]" lastPageId="81" lastPageNumber="216" pageId="80" pageNumber="215">Massive, sessile, simply convex or lobed. Consistence soft and resilient when fresh, firm when dry. Colour, when fresh, faint violet or whitish grey, sponge-yellow when dry. Surface conulated in much relief; conuli held together bya soft reticulated fibrous membrane. Pores in the interstices of the reticulation. Vents here and there, chiefly on the most prominent parts. Structure fibro-reticulated; interstices tympanized by the parenchymatous sarcode traversed by the branches of the excretory canal-systems. Fibre arenaceous throughout. Size variable.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC0FFC6748E3FA7FEB4FEB1" box="[223,305,235,273]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">Hab.</emphasis>
Marine.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC0FFC6748E3E5AFEADFE9C" box="[223,296,278,316]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">Loc.</emphasis>
British coasts generally.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC0FFC674B73E0DFEA9FEC7" box="[230,300,321,359]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">Obs.</emphasis>
The above description chiefly applies to the living or fresh state of the sponge, which, after the specimen has been torn off the rocks and the sarcode washed out by the waves, may be found on the beach in the
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC0FFC677773E8FFC24FE48" box="[806,929,451,488]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">fragile</emphasis>
condition, and this probably led Johnston, who might not have seen it under other circumstances, to give it the above designation. When gathered from the rocks and dried directly it presents the conulated state above mentioned, which renders it, as before stated, very much like
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC0FFC676D13DD7FC69FD61" box="[640,1004,667,705]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="216">Spongelia pallescens</emphasis>
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under similar circumstances. Inserted for comparison.
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For a short description of the variety in which the conuli are turned into round arenaceous balls, and for which I have proposed the name of “
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC0FFC6760F3C04FC2FFCCE" authorityName="Bergquist" authorityYear="1965" box="[606,938,840,878]" family="Aphides" genus="Dysidca" pageId="81" pageNumber="216" rank="species" species="granulosa">Dysidea granulosa,</taxonomicName>
&quot;
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see ‘ Annals ’ of 1881 (vol. vii. p. 376).
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Gen.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC1FFC774F13A5AFE09FA9C" box="[160,396,1302,1340]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="215">Char, emend.</emphasis>
Fibrous arenaceous sponges, in which the fibre is chiefly composed of foreign microscopic objects (sand, fragmentary sponge-spicules, &amp;c.), held together by a mere film of keratine, supporting the flakes of the parenchymatous sarcode; traversed by the branches of the excretory canal ­ system; assuming a variety of sponge-like forms, on which the pore-dermis may be continuous and smooth, or rendered more or less uneven and rough by projection of the subjacent fibre, according to the species.
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<heading id="8B135521FFC3FFC575253B19FC2DFBD8" box="[372,936,1107,1147]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="6" pageId="82" pageNumber="217" reason="4">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC3FFC575253B19FE16FBDA" bold="true" box="[372,403,1109,1146]" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">4.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC3FFC575FA3B19FCBFFBD9" box="[427,826,1107,1147]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC3FFC575FA3B19FCB1FBD9" authorityName="Gunther &amp; Dallas &amp; Carruthers &amp; Francis" authorityYear="1885" box="[427,820,1107,1147]" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Dysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="82" pageNumber="217" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chaliniformis" status="sp. nov.">Dysidea chaliniformis</taxonomicName>
,
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC3FFC577183B1FFC2DFBD8" bold="true" box="[841,936,1107,1144]" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F9A38324FFC3FFC577183B1FFC2DFBD8" box="[841,936,1107,1144]" pageId="82" pageNumber="217" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Caulescent, branched, stipitatc; consisting of a compressed bunch of solid cylindrical stalks rising from a common stem; branches numerous, small and simple
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC3FFC577653BAAFC1DFAAC" box="[820,920,1254,1292]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">below,</emphasis>
some not more than⅛ in. in thickness, ending in a sharp point, which is sometimes bifurcated; increasing in size upwards, dividing and interuniting; the whole most irregularly. Consistence light, fragile, compressible. Colour reddish brown. Surface even, but minutely wrinkled from the sinking of the dermal pore-membrane upon the subjacent arenated fibre. Pores plentifully scattered throughout the dermal membrane. Vents also numerous, scattered over the flattened portions of the branches or in a line along them. Structure fibrous, fibre arenated throughout; texture fine. Size of specimen about 12 in. long by 5 x 1 in. horizontally. Great diversity in the size of the branches, of which the largest and longest are ¼ in. in diameter, while the smallest do not exceed yof an inch.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC3FFC574F3380FFF74F8C9" box="[162,241,1859,1897]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">Hab.</emphasis>
Marine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFC3FFC574F43823FB32F833" box="[165,1207,1901,1941]" pageId="82" pageNumber="217" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC3FFC574F43823FB32F833" blockId="82.[112,1214,1167,2113]" box="[165,1207,1901,1941]" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC3FFC574F43823FF6FF835" box="[165,234,1903,1941]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">Loc.</emphasis>
Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Depth 19fath.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC3FFC474F938D6FDECFDF7" blockId="82.[112,1214,1167,2113]" lastBlockId="83.[179,1279,127,816]" lastPageId="83" lastPageNumber="218" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC3FFC574F938D6FF6BF860" box="[168,238,1946,1984]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">Obs.</emphasis>
The caulescent character of this species, together with the solid, cylindrical, simple, and subdivided condition of the branches and the arrangement of their vents, would, at first sight, lead to the supposition that it was a specimen of
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC2FFC474EF3FCFFD54FF09" authority=", Esper" authorityName="Esper" box="[190,721,131,169]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Chalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="83" pageNumber="218" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="polijehotoma">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC2FFC474EF3FCFFDBAFF09" box="[190,575,131,169]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="218">Chalina polijehotoma,</emphasis>
Esper
</taxonomicName>
,=
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC2FFC477523FCFFB0BFF09" authority=", Bk." authorityName="Bk." box="[771,1166,131,169]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Chalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="83" pageNumber="218" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="oenlata">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC2FFC477523FCFFBAEFF09" box="[771,1067,131,169]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="218">Chalina oenlata,</emphasis>
Bk.
</taxonomicName>
, such is the tendency, as before stated, of the sponge-sarcode throughout the class to produce the same kind of forms whatever the composition may be; so that here, although the form is like that of a caulescent
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC2FFC477703E63FC36FEF5" box="[801,947,303,341]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="218">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC2FFC477703E63FC28FEF5" box="[801,941,303,341]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Chalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="83" pageNumber="218" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Chalina</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the characteristic toughness and resiliency of the latter, which arises from the presence of a large amount of keratine, is absent in
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC2FFC470203EC8FE26FE76" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="218">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC2FFC470203EC8FE1BFE76" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Dysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="83" pageNumber="218" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dysidea, chaliniformis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
where the opposite state renders it so brittle that, when wet, it is almost impossible to handle the specimen without a piece coming off, and in drying it breaks down under the slightest force.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC2FFC474BC3D10FBB7FC90" blockId="83.[179,1279,127,816]" pageId="83" pageNumber="218">There is another chaliniform specimen in the collection, but here the increased development of keratine, of which the lateral fibre is exclusively composed, not only lessens the amount of brittleness, but necessitates its being relegated to another genus, in which it will be found hereafter.</paragraph>
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100
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC3FFC575273E7BFE10FEFC" bold="true" box="[374,405,311,348]" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">3.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC3FFC575FC3E7BFCBFFEFC" box="[429,826,310,349]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC3FFC574C43E3EFEF9FD51" blockId="82.[106,1209,368,1058]" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">Specimen a caulescent chaliniform bunch of solid stems, each about 4 in. in diameter, rising from a common con ­ tracted origin, dichotomously divided two or three times, and ending in pointed extremities. Consistence soft, delicate. Colour, when fresh, “ pale buff, inclining to purple at the tips,” now delicate flesh-colour generally. Surface conulated in strong relief. Pores between the conuli. Vents scattered here and there. Vertical and lateral fibre, all arenaceous. Size 5 in. long.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC3FFC574CD3DBBFF69FCBD" box="[156,236,759,797]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">Hab.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC3FFC575573DBBFE0EFCBC" bold="true" box="[262,395,759,796]" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">Alarine.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC3FFC574CC3C6EFF67FCE8" box="[157,226,802,840]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">Loc.</emphasis>
Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Depth 19fath.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC3FFC574CF3C02FF61FCD4" box="[158,228,846,884]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">Obs.</emphasis>
This species in its conulated surface resembles
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC3FFC5702B3C00FEDEFC3F" baseAuthorityName="Montagu" baseAuthorityYear="1814" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Dysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="82" pageNumber="210" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fragilis">Dysidea fragilis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but is much coarser in general structure, espe ­ cially in the flat spreading forms, where the dark rich flesh ­ colour of the sarcode is very striking, and recalls to mind the “ rosy ” tint of
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC3FFC575C13CB7FD32FBBF" box="[400,695,1017,1057]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="217">Spongelia avara,</emphasis>
Sdt.
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<mods:namePart id="1451D63E60AFD0C93BFBEF44AE2394B2">Gunther, Albert C. L. G.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC5FFC375FF38FFFCC6F87D" authorityName="Gunther &amp; Dallas &amp; Carruthers &amp; Francis" authorityYear="1885" box="[430,835,1971,2013]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Spongelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="84" pageNumber="219" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="stellidermata" status="sp. nov.">Spongelia stellidermata</taxonomicName>
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Specimen erect, thick, spatulate, compressed, stipitate, thinning from the centre towards the upper margin and sides, which are irregularly serrated, thickening towards the stein, which is round and truncated (? cut off by the dredge). Consistence soft, resilient, in its wet state. Colour, when fresh, ‘£ reddish buff,’ ’ now grey outside, reddish buff within. Surface covered with a densely poriferous cuticle, beneath which is a thick layer of intercrossing and interuniting curvilinear, soft, fleshy fibre without foreign bodies, which contains the subdermal cavities, and which, on the outside, presents a stelliform pattern, wherein the centres of the stelhe correspond to the ends of the fibre internally, which, however, do
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC4FFC270093D5EFB0FFD98" box="[1112,1162,530,568]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="220">not</emphasis>
come through the dermis. Pores numerous throughout the cuticle. Vents on the processes respectively which form the serration on the sides and upper margin, internal structure fibroreticular, consisting of thick arenaceous vertical fibre, enve ­ loped in an indistinct layer of keratine, interimited by much lateral fibre, chiefly formed of keratine; the whole con ­ stituting a massive reticulation whose interstices are filled with pulpy parenchymatous sarcode of a bright orange-yellow colour, very much like that in
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC4FFC276993CDAFBCEFC1C" box="[712,1099,918,956]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="220">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC4FFC276993CDAFBCDFC1C" box="[712,1096,918,956]" pageId="85" pageNumber="220">Holopsamma laevis &amp;e</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Size of specimen 4 in. high by 2x1 in. horizontally in its greatest dimensions.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC4FFC274853B55FEA6FB9F" box="[212,291,1049,1087]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="220">Hab.</emphasis>
Marine.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC4FFC274803B08FE9CFBCA" box="[209,281,1092,1130]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="220">Loc.</emphasis>
Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Depth 3 fath.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC4FFC274873B23FE99FB35" box="[214,284,1135,1173]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="220">Obs.</emphasis>
When dried the surface becomes contracted, corru ­ gated, and of a dark brown colour from the thickness of the dermal layer, in the midst of which whitish points may be seen indicating the position of the ends of the arenaceous fibre beneath. The entire form and arrangement of the vents recalls to mind the skeletal specimens of
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC4FFC277F43A0BFB30FACD" box="[933,1205,1351,1389]" order="Psammonemata" pageId="85" pageNumber="215" rank="order">Psammonemata</taxonomicName>
in the British Museum Ac., for which, from their fine and delicate structure, I have proposed the name “ Callhistia.” The species, described and photographed by Hyatt under the name of
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC4FFC275183ABFFC9CF9B9" box="[329,793,1523,1561]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="220">
“
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC4FFC275333ABFFD0AF9B9" authorityName="Hyatt" authorityYear="1877" box="[354,655,1523,1561]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Spongelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="85" pageNumber="220" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="incerta">Spongelia incerta</taxonomicName>
” (1. c.
