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<document id="DEEAA47636F6C1669EBAB32442C5DB29" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae026" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-ZooBank="0ADFF2B-FB7C-4295-80E1-4FC109AF239F" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="jonas" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.metadata_approvedBy="jonas" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1738154497520" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zheng, Yuchen &amp; Liu, Xingyue" docDate="2025" docId="03A55E298A35FFD934F4161C79EBF93D" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae026.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203" docSource="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae026" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.10:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="10" docTitle="Sinonemoptera tibetana Zheng &amp; Liu, 2025, sp.nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FF9C26518A32FFD0374B1433783DFF92" masterDocTitle="A mysterious treasure originated from Africa: evolutionary history of the endangered spoon-winged lacewings (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae) from China" masterLastPageNumber="23" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1738682446128" updateUser="jonas">
<mods:mods id="1F342042AB525E1F97D6AC1867E74436" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="A47007F216E6C168C45109764F85EC3E">A mysterious treasure originated from Africa: evolutionary history of the endangered spoon-winged lacewings (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae) from China</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="0EA82D06460EBF7DD335861604ECC6E1" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F94084B9BA84B9BB363EC383E257C7E4">Zheng, Yuchen</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="82BFA44377B3A51CF3D00C3C8C3BE079">Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9870DEC321585C313E75B2C6DC99E5D8">Liu, Xingyue</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="AA4E3BEC8B888002A106ADF479BDFBC0">Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="3CFB307FCC0535BF8721C4F928993266" type="email">xingyue_liu@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="73CED82AB9EAC5F8E0CBE8E01AD91FC6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9B32DBD61D7CEE7B08CE0C4ABAFEB69F">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CF18DAAD64E4D57BA2D67BA80158651E">
<mods:date id="78A4D5B30AD6CAED35858BE665B0D8FB">2025</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E2F681A6A04E83A0BAF4C308A0BF2779">2024-03-23</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="E367E80421E2CB3602689E42089EEFB3">203</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="FC3EFBFC0827295390B485AD1D354E5E">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="8BDA5A682F61BAFC7767C7D9804B4BE9" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae026</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="23319497DAB2620C58119077C66CEE15" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A55E298A35FFD934F4161C79EBF93D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A55E298A35FFD934F4161C79EBF93D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A55E298A35FFD934F4161C79EBF93D" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<subSubSection id="C316BCB48A35FFD734F4161C7D23FDD8" box="[959,1310,559,586]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A35FFD734F4161C7D23FDD8" blockId="7.[959,1310,559,586]" box="[959,1310,559,586]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="D0FB58538A35FFD734F4161C7D23FDD8" bold="true" box="[959,1310,559,586]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A35FFD734F4161C7D23FDD8" bold="true" box="[959,1310,559,586]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A35FFD734F4161C7CF0FDD8" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" box="[959,1229,559,586]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibetana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A35FFD734F4161C7CF0FDD8" bold="true" box="[959,1229,559,586]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sinonemoptera tibetana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24B8E568A35FFD7339916037D23FDD8" box="[1234,1310,560,586]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C316BCB48A35FFD834E1165D7C48F98B" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A35FFD734E1165D7D09FD1A" blockId="7.[810,1459,622,716]" box="[938,1332,622,648]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A35FFD734E1165D7D09FD1A" bold="true" box="[938,1332,622,648]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
(
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A35FFD734FF165D7C3FFD1A" box="[948,1026,622,648]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="8.[130,195,1183,1207]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1109]" captionTargetId="figure-408@8.[129,1473,144,1153]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica; B, Sinonemoptera tibetana." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A35FFD73347165D7CBEFD1A" box="[1036,1155,622,648]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1277,1301]" captionTargetBox="[113,1457,145,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-365@9.[112,1459,144,1249]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Head, thorax, and wings of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, head, frontal view.B, Sinonemoptera tibetana, head, frontal view. C, Sin. sinica, head and thorax, dorsal view. D, Sin. tibetana, head and thorax, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, forewing.F, Sin. sinica, apex of hindwing. G, Sin. tibetana, forewing. H, Sin. tibetana, apex of hindwing." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2B, D, G, H</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A35FFD733C6165D7CF3FD1A" box="[1165,1230,622,648]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[128,193,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[236,1359,150,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[234,1367,143,1807]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Male terminalia of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, lateral view.B, Sin. sinica, caudal view. C, Sin. sinica, ventral view.D, Sin. sinica, dorsal view.E, Sinonemoptera tibetana, lateral view. F, Sin. tibetana, caudal view. G, Sin. tibetana, ventral view. H, Sin. tibetana, dorsal view." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3E–H</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A35FFD73393165D7D3FFD1A" box="[1240,1282,622,648]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[129,194,941,965]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,897]" captionTargetId="figure-503@12.[129,1473,144,900]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Phylogeny of Nemopterinae.A, phylogeny based on molecular data, with topology derived from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Numbers at nodes are ML bootstrap values (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). B, phylogeny based on morphological data, with character state mapped onto the tree.The topology represents the most-parsimonious tree, with nonhomoplasious and homoplasious synapomorphies indicated by black and white circles, respectively.a, Nemia costalis, female; b, Halter nutans, male; c, Chasmoptera huttii, male; d, Lertha palmonii, male; e, Nemoptera coa, male (photograph by Chao Wu); f, Sinonemoptera sinica, male; g, Nemopistha imperatrix, female (photograph by André Prost); h, Afroptera sp., female (photograph by Torsten Dikow); i, Chasmoptera huttii, female (photograph by Shaun L. Winterton); j, Nemoptera coa, female (photograph by Veljo Runnel); k, Sinonemoptera sinica, male (photograph by Yuchen Zheng)." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5f–j</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A35FFD73246165D7D14FD1A" box="[1293,1321,622,648]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[130,195,1391,1415]" captionTargetBox="[131,1474,144,1361]" captionTargetId="figure-197@14.[129,1476,142,1363]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Morphological characters of Nemopterinae. A, Nemopistha imperatrix, holotype in NHMUK, forewing (photograph by Benjamin W. Price). B, Nemeura gracilis, female, basal part of forewing (photograph by Jiazhi Zhang). C, Sinonemoptera sinica, male, basal part of forewing. D,Sin.sinica, male abdomen, lateral view.E, Lertha palmonii, male abdomen, lateral view. F, Barbibucca biremis, female abdomen, lateral view. G, Ba. biremis, female, body, lateral view.H, Ba.biremis, female, distal part of hindwing.I, Sin.sinica, male, distal part of hindwing. J, L.palmonii, male, distal part of hindwing. K, Halter nutans, male, distal part of hindwing; L, Nemoptera coa, male, distal part of hindwing. M, Chasmoptera huttii, male, distal part of hindwing.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1)." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">7E</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A35FFD7346116A77BEEFD5E" blockId="7.[810,1459,622,716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<uri id="FF9DE33D8A35FFD7346116A77BEEFD5E" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
<uuid id="FFAAD5EA8A35FFD7330216A77BEEFD5E" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">D61D45A8-6449-4FD6-828C-2664BD6F640E</uuid>
</uri>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A35FFD7346116DD7D96FBEF" blockId="7.[809,1460,749,1149]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A35FFD7346116DD7BADFC97" box="[810,912,750,773]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Head generally pale brown; antenna two-thirds of length of forewing; rostrum nearly as long as half of head width. Pronotum laterally with some short setae. Mesoprescutum, mesonotum, and mesoscutellum medially pale brown and laterally dark brown; mesoscutellum laterally with a few short setae; mesonotum with a few short coniform setae; mesoscutellum naked, posterior margin pale brown. Metanotum generally pale brown. Hindwing medially with an indistinct brown marking; distal part hardly dilated, with a brown marking, dilated part with subcostal and radial space hyaline. Male tergum 8 short in lateral view; sternum 9 distally pale brown. Male posterior gonocoxites 9 distally membranous in lateral view; gonostyli 11 digitiform in dorsal view. Gonapophyses 11 rounded on posterior margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A35FFD7336410937C90FB28" blockId="7.[1071,1197,1184,1210]" box="[1071,1197,1184,1210]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A35FFD7336410937C90FB28" box="[1071,1197,1184,1210]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Redescription</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A35FFD7346110F47D3BFB6F" blockId="7.[810,1459,1223,1278]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A35FFD7346110F47B67FB4C" box="[810,858,1223,1246]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Size:</emphasis>
Head width,
<quantity id="4CF442DA8A35FFD7334B10F47CA4FB4C" box="[1024,1177,1223,1247]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.26" metricValueMax="2.34" metricValueMin="2.18" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="2.26" valueMax="2.34" valueMin="2.18">2.18–2.34 mm</quantity>
; forewing length,
<quantity id="4CF442DA8A35FFD7322710F47BA8FB6F" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4649999999999999" metricValueMax="1.512" metricValueMin="1.418" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="14.649999999999999" valueMax="15.12" valueMin="14.18">14.18– 15.12 mm</quantity>
; hindwing length,
<quantity id="4CF442DA8A35FFD7331A10D57D3EFB6F" box="[1105,1283,1254,1278]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.528" metricValueMax="3.5789999999999997" metricValueMin="3.477" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="35.28" valueMax="35.79" valueMin="34.77">34.77–35.79 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A35FFD7346111167D4DF9C5" blockId="7.[810,1460,1317,1623]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A35FFD7346111167B5AFAAF" box="[810,871,1317,1341]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Head:</emphasis>