</emphasis>
p. 533, pl. xvi. fig. 32), which came from the same neighbourhood, viz. “ Phillip Is.,” is very much like the one I have noticed; and many of his other photographs under the same
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC4FFC277693939FC33F93B" box="[824,950,1653,1691]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="220">generic</emphasis>
appellation, viz. fig. 13, pl. xv., and figs. 12, 13, 15, and 15
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC4FFC277DC39ECFC29F966" box="[909,940,1696,1734]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="220">a,</emphasis>
pl. xvii., from the same locality also, are very like the fine skeletal specimens in the British Museum, all of which are said to have come from Australia.
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Although the chief distinguishing character for
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC4FFC270133800FB6CF8D2" box="[1090,1257,1868,1906]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Spongelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="85" pageNumber="220" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC4FFC270133800FB6CF8D2" box="[1090,1257,1868,1906]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="220">Spongelia</emphasis>
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which 1 have adopted places it
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC4FFC27683383BFCABF83D" box="[722,814,1911,1949]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="220">below</emphasis>
the remaining groups of
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in my original classification, it at the same time places it
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC4FFC275CC3882FE7DF854" box="[413,504,1998,2036]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="220">above</emphasis>
all those in the family
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC4FFC277CC3881FBAFF853" box="[925,1066,1997,2035]" family="Arenida" pageId="85" pageNumber="220" rank="family">Arenida</taxonomicName>
just men tioned, so that, belonging to neither, its
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC4FFC2779038B4FBCDF7BE" box="[961,1096,2040,2078]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="220">position</emphasis>
is thus indicated, while, to increase the facility of finding ir, a family name is required, which for the present, or provisionally, might be “ Spongelida,” with “ Spongelina ” for the group, and
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC7FFC1742F3F94FEE3FEA3" box="[126,358,216,259]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="221">
“
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC7FFC174F23F94FECDFEA3" box="[163,328,216,259]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Spongelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="86" pageNumber="221" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Spongelia</taxonomicName>
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”
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for the single genus, “ with power to add to it,” as they say. Thus:—
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The next group in my original classification above the
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC7FFC1742E3D0FFED6FDC9" authorityName="Gunther &amp; Dallas &amp; Carruthers &amp; Francis" authorityYear="1885" box="[127,339,579,617]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondropsidae" genus="Sarcocornea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="86" pageNumber="221" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Sarcocornea</taxonomicName>
, now embodied in the
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC7FFC176A13D0FFCFBFDC9" box="[752,894,579,617]" family="Arenida" pageId="86" pageNumber="220" rank="family">Arenida</taxonomicName>
(see pp. 215 and 218), is no. 14, the “ Otahitica,” so named from Ellis ’s representations of three “ Otaheite ” sponges in 1786 (Nat. Hist. Zoophytes, Ellis and Solander, tab. lix.
<figureCitation id="48DFFEC8FFC7FFC170573D88FBFBFD4A" box="[1030,1150,708,746]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="38.[126,177,737,769]" captionText="Fig. 1. Hystricrinus Carpenteri. A slightly compressed specimen, show­ ing the anal plate (A) with the anal interbrachial plates above it (1b.A). Attached to the vault of the crinoid is a specimen of Platyceras erectum, Hall. Natural size." pageId="86" pageNumber="221">figs. 1</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation id="48DFFEC8FFC7FFC170DF3D88FB2DFD4A" box="[1166,1192,708,746]" pageId="86" pageNumber="221">3</figureCitation>
), afterwards called by Esper
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC7FFC176203DA3FC65FCB5" box="[625,992,751,789]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="221">
&quot;
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC7FFC176D43DA3FC41FCB5" box="[645,964,751,789]" class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="86" pageNumber="221" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="otahitica">Spongia otahitica</taxonomicName>
,&quot;
</emphasis>
which term I adopted for a vast number of species and varieties of this kind unnamed and undescribed, but well sketched structurally and morphologically in my original diagnosis of the group. They are all strongly characterized by their papyraceous form, seldom exceeding g in. in thickness, and sometimes as thin as writing-paper itself; hence Hyatt ’s term “ PHYLLOSPONGIADAE ” (Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 540) for the “ family ” is very appropriate and acceptable, for, from what I have just stated, the group will in all probability hereafter have to be subdivided, and then a family name must be supplied, so at once I would propose “ Phyllospongida,” Hyatt, merely altering the patronymic affix to suit my termi ­ nology.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC7FFC174F73A07FCEAF881" blockId="86.[116,1219,535,1825]" pageId="86" pageNumber="221">
Of this family- there is only one specimen in Mr. Wilson ’s collection to show that it is represented on the south coast of Australia; but this is otherwise abundantly confirmed by several specimens from thence having passed through my hands, as well as by the three species described by Hyatt
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC7FFC1742D396FFEE9F9E9" box="[124,364,1571,1609]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="221">(op. et loc. cit.</emphasis>
p. 543) under the generic name of
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC7FFC17052396FFE9FF9D5" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="221">
“
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC7FFC17071396FFE84F9D5" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Carteriospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="86" pageNumber="221" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Carteriospongia</taxonomicName>
.”
</emphasis>
As, however, my object at present is, as before stated, chiefly to record, through Air. Wilson ’s specimens, what is to be found on this coast for future identification, this specimen, which also appears to me to represent a new species, may be named and described as follows:—
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC6FFC075B93A1DFCB4FAD7" ID-CoL="48KQV" authorityName="Gunther &amp; Dallas &amp; Carruthers &amp; Francis" authorityYear="1885" box="[488,817,1361,1399]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Octopodidae" genus="Octopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Octopoda" pageId="87" pageNumber="222" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="verrucosus" status="sp. nov.">Octopus verrucosus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F9A38324FFC6FFC077163A1DFC23FAD7" box="[839,934,1361,1399]" pageId="87" pageNumber="222" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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The
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is rounded, but so distorted by compression that no further details can be given. The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC6FFC0771F3AFBFBDFFA7D" box="[846,1114,1463,1501]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="222">mantle-opening</emphasis>
extends fully halfway round the body, terminating a little below and behind the eye. The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC6FFC0760B3942FD4FF994" box="[602,714,1550,1588]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="222">sphon</emphasis>
is long, evenly conical, and pointed, and extends nearly halfway to the umbrella-margin.
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The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC6FFC07578392FFE03F929" box="[297,390,1635,1673]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="222">Head</emphasis>
is short, not so broad as the body, and with
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC6FFC070FF3929FB75F92B" box="[1198,1264,1637,1675]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="222">eyes</emphasis>
but slightly prominent.
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The Anns are unequal in -length, the second pair being considerably the longest, and almost six times as long as the body; they are comparatively stout and taper gradually. The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC6FFC074AE3877FE11F8C1" box="[255,404,1851,1889]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="222">umbrella,</emphasis>
extends about one fifth up the longest arms. The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC6FFC075573829FE05F82B" box="[262,384,1893,1931]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="222">suckers</emphasis>
are fairly close, deeply cupped and marked with radial grooves, between which are numerous very minute papillm. About four suckers on each lateral arm opposite the umbrella-margin are larger than the others; beyond these they gradually diminish. The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC6FFC0768C375FFC26F799" box="[733,931,2067,2105]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="222">hectocotylus</emphasis>
is present in both specimens and is very minute (about 2 millim. long in the larger); it is acutely pointed, and the median groove has three transverse ridges.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC9FFCF74F53E44FE17FDFE" blockId="88.[120,1215,135,779]" pageId="88" pageNumber="223">
The
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of the back, dorsal surface of the head, and um ­ brella is covered with irregular closely set warts, which attain a maximum diameter of several millimetres in the nuchal region; the warts extend on to the ventral surface of the body, where they become much smaller, more even, and average less than 1 millim. in diameter. Above each eye there seems to have been a short cirrus, but these have been rather damaged.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC9FFCF74F63D2EFEEDFD14" blockId="88.[120,1215,135,779]" pageId="88" pageNumber="223">
The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC9FFCF75553D2EFEF6FD28" box="[260,371,610,648]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="223">Colour</emphasis>
is a dull purplish grey, very dark above, much lighter below.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC9FFCF74F73DF4FE97FCAB" blockId="88.[120,1215,135,779]" pageId="88" pageNumber="223">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC9FFCF74F73DF4FF7FFD7E" box="[166,250,696,734]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="223">Hab.</emphasis>
Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha. Two speci ­ mens,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC9FFCF74B83DA9FE97FCAB" box="[233,274,741,779]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="223">♂.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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116
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<mods:namePart id="6C51C312CB8F583D03359FFE410D00A3">Francis, William</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="C53265923BED7AF5D91E071B6B104555">1885</mods:dateIssued>
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC8FFCE753A3901FBAEF9D5" blockId="89.[363,1067,1613,1653]" box="[363,1067,1613,1653]" pageId="89" pageNumber="224">
<heading id="8B135521FFC8FFCE753A3901FBAEF9D5" box="[363,1067,1613,1653]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="6" pageId="89" pageNumber="224" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC8FFCE753A3901FBAEF9D5" ID-CoL="48KLZ" authority=", Steenstrup, AIS." authorityName="Steenstrup, AIS." box="[363,1067,1613,1653]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Octopodidae" genus="Octopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Octopoda" pageId="89" pageNumber="224" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hongkongensis">
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC8FFCE775E3903FBAEF9D5" bold="true" box="[783,1067,1615,1653]" pageId="89" pageNumber="224">Steenstrup, AIS.</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC8FFCE74843933FC5DF8DF" blockId="89.[163,1259,1663,2006]" pageId="89" pageNumber="224">
The
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is rounded, with a median ventral furrow, and depressed (? from pressure). The
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is slightly less than half the circumference, and terminates midway be ­ tween the siphon and the eye, and a little behind the latter. The
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is comparatively short and conical, and extends one third the distance to the umbrella-margin.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC8FFCE748038CEFBA6F876" blockId="89.[163,1259,1663,2006]" pageId="89" pageNumber="224">
The
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is comparatively broad, almost as broad as the body, and the
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appear to have been prominent.
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<footnote id="B3FFFE43FFC8FFCE749438ACFEC7F7E8" pageId="89" pageNumber="224">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC8FFCE749438ACFEC7F7E8" blockId="89.[160,1259,2016,2120]" pageId="89" pageNumber="224">* I have considerable doubt whether this be really one of the specific characters; but as it occurs in both specimens, I have thought it well to mention it.</paragraph>
</footnote>
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The
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are unequal, the ventral considerably shorter than the dorsal and dorso-lateral, on an average six times as long as the body, stout and tapering very rapidly towards the ends. The
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reaches up one fifth of the length of the dorsal arms, and is a little wider between the lateral and a little narrower between the ventral arms. The
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are not closely packed and not enlarged on the dorsal arms, notwithstanding the sex of the specimen. The
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is very short, but the modified extremity is long and narrow, with parallel sides tapering only at the extremity to a blunt point; a narrow fillet runs between the two marginal ridges.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFCBFFCD74E33DDEFE0DFC35" blockId="90.[131,1233,140,1089]" pageId="90" pageNumber="225">
The
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of the body is sprinkled dorsally with minute hemispherical warts, which become smaller and gradually disappear on the sides and lower surface; they are also found on the dorsal surface of the head and of the umbrella. Above each pupil stands a small cirrus, immediately behind which is a larger one.
</paragraph>
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The
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is a dull red on the dorsal surface, lighter and brighter below, sprinkled with dull reddish-brown dots.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFCBFFCD74FE3CA6FD68FBE1" blockId="90.[131,1233,140,1089]" pageId="90" pageNumber="225">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCBFFCD74FE3CA6FE84FBB6" box="[175,257,1002,1046]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="225">Hab.</emphasis>
The
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south of Japan, 345 fathoms (Station 232). One specimen, ♂.
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</treatment>
</document>

114
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC8FFCE75AB3FB8FCA3FEBA" ID-CoL="48KK2" authorityName="Gunther &amp; Dallas &amp; Carruthers &amp; Francis" authorityYear="1885" box="[506,806,244,282]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Octopodidae" genus="Octopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Octopoda" pageId="89" pageNumber="224" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="australis" status="sp. nov.">Octopus australis</taxonomicName>
,
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The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC8FFCE75733E6BFEFCFEED" box="[290,377,295,333]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="224">Body</emphasis>
is rounded, and wider behind than in front; depressed, and with a well-marked ventral median groove. The
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extends nearly halfway round the body. The
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is of medium size, at first the lateral margins are parallel and then taper rapidly to a blunt point; it ex ­ tends less than halfway to the umbrella-margin.
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The
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is narrower than the body, and the
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some ­ what prominent, dorsally rather than laterally.
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The
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are unequal, the lateral being slightly the longest, and about three times as long as the body; they are slender and tapering. The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC8FFCE76733D94FD33FD5E" box="[546,694,728,766]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="224">umbrella</emphasis>
is longer than the length of the body, larger ventrally than dorsally, and largest of all laterally. The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC8FFCE75993C61FDC1FCF3" box="[456,580,813,851]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="224">suckers</emphasis>
arc prominent and closely set; they are altogether larger on the lateral arms, and extend in a double row to the centre; the radial grooves are deep and extend quite to the margin. The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC8FFCE775D3CFDFC51FC77" box="[780,980,945,983]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="224">hectocoty Lus</emphasis>
is absent.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC8FFCE749F3C95FC6CFA27" blockId="89.[158,1257,294,1586]" pageId="89" pageNumber="224">
The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC8FFCE75723C96FE21FBA0" box="[291,420,986,1024]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="224">Surface</emphasis>
of the back of the body, head, and dorsal aspects of the umbrella and arms is covered with thick-set hemisphe ­ rical pimples, -which are also found on the inner side of the membrane between the two dorsal arms, and on the inner surface of the arms between the suckers; they are smaller and more sparse on the ventral surface of the body. A large rough cirrus and a few larger pimples are found over each eye. A raised ridge passes backwards from the base of the siphon along the ventro-lateral margin of the body, meeting its fellow of the opposite side at the posterior extremity*.
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The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC8FFCE757E3AC6FE25FA10" box="[303,416,1418,1456]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="224">Colour</emphasis>
is deep purplish on the back, mottled on the sides, and cream below.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC8FFCE74853AACFE61F992" blockId="89.[158,1257,294,1586]" pageId="89" pageNumber="224">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC8FFCE74853AACFEA6F9A6" box="[212,291,1504,1542]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="224">Hab.</emphasis>
Port Jackson, Australia, 6-15 fathoms. Two speci ­ mens, 1 ♀, 1 juv.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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119
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFC9FFCF754C3C6DFBA1FCE7" box="[285,1060,800,839]" pageId="88" pageNumber="223" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFC9FFCF754C3C6DFC40FCE7" ID-CoL="7PB4N" authority="Boscii (Lesueur)" box="[285,965,800,839]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Octopodidae" genus="Octopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Octopoda" pageId="88" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC9FFCF754C3C6DFD98FCE7" box="[285,541,801,839]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="223">Octopus Boscii</emphasis>
(Lesueur), var.
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC9FFCF77123C6DFC49FCE7" box="[835,972,801,839]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="223">pallida,</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nov.
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The
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is evenly rounded, with a slight depression in the median ventral line. The
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extends less than halfway round the body, terminating immediately below the eye, and further from it than from the base of the
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which is long and pointed, has rather a small opening, and extends two thirds the distance of the umbrella-margin.
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The
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is short, and not so broad as the body; the
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are only slightly prominent.
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The
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are subequal, nearly four times the length of the body, and taper evenly to line points. The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC9FFCF77CD3B96FBB4FAA0" box="[924,1073,1242,1280]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="223">umbrella,</emphasis>
extends one third up the arms and is a little wider laterally than dorsally. The
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are closely set, deeply cupped, and marked with regular radial grooves; their biserial arrangement com ­ mences immediately after the first. One arm bears a super ­ numerary sucker in the largest specimen. The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC9FFCF705D3AFEFF35F9A2" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="223">circumoral lip</emphasis>
is low and narrow.
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The
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is covered with warts, which are largest and most numerous on the dorsal surface of the body, head, and umbrella, and dorsal aspects of the arms, where they have a quadrifid or quinquefid form, usually with a small wartlet in the centre, each forming a figure like a star or rosette. To ­ wards the ventral surface and on the sides of the arms the warts are simple and much smaller. On the back are about ten long cirri, which are rough with small warts, and above each eye is a very large arborescent cirrus with six or seven smaller ones beside it.
</paragraph>
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The
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is a pale purplish grey, shading oft' to a creamy white on the a antral surface.
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFC9FFCF74E03743FD6CF7FF" pageId="88" pageNumber="223" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC9FFCF74E03743FD6CF7FF" blockId="88.[125,1225,852,2143]" pageId="88" pageNumber="223">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFC9FFCF74E03743FE87F795" box="[177,258,2063,2101]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="223">Hab.</emphasis>
Off East Moncoeiir Island, Bass Strait, 38 fathoms (Station 162). One specimen, ♀.
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<footnote id="B3FFFE43FFC9FFCF77B33725FB9AF72F" box="[994,1055,2153,2191]" pageId="88" pageNumber="223">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC9FFCF77B33725FB9AF72F" blockId="88.[994,1055,2153,2191]" box="[994,1055,2153,2191]" pageId="88" pageNumber="223">16*</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFC8FFCE74993FCAFD11FF7B" pageId="89" pageNumber="224" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFC8FFCE74993FCAFD11FF7B" blockId="89.[157,1250,134,219]" pageId="89" pageNumber="224">Off Twofold Bay, Australia, 150 fathoms (Station 163 A). Two specimens, 1 ♀, 1 juv.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

112
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<document id="7C2E86548BE37AF22574BBAE6D731536" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.14926803" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14926803" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1740507034271" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Gunther, Albert C. L. G., Dallas, William S., Carruthers, William &amp; Francis, William" docDate="1885" docId="584D535BFFCAFFCB75A63929FCA4FCAA" docLanguage="en" docName="AnnMagNatHist.1885.15.5.1-96.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Reptiles and Batrachians from Brazil, LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.; KENT AND CO.,; WHITT AKER AND CO.: BAILLIERE, PARIS: MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH: HODGES, FOSTER, AND CO., DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN: TAYLOR AND FRANCIS" docTitle="Octopus duplex Gunther, Dallas, Carruthers &amp; Francis, 1885, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="227" masterDocId="A4742B23FF91FF9774513F4CFF85FFA0" masterDocTitle="The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology" masterLastPageNumber="96" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="226" updateTime="1740510925147" updateUser="juliana">
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<mods:namePart id="BC276443166CA72E39428EEA437A688F">Francis, William</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="D4F802358A5F0DDD4EAB3DE216228A90">1885</mods:dateIssued>
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<heading id="8B135521FFCAFFCC75A63929FCFFF92B" box="[503,890,1637,1675]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="6" pageId="91" pageNumber="226" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFCAFFCC75A63929FC81F92B" ID-CoL="48KL5" authorityName="Gunther &amp; Dallas &amp; Carruthers &amp; Francis" authorityYear="1885" box="[503,772,1637,1675]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Octopodidae" genus="Octopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Octopoda" pageId="91" pageNumber="226" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="duplex" status="sp. nov.">Octopus duplex</taxonomicName>
,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="F9A38324FFCAFFCC774B3929FCFFF92B" box="[794,890,1637,1675]" pageId="91" pageNumber="226" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFCAFFCC749739ECFDB8F83E" blockId="91.[154,1246,1696,2123]" pageId="91" pageNumber="226">
The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCAFFCC754E39ECFEFCF966" box="[287,377,1696,1734]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="226">Body</emphasis>
is short and evenly rounded, with the merest trace of a median ventral groove. The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCAFFCC77DE3980FB10F952" box="[911,1173,1740,1778]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="226">mantle-opening</emphasis>
ex ­ tends about half round the circumference, and terminates halfway between the siphon and the eye. The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCAFFCC77BD386EFBDEF8E8" box="[1004,1115,1826,1864]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="226">siphon</emphasis>
is rela ­ tively long, conical and pointed, and extends about halfway to the umbrella-margin.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFCAFFCC749538E8FBA9F86A" blockId="91.[154,1246,1696,2123]" box="[196,1068,1956,1994]" pageId="91" pageNumber="226">
The
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is small and the
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rather prominent.
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The
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seem to have been unequal, the lateral a little the longest, but so many have been mutilated that it is diffi ­ cult to be certain; they are about four times the length of the body. The
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extends about one third up the arms, furthest between the lateral pairs. The
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are large, close, and prominent, with a narrow margin marked off from the basal portion; the radial grooves extend to the margin and form notches in it. The
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is not present; the third right arm has been mutilated, but the stump shows no groove running up the outer ventral margin.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFCDFFCB74993EFFFC44FDFC" blockId="92.[144,1247,134,778]" pageId="92" pageNumber="227">
The
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is smooth; an interrupted ridge starting from the base of the siphon passes backwards along the ventro ­ lateral margin of the body, probably due to contraction. There are three small papillae above each eye.
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The
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is a pale bluish grey above, shading into cream below.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCDFFCB74EB3DFBFE8EFD7D" box="[186,267,695,733]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="227">Hab.</emphasis>
Off Twofold Bay, Australia, 150 fathoms (Station 163 A). T wo specimens, 1 ♀, 1 juv.
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,
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The
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is nearly oblong, but becomes somewhat narrower posteriorly. The
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extends nearly one third round the body, and terminates some distance below and behind the eye. The
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is long and acutely pointed, and extends about halfway to the umbrella-margin.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFCAFFCC749A3D20FE2FFD1E" blockId="91.[153,1251,404,1607]" pageId="91" pageNumber="226">
The
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is broader than the body, with large laterally prominent
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCAFFCC750F3DD4FE2FFD1E" box="[350,426,664,702]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="226">eyes.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCAFFCC75713D8EFE04FD48" box="[288,385,706,744]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="226">Arms</emphasis>
are subequal, the two lateral pairs being a little longer than the others; on an average they are nearly three times as long as the body, and taper rather rapidly about the middle of their length and then evenly to fine points. The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCAFFCC74CF3C22FEB6FC34" box="[158,307,878,916]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="226">umbrella</emphasis>
extends nearly one third up the arms, least along the dorsal pair, The
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are sunken, comparatively large, with a dark margin and very well-marked radial grooves. The first two on each arm are m a single row, owing to the compression of the arms laterally; there are no enlarged suckers on the lateral arms. The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCAFFCC76B23B0AFC2EFBCC" box="[739,939,1094,1132]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="226">hectocotylus</emphasis>
is not developed.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFCAFFCC74993B3DFC6BFAE4" blockId="91.[153,1251,404,1607]" pageId="91" pageNumber="226">
The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCAFFCC75713B3DFE27FB37" box="[288,418,1137,1175]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="226">Surface</emphasis>
of the dorsum of the body bears a few minute warts scattered here and there; over each eye there is a rather large branched cirrus, with a few small ones scattered round it. The internal surfaces of the arms are covered with minute hemispherical warts, so as to resemble shagreen.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFCAFFCC74993A05FD24F9BC" blockId="91.[153,1251,404,1607]" pageId="91" pageNumber="226">
The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCAFFCC75723A05FE16FACF" box="[291,403,1353,1391]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="226">Colour</emphasis>
is very dark grey, almost black on the dorsal surface and outside the arms; paler grey below and on the inner surfaces of the arms. The dark covering of the body is not continued over the inner surface of the membrane covering the two dorsal arms.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCAFFCC7495396DFE90F9E7" box="[196,277,1569,1607]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="226">Hab.</emphasis>
The Reefs, Kandavu, Fiji. One specimen, ♀.