Head generally pale brown. Vertex slightly raised, pale brown. Antenna two-thirds of length of forewing; scape and pedicel ventrally pale brown, dorsally dark brown; flagellum generally brown. Frons pale brown; anterior tentorial pit pale brown. Gena length nearly half of head width. Clypeus pale brown. Labrum pale brown to brown, distal margin truncate. Cardo pale brown, with some short setae. Stipe pale brown, distally with some long black setae. Maxillary palpus pale brown; labial palpus generally brown. Mandibles pale brown, elongate. Rostrum nearly as long as half of head width (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A35FFD733B0120C7D5DF9C5" box="[1275,1376,1599,1623]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1277,1301]" captionTargetBox="[113,1457,145,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-365@9.[112,1459,144,1249]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Head, thorax, and wings of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, head, frontal view.B, Sinonemoptera tibetana, head, frontal view. C, Sin. sinica, head and thorax, dorsal view. D, Sin. tibetana, head and thorax, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, forewing.F, Sin. sinica, apex of hindwing. G, Sin. tibetana, forewing. H, Sin. tibetana, apex of hindwing." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2B, D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A35FFD73461124A7D94F8F9" blockId="7.[810,1460,1656,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A35FFD73461124A7B4AF903" box="[810,887,1657,1681]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Thorax:</emphasis>
Pronotum 0.5 times as long as wide, laterally with some short black setae; mostly dark brown, medially and laterally pale brown. Mesoprescutum, mesonotum, and mesoscutellum medially pale brown and laterally dark brown; mesoscutellum laterally with a few short setae; mesonotum with a few short coniform setae; mesoscutellum naked, posterior margin pale brown. Metanotum bald, generally pale brown (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A35FFD7339213067D15F8DF" box="[1241,1320,1845,1869]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1277,1301]" captionTargetBox="[113,1457,145,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-365@9.[112,1459,144,1249]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Head, thorax, and wings of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, head, frontal view.B, Sinonemoptera tibetana, head, frontal view. C, Sin. sinica, head and thorax, dorsal view. D, Sin. tibetana, head and thorax, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, forewing.F, Sin. sinica, apex of hindwing. G, Sin. tibetana, forewing. H, Sin. tibetana, apex of hindwing." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
). Meso- and metapleurae generally pale brown. Ventral thoracic setae sparce.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A35FFD8346113BD7A4BFA8D" blockId="7.[810,1461,1933,1989]" lastBlockId="8.[129,778,1255,1311]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A35FFD7346113BD7B60F837" box="[810,861,1934,1957]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Legs:</emphasis>
Slender, pale brown. Coxa pale brown, without marking; femur and tibia each with a pair of longitudinal brown stripes; tibial spurs short coniform; tarsomeres 2–4 with some stout setae ventrally; claws dark brown, slightly curved.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF73BFB78A3AFFD837C910AC7BF2FB25" box="[130,975,1183,1208]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[130,195,1183,1207]" targetBox="[132,1470,147,1109]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A3AFFD837C910AC7BF2FB25" blockId="8.[130,975,1183,1208]" box="[130,975,1183,1208]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3AFFD837C910AC78E7FB25" bold="true" box="[130,218,1183,1207]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Habitus of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A3AFFD8360D10AC79E7FB25" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" box="[326,474,1183,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3AFFD8360D10AC79E7FB25" bold="true" box="[326,474,1183,1207]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sinonemoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A3AFFD836B510937A80FB25" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Yang" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[510,701,1184,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinica">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3AFFD836B510937A80FB25" box="[510,701,1184,1207]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sinonemoptera sinica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; B,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A3AFFD835AB10AC7BF4FB25" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" box="[736,969,1183,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibetana">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3AFFD835AB10AC7BF4FB25" bold="true" box="[736,969,1183,1207]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sinonemoptera tibetana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A3AFFD837CA117279ACF923" blockId="8.[129,778,1344,1713]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3AFFD837CA117278F8FACA" box="[129,197,1345,1368]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Wings:</emphasis>
Forewing mostly hyaline, apex rounded. Pterostigma pale. Costal crossveins not forked; basal costal crossveins suffused with dark markings; subcostal area pale yellow; 13–14 presectoral crossveins present; RP with five branches; basal five mediocubital crossveins each suffused with a brown marking; first cup-a1 crossvein suffused with a marking (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A3AFFD8353011EE7AF7FA67" box="[635,714,1501,1525]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="8.[130,195,1183,1207]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1109]" captionTargetId="figure-408@8.[129,1473,144,1153]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica; B, Sinonemoptera tibetana." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A3AFFD8359211EE7AC4FA67" box="[729,761,1501,1525]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1277,1301]" captionTargetBox="[113,1457,145,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-365@9.[112,1459,144,1249]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Head, thorax, and wings of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, head, frontal view.B, Sinonemoptera tibetana, head, frontal view. C, Sin. sinica, head and thorax, dorsal view. D, Sin. tibetana, head and thorax, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, forewing.F, Sin. sinica, apex of hindwing. G, Sin. tibetana, forewing. H, Sin. tibetana, apex of hindwing." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2G</figureCitation>
). Hindwing slender, nearly thrice as long as forewing; basally generally hyaline; basal c-sc and m-av crossveins each suffused with a brown marking; medially with an indistinct brown marking; pterostigma distinct, pale; distal part hardly dilated, with a brown marking, dilated part of sc-r and r-m cells hyaline; apical part hyaline (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A3AFFD8364212AA7969F923" box="[265,340,1689,1713]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="8.[130,195,1183,1207]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1109]" captionTargetId="figure-408@8.[129,1473,144,1153]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica; B, Sinonemoptera tibetana." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A3AFFD8361412AA79BDF923" box="[351,384,1689,1713]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1277,1301]" captionTargetBox="[113,1457,145,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-365@9.[112,1459,144,1249]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Head, thorax, and wings of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, head, frontal view.B, Sinonemoptera tibetana, head, frontal view. C, Sin. sinica, head and thorax, dorsal view. D, Sin. tibetana, head and thorax, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, forewing.F, Sin. sinica, apex of hindwing. G, Sin. tibetana, forewing. H, Sin. tibetana, apex of hindwing." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A3AFFD837CA12E17990F8BB" blockId="8.[129,777,1746,1833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3AFFD837CA12E178D8F978" box="[129,229,1746,1770]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Abdomen:</emphasis>
Dark brown; long, nearly twice as long as head plus thorax; male abdominal segments 3–8 each distally pale brown, longer than two-thirds width.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A3AFFD837CA13797C48F98B" blockId="8.[129,779,1866,1984]" lastBlockId="8.[825,1476,1255,1561]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3AFFD837CA13797929F8F0" box="[129,276,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Male genitalia:</emphasis>
Tergum 8 short in lateral view; sternum 9 bifurcated on distal half and with slender setae, distally pale brown; subtriangular in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A3AFFD836E413BA7A24F833" box="[431,537,1929,1953]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[128,193,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[236,1359,150,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[234,1367,143,1807]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Male terminalia of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, lateral view.B, Sin. sinica, caudal view. C, Sin. sinica, ventral view.D, Sin. sinica, dorsal view.E, Sinonemoptera tibetana, lateral view. F, Sin. tibetana, caudal view. G, Sin. tibetana, ventral view. H, Sin. tibetana, dorsal view." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3E–H</figureCitation>
). Anterior gonocoxites 9 slender, not curved in lateral view; posterior gonocoxites 9 widely falcate, distally membranous in lateral view, wide and distally rounded in caudal view. Gonocoxites 11 narrowly arched, medially with a small prominence between the paired gonostyli 11; anterior membranous part of gonocoxites 11 with some long setae; gonostyli 11 shaped as a pair of upcurved short processes, digitiform in dorsal view. Gonapophyses 11 weakly sclerotized, nearly rectangular, posterior margin rounded in cephalic view; lateral membranous part of gonapophyses 11 with some long setae (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A3AFFD8343511D17BE1FA68" box="[894,988,1506,1530]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[114,179,1704,1728]" captionTargetBox="[115,1457,145,1657]" captionTargetId="figure-103@11.[114,1458,144,1677]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Male genitalia of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, lateral view.B, Sin.sinica, caudal view. C, Sin.sinica, cephalic view.D, Sin. sinica, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, ventral view. F, Sinonemoptera tibetana, lateral view. G, Sin. tibetana, caudal view. H, Sin. tibetana, cephalic view. I, Sin. tibetana, dorsal view.J, Sin. tibetana, ventral view." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4F–J</figureCitation>
). Ectoproct ovoid in lateral view, distal margin with some long setae (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A3AFFD8335512327C59F98B" box="[1054,1124,1537,1561]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[128,193,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[236,1359,150,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[234,1367,143,1807]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Male terminalia of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, lateral view.B, Sin. sinica, caudal view. C, Sin. sinica, ventral view.D, Sin. sinica, dorsal view.E, Sinonemoptera tibetana, lateral view. F, Sin. tibetana, caudal view. G, Sin. tibetana, ventral view. H, Sin. tibetana, dorsal view." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C316BCB48A3AFFD8347212087DF9F97D" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A3AFFD8347212087DF9F97D" blockId="8.[824,1476,1595,1775]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3AFFD8347212087BF1F9C1" box="[825,972,1595,1619]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Type material:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B64E5628A3AFFD8349C12087C4FF903" collectingDate="2021-06-01" collectionCode="IZCAS" collectorName="Hong Liu &amp; Yuchen Zhao" country="China" county="Zayu County" elevation="1875" location="Cawarong Township" municipality="Nyingchi" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Tibet" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54B7519D8A3AFFD8349C12087C07F9C1" box="[983,1082,1595,1619]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="9D0A24B68A3AFFD8330E120D7C62F9C0" box="[1093,1119,1598,1618]" count="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31BAFAF8A3AFFD8332412087CF4F9C1" box="[1135,1225,1595,1619]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">CHINA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="49C821DD8A3AFFD8339D12087D2DF9C1" box="[1238,1296,1595,1619]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tibet</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD775458A3AFFD8325412087DBDF9C1" box="[1311,1408,1595,1619]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nyingchi</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCounty id="62D297B38A3AFFD832C512087BBAF9E0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Zayu County</collectingCounty>