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114
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,
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The
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is rounded, depressed, and broader than long, with a marked but shallow median groove on the ventral surface. The
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extends about one third round the circumference of the body, terminating nearer to the funnel than to the eye. The
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is short and conical, and extends rather more than halfway to the umbrella-margin.
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The
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is small and the
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prominent.
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The
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are unequal, the order being 3, 2,4, 1; on an average they are nearly ten times as long as the body, and taper gradually to very fine points. The
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is very small and slightly narrower dorsally than laterally. The
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are for the most part small and closely packed, the first four are arranged in a single row; in the male there are four large ones on each lateral arm opposite the margin of the umbrella, beyond which they gradually diminish. The
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is very minute.
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The
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is in general smooth; the back bears a few small papillae, but owing to the compression of the, specimens it is impossible to make out their exact number. There are three minute cirri over each eye.
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The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCBFFCD7555374BFEF6F791" box="[260,371,2055,2097]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="225">Colour</emphasis>
is on the whole grey, paler below; this is due to dark specks sprinkled more or less closely over a creamcoloured ground. One specimen has a purplish patch at either side of the mantle-opening.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCAFFCC749A3FA5FE9EFEAF" box="[203,283,233,271]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="226">Hab.</emphasis>
The Reefs, Tongatabu. Three mutilated specimens, 1♂ 2♀.
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112
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The
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extends rather less than half round the circumference of the body, and ter ­ minates some distance behind and a little below the eye. The
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The
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is much narrower and more depressed than the body; the
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The
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are unequal, in the order 1, 2, 3, 4, about six times as long as the body; they are very long and slender, tapering but slightly. The
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is small. The
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arc small, prominent, and closely set, and the first, four stand in a slightly zigzag line. The
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is absent.
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The
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is smooth for the most part, but the skin is wrinkled over the posterior acuminate extremity, owing to the action of the spirit; there is one very small wart over each eye.
</paragraph>
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The
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is yellow-ochre, with two pale sienna patches on the back and on the head.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCFFFC974923FA0FE95FEB6" box="[195,272,236,278]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="229">Hab.</emphasis>
Bermuda. One specimen, ♀ juv.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
</document>

112
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,
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The
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is round, not depressed, and a little longer than wide. The
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extends somewhat less than halfway round the body, terminating nearer to the siphon than to the eye and considerably behind the latter. The
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is small and acutely conical, and extends about one third the distance to the umbrella-margin.
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The
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is narrow and the
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arc prominent where they have not suffered from compression.
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The
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are subequal, eight times as long as the body; they are very long and slender, the last property being more marked in the females than in the male; they taper more rapidly at first than near the extremities, which are much attenuated. The
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is very wide, especially in the male, where it extends almost one third up the arms; in the females its extent is only one sixth. The
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are rather large and closely set; in the male a few suckers opposite the umbrella-margin are slightly, but not markedly, larger than the others. The
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is small and has about ten small transverse ridges.
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The
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appears to have been smooth, except for a few short ridges placed longitudinally on the back and sides; but the skin is shrivelled by the action of the spirit, so that it is difficult to be certain. A conical cirrus is situated above and slightly behind each eye; but in some cases this has been destroyed.
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The
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is a stone-grey, with dark pigment disposed in veins like those of marble on the dorsal surface of the body, head, and umbrella; the male is much darker, so that the marbling is almost concealed. Traces of an oval spot are seen in front of and below the eye on both sides of one female specimen and on one side of the other; but this spot is concealed by the dark colouring in the male, even if it exist.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCCFFCA74ED3BDAFE8BFB60" box="[188,270,1174,1216]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="228">Hab.</emphasis>
On the reefs, Honolulu, Sandwich Islands. Three specimens, 1 ♂, 2 ♀.
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112
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The
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The
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The
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are unequal, the third pair being much the longest and stoutest; on the average they are four times as long as the body; they taper gradually at first and then more rapidly. The
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is very small. The
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are prominent, the first form being disposed in a single row, and none are enlarged on the lateral arms. The
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is not developed.
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The
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is smooth in general, but there are about twelve warts on the back and sides of the body and a large cirrus over each eye, with several small ones near it.
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The
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is deep black, apparently owing to treatment with osmic acid.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFCDFFCB74E93920FC9CF932" blockId="92.[141,1245,867,1682]" box="[184,793,1644,1682]" pageId="92" pageNumber="227">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCDFFCB74E93920FE8CF932" box="[184,265,1644,1682]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="227">Hab.</emphasis>
Banda. One specimen, juv.
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111
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The
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is spheroidal, very little longer than broad, and the ventral groove is not marked. The
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is slightly tapering, and extends one third the distance to the umbrella-margin.
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The
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is short, nearly as broad as the body, and the
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The
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are equal and about twice as long as the body • they are very stout, and taper gradually to blunt points; their section shows a triangle projecting inwards and a rounded surface looking outwards, the former much more prominent than the latter. The
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is wide, extending one third up the arms, a little further dorsally than ventrally. The
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are comparatively small, closely set, and deeply cupped. There is no trace of a
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The
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is perfectly smooth.
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The
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is dull purple, palest on the body and deepest on the inner surface of the umbrella.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCEFFC874EB3908FE89F9CA" box="[186,268,1604,1642]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="230">Hab.</emphasis>
The Southern Ocean, 1950 fathoms (Station 157); one specimen, sex? South Pacific, 2225 fathoms (Station 298); one specimen, arms only, sex?
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109
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The ylnns are unequal, the dorsal pair being the largest; on an average they are four times as long as the bod)’. The
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is about equally wide all round, except that it is a little shorter between the two ventral arms. The
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arc comparatively small, prominent, and separate; more widely in one specimen than in the other, probably owing to its being less contracted by spirit. None of the suckers on the lateral arms are enlarged, notwithstan ling the sex. The
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCEFFC874DB3F92FECBFEA9" box="[138,334,222,265]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="230">hectocotylus</emphasis>
is well developed; it is broad, and tapers rapidly to an acute point; in one specimen about seven transverse ridges can be counted in the proximal half of the median groove; in the distal half and in the other specimen they are indistinct.
</paragraph>
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The
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is perfectly smooth all over.
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The
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is a pale purplish pink, deeper above than below.
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFCEFFC874ED3D7BFD41FD2D" blockId="95.[138,1237,136,653]" pageId="95" pageNumber="230">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCEFFC874ED3D7BFE8CFDC2" box="[188,265,567,610]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="230">Hab.</emphasis>
Off Barra Grande (Station 122), one specimen, ♂; (Station 237), one specimen, ♂.
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114
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFCFFFC9765B3E77FD68FEC5" authorityName="Gunther &amp; Dallas &amp; Carruthers &amp; Francis" authorityYear="1885" box="[522,749,315,357]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Octopodidae" genus="Octopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Octopoda" pageId="94" pageNumber="229" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="levis" status="sp. nov.">Octopus levis</taxonomicName>
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The
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is oblong, depressed, and bulges a little at the sides; the
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extends about one third round the circumference, terminating about midway between the siphon and the eye. The
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is short and small, extending scarcely one third the distance to the umbrella-margin.
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The
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is almost as broad as the body, and the
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are large, spheroidal, and prominent, with very small circular apertures.
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The
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are subequal and short compared with the body, being about three times its length; they taper gradually to moderately tine points. The
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is large, extending about one third up the arms. The
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are small and prominent and arranged in two rows from the commencement; a narrow well-marked groove runs across the arm between each two suckers (possibly due to contraction). The
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is well developed, short, and tapering rapidly to a blunt point; the median groove has about ten transverse bars. The
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is unusually thick.
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The
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appears to have been perfectly smooth, but is now covered with wrinkles, due to the action of the spirit.
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The
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is a dull grey, inclining to stone-colour below.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFCFFFC974903A4EFE97FA8C" box="[193,274,1282,1324]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="229">Hab.</emphasis>
Off Heard Island, Southern Ocean, 75 fathoms (Station 151). Four specimens, 1 ♂, 1 ♂ juv., 2 ♀ juv.
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82
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFD0FFD674FB3F9EFB3DFB79" blockId="65.[125,1221,210,1328]" pageId="65" pageNumber="200">Cormus or head obversely conical, flower-pot shaped, some ­ what compressed now; gelatinous flaccid, semitranslucent, surfaced by sixteen or more ridges, each about 1-1 2th in. in its broadest or upper part, which extend upwards from the contracted or fixed end, more or less parallelly, to the free margin of the cormus, over which they bend inwards towards the centre, which is rather depressed; each ridge bearing a double row of synascidians, one on each side, increasing in size upwards as they become more and more developed, until they reach the upper part of the head where this is completed. Colour that of grey semitransparent gelatine, cuticled. Head about 1 j in. high and 1 in. its broadest diameter, that is at the free or upper margin. Stem round, corrugated transversely, smooth, leathery, of a yellowish shining colour, decreasing gradually in size from its union with the cormus to its lower extremity, which is terminated by a root-like expansion; composed of a tough, yellow, smooth cuticle circumferentially, followed by a thin layer of granular cells: the rest made up of double circular cells or holes, like the figure “ 8,” separated by a thin septum, each cell about l-300th in. in diameter, imbedded in granuliferous gelatinous cartilage. Stem 6 in. long, by 1-Gth in. in diameter, close to the cormus, and l-24th in. at the other end. Synascidian not examined fur ­ ther than was sufficient to determine the nature of the object.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD0FFD674F83B93FF7CFAA5" box="[169,249,1247,1285]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="200">Hab.</emphasis>
Marine.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD0FFD674FB3A46FF77FA90" box="[170,242,1290,1328]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="200">Loc.</emphasis>
Port Phillip Heads, South Australia.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD1FFD7752C3FE6FCABFF70" box="[381,814,170,208]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="199">Synascidia bolteniformis</emphasis>
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(provisional).
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Besides the above there is another Bultenia-shaped speci ­ men in the collection, of much the same size as the foregoing, but unfortunately imperfect, as the upper part of the head appears to have been cut off and only a few inches of the stem remain. Resemblance in form here, however, goes for nothing, for the whole consists of a stalked corm us of a
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD1FFD770F63EF2FDE8FDAF" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="199">compound tunicated Ascidian,</emphasis>
in which the head is paved over with a layer of Synascidians. That part of the head which remains is not tuberculatcd, but unequally quadrilateral, oblong and smooth, about 2 in. high by 1 in. in horizontal diameter, after which follows a round and also smooth portion (like in shape to that of
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD1FFD775B03D8DFCFCFD47" box="[481,889,705,743]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="199">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFD1FFD775B03D8DFCE1FD47" box="[481,868,705,743]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Boltenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="64" pageNumber="199" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="austral" subSpecies="iensis">Boltenia australiensis</taxonomicName>
),
</emphasis>
which becomes con ­ tracted towards its union with the stem, where it is half an inch in diameter; that which remains of the stem, which is cylindrical and corrugated transversely, being 41 in. long by} in. in diameter at the end, where it has been broken off from apparently a similar continuation. While, however, the head
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD1FFD7751E3C88FE23FC4A" box="[335,422,964,1002]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="199">alone</emphasis>
is covered with a tough, transparent, colourless membrane beset with little circular spaces, through the centre of each of which the branchial aperture of the Synascidian slightly projects; the intervening portion between the head and the stem itself, together with the latter, is incrusted with sand, which is imbedded in the subcartilaginous tissue of which it is composed, to the extent of about l-24th in., within which again this tissue is longitudinally traversed by a number of tubes which in a transverse section resembles that of monocotyledonous wood. The Synascidians which cover the head or corme arc irregularly disposed in juxtaposition, and not in colonies or groups; nor could I see any common openings or cloaca? among them; while the interior of the head, which is composed of a solid mass of subcartilaginous, translu ­ cent tissue, is apparently more or less charged with ova. But all further investigation of this species I must leave to others, if it has not before been described, as my object here is only to point out that such a specimen exists in Mr. Wilson ’s collection.