,
<location id="8ED3B9E48A3AFFD834DB12697C59F9E0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A55E298A35FFD934F4161C79EBF93D:8ED3B9E48A3AFFD834DB12697C59F9E0" box="[912,1124,1626,1650]" country="China" county="Zayu County" municipality="Nyingchi" name="Cawarong Township" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" stateProvince="Tibet">Cawarong Township</location>
,
<quantity id="4CF442DA8A3AFFD8332712697CC1F9E3" box="[1132,1276,1626,1650]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.875" metricValueMax="1.95" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1875.0" valueMax="1950.0" valueMin="1800.0">
<elevation id="0021080C8A3AFFD8332712697CC1F9E3" box="[1132,1276,1626,1650]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.875" metricValueMax="1.95" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1875.0" valueMax="1950.0" valueMin="1800.0">1800–1950 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFB2C9FF8A3AFFD8324E12697D42F9E0" box="[1285,1407,1626,1650]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2021-06-01">
<collectingDate id="EFF630178A3AFFD8324E12697D42F9E0" box="[1285,1407,1626,1650]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2021-06-01">1 June 2021</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26F98AE98A3AFFD832CC12697B61F903" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hong Liu</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26F98AE98A3AFFD83435124A7C35F903" box="[894,1032,1657,1681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Yuchen Zhao</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED1D77FA8A3AFFD8335C124A7C54F903" box="[1047,1129,1657,1681]" collectionName="China, Beijing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/crjh-4ne1" name="Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">IZCAS</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="54B7519D8A3AFFD8333712497CE2F900" box="[1148,1247,1658,1682]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="9D0A24B68A3AFFD833AC124A7D1CF902" box="[1255,1313,1657,1681]" count="31" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="male">31 ♂</specimenCount>
:
<materialsCitation id="3B64E5628A3AFFD8327B124A7CBCF923" collectingDate="2021-06-01" collectionCode="IZCAS" collectorName="Hong Liu &amp; Yuchen Zhao" country="China" county="Zayu County" elevation="1875" location="Cawarong Township" municipality="Nyingchi" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Xizang" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D0A24B68A3AFFD8327B124A7D60F902" box="[1328,1373,1657,1681]" count="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
, same information as holotype (
<collectionCode id="ED1D77FA8A3AFFD8336D12AA7C44F923" box="[1062,1145,1689,1713]" collectionName="China, Beijing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/crjh-4ne1" name="Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">IZCAS</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B64E5628A3AFFD833C212AA7CF2F942" collectingDate="2022-07-11" collectionCode="IZCAS" collectorName="Hongbin Liang" country="China" county="Zayu County" elevation="1875" location="Cawarong Township" municipality="Nyingchi" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Xizang" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D0A24B68A3AFFD833C212AA7C89F922" box="[1161,1204,1689,1713]" count="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="male">2 ♂</specimenCount>
, same locality as holotype,
<date id="FFB2C9FF8A3AFFD83473128B7B83F942" box="[824,958,1720,1744]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2022-07-11">
<collectingDate id="EFF630178A3AFFD83473128B7B83F942" box="[824,958,1720,1744]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2022-07-11">11 July 2022</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26F98AE98A3AFFD83483128B7C58F942" box="[968,1125,1720,1744]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hongbin Liang</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED1D77FA8A3AFFD8333F128B7CFAF942" box="[1140,1223,1720,1744]" collectionName="China, Beijing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/crjh-4ne1" name="Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">IZCAS</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B64E5628A3AFFD83392128B7DFCF97D" collectingDate="2023-06-28" collectingDateMax="2023-06-29" collectingDateMin="2023-06-28" collectionCode="CAU" collectorName="Yuchen Zheng &amp; Baozhi Ge" country="China" county="Zayu County" elevation="1875" location="Cawarong Township" municipality="Nyingchi" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCount="28" specimenCount-male="28" stateProvince="Xizang" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D0A24B68A3AFFD83392128B7D29F95D" box="[1241,1300,1720,1744]" count="28" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="male">28 ♂</specimenCount>
, same locality as holotype,
<date id="FFB2C9FF8A3AFFD834EA12E47C72F97D" box="[929,1103,1751,1775]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2023-06-28" valueMax="2023-06-29" valueMin="2023-06-28">
<collectingDate id="EFF630178A3AFFD834EA12E47C72F97D" box="[929,1103,1751,1775]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2023-06-28" valueMax="2023-06-29" valueMin="2023-06-28">28–29 June 2023</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26F98AE98A3AFFD8331C12E47CD6F97D" box="[1111,1259,1751,1775]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Yuchen Zheng</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26F98AE98A3AFFD8324D12E47D52F97D" box="[1286,1391,1751,1775]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Baozhi Ge</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED1D77FA8A3AFFD8323012E47D84F97D" box="[1403,1465,1751,1775]" collectionName="China, Beijing, China Agricultural University" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33074" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33074" name="China Agricultural University" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">CAU</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C316BCB48A3AFFD93472132279EBF93D" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A3AFFD8347213227C69F8BB" blockId="8.[825,1108,1809,1833]" box="[825,1108,1809,1833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3AFFD8347213227B8AF8BB" box="[825,951,1809,1833]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distribution:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F31BAFAF8A3AFFD834F613227BC1F8BB" box="[957,1020,1809,1833]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49C821DD8A3AFFD8334213227C74F8BB" box="[1033,1097,1809,1833]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tibet</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A3AFFD9347213797A46F980" blockId="8.[825,1475,1866,1984]" lastBlockId="9.[112,764,1405,1711]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3AFFD8347213797BAAF8F0" box="[825,919,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Remarks:</emphasis>
This new species can be distinguished readily from
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A3AFFD8347213597BA0F813" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Yang" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[825,925,1898,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinica">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3AFFD8347213597BA0F813" box="[825,925,1898,1921]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sin. sinica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the relatively prominent eyes, the head generally pale brown, the rostrum relatively short (nearly equal to half of head width), the thorax medially pale brown in dorsal view, the hindwing distal part hardly dilated, the male tergum 8 short, the male distal sternum 9 pale brown, the male posterior gonocoxites 9 distally membranous in lateral view and wide in caudal view, the male gonostyli 11 digitiform in dorsal view, and the male gonapophyses 11 rounded on the posterior margin.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF73BFB78A3BFFD9373A10CE7B22FADF" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[113,178,1277,1301]" targetBox="[113,1457,145,1247]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A3BFFD9373A10CE7B22FADF" blockId="9.[113,1415,1276,1357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3BFFD9373A10CE78F4FA87" bold="true" box="[113,201,1277,1301]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Head, thorax, and wings of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A3BFFD9368510CE7A5FFA87" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" box="[462,610,1277,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3BFFD9368510CE7A5FFA87" bold="true" box="[462,610,1277,1301]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sinonemoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A3BFFD935CD10CE7B78FA87" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Yang" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[646,837,1277,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinica">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3BFFD935CD10CE7B78FA87" box="[646,837,1277,1301]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sinonemoptera sinica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, head, frontal view. B,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A3BFFD9335C10CE7D3DFA86" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" box="[1047,1280,1276,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibetana">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3BFFD9335C10CE7D3DFA86" bold="true" box="[1047,1280,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sinonemoptera tibetana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, head, frontal view. C,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A3BFFD9378B112A7927FAA3" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Yang" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[192,282,1305,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinica">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3BFFD9378B112A7927FAA3" box="[192,282,1305,1329]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sin. sinica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, head and thorax, dorsal view. D,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A3BFFD9351F112A7AEDFAA2" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" box="[596,720,1304,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibetana">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3BFFD9351F112A7AEDFAA2" bold="true" box="[596,720,1304,1329]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sin. tibetana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, head and thorax, dorsal view. E,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A3BFFD93342112A7C5EFAA3" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Yang" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[1033,1123,1305,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinica">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3BFFD93342112A7C5EFAA3" box="[1033,1123,1305,1329]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sin. sinica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, forewing. F,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A3BFFD933AB112A7D07FAA3" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Yang" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[1248,1338,1305,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinica">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3BFFD933AB112A7D07FAA3" box="[1248,1338,1305,1329]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sin. sinica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, apex of hindwing. G,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A3BFFD937BB11067951FADE" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" box="[240,364,1332,1357]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibetana">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3BFFD937BB11067951FADE" bold="true" box="[240,364,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sin. tibetana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, forewing. H,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A3BFFD936BA11067A51FADE" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" box="[497,620,1332,1357]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibetana">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3BFFD936BA11067A51FADE" bold="true" box="[497,620,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sin. tibetana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, apex of hindwing.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A3BFFD937C6122A79EBF93D" blockId="9.[112,764,1405,1711]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
This new species is restricted to the Nujiang dry and hot river valley of Zayu section from
<collectingRegion id="49C821DD8A3BFFD936C2120A79FEF9C3" box="[393,451,1593,1617]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tibet</collectingRegion>
, with medium elevation (
<quantity id="4CF442DA8A3BFFD93588120A78B5F9E2" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
), whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A3BFFD937BB126A796CF9E2" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" baseAuthorityName="Yang" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[240,337,1625,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinica" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A3BFFD937BB126A796CF9E2" box="[240,337,1625,1648]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sin. sinica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24B8E568A3BFFD9361D126B79F9F9E2" box="[342,452,1624,1648]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is restricted to the Nujiang dry and hot river valley of Baoshan to Lushui section from
<collectingRegion id="49C821DD8A3BFFD935EE124B7ACBF91D" box="[677,758,1656,1679]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
, with lower elevation (
<quantity id="4CF442DA8A3BFFD9360612A479F7F93D" box="[333,458,1687,1711]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.15" metricValueMax="8.8" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="815.0" valueMax="880.0" valueMin="750.0">750–880 m</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

797
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@ -0,0 +1,797 @@
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<mods:title id="306146D8BEFF217F1FA6D39347F23C80">A mysterious treasure originated from Africa: evolutionary history of the endangered spoon-winged lacewings (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae) from China</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A36FFD437B817497AAAFC06" blockId="4.[243,663,890,916]" box="[243,663,890,916]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="D0FB58538A36FFD437B817497AAAFC06" bold="true" box="[243,663,890,916]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD437B817497AAAFC06" bold="true" box="[243,663,890,916]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4362917497AAAFC06" authority="Tillyard, 1925" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1925" box="[354,663,890,916]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nemopterinae">Nemopterinae Tillyard, 1925</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C316BCB48A36FFD437CA17887A3EFC41" box="[129,515,955,979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A36FFD437CA17887A3EFC41" blockId="4.[129,515,955,979]" box="[129,515,955,979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD437CA178878CFFC40" box="[129,242,955,978]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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genus:
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<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD437B3178879C2FC41" authority="Latreille, 1802" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[248,511,955,979]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Nemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD437B317887959FC40" box="[248,356,955,978]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nemoptera</emphasis>
Latreille, 1802
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C316BCB48A36FFD437CA17C77CE8FF55" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A36FFD437CA17C77CE8FF55" blockId="4.[129,778,1012,1349]" lastBlockId="4.[825,1474,144,199]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD437CA17C7791BFB9E" box="[129,294,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Included genera:</emphasis>
The long-abdomen (LA) group:
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD435D617C67930FBB9" authority="Tjeder, 1967" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1967" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Brevistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD435D617C67B37FB9E" box="[669,778,1013,1036]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Brevistoma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A36FFD437CA10207930FBB9" author="Tjeder B" box="[129,269,1043,1067]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder, 1967</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4365410207A0DFBB9" authority="Kirby, 1900" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1900" box="[287,560,1043,1067]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Chasmoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD436541020799CFBB9" box="[287,417,1043,1067]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chasmoptera</emphasis>
Kirby, 1900
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD435091020788AFBD9" authority="Tjeder, 1967" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1967" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Derhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4350910207A8EFBB9" box="[578,691,1043,1067]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Derhynchia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A36FFD4358B1020788AFBD9" author="Tjeder B" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder, 1967</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4378310007989FBD9" authority="Rambur, 1842" authorityName="Rambur" authorityYear="1842" box="[200,436,1075,1099]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Halter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD437831000793AFBD9" box="[200,263,1075,1099]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Halter</emphasis>
Rambur, 1842
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4368D10007AA3FBD8" authority="Navas, 1915" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1915" box="[454,670,1074,1099]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Lertha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4368D10007A35FBD9" box="[454,520,1075,1099]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lertha</emphasis>
Navás, 1915
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD435E41000793AFBF8" authority="Navas, 1915" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Nemeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD435E410007B34FBD8" box="[687,777,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nemeura</emphasis>
Navás, 1915
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4365210607A0CFBF8" authority="Latreille, 1802" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[281,561,1106,1130]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Nemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD43652106079B8FBF8" box="[281,389,1107,1130]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nemoptera</emphasis>
Latreille, 1802
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD435081061788AFB1B" authority="Navas, 1910" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Nemopistha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4350810617A84FBF8" box="[579,697,1106,1130]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nemopistha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A36FFD4358D1061788AFB1B" author="Navas L" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="341 - 408" refId="ref18804" refString="Navas L. Monografia de los Nemopteridos (Insectos Neuropteros). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona 1910; 8: 341 - 408." type="journal article" year="1910">Navás, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD43782104179C9FB1B" authority="Tjeder, 1974" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1974" box="[201,500,1137,1161]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Parasicyoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD437821041796AFB1B" box="[201,343,1138,1161]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Parasicyoptera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A36FFD4362D104279C9FB1B" author="Tjeder B" box="[358,500,1137,1161]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="291 - 9" refId="ref19973" refString="Tjeder B. Nemopteridae from the island of Socotra (Neuroptera) with descriptions of two genera. Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution 1974; 5: 291 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631274 x 00335" type="journal article" year="1974">Tjeder, 1974</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4354D10427B3BFB1B" authority="Kirby, 1900" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1900" box="[518,774,1137,1161]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Savignyella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4354D10427A49FB1B" box="[518,628,1137,1161]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Savignyella</emphasis>
Kirby, 1900
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD437CA10A279A9FB3B" authority="Tjeder, 1967" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1967" box="[129,404,1169,1193]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Semirhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD437CA10A27938FB3B" box="[129,261,1169,1193]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Semirhynchia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A36FFD4364610A279A9FB3B" author="Tjeder B" box="[269,404,1169,1193]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder, 1967</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD436EB10A27A0FFB3A" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" box="[416,562,1169,1192]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD436EB10A27A0FFB3A" box="[416,562,1169,1192]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sinonemoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24B8E568A36FFD4357110A27AA4FB3A" box="[570,665,1169,1193]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD435EE10A2793EFB5A" authority="Navas, 1910" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sicyoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD435EE10A27B37FB3A" box="[677,778,1169,1192]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sicyoptera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A36FFD437CA1083793EFB5A" author="Navas L" box="[129,259,1200,1224]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="341 - 408" refId="ref18804" refString="Navas L. Monografia de los Nemopteridos (Insectos Neuropteros). Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona 1910; 8: 341 - 408." type="journal article" year="1910">Navás, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4360A10837AB3FB5A" authority="McLachlan, 1886" authorityName="McLachlan" authorityYear="1886" box="[321,654,1200,1224]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Stenorrhachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4360A108379F1FB5A" box="[321,460,1200,1224]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stenorrhachus</emphasis>