</paragraph>
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Since the above was written, the ship 4 Sarah Grice,’ to which I have alluded (
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD1FFD776313806FD40F8D4" box="[608,709,1866,1908]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="199">antea,</emphasis>
p. 1008), has arrived, and the “ consignment ” therein mentioned has safely reached me, wherein I find, among numbers of other interesting specimens, several of which are new, still another bolteniform specimen of a Synascidian, which may be named and described as follows:—
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,
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Specimen digitate, branched, rising from a short single stem; digitations solid, simple,cylindrical, long, and branched, or expanded palmately at first, and then subdivided irregularly into smaller branches of unequal size ami length afterwards. Consistence loose, soft, in the spirit-preserved specimen. Colour, when fresh, u enamel pink,” now pinkish grey. Surface cactiform, consisting of long conuli about j in. apart, each terminated by a single or bifurcated filament of the skeletal fibre, which makes them look still longer, held toge ­ ther by an intervening thick, well-marked fibro-rcticulated dermis, in which the fibrous part is fleshy and soft, and the whole devoid of any foreign material. Pores in the inter ­ stices of the reticulation. Vents here and there chiefly situ ­ ated on projecting processes. Fibrous structure of the interior loose, widely reticulated; fibre itself composed of a stout cylinder of dark amber-coloured keratine, cored or axiated, as usual, with a grey granulo- flocculent substance; core
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in diameter than the thickness of the kcratose wall, producing a corresponding wide and loose parenchyma, of which the sarcordic laminaj tympanizing the interstices of the fibro-reticulation are thick, fleshy, soft, ami traversed by a reticu ­ lation of soft fibre like the dermis. Size ot specimen 9 in. high by 4x2 horizontally. Palmate expansion of the largest branch 2 in. broad by j in. thick, shrinking from its loose open structure to a comparatively insignificant size when dried.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD3FFD57487381DFEACF8D7" box="[214,297,1873,1911]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="201">Hab.</emphasis>
Marine.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD3FFD574853831FE99F803" box="[212,284,1917,1955]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="201">Loc.</emphasis>
Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Depth 20 fath.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFD3FFD4748B38E4FD64FC2F" blockId="66.[165,1262,750,2127]" lastBlockId="67.[130,1239,136,911]" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="202" pageId="66" pageNumber="201">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD3FFD5748B38E4FEA4F86E" box="[218,289,1960,1998]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="201">Obs.</emphasis>
The comparative absence of lateral fibre here, the smallness of the core compared with the thickness of the kcratose wall &lt;4 the fibre generally, tne coarse open fibrous reti ­ culation of the skeleton, and the red fleshy sarcode characterize this species. To say that it never goes beyond the size or consistence mentioned would be premature, since there are many skeletal specimens of this family from Australia in the British Museum which far exceed these in dimensions as well as in compactness of structure. Then it should be remem ­ bered that the older the growing specimen is, the thicker the fibre, which, of course, is especially seen at the base. Thus in two small specimens (? of a new species), received from the same source, since the above was written, each about 4 in, long, one of which is club-shaped and the other bifurcated, the fibre commences in a thick, round, furrowed, skeletal stem about l-12th in. in diameter, which throws out buds from its surface and ultimately branches into a dendritic form to support the sarcode of the head, which is of a brown colour. Why the colour should be brown in one specimen of the same species and red in another, while the soft fleshy fibro-reticulation of the dermis is equally charged with?-pigmental cells in all, I am ignorant.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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113
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<heading id="8B135521FFD4FFD275E13817FC62F826" box="[432,999,1883,1926]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="6" pageId="69" pageNumber="201" reason="4">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD4FFD275E13817FCF3F826" box="[432,886,1883,1926]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="201">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFD4FFD275E13817FCF5F826" ID-CoL="4NR3Y" authorityName="Gunther &amp; Dallas &amp; Carruthers &amp; Francis" authorityYear="1885" box="[432,880,1883,1926]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pseudoceratinidae" genus="Pseudoceratina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Verongiida" pageId="69" pageNumber="201" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="durissima" status="sp. nov.">Pseudoceratina durissima</taxonomicName>
,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="F9A38324FFD4FFD277D93817FC62F826" box="[904,999,1883,1926]" pageId="69" pageNumber="201" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFD4FFD1748138D4FC4AFD5B" lastPageId="70" lastPageNumber="205" pageId="69" pageNumber="201" type="description">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFD4FFD1748138D4FC4AFD5B" blockId="69.[162,1255,1944,2116]" lastBlockId="70.[130,1230,117,1711]" lastPageId="70" lastPageNumber="205" pageId="69" pageNumber="201">Massive, sessile, lobed, somewhat compressed. Consistence solid, intensely hard. Colour, when fresh, “ blue-black,” now black-mulberry. Surface uneven but smooth, consisting of a thin, hard, compact fibrillous dermis spread over low conular elevations of the subjacent tissue, with an indistinct reticulation between them; fibrilla? of the dermis colourless, plentifully accompanied by minute dark pigmental cells. Pores in the interstices of the dermal reticulation now (probably from contraction) only discernible under the microscope. Vents scattered over the surface, but small, probably from the same cause. Parenchyma chiefly composed of fibrillose sarcode structurally blended with the fibrillae of the dermis, but, from the comparative absence of pigmental cells, much lighter in colour; charged more or less with grains of sand and other foreign microscopic objects, which, in some parts, are surrounded by layers of amber-coloured keratine, so as to form unconnected and ill-defined short fragments or traces of genuine fibre, which is otherwise absent. Size of specimen 2 in. high by 4 x 2 in. horizontally at the base.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD7FFD174E23DB0FE84FC83" box="[179,257,764,803]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="205">Hab.</emphasis>
Alarine.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD7FFD174E03C6BFF7DFCF2" box="[177,248,807,850]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="205">Loc.</emphasis>
Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Depth 19 fath.
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFD7FFD174E83C1FFEB0F90F" pageId="70" pageNumber="205" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFD7FFD174E83C1FFCEFFA8D" blockId="70.[130,1230,117,1711]" pageId="70" pageNumber="205">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD7FFD174E83C1FFF7AFCDD" box="[185,255,851,893]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="205">Obs.</emphasis>
The dark purple colour of the surface with the subconular elevations, together with the fragmentary character of genuine fibre produced here and there by the development of k(ratine lamina? round some of the foreign objects of the interior, appear to me to ally this remarkable sponge to the third family of the Ceratina more than to any other group; while its intense wood-like hardness and the fact that, when cut into, the interior is yellow', but rapidly changes before the eye to green and lastly lead-colour or grey, after the manner of the poisonous
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFD7FFD175813B94FDD7FAA2" authorityName="de Tournefort ex Adanson" authorityYear="1763" box="[464,594,1240,1282]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Boletaceae" genus="Boletus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Boletales" pageId="70" pageNumber="205" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">Boletus</taxonomicName>
,
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viz.
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD7FFD1769D3B94FC16FAA2" box="[716,915,1240,1282]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="205">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFD7FFD1769D3B94FC08FAA2" box="[716,909,1240,1282]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Boletaceae" genus="Boletus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Boletales" pageId="70" pageNumber="205" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="luridus">B. luridus</taxonomicName>
,
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are peculiarities which cannot fail to point out the species.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFD7FFD174E43A62FEB0F90F" blockId="70.[130,1230,117,1711]" pageId="70" pageNumber="205">
Moreover, I now find, from having such a well-preserved and large specimen to deal with, that the small dried fragincut from Australia that I described and represented with the Trincomalee species under the name of
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFD7FFD177D03AFCFB4FFA7A" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1880" box="[897,1226,1456,1498]" class="Demospongiae" family="Aplysinidae" genus="Aplysina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Verongiida" pageId="70" pageNumber="205" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD7FFD177D03AFCFB4FFA7A" box="[897,1226,1456,1498]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="205">Aplysina purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(’Annals,’ 1881, vol. viii. pp. 103, 104, pl. ix. fig. 2,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD7FFD170173A97FB4DF9A4" box="[1094,1224,1499,1540]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="205">a, b, c),</emphasis>
should not have been included under this name, but, being identical with that in Air. Wilson’s collection, should, on the contrary, be considered. as a specimen of
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD7FFD177973910FEB0F90F" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="205">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFD7FFD177973910FEB4F90F" authorityName="Gunther &amp; Dallas &amp; Carruthers &amp; Francis" authorityYear="1885" class="Demospongiae" family="Pseudoceratinidae" genus="Pseudoceratina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Verongiida" pageId="70" pageNumber="205" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="durissima">Pseudoceratina durissima</taxonomicName>
.
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253
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Order III.
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFD6FFD0763338CDFC6EF80B" box="[610,1003,1921,1963]" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psammonemata" pageId="71" pageNumber="215" rank="order">PSAMMONEMATA</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFD6FFDB748D38F9FCB5FA95" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="211" pageId="71" pageNumber="206" type="description">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFD6FFDF748D38F9FD76FE88" blockId="71.[177,1271,1921,2103]" lastBlockId="72.[148,1246,129,2107]" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="207" pageId="71" pageNumber="206">As an examination of Mr. Wilson’ s specimens has suggested to me much that indicates a necessary revision of this order, and I find that it can be done best by beginning with the lowest forms and building upwards, instead of following the arrangement given in my classification, which is the re ­ verse, I shall pursue this course after having premised the following introductory remarks:—</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFD9FFDF74933E61FEB8FD8A" blockId="72.[148,1246,129,2107]" pageId="72" pageNumber="207">It is desirable, when about to introduce anything new, to state such generalities as may not only facilitate its under ­ standing, but, if possible, curtail length of description, in order that the student may of himself be able to supply the former, which otherwise might become tedious repetition in the latter.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFD9FFDF74903D7CFDF0FC7A" blockId="72.[148,1246,129,2107]" pageId="72" pageNumber="207">
Tw ’enty-six years have passed since my observations on the growth of the young
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFD9FFDF76433D17FD32FD21" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[530,695,603,641]" class="Demospongiae" family="Spongillidae" genus="Spongilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spongillida" pageId="72" pageNumber="207" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD9FFDF76433D17FD32FD21" box="[530,695,603,641]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="207">Spongilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the statoblast were pub ­ lished, and although much has been done since in structural description, yet a key to a great part of this might be found in my illustration of a minute but entire specimen of
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD9FFDF70783D90FB53FCA2" box="[1065,1238,732,770]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="207">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFD9FFDF70783D90FB55FCA2" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[1065,1232,732,770]" class="Demospongiae" family="Spongillidae" genus="Spongilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spongillida" pageId="72" pageNumber="207" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Spongilla</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
whose component parts were then drawn to the same scale, “ in order that their relative proportions might be preserved as much as possible” for diagrammatic purposes in teaching; but I question if such use was ever made of it (l Annals,’ 1857, vol. xx. pl. i.
<figureCitation id="48DFFEC8FFD9FFDF76533CF8FDD8FC7A" box="[514,605,948,986]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="38.[126,177,737,769]" captionText="Fig. 1. Hystricrinus Carpenteri. A slightly compressed specimen, show­ ing the anal plate (A) with the anal interbrachial plates above it (1b.A). Attached to the vault of the crinoid is a specimen of Platyceras erectum, Hall. Natural size." pageId="72" pageNumber="207">fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFD9FFDF74953CACFE9AFAA9" blockId="72.[148,1246,129,2107]" pageId="72" pageNumber="207">In this figure, it may be observed that the parenchyma, of ■which the body of the sponge is composed, is surrounded by a dermal membrane, which is kept at a certain distance off by the projection of conical bundles of spicules issuing from the parenchyma, thus leaving a hollow between the two, subsequently termed by Dr. Bowerbank the “ subdermal cavity.”</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFD9FFDF74953A42FE0CF8C3" blockId="72.[148,1246,129,2107]" pageId="72" pageNumber="207">
This “ dermal membrane,” or cuticle, I named at the time “ investing membrane,” and the
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD9FFDF76A33A75FCFFFAFF" box="[754,890,1337,1375]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="207">interval</emphasis>
between it and the parenchyma the “cavity” of the “investing membrane.” I also then stated that the “ investing membrane ” was pierced by “apertures” or pores (
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD9FFDF77753AF6FCCFFA40" box="[804,842,1466,1504]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="207">ib.</emphasis>
p. 22), and that the parenchyma was traversed throughout by the branches of the excretory canal-system, which ended in a single tubular vent that passed directly through the cavity of the investing mem ­ brane
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD9FFDF755A3924FED3F92E" box="[267,342,1640,1678]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="207">(l. c.</emphasis>
pl. i.