McLachlan, 1886
</taxonomicName>
. The shortabdomen (
<collectionCode id="ED1D77FA8A36FFD437BA10FC7928FB75" box="[241,277,1231,1255]" country="France" name="Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratiore de Paleontologie" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">SA</collectionCode>
) group:
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4363B10FC7AAAFB75" authority="Abdalla &amp; Mansell" authorityName="Abdalla &amp; Mansell" authorityYear="2019" box="[368,663,1231,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Afroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4363B10FC79F0FB75" box="[368,461,1231,1255]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Afroptera</emphasis>
Abdalla &amp; Mansell
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A36FFD435F110FC78C1FA95" author="Abdalla IH &amp; Mansell MW &amp; Sole CL" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref15830" refString="Abdalla IH, Mansell MW, Sole CL. Revision of the southern African genera Nemopterella Banks and Nemia Navas (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae), with descriptions of new genera and species. Zootaxa 2019; 4635: 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="2019">Abdalla et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4364110DC7A36FA95" authority="Tjeder, 1967" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1967" box="[266,523,1263,1287]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Barbibucca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4364110DC7945FA95" box="[266,376,1263,1287]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Barbibucca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A36FFD436C910DC7A36FA95" author="Tjeder B" box="[386,523,1263,1287]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder, 1967</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4355210DC7B3BFA95" authority="Navas, 1912" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1912" box="[537,774,1263,1287]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Halterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4355210DC7A4AFA95" box="[537,631,1263,1287]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Halterina</emphasis>
Navás, 1912
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD437CA113D79ACFAB4" authority="Picker, 1984" authorityName="Picker" authorityYear="1984" box="[129,401,1294,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Knersvlaktia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD437CA113D78C1FAB4" box="[129,252,1294,1318]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Knersvlaktia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A36FFD43643113D79ACFAB4" author="Picker MD" box="[264,401,1294,1318]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="259 - 68" refId="ref19040" refString="Picker MD. A new genus and species of spoon-wing lacewing (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae) from Namaqualand, South Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 1984; 47: 259 - 68." type="journal article" year="1984">Picker, 1984</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD436EA113C7A4BFAB4" authority="Navas, 1915" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1915" box="[417,630,1294,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Nemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD436EA113C79DEFAB4" box="[417,483,1295,1318]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nemia</emphasis>
Navás, 1915
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD435CC113D793EFAD7" authority="Banks, 1910" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Nemopterella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD435CC113D7B34FAB4" box="[647,777,1294,1318]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nemopterella</emphasis>
Banks, 1910
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD43644111E79BEFAD7" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1967" box="[271,387,1325,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Palmipenna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD43644111E79BEFAD7" box="[271,387,1325,1349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Palmipenna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD43682111E7AD1FAD7" authority="Abdalla &amp; Mansell" authorityName="Abdalla &amp; Mansell" authorityYear="2019" box="[457,748,1325,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Siccanda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD43682111E7A1DFAD7" box="[457,544,1325,1349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Siccanda</emphasis>
Abdalla &amp; Mansell
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A36FFD4347214A37BC6FF3A" author="Abdalla IH &amp; Mansell MW &amp; Sole CL" box="[825,1019,144,168]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref15830" refString="Abdalla IH, Mansell MW, Sole CL. Revision of the southern African genera Nemopterella Banks and Nemia Navas (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae), with descriptions of new genera and species. Zootaxa 2019; 4635: 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="2019">Abdalla et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
. Fossil genera: †
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD433E314A27DAAFF3A" authority="Navas, 1913" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1913" box="[1192,1431,144,168]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Marquettia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD433E314A27D2BFF3A" box="[1192,1302,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Marquettia</emphasis>
Navás, 1913
</taxonomicName>
and †
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4340D149C7CECFF55" authority="Claisse, Brisac &amp; Nel, 2019" authorityName="Claisse, Brisac &amp; Nel" authorityYear="2019" box="[838,1233,175,199]" class="Insecta" family="Nematopteridae" genus="Paleonemia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4340D149C7B8BFF55" box="[838,950,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paleonemia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A36FFD434F7149C7CECFF55" author="Claisse P &amp; Brisac P &amp; Nel A" box="[956,1233,175,199]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="115 - 8" refId="ref16220" refString="Claisse P, Brisac P, Nel A. The first fossil Nemopteridae from the Oligocene of Cereste (France) (Insecta: Neuroptera). Palaeoentomology 2019; 2: 115 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / palaeoentomology. 2.2.3" type="journal article" year="2019">Claisse, Brisac &amp; Nel, 2019</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C316BCB48A36FFD4347214DA7D13FECD" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A36FFD4347214DA7D13FECD" blockId="4.[825,1474,233,351]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4347214DA7BA2FE92" box="[825,927,233,256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Forewing basally wide (not narrow); at least five presectoral crossviens present. Hindwing spoon- or ribbonlike, distal part dilated in some species; vein M present. Male gonocoxites 9 posteriorly fused into a single lobe.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C316BCB48A36FFD4347215B37BF3FAB7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A36FFD4347215B37DB1FD43" blockId="4.[824,1475,384,1317]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4347215B37BAAFE0A" box="[825,919,384,408]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remarks:</emphasis>
Based on the phylogeny herein reconstructed, the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD434E315AC7C00FE25" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1925" box="[936,1085,415,439]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nemopterinae">Nemopterinae</taxonomicName>
can be divided into two monophyletic groups, i.e. the long-abdomen (LA) group and the shortabdomen (
<collectionCode id="ED1D77FA8A36FFD434ED15ED7BF7FE64" box="[934,970,478,502]" country="France" name="Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratiore de Paleontologie" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">SA</collectionCode>
) group. The LA group can be distinguished by the abdomen longer than the head plus thorax, the male gonocoxites 9 anteriorly not protruding ventrad in lateral view, and the male gonostyli 11 laterally protruding as a pair of processes. Notably, the LA group includes two genera that lack a specialized rostrum (
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4340F16487B88FD01" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1967" box="[836,949,635,659]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Derhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4340F16487B88FD01" box="[836,949,635,659]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Derhynchia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD434AF16487C52FD01" authorityName="McLachlan" authorityYear="1886" box="[996,1135,635,659]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Stenorrhachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD434AF16487C52FD01" box="[996,1135,635,659]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stenorrhachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and the female of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4327C16487C70FD20" authority="(McLachlan, 1885)" baseAuthorityName="McLachlan" baseAuthorityYear="1885" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Stenorrhachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4327C16487BBCFD20" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stenorrhachus walkeri</emphasis>
(McLachlan, 1885)
</taxonomicName>
has the forewing reduced into a stub. The LA group is widely distributed in arid and warm areas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A36FFD4341E16EA7BF3FAB7" blockId="4.[824,1475,384,1317]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
The SA group can be distinguished by the abdomen nearly as long as the head plus thorax at most, the male gonocoxites 9 anteriorly protruded ventrad in lateral view, and the male gonostyli 11 fused as a single linguiform structure. Some genera of the SA group (
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD434F317657C28FCFC" authorityName="Abdalla &amp; Mansell" authorityYear="2019" box="[952,1045,854,878]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Afroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD434F317657C28FCFC" box="[952,1045,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Afroptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4336C17657C9FFCFC" authorityName="Picker" authorityYear="1984" box="[1063,1186,854,878]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Knersvlaktia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4336C17657C9FFCFC" box="[1063,1186,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Knersvlaktia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD433FF17657D0BFCFC" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1910" box="[1204,1334,854,878]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Nemopterella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD433FF17657D0BFCFC" box="[1204,1334,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nemopterella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4320317657D81FCFC" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1967" box="[1352,1468,854,878]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Palmipenna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4320317657D81FCFC" box="[1352,1468,854,878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Palmipenna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4342217467BFDFC1F" authorityName="Abdalla &amp; Mansell" authorityYear="2019" box="[873,960,885,909]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Siccanda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4342217467BFDFC1F" box="[873,960,885,909]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Siccanda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are equipped with pleuritocavae on abdominal segment 5, which function for releasing pheromones (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A36FFD4323517A67B50FC5E" author="Tjeder B" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
). The SA group is endemic to the continent of southern Africa but always in arid areas. The two Oligocene fossil genera, †
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4340D17C07B89FB98" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1913" box="[838,948,1011,1034]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Marquettia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4340D17C07B89FB98" box="[838,948,1011,1034]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Marquettia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and †
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD434B017C07C56FB99" authorityName="Claisse, Brisac &amp; Nel" authorityYear="2019" box="[1019,1131,1011,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Nematopteridae" genus="Paleonemia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD434B017C07C56FB99" box="[1019,1131,1011,1035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paleonemia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, might belong to the LA group because of their long abdomen, although we could not test their phylogenetic positions further owing to lack of sufficient morphological characters preserved in these fossils. Besides, the North American †
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4336E10427C8DFB1A" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[1061,1200,1137,1160]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Marquettia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americana">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4336E10427C8DFB1A" box="[1061,1200,1137,1160]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. americana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be closer to the Australian
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD434E310BC7C17FB35" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1900" box="[936,1066,1167,1191]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Chasmoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD434E310BC7C17FB35" box="[936,1066,1167,1191]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chasmoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rather than
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD433E210A37D30FB35" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1910" box="[1193,1293,1168,1191]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sicyoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD433E210A37D30FB35" box="[1193,1293,1168,1191]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sicyoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as mentioned by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A36FFD43471109C7BCCFB55" author="Sole CL &amp; Scholtz CH &amp; Ball JB" box="[826,1009,1199,1223]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="360 - 8" refId="ref19625" refString="Sole CL, Scholtz CH, Ball JB et al. Phylogeny and biogeography of southern African spoon-winged lacewings (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2013; 66: 360 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.10.005" type="journal article" year="2013">
Sole
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD43425109C7BA2FB55" box="[878,927,1199,1223]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
based on the dark body, the relatively small eyes, the forewing only with two anal veins, the doubled hindwing dilations, and the male ectoproct possibly with elongate posterior lobe.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C316BCB48A36FFD4351D11487BD0FA07" box="[598,1005,1403,1429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A36FFD4351D11487BD0FA07" blockId="4.[155,1449,1403,1930]" box="[598,1005,1403,1429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Key to extant genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4341A11487BD0FA07" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1925" box="[849,1005,1403,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nemopterinae">Nemopterinae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C316BCB48A36FFD637D0118F7D9AFE56" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="key">
<key id="FF9DB80E8A36FFD637D0118F7D9AFE56" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A36FFD437D0118F7D9AF9E3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A36FFD437D0118F7D9AF981" blockId="4.[155,1449,1403,1930]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A36FFD437D0118F7D9AF981" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1. Abdomen longer than head plus thorax; male sternum 9 relatively long, ≥1.5 times as long as ectoproct (excluding posterior lobe in some genera) in lateral view; male gonocoxites 9 anteriorly not protruded ventrad in lateral view, and gonostyli 11 laterally with a pair of processes...................................................................................................................................................................2</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A36FFD437D012297D9AF9E3" blockId="4.[155,1449,1403,1930]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A36FFD437D012297D9AF9E3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">– Abdomen as long as head plus thorax at most; male sternum 9 relatively short, nearly 1.0–1.5 times as long as ectoproct; male gonocoxites 9 anteriorly protruded ventrad in lateral view, and gonostyli 11 posteriorly fused as a single lingulate structure......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A36FFD437D0124B7D9AF93D" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A36FFD437D0124B7D9AF902" blockId="4.[155,1449,1403,1930]" box="[155,1447,1656,1680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A36FFD437D0124B7D9AF902" box="[155,1447,1656,1680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2. Mouthparts not specialized into a rostrum; male tergum 9 fused with ectoprocts ..........................................................................3</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A36FFD437D012AB7D9AF93D" blockId="4.[155,1449,1403,1930]" box="[155,1447,1687,1712]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A36FFD437D012AB7D9AF93D" box="[155,1447,1687,1712]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">– Mouthparts specialized into a rostrum; male tergum 9 distinctly separated from ectoprocts........................................................4</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A36FFD437D012847D9AF8BE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A36FFD437D012847D95F97C" blockId="4.[155,1449,1403,1930]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A36FFD437D012847D95F97C" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
3. Labrum visible in frontal view; poststigmal area with single row of cells (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A36FFD434F112847C05F95D" author="Tjeder B" box="[954,1080,1719,1743]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: figs 1887, 1888;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A36FFD433B9128478C2F97C" author="Miller RB &amp; Stange LA" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref18375" refString="Miller RB, Stange LA. A new species of Stenorrhachus McLachlan from Chile (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae) with biological notes. Insecta Mundi 2012; 226: 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2012">Miller and Stange 2012</bibRefCitation>
: figs 1, 6, 10, 14)....................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD433DA12E57D95F97C" authority="McLachlan" authorityName="McLachlan" authorityYear="1886" box="[1169,1448,1750,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Stenorrhachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD433DA12E57D95F97C" bold="true" box="[1169,1448,1750,1774]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD433DA12E57D14F97C" bold="true" box="[1169,1321,1750,1774]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stenorrhachus</emphasis>
McLachlan
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A36FFD437D012C57D9AF8BE" blockId="4.[155,1449,1403,1930]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A36FFD437D012C57D9AF8BE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
– Labrum enfolded by clypeus and not visible in frontal view; poststigmal area with two rows of cells (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A36FFD433F612C67D07F89F" author="Tjeder B" box="[1213,1338,1781,1805]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: figs 1881, 1883, 2024)....................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4339413277D9AF8BE" authority="Tjeder" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1967" box="[1247,1447,1812,1836]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Derhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4339413277D9AF8BE" bold="true" box="[1247,1447,1812,1836]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4339413277D64F8BE" bold="true" box="[1247,1369,1812,1836]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Derhynchia</emphasis>
Tjeder
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A36FFD537D013077DA5FE9A" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A36FFD437D013077D95F818" blockId="4.[155,1449,1403,1930]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A36FFD437D013077D95F818" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
4. Body mostly black dorsally (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A36FFD436A413077A0CF8DE" box="[495,561,1844,1868]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[129,194,941,965]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,897]" captionTargetId="figure-503@12.[129,1473,144,900]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Phylogeny of Nemopterinae.A, phylogeny based on molecular data, with topology derived from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Numbers at nodes are ML bootstrap values (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). B, phylogeny based on morphological data, with character state mapped onto the tree.The topology represents the most-parsimonious tree, with nonhomoplasious and homoplasious synapomorphies indicated by black and white circles, respectively.a, Nemia costalis, female; b, Halter nutans, male; c, Chasmoptera huttii, male; d, Lertha palmonii, male; e, Nemoptera coa, male (photograph by Chao Wu); f, Sinonemoptera sinica, male; g, Nemopistha imperatrix, female (photograph by André Prost); h, Afroptera sp., female (photograph by Torsten Dikow); i, Chasmoptera huttii, female (photograph by Shaun L. Winterton); j, Nemoptera coa, female (photograph by Veljo Runnel); k, Sinonemoptera sinica, male (photograph by Yuchen Zheng)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 5c</figureCitation>
); vertex with many irregular wrinkles (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A36FFD4348813077C37F8DE" box="[963,1034,1844,1868]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[115,180,1287,1311]" captionTargetBox="[116,1455,146,1257]" captionTargetId="figure-318@13.[114,1458,144,1259]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6.Head characters of Nemopterinae.A, Halter nutans, male, frontal view. B, Sinonemoptera sinica, male, frontal view. C, Lertha palmonii, male, frontal view.D, Lertha palmonii, male, eye. E, Chasmoptera huttii, male, frontal view. F, Barbibucca biremis, female, frontal view.G, Nemia costalis, female, frontal view.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
); apical labrum split (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A36FFD433A513077D08F8DE" box="[1262,1333,1844,1868]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[115,180,1287,1311]" captionTargetBox="[116,1455,146,1257]" captionTargetId="figure-318@13.[114,1458,144,1259]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6.Head characters of Nemopterinae.A, Halter nutans, male, frontal view. B, Sinonemoptera sinica, male, frontal view. C, Lertha palmonii, male, frontal view.D, Lertha palmonii, male, eye. E, Chasmoptera huttii, male, frontal view. F, Barbibucca biremis, female, frontal view.G, Nemia costalis, female, frontal view.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