<figureCitation id="48DFFEC8FFD9FFDF75963924FDA1F92E" box="[455,548,1640,1678]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="38.[126,177,737,769]" captionText="Fig. 1. Hystricrinus Carpenteri. A slightly compressed specimen, show­ ing the anal plate (A) with the anal interbrachial plates above it (1b.A). Attached to the vault of the crinoid is a specimen of Platyceras erectum, Hall. Natural size." pageId="72" pageNumber="207">fig. 1</figureCitation>
,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD9FFDF767C3924FDCCF92E" box="[557,585,1640,1678]" pageId="72" pageNumber="207">g</emphasis>
), to terminate a little distance beyond the latter, with which it was intimately connected at the point of its passage, so that the contents of the excretory canal ­ system could not get into the cavity of the investing mem ­ brane. Thus all the
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD9FFDF7646385FFC8BF899" box="[535,782,1811,1849]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="207">main features</emphasis>
of sponge-structure were foreshadowed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFD9FFDE74933825FBC5FE26" blockId="72.[148,1246,129,2107]" lastBlockId="73.[130,1265,131,2120]" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="208" pageId="72" pageNumber="207">
Now it is evident, as shown in the figure to which I have alluded, that if the “ investing membrane ” should sink
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD9FFDF70E738D8FE9EF845" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="207">in towards</emphasis>
the parenchyma by collapse or otherwise, the points of the bundles of spicules which support it would become conical, and hence the features thus produced have been termed the “conuli,” while the space between the conuli would be more or less occupied by the Cl apertures ” or pores. Still the conuli are by no means present on all sponges, and they are especially absent on the slippery surfaces of the Carnosa, while they arc perhaps most typically developed on some of the
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFD8FFDE74803E2CFE66FE26" box="[209,483,352,390]" order="Psammonemata" pageId="73" pageNumber="215" rank="order">Psammonemata</taxonomicName>
; but the former is the exception.
</paragraph>
<footnote id="B3FFFE43FFD9FFDF77BE370DFBA9F7C6" box="[1007,1068,2113,2150]" pageId="72" pageNumber="207">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFD9FFDF77BE370DFBA9F7C6" blockId="72.[1007,1068,2113,2150]" box="[1007,1068,2113,2150]" pageId="72" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD9FFDF77BE370DFBA9F7C6" bold="true" box="[1007,1068,2113,2150]" pageId="72" pageNumber="207">15*</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFD8FFDE74E43EC7FBDDFC95" blockId="73.[130,1265,131,2120]" pageId="73" pageNumber="208">
Again, they are of course subject to variety in
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD8FFDE70523EC7FB50FE11" box="[1027,1237,395,433]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="208">composition,</emphasis>
being spiculiferous in the spiculiferous sponges, simply keratosc in the Ceratina, and areniferous in the
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFD8FFDE77E63EAEFB4AFDA8" box="[951,1231,482,520]" order="Psammonemata" pageId="73" pageNumber="215" rank="order">Psammonemata</taxonomicName>
. Also subject to variety in
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD8FFDE76393D40FD48FD92" box="[616,717,524,562]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="208">form,</emphasis>
since they may consist of a simple point, and this may be single or grouped; or obtusely pointed singly or
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD8FFDE75B53D2FFD20FD29" box="[484,677,611,649]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="208">cn groupe,</emphasis>
or by extension in line and uniting with one another form a reticulation which may be more or less general; but in all cases the points are origi ­ nally covered by the dermal sarcode, that is, tn their natural state, although often naked and protruding afterwards.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFD8FFDE74EC3C77FE80FC19" blockId="73.[130,1265,131,2120]" pageId="73" pageNumber="208">It is necessary to be prepared for all these modifications, or the same thing may be described indefinitely under different names.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFD8FFDE74EC3CF0FE93F9B6" blockId="73.[130,1265,131,2120]" pageId="73" pageNumber="208">
The same may be said of the “ investing ” or dermal mem ­ brane itself, which in the spiculiferous sponges may or may not be charged with spicules (chiefly the minute or flesh ­ spicules) which are more or less arranged in a reticulated form, so that the pores may be in the interstices; or it may be travel sed by a soft fleshy fibrous reticulation, as in the Cera ­ tina; or charged with foreign microscopic bodies (sand, fragments of sponge-spicules, Ac.), as is often the case in the
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFD8FFDE74C73A5AFE28FA9C" box="[150,429,1302,1340]" order="Psammonemata" pageId="73" pageNumber="215" rank="order">Psammonemata</taxonomicName>
, where they may assume a similar form; but in all instances the reticulation may become so thickened as to obliterate the interstices and so pass into a simple incrus ­ tation, wherein, however, holes for the pores are always preserved, because these are essential to the existence of the sponge.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFD8FFDD74943956FE98FF47" blockId="73.[130,1265,131,2120]" lastBlockId="74.[156,1255,143,2134]" lastPageId="74" lastPageNumber="209" pageId="73" pageNumber="208">
As regards the mineral element, this may be produced by the sponge itself or borrowed from the exterior; the former is the case with the spiculiferous sponges and the latter with the psammiferous ones. Of course in the spiculiferous sponges the spicules, which have been termed “ proper,” are all of one or more forms and all
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD8FFDE762139BEFD60F8B8" box="[624,741,1778,1816]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="208">entire-,</emphasis>
whereas in the borrowed material, which has been termed “ foreign,” they are gene ­ rally of many kinds and mostly fragmentary, more or less mixed up with other microscopic objects, such as grains of sand Ac.; but the predominance of one more than the other will depend upon the prevailing element in the locality where the sponge may be growing. At the same time it cannot be denied that, in some instances, the sponge itself appears to manifest a power of selection or preference in this respect.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDBFFDD749C3FA6FC06FCB7" blockId="74.[156,1255,143,2134]" pageId="74" pageNumber="209">With reference to the development of the keratose fibre in the dermal membrane, it may be observed that this originates chiefly in the conuli which are the growing terminations of the main or vertical fibre of the sponge, from each of which it extends outwards and downwards radiatingly, like the ropes of a tent, so that, as the fibre diminishes in size by branching and subdividing, the subdivisions not only become united between themselves, but meet and become continuous with the like from the neighbouring conuli, whereby an inter ­ uniting fibrous reticulation is formed in the dermal sarcode between the conuli, in whose interstices the pores are situated and protected; while the keratose fibre may be cored or not with mineral elements, as already noticed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDBFFDD74983C50FE61FAD5" blockId="74.[156,1255,143,2134]" pageId="74" pageNumber="209">
Again, what has been stated of the external parts of the sponge applies
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDBFFDD75FF3C04FDC9FCCE" box="[430,588,840,878]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="209">act. par.</emphasis>
to the internal ones or parenchyma; for as the sponge grows by the addition of layers to its circumference, that is radiatingly, so the surface of to-day becomes part of the internal structure of to-morrow, and thus somewhat modified it passes into a cancellated form, which is the parenchyma; that is to say, the fibrous skeleton, cored by mineral material or not, becomes a solid mass of reticulation, in which the interstices arc tympanized by the
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDBFFDD77B23B3AFBA2FB3C" box="[995,1063,1142,1180]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="209">still</emphasis>
poriferous sarcode (as may be seen in a dried specimen), and the cancel ­ lated chambers thus completed. Lastly, the whole is traversed by the blanches of the excretory canal-systems. I use the latter in the plural number, because generally every vent indicates a system.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDBFFDC749C3A35FEE7FDB6" blockId="74.[156,1255,143,2134]" lastBlockId="75.[138,1242,149,878]" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="74" pageNumber="209">
Still another condition arises from the
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDBFFDD77C33A35FB8AFA3F" box="[914,1039,1401,1439]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="209">amount</emphasis>
of keratine developed, which may be entirely absent in the lowest forms of the
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDBFFDD75423A83FDA2FA55" box="[275,551,1487,1525]" order="Psammonemata" pageId="74" pageNumber="215" rank="order">Psammonemata</taxonomicName>
(for I must confine myself henceforth to this order, as we are now more immediately concerned with it), where the
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDBFFDD75AA396AFDFDF9EC" box="[507,632,1574,1612]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="209">sarcode</emphasis>
retains its delicate pristine nature; or it may be diffused throughout the sarcode generally, so as to give it a horny consistence, as if the sarcode itself had passed into this state, which is better seen in the
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDBFFDD704639E4FBD6F96E" box="[1047,1107,1704,1742]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="209">dry</emphasis>
than in the wet specimen, when it presents a light amber colour, while it is all grey together in the wet one; so in the pro ­ duction of fibre the mineral element, that is the foreign objects, may be held together by a mere film of keratine, while on other occasions the investiture of keratine may not only exceed the core of foreign objects in thickness, but assume the con ­ sistence and toughness of horn; then as regards colour, the keratine, which is generally yellow and transparent like amber, may in some species be as transparent and colourless as glass. Lastly the keratose fibre may be generally or partially cored with foreign objects, in which case the vertical fibre is gene ­ rally the most, and the lateral the least so; but it is a remarkable fact that, throughout the
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDAFFDC762E3E5BFC1CFE9D" box="[639,921,279,317]" order="Psammonemata" pageId="75" pageNumber="215" rank="order">Psammonemata</taxonomicName>
, the arenaceous fibre is frequently so thinly clad with keratine as in many instances to appear to be nothing more than a simple chain of foreign objects. The terms “ vertical ” and “ lateral ” are synonymous with Dr. Bowerbank ’s “ primary ” and “ secon ­ dary” fibre.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDAFFDC74EB3D55FEBFFCCE" blockId="75.[138,1242,149,878]" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">
With these preliminary remarks let us now enter upon the revision of the order
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDAFFDC76603D0AFCC0FDCC" box="[561,837,582,620]" order="Psammonemata" pageId="75" pageNumber="210" rank="order">Psammonemata</taxonomicName>
after the manner to ■which I have above alluded, that is beginning with the lowest forms first and working upwards, in which it should be remembered that I am chiefly limited in this respect here to what Mr. Wilson ’s specimens indicate, as I tvant to point out, by them too, what is to be found on the south coast of Australia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDAFFDB74EA3CD3FE47FE4C" blockId="75.[135,1245,927,2139]" lastBlockId="76.[134,1228,149,492]" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="211" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">
After noticing that which I considered to be the
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDAFFDC701E3CD3FE83FC57" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1841" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Dysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="75" pageNumber="210" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kirkii">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC701E3CD3FE83FC57" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">Dysidea Kirkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of Dr. Bowerbank (‘ Annals,’ 1881, vol. vii. p. 374), a summary was given of wliat had been stated of thisas well as the British species
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC76713B6DFCD5FBEC" box="[544,848,1057,1100]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDAFFDC76713B6DFCCEFBEC" baseAuthorityName="Montagu" baseAuthorityYear="1814" box="[544,843,1057,1100]" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Dysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="75" pageNumber="210" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fragilis">Dysidea fragilis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
in which was quoted the following passage from Dr. Bowerbank’s ‘ Monograph of the British Spongiadm ’ (vol. i. p. 212), viz.:—“In our British species,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC75FD3BEFFD53FB6F" box="[428,726,1187,1231]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDAFFDC75FD3BEFFDBDFB6F" box="[428,568,1187,1231]" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Dysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="75" pageNumber="210" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Dysidea</taxonomicName>
fragUis,
</emphasis>
Johnston, the primary fibres are often as abundantly arcuated as those of the Australian species
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC754D3BB4FDD4FA84" box="[284,593,1272,1316]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">{DysideaKirkii),</emphasis>
while the secondary ones are only partially filled with extraneous matter.” Thus both species
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC74C03A03FEECFADA" box="[145,361,1359,1402]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">weYQ fibrous,</emphasis>
and both the “ primary ” and “ secondary” fibres were arcuated, that is contained foreign objects. In short both species werefibrous and
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC76F53AEAFD57FA70" box="[676,722,1446,1488]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">all</emphasis>
the fibres arenated, although not equally so, which is what I want to insist upon here. Hence 1 was wrong in stating that
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDAFFDC77043AB1FBFAF986" baseAuthorityName="Montagu" baseAuthorityYear="1814" box="[853,1151,1533,1574]" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Dysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="75" pageNumber="210" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC77043AB1FBFAF986" box="[853,1151,1533,1574]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">Dysidea fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDAFFDC74C3396BFDDBF9F2" authority=", Sdt." authorityName="Sdt." box="[146,606,1575,1618]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Spongelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="75" pageNumber="210" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pallescens">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC74C3396BFD84F9F2" box="[146,513,1575,1618]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">Spongelia pallescens,</emphasis>
Sdt.