); forewing with five ra-rp1 crossveins at most (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A36FFD4357B13607A4CF8F9" box="[560,625,1875,1899]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[129,194,941,965]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,897]" captionTargetId="figure-503@12.[129,1473,144,900]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Phylogeny of Nemopterinae.A, phylogeny based on molecular data, with topology derived from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Numbers at nodes are ML bootstrap values (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). B, phylogeny based on morphological data, with character state mapped onto the tree.The topology represents the most-parsimonious tree, with nonhomoplasious and homoplasious synapomorphies indicated by black and white circles, respectively.a, Nemia costalis, female; b, Halter nutans, male; c, Chasmoptera huttii, male; d, Lertha palmonii, male; e, Nemoptera coa, male (photograph by Chao Wu); f, Sinonemoptera sinica, male; g, Nemopistha imperatrix, female (photograph by André Prost); h, Afroptera sp., female (photograph by Torsten Dikow); i, Chasmoptera huttii, female (photograph by Shaun L. Winterton); j, Nemoptera coa, female (photograph by Veljo Runnel); k, Sinonemoptera sinica, male (photograph by Yuchen Zheng)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 5c</figureCitation>
) and with only two anal veins; ectoproct with an elongate posterior lobe (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A36FFD4321C13607DA0F8F9" box="[1367,1437,1875,1899]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[116,181,1195,1219]" captionTargetBox="[116,1459,146,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-379@15.[114,1461,144,1168]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8.Terminalia and genitalia of Nemopterinae. A, Nemoptera sinuata, male genitalia, dorsal view. B, Nemoptera sinuata, male genitalia, lateral view.C, Nemoptera sinuata, male terminalia, lateral view. D, Chasmoptera huttii, female terminalia, lateral view.E, Chasmoptera huttii, male genitalia, caudal view. F, Chasmoptera huttii, male terminalia, lateral view. G, Halter nutans, male genitalia, cephalic view. H, Halter nutans, male genitalia, caudal view. I, Halter nutans, male genitalia, lateral view.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
) .........................................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A36FFD4339C13417D95F818" authority="Kirby" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1900" box="[1239,1448,1906,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Chasmoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4339C13417D95F818" bold="true" box="[1239,1448,1906,1930]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A36FFD4339C13417D59F818" bold="true" box="[1239,1380,1906,1930]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chasmoptera</emphasis>
Kirby
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C714817DA5FE9A" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C714817DA5FE9A" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">– Body dark brown to yellowish brown with markings dorsally; vertex relatively smooth; apical labrum not split, relatively rounded or truncate; forewing with six ra-rp1 crossveins at least, with three anal veins; ectoproct without posterior elongation.........................................................................................................................................................................................................5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A37FFD537C7153C7DA5FEF4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C7153C7DA5FED5" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C7153C7DA5FED5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">5. Basal c-sc and m-av crossveins without markings; male abdominal segments 3–8 nearly 1.2–1.5 times as long as wide .......... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................6</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C7157C7DA5FEF4" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" box="[140,1432,334,359]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C7157C7DA5FEF4" box="[140,1432,334,359]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">– Basal c-sc and m-av crossveins each suffuse a marking; male abdominal segments 3–8 ≥1.5 times as long as wide.............. 11</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A37FFD537C7155E7DA5FE56" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C7155E7DA5FE36" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C7155E7DA5FE36" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
6. Head naked around eyes; male gonocoxites 11 concave in cephalic view, gonostyli 11 extremely swollen, present as a pair of wide lingulate processes (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A37FFD5368A15BE7A16FE36" box="[449,555,397,421]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[116,181,1195,1219]" captionTargetBox="[116,1459,146,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-379@15.[114,1461,144,1168]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8.Terminalia and genitalia of Nemopterinae. A, Nemoptera sinuata, male genitalia, dorsal view. B, Nemoptera sinuata, male genitalia, lateral view.C, Nemoptera sinuata, male terminalia, lateral view. D, Chasmoptera huttii, female terminalia, lateral view.E, Chasmoptera huttii, male genitalia, caudal view. F, Chasmoptera huttii, male terminalia, lateral view. G, Halter nutans, male genitalia, cephalic view. H, Halter nutans, male genitalia, caudal view. I, Halter nutans, male genitalia, lateral view.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 8G, H</figureCitation>
) ........................................................................................................................................................7
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C7159E7DA5FE56" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" box="[140,1432,428,453]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C7159E7DA5FE56" box="[140,1432,428,453]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">– Head setose around eyes; male gonocoxites 11 not concave in cephalic view, gonostyli 11 not swollen ....................................8</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A37FFD537C715FF7DA5FD91" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C715FF7DA5FE71" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" box="[140,1432,459,483]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C715FF7DA5FE71" box="[140,1432,459,483]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
7. Hindwing without expanded dilation (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD5350C15F87AF8FE71" author="Tjeder B" box="[583,709,459,483]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2072)..........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A37FFD5339815F87DA5FE71" authority="Tjeder" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1967" box="[1235,1432,459,483]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Brevistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD5339815F87DA5FE71" bold="true" box="[1235,1432,459,483]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD5339815F87D77FE71" bold="true" box="[1235,1354,459,483]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brevistoma</emphasis>
Tjeder
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C715D87DA5FD91" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" box="[140,1432,490,515]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C715D87DA5FD91" box="[140,1432,490,515]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
– Hindwing with an expanded dilation anterior to Sc-R fusion (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A37FFD5346615D87B4AFD90" box="[813,887,491,515]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[130,195,1391,1415]" captionTargetBox="[131,1474,144,1361]" captionTargetId="figure-197@14.[129,1476,142,1363]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Morphological characters of Nemopterinae. A, Nemopistha imperatrix, holotype in NHMUK, forewing (photograph by Benjamin W. Price). B, Nemeura gracilis, female, basal part of forewing (photograph by Jiazhi Zhang). C, Sinonemoptera sinica, male, basal part of forewing. D,Sin.sinica, male abdomen, lateral view.E, Lertha palmonii, male abdomen, lateral view. F, Barbibucca biremis, female abdomen, lateral view. G, Ba. biremis, female, body, lateral view.H, Ba.biremis, female, distal part of hindwing.I, Sin.sinica, male, distal part of hindwing. J, L.palmonii, male, distal part of hindwing. K, Halter nutans, male, distal part of hindwing; L, Nemoptera coa, male, distal part of hindwing. M, Chasmoptera huttii, male, distal part of hindwing.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 7K</figureCitation>
)..................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A37FFD533BF15D97DA5FD91" authority="Rambur" authorityName="Rambur" authorityYear="1842" box="[1268,1432,490,515]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Halter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD533BF15D97DA5FD91" bold="true" box="[1268,1432,490,515]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD533BF15D97D05FD90" bold="true" box="[1268,1336,490,514]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Halter</emphasis>
Rambur
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A37FFD537C716397DA5FDF3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C716397DA4FDD3" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C716397DA4FDD3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
8. Forewing RP approximating MA, CuA and MP diverging at basal one-eighth (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD5349D16397C6EFDB0" author="Tjeder B" box="[982,1107,522,546]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: figs 2074, 2075) ......................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A37FFD53397161A7DA4FDD3" authority="Kirby" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1900" box="[1244,1433,553,577]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Savignyella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD53397161A7DA4FDD3" bold="true" box="[1244,1433,553,577]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD53397161A7D69FDD3" bold="true" box="[1244,1364,553,577]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Savignyella</emphasis>
Kirby
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C7167A7DA5FDF3" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" box="[140,1432,585,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C7167A7DA5FDF3" box="[140,1432,585,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">– Forewing RP not approximating MA, CuA and MP diverging at basal one-fifth or more distal ...................................................9</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A37FFD537C7165B7DA5FD4C" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C7165B7DA5FD0D" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C7165B7DA5FD0D" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
9. Forewing prefork area longer than half of forewing length; lateral part of male gonostyli 11 elongated and upcurved (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD5321F165B78CDFD0D" author="Tjeder B" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="291 - 9" refId="ref19973" refString="Tjeder B. Nemopteridae from the island of Socotra (Neuroptera) with descriptions of two genera. Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution 1974; 5: 291 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631274 x 00335" type="journal article" year="1974">Tjeder 1974</bibRefCitation>
: figs 14, 19, 20)..............................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A37FFD533E616B47DA5FD0D" authority="Tjeder" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1974" box="[1197,1432,647,671]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Parasicyoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD533E616B47DA5FD0D" bold="true" box="[1197,1432,647,671]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD533E616B47D77FD0D" bold="true" box="[1197,1354,647,671]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parasicyoptera</emphasis>
Tjeder