</taxonomicName>
, were the same; for by consulting Schulze’s representation (Zeitschrift f. wiss. Zoologie, Bd. xxxii. Taf. vi. fig. 5), which I am ableto confirm by having a type specimen of Schmidt’s N.
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC775B39E7FC47F971" box="[778,962,1707,1745]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDAFFDC775B39E7FC38F971" box="[778,957,1707,1745]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Spongelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="75" pageNumber="210" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pallescens">pallescens</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
it will be observed that “ all ” the fibre here is
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC775C399EFCBBF95D" box="[781,830,1746,1789]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">not</emphasis>
“ arenated,” but that the lateral or secondary fibre is mostly keratose and homogeneous,
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC75103864FE05F8F4" box="[321,384,1832,1876]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">i. e.</emphasis>
clear or not cored with foreign bodies, while the vertical or primary fibre
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC76C03819FCE2F8DE" box="[657,871,1877,1918]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">is completely</emphasis>
cored or arenaceous. Aly mistake arose from the conulated surface of
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDAFFDC70183833FE95F876" baseAuthorityName="Montagu" baseAuthorityYear="1814" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Dysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="75" pageNumber="210" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC70183833FE95F876" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">Dysidea fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
when dried in its
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC763A38E7FD69F876" box="[619,748,1963,2006]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">natural</emphasis>
state being precisely like that of
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC754C389BFD07F7A2" box="[285,642,2007,2050]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">Spongeliapallescens.</emphasis>
Thus Hyatt was right in separating
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDAFFDC7544374FFE24F78A" box="[277,417,2051,2090]" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Dysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="75" pageNumber="210" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC7544374FFE24F78A" box="[277,417,2051,2090]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">Dysidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC767A374FFD58F78A" box="[555,733,2051,2090]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDAFFDC767A374FFD5DF78A" box="[555,728,2051,2090]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Spongelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="75" pageNumber="210" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Spongelia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
i. e.
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDAFFDC7730374FFBCDF78A" box="[865,1096,2051,2090]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Spongelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="75" pageNumber="210" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pallescens">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDAFFDC7730374FFBCDF78A" box="[865,1096,2051,2090]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="210">S. pallescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1877, vol. ii. pt. 4, p. 539). Both
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDDFFDB74D93FD9FE24FF1F" box="[136,417,149,191]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="211">Dgsideafragilis</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDDFFDB75AD3FD9FC8EFF1F" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1841" box="[508,779,149,191]" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Dysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="76" pageNumber="211" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kirkii">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDDFFDB75AD3FD9FC8EFF1F" box="[508,779,149,191]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="211">Dysidea Kirkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
therefore
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDDFFDB77903FD9FBFBFF1F" box="[961,1150,149,191]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="211">arefibrous,</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDDFFDB74D93F8CFF33FF4A" box="[136,182,192,234]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="211">all</emphasis>
the fibre arenated; while on microscopically examining the fibre itself it will be found to represent the lowest degree of it above mentioned, viz. that in which the fibre is composed of foreign objects held together by the merest minimum or film of keratine, and hence its delicate and fragile nature, from which Johnston’ s designation
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDDFFDB775D3EDBFC4BFE61" box="[780,974,407,449]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="211">
11
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDDFFDB77763EDBFC34FE61" baseAuthorityName="Montagu" baseAuthorityYear="1814" box="[807,945,407,449]" class="Demospongiae" family="Dysideidae" genus="Dysidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="76" pageNumber="211" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fragilis">fragilis</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
was derived; but still it is
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDDFFDB75363E8EFE47FE4C" box="[359,450,450,492]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="211">fibre.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDDFFDB74E03D7CFCEBFB7F" blockId="76.[132,1235,557,1334]" pageId="76" pageNumber="211">
However, leaving this subject for the present, Mr. Wilson ’s specimens from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia, have brought me acquainted with a still lower form, viz. that in which there is absolutely
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDDFFDB70623DF8FB4DFD7A" box="[1075,1224,692,730]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="211">no fibre,</emphasis>
but where the foreign material is diffused, and so far held together by being imbedded in the delicate flakes of the parenchymatous sarcode generally; where, traversed by branches of the excretory canal-systems, it thus forms the skeletal or supporting structure of the sponge, and under this condition may assume many different sponge-like forms, which may distinctly vary according to the species or variety, but at the same time are all developed out of the same kind of structure and composition
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDDFFDB76FE3B7BFCEBFB7F" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="211">through the specific agency of the (l sponge-sarcode&quot; in which the whole originates and which in all cases throughout the class of Spongida determines both the form and the composition of the sponge.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDDFFDB74FE3BAFFCB5FA95" blockId="76.[132,1235,557,1334]" pageId="76" pageNumber="211">
For this group 1 would propose the term
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDDFFDB77FD3BA8FB4DFAAB" box="[940,1224,1252,1291]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="211">“ Ilolopsamma,&quot;</emphasis>
under the following diagnosis, viz.:—
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

109
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD7FFD1757A399CFCA2F956" box="[299,807,1744,1782]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="205">Pseudoceratina crateriformis</emphasis>
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(provisional).
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Alassive, sessile, wide, conical, wrinkle-ridged, truncated at the summit by the opening of a large cloacal crateriform vent. Consistence resilient. Colour, wdien fresh, “ greenish grey;” the same now. Surface deeply wrinkled with high ridges more or less interunited by ramification; the whole covered with a sandy incrustation in the form of a minutely reticulated or sieve-like structure, whose interstices are tympanized by the dermal membrane. Pores in the interstices of the retiform incrustation. Vent single on the summit, large and circular, about $ in. in diameter at the orifice, con ­ tracted inwardly by a thick, sarcodic, fleshy fold of the dermal membrane. Main fibre cored with foreign microscopic objects, sand, Ac.; lateral or interuniting fibre cored only with the grey flocculent substance, the former
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD6FFD077A23E34FF76FE67" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="206">psammonematous,</emphasis>
the latter
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD6FFD075ED3EEEFDCCFE68" box="[444,585,418,456]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="206">luffarid,</emphasis>
both enclosed within the same kind of amber-coloured keratine. Sarcode of the interior thick and inspissate, scantily charged with foreign material; grey in colour, supported by the fibre just described, and traversed by the branches of the excretory canal-system, which open into a general or cloacal cavity terminating in the vent at the summit. Size of specimen 24 in. high by 2| in. in dia ­ meter at the base, which is circular.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD6FFD074853DB7FEA3FC81" box="[212,294,763,801]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="206">Hab.</emphasis>
Marine.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD6FFD074853C69FE9BFCEB" box="[212,286,805,843]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="206">Loc.</emphasis>
Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Depth?
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD6FFD0748B3C1CFEA5FCD6" box="[218,288,848,886]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="206">Obs.</emphasis>
While the presence of the luffarid “ interuniting fibre ” seems to ally this species to the Ceratina, the large wrinkled surface covered with the reticulated or cribriform incrustration, the single large terminal vent preceded by the cloaciform interior, and the fleshy character of the sarcode about the vent, ccpially ally it to
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFD6FFD077193B66FF7FFBD9" authority=", Bk." authorityName="Bk." class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Halispongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="71" pageNumber="206" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="choanoides">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD6FFD077193B66FB76FBF1" box="[840,1267,1066,1105]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="206">Halispongia choanoides,</emphasis>
Bk.
</taxonomicName>
,=
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD6FFD0757B3B1FFD8DFBD9" box="[298,520,1107,1145]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="206">Stelospongos,</emphasis>
Sdt., and especially to the “wrinkled” surface of that specimen respresented and described by Dr. Bowerbank in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’ for 1872 (p. 123, pl. vi.) under the name mentioned. Hence my generic appellation should be considered “ provisional.”
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As the “ granulo-flocculent grey substance ” which charac ­ terizes the core of the fibre in the Ceratina appears to me to be the same as that within the kcratose cell (“horn-cell”), and may often be seen mixed up with the foreign objects which form the core of the fibre in the Psammoncmata, it seems to me not improbable that this is the substance which first of all brings the foreign material into
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD6FFD077FB3963FC6CF9F5" box="[938,1001,1583,1621]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="206">line</emphasis>
for the forma ­ tion of the fibre in the latter; and that, failing to do this, the “ granulo-flocculent substance ” alone remains, which leads to the production of the
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD6FFD0763A39E3FD76F975" box="[619,755,1711,1749]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="206">genuine</emphasis>
fibre of the Ceratina; while this failure taking place
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFD6FFD076223996FC98F8A0" box="[627,797,1754,1792]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="206">partially,</emphasis>
may produce the mixture which is characteristic of that family of the Ceratina for which I have proposed the name of “ Pseudoceratida.”
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91
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDCFFDA75C538BDFE23F7BE" bold="true" box="[404,422,2033,2078]" pageId="77" pageNumber="212">3.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDCFFDA75FA38BDFCC1F7BE" authorityName="Gunther &amp; Dallas &amp; Carruthers &amp; Francis" authorityYear="1885" box="[427,836,2033,2078]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Holopsamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="77" pageNumber="212" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="laminafavosa" status="sp. nov.">Holopsamma laminaefavosa</taxonomicName>
,
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFDCFFD974B13765FBF5FDAA" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="213" pageId="77" pageNumber="212" type="description">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDCFFD974B13765FBF5FDAA" blockId="77.[224,1262,2089,2137]" lastBlockId="78.[137,1234,137,913]" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="213" pageId="77" pageNumber="212">Specimen hemispherical. globular, elongate, sessile or contracted towards the base. Consistence tender, friable, coarse, gritty. Colour dark brown. Surface consisting of the edges of the lamina?, often passing into a honeycomb form by transverse interuniting processes. Pores indistinct, on the surface of the lamina?. Vents also small, on their margins. Struc ­ ture columnar, radiating, laminar; lamina? thin, undulating, closely applied to each other, like the leaves of a book, or thicker, further apart, and interunited by transverse processes, producing the honeycomb-like structure. Size variable.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDFFFD974E63D47FE20FD97" blockId="78.[137,1234,137,913]" box="[183,421,523,567]" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDFFFD974E63D47FE83FD97" box="[183,262,523,567]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">Hab.</emphasis>
Marine.
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFDFFFD974E43D74FBEAFDC2" box="[181,1135,568,610]" pageId="78" pageNumber="213" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDFFFD974E43D74FBEAFDC2" blockId="78.[137,1234,137,913]" box="[181,1135,568,610]" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDFFFD974E43D74FF79FDC2" box="[181,252,568,610]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">Loc.</emphasis>
Port Phillip Heads. Depth 20 fath. and under.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFDFFFD974EA3D28FB20FC31" pageId="78" pageNumber="213" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDFFFD974EA3D28FB20FC31" blockId="78.[137,1234,137,913]" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDFFFD974EA3D28FE85FD2E" box="[187,256,612,654]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">Obs.</emphasis>
The globular, elongated, or hemispherical structure radiating laminiferously or in the form of a honeycomb, together with the dark brown colour, characterizes this species, to which may be added another variety, where the lamina? are grouped irregularly, irregular on the surface, and irregularly notched or denticulated on the margin: alsoanother form in wdiich the lamina is branched digitato-chalina-like.
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91
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDCFFDA759B3CEAFE6DFC71" bold="true" box="[458,488,934,977]" pageId="77" pageNumber="212">2.</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDCFFDA749E3CACFCD2F9C7" blockId="77.[162,1271,992,1987]" pageId="77" pageNumber="212">Specimens very irregular in form, which is massive and more or less variably lobed, spreading horizontally while it rests upon a number of points over which it may be arched, so as to present an upper and a lower surface. Consistence light, gritty, friable. Colour grey externally, orange yellowish or grey internally. Surface even, consisting both above and below of a dermal layer of sarcode more or less charged with foreign objects, which, being principally frag ­ mentary sponge-spicules, give it a white colour when dry. Pores in juxtaposition throughout the dermal layer, but chiefly on the upper surface. Vents numerous and large on the prominent parts, but chiefly on the lower surface. Struc ­ ture less coarse than that of the foregoing species, and therefore looser and lighter, being generally composed of much smaller grains of sand. Size variable.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDCFFDA74873924FEA2F92F" box="[214,295,1640,1679]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="212">Hab.</emphasis>
Marine.
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFDCFFDA748739DEFE24F946" pageId="77" pageNumber="212" type="distribution">
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDCFFDA748739DEFE9BF91E" box="[214,286,1682,1726]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="212">Loc.</emphasis>
Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Depth varying under 20 fath.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDCFFDA748F39A5FEA0F8B5" box="[222,293,1769,1813]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="212">Obs.</emphasis>
Examined both in the wet and dried state. Designated from its comparatively light, not heavy, structure. Of this species also there arc several specimens, in most of which the sarcode internally is orange-yellow and more or less charged with ova of the same colour, but much deeper.
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73
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDDFFDB75833A35FD4DFA08" ID-CoL="84P5X" authorityName="Gunther &amp; Dallas &amp; Carruthers &amp; Francis" authorityYear="1885" box="[466,712,1401,1448]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Holopsamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="76" pageNumber="211" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">HOLOPSAMMA</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F9A38324FFDDFFDB768F3A35FCFEFA08" box="[734,891,1401,1448]" pageId="76" pageNumber="211" rank="genus">nov. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDDFFDB74E53AF4FE96FA43" box="[180,275,1464,1507]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="211">Char.</emphasis>
Arenaceous sponges without fibre, whose composition consists of foreign microscopic objects (sand, fragments of sponge-spicules, Ac.) diffused in the flakes of the parenchymatous sarcode; traversed by the canals of the excretory system; assuming a variety of sponge-like forms, perhaps chiefly massive, in which respectively the surface may consist of the pore dermal membrane under any of the forms above mentioned, that is, simple, continuous, and smooth, or rendered more or less uneven and interrupted by the presence and projection of the sandy element above the common level.
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDEFFD874993B59FCC6F963" blockId="79.[146,1256,1045,1992]" pageId="79" pageNumber="214">Specimen dry, massive, sessile, contracted towards the base, somewhat compressed, lobulatcd on both sides. Consistence, when dry, extremely hard, chiefly owing to the thickness of the dermal sarcode. Colour dark grey-brown on the surface, lighter internally from the presence of the white particles of foreign material. Surface smooth, even, consisting of the thick glutinous dermal layer. Pores in juxtaposition in the thick dermal membrane, leading down (as seen in the section) by vertical canals into the subdermal cavities. Vents very numerous, marginate, situated all over the crest and on the prominent par-ts of the lobes of the specimen. Structure in ­ ternally compact, glutinous; parenchymatous sarcode more or less keratose; charged diffusively with arenaceous foreign material; the whole traversed by the branches of the excretory canal-systems. Size of specimen 5 in. high by 71 x 3 in. horizontally in its greatest dimensions.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDEFFD874913984FE96F94E" box="[192,275,1736,1774]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="214">Hab.</emphasis>
Marine.
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDEFFD8749139BDFE8FF8B7" box="[192,266,1777,1815]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="214">Loc.</emphasis>
Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Depth?
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDEFFD874943850FE89F8E2" box="[197,268,1820,1858]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="214">Obs.</emphasis>
There is but one specimen of this kind which has been dried, and therefore the inspissated keratose sarcode hardened by contraction almost into the consistence of dry dark-brown glue, which is the chief character of the species.
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78
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The same as that of
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<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDEFFD876953C63FC20FCF9" box="[708,933,815,857]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Holopsamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="79" pageNumber="214" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Holopsamma</taxonomicName>
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but with the sar ­ code inspissated, voluminous, and more or less transformed into keratine, that is, rendered horny.
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<mods:title id="FDA7898C0A13478EC2D55E9756A62DBC">Reptiles and Batrachians from Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:classification id="ED439C0109D43D1C8BAA449113BCBBD4">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="4807C349B3571212E8DF0E3B8301CD38" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.14926803</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C7CCD1BFFFB8C5DDF88935AF23579882" type="Zenodo-Dep">14926803</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="584D535BFFDFFFD875E8380DFEBEFD60" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:584D535BFFDFFFD875E8380DFEBEFD60" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/584D535BFFDFFFD875E8380DFEBEFD60" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFDFFFD975E8380DFC2BF8CD" box="[441,942,1857,1901]" pageId="78" pageNumber="213" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDFFFD975E8380DFC2BF8CD" blockId="78.[441,942,1857,1901]" box="[441,942,1857,1901]" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">
<heading id="8B135521FFDFFFD975E8380DFC2BF8CD" box="[441,942,1857,1901]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="6" pageId="78" pageNumber="213" reason="4">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDFFFD975E8380DFE52F8CD" bold="true" box="[441,471,1857,1901]" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">5.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDFFFD975A3380DFCBAF8CD" box="[498,831,1857,1901]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDFFFD975A3380DFCBFF8CD" authorityName="Gunther &amp; Dallas &amp; Carruthers &amp; Francis" authorityYear="1885" box="[498,826,1857,1901]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Holopsamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="78" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="turbo" status="sp. nov.">Holopsamma turbo</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDFFFD9771E380DFC2BF8CD" bold="true" box="[847,942,1857,1901]" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F9A38324FFDFFFD9771E380DFC2BF8CD" box="[847,942,1857,1901]" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFDFFFD874E53832FD2EFE34" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="78" pageNumber="213" type="description">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDFFFD874E53832FD2EFE34" blockId="78.[139,1237,1918,2134]" lastBlockId="79.[158,1266,146,704]" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">Turbinate, like a peg-top, solid; presenting a circular depression in the centre of the summit, passing into a round attenuated stem below, which terminates in a root-like expansion. Consistence soft, resilient. Colour, when fresh, “ terra-cotta red, with a coating oi grey,” now grey outside and orange within. Surface smooth, consisting of an areniferous dermis. Pores plentifully scattered all over the dermis. Vent single at the bottom of the depression in the summit. Parenchyma cancellous, areniferous, without fibre. Size of the largest specimen, for there are two, 3 ¾ in. high by 1½ x1 in. in its greatest dimensions.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFDEFFD8749E3ED9FE45FE1F" box="[207,448,405,447]" pageId="79" pageNumber="214" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDEFFD8749E3ED9FE45FE1F" blockId="79.[158,1266,146,704]" box="[207,448,405,447]" pageId="79" pageNumber="214">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDEFFD8749E3ED9FEA4FE1F" box="[207,289,405,447]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="214">Hab.</emphasis>
Marine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFDEFFD8749E3E8CFB6EFE4C" box="[207,1259,448,492]" pageId="79" pageNumber="214" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDEFFD8749E3E8CFB6EFE4C" blockId="79.[158,1266,146,704]" box="[207,1259,448,492]" pageId="79" pageNumber="214">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDEFFD8749E3E8CFE96FE4C" box="[207,275,448,492]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="214">Loc.</emphasis>
Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Depth 18 fath.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFDEFFD8749F3EA1FEBEFD60" pageId="79" pageNumber="214" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDEFFD8749F3EA1FEBEFD60" blockId="79.[158,1266,146,704]" pageId="79" pageNumber="214">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDEFFD8749F3EA1FE90FDB8" box="[206,277,493,536]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="214">Obs.</emphasis>
It is the peculiarity in shape more than anything else which characterizes this species. Mr. Wilson has compared one ofthe specimens to “ a ripe fig.” The colour of the sarcode internally is orange-yellow, like that of many specimens of
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDEFFD874F33DD5FEBEFD60" box="[162,315,665,704]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="214">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDEFFD874F33DD5FEB3FD60" authorityName="Gunther &amp; Dallas &amp; Carruthers &amp; Francis" authorityYear="1885" box="[162,310,665,704]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Holopsamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="79" pageNumber="214" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="laevis">H. laevis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:namePart id="E18120D0D8CB64EEE1A2241AF662199E">Gunther, Albert C. L. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E3C7EC613C97AF72605FBF5B4ECE3C41">Carruthers, William</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDFFFD975D63C80FC4BFC57" blockId="78.[391,974,972,1015]" box="[391,974,972,1015]" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">
<heading id="8B135521FFDFFFD975D63C80FC4BFC57" box="[391,974,972,1015]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="6" pageId="78" pageNumber="213" reason="4">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDFFFD975D63C80FE23FC57" bold="true" box="[391,422,972,1015]" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">4.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDFFFD975EF3C80FCDAFC57" box="[446,863,972,1015]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">
<taxonomicName id="17E499CEFFDFFFD975EF3C80FCDFFC57" authorityName="Gunther &amp; Dallas &amp; Carruthers &amp; Francis" authorityYear="1885" box="[446,858,972,1015]" class="Demospongiae" family="Microcionidae" genus="Holopsamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="78" pageNumber="213" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fuliginosa" status="sp. nov.">Holopsamma fuliginosa</taxonomicName>
,
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDFFFD977213C80FC4BFC57" bold="true" box="[880,974,972,1015]" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F9A38324FFDFFFD977213C80FC4BFC57" box="[880,974,972,1015]" pageId="78" pageNumber="213" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDFFFD974E93B44FBC1FA2C" blockId="78.[138,1236,1032,1814]" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">Form of specimen massive, sessile, contracted at the base, consisting of erect compressed lobes about g in. thick, with irregular margins, more or less united together centrally or proceeding from each other proliferously. Consistence hard, coral-like. Colour dark neutral tint outside, lighter within. Surface smooth, irregularly papillated. Vents ami pores not seen, probably closed by desiccation. Structure very compact; texture small-grained. Size of largest specimen, for there are two, 8 in. high by 6 x 5 in. horizontally.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="98FEB1C6FFDFFFD974E93ADCFE23FA16" box="[184,422,1424,1462]" pageId="78" pageNumber="213" type="biology_ecology">
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDFFFD974E93ADCFE8DFA16" box="[184,264,1424,1462]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">Hab.</emphasis>
Marine.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDFFFD974E63AFBFE85FA42" box="[183,256,1463,1506]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">Loc.</emphasis>
Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Depth?
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D05BE24DFFDFFFD974EC3AAFFE8EF8B6" blockId="78.[138,1236,1032,1814]" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDFFFD974EC3AAFFE86F9AD" box="[189,259,1507,1549]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">Obs.</emphasis>
Examined in the
<emphasis id="E2903E5FFFDFFFD976043AAFFD15F9AD" box="[597,656,1507,1549]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="213">dry</emphasis>
state only, as there is no spirit-preserved specimen. The remarkably stony, hard, coral-like form ami appearance of this species, together with the black colour, renders it almost unmistakable; and, although there are no vents to be seen on the surface, the internal structure is plentifully traversed by the branches of the excretory canalsystem.
</paragraph>
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