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C716947DA5FD4C" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C716947DA5FD4C" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">– Forewing prefork area not longer than half of forewing length; lateral part of male gonostyli 11 relatively short and not upcurved........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A37FFD537C716D67DA5FCC9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C716D67DA4FC8E" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C716D67DA4FC8E" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
10. Forewing mostly hyaline; male gonocoxites 9 without plate-like structure at tip, gonostyli 9 absent (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD5338916D57D55FD6F" author="Monserrat VJ" box="[1218,1384,741,765]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="85 - 113" refId="ref18548" refString="Monserrat VJ. Revision de las especies de Lertha del mediterraneo occidental (Neuropteroidea, Planipennia: Nemopteridae). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria. Genova 1988; 87: 85 - 113." type="journal article" year="1988">Monserrat 1988</bibRefCitation>
: figs 18–22) .......................................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A37FFD5324017377DA4FC8E" authority="Navas" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1915" box="[1291,1433,772,796]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Lertha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD5324017377DA4FC8E" bold="true" box="[1291,1433,772,796]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD5324017377D6EFC8E" bold="true" box="[1291,1363,772,796]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lertha</emphasis>
Navás
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C717167DA5FCC9" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C717167DA5FCC9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
– Forewing pale yellow with many brown markings (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A37FFD5358E17177B34FCAE" box="[709,777,804,828]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[129,194,941,965]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,897]" captionTargetId="figure-503@12.[129,1473,144,900]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Phylogeny of Nemopterinae.A, phylogeny based on molecular data, with topology derived from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Numbers at nodes are ML bootstrap values (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). B, phylogeny based on morphological data, with character state mapped onto the tree.The topology represents the most-parsimonious tree, with nonhomoplasious and homoplasious synapomorphies indicated by black and white circles, respectively.a, Nemia costalis, female; b, Halter nutans, male; c, Chasmoptera huttii, male; d, Lertha palmonii, male; e, Nemoptera coa, male (photograph by Chao Wu); f, Sinonemoptera sinica, male; g, Nemopistha imperatrix, female (photograph by André Prost); h, Afroptera sp., female (photograph by Torsten Dikow); i, Chasmoptera huttii, female (photograph by Shaun L. Winterton); j, Nemoptera coa, female (photograph by Veljo Runnel); k, Sinonemoptera sinica, male (photograph by Yuchen Zheng)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 5e</figureCitation>
); male gonocoxites 9 with plate-like structure at tip, gonostyli 9 present (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A37FFD5365C17707960FCC9" box="[279,349,835,859]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[116,181,1195,1219]" captionTargetBox="[116,1459,146,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-379@15.[114,1461,144,1168]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8.Terminalia and genitalia of Nemopterinae. A, Nemoptera sinuata, male genitalia, dorsal view. B, Nemoptera sinuata, male genitalia, lateral view.C, Nemoptera sinuata, male terminalia, lateral view. D, Chasmoptera huttii, female terminalia, lateral view.E, Chasmoptera huttii, male genitalia, caudal view. F, Chasmoptera huttii, male terminalia, lateral view. G, Halter nutans, male genitalia, cephalic view. H, Halter nutans, male genitalia, caudal view. I, Halter nutans, male genitalia, lateral view.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
) .........................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A37FFD5338A17777DA5FCC9" authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1217,1432,835,859]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Nemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD5338A17777DA5FCC9" bold="true" box="[1217,1432,835,859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD5338A17777D0BFCC9" bold="true" box="[1217,1334,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nemoptera</emphasis>
Latreille
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A37FFD537C717507DA5FC08" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C717507DA5FCE9" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" box="[140,1432,867,891]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C717507DA5FCE9" box="[140,1432,867,891]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">11. Forewing mediocubital crossveins and first cup-a1 crossvein without marking ............................................................................ 12</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C717B07DA5FC08" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" box="[140,1432,898,922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C717B07DA5FC08" box="[140,1432,898,922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">– Forewing mediocubital crossveins and first cup-a1 crossvein with marking .................................................................................. 14</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A37FFD537C717927DA5FC6A" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C717927DA5FC4A" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C717927DA5FC4A" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
12. Rostrum nearly half length of head width (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD5353517927AC0FC2B" author="Tjeder B" box="[638,765,929,953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: figs 1891, 1897); hindwing without expanded double dilations (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD5378C17F27979FC4B" author="Tjeder B" box="[199,324,961,985]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: figs 2049–2051) .............................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A37FFD533F017F37DA5FC4A" authority="Tjeder" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1967" box="[1211,1432,960,984]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Semirhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD533F017F37DA5FC4A" bold="true" box="[1211,1432,960,984]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD533F017F37D76FC4A" bold="true" box="[1211,1355,960,984]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Semirhynchia</emphasis>
Tjeder
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C717D27DA5FC6A" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" box="[140,1432,992,1016]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C717D27DA5FC6A" box="[140,1432,992,1016]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">– Rostrum longer than half of head width; hindwing with expanded double dilations ................................................................... 13</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A37FFD537C717CC7DA5FBE7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C717CC7DA4FBA4" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C717CC7DA4FBA4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
13. Vertex medially concave; hindwing with double dilations, and each nearly as long as wide (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD5332317CC7CDAFB85" author="Tjeder B" box="[1128,1255,1023,1047]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: figs 2222, 2223, 2232)...................................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A37FFD533AF102C7DA4FBA4" authority="Navas" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1910" box="[1252,1433,1054,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sicyoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD533AF102C7DA4FBA4" bold="true" box="[1252,1433,1054,1079]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD533AF102C7D6FFBA5" bold="true" box="[1252,1362,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Sicyoptera</emphasis>
Navás
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C7100C7DA5FBE7" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C7100C7DA5FBE7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
– Vertex not concave; hindwing with double dilations, and each longer than wide (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD534A5100D7C51FBC4" author="Tjeder B" box="[1006,1132,1086,1110]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: figs 2113, 2116)..................... ................................................................................................................................................................
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD53376106D7DA5FBE7" bold="true" box="[1085,1432,1117,1141]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A37FFD53376106D7CDFFBE7" authority="Navas" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1915" box="[1085,1250,1117,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Nemeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD53376106D7CA0FBE7" bold="true" box="[1085,1181,1118,1141]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nemeura</emphasis>
Navás
</taxonomicName>
(partial species)
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A37FFD537C7104E7D78FB41" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C7104E7DA4FB26" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C7104E7DA4FB26" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
14. Forewing markings suffuse basal four mediocubital crossveins at most (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A37FFD534C7104E7BCCFB07" box="[908,1009,1149,1173]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1277,1301]" captionTargetBox="[113,1457,145,1247]" captionTargetId="figure-365@9.[112,1459,144,1249]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Head, thorax, and wings of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, head, frontal view.B, Sinonemoptera tibetana, head, frontal view. C, Sin. sinica, head and thorax, dorsal view. D, Sin. tibetana, head and thorax, dorsal view. E, Sin. sinica, forewing.F, Sin. sinica, apex of hindwing. G, Sin. tibetana, forewing. H, Sin. tibetana, apex of hindwing." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2E, G</figureCitation>
); male sternum 9 bifurcated on distal half (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A37FFD5378C10AF7912FB26" box="[199,303,1180,1204]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[128,193,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[236,1359,150,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[234,1367,143,1807]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Male terminalia of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica, lateral view.B, Sin. sinica, caudal view. C, Sin. sinica, ventral view.D, Sin. sinica, dorsal view.E, Sinonemoptera tibetana, lateral view. F, Sin. tibetana, caudal view. G, Sin. tibetana, ventral view. H, Sin. tibetana, dorsal view." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3C, G</figureCitation>
).........................................................................................................................................................
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD533DF10AF7DA4FB26" bold="true" box="[1172,1433,1180,1204]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A37FFD533DF10AF7D0EFB26" authorityName="Zheng &amp; Liu" authorityYear="2025" box="[1172,1331,1180,1204]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Sinonemoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD533DF10AF7D0EFB26" bold="true" box="[1172,1331,1180,1204]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Sinonemoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24B8E568A37FFD5327310AF7DA4FB26" box="[1336,1433,1180,1204]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C7108F7D78FB41" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" box="[140,1349,1211,1235]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C7108F7D78FB41" box="[140,1349,1211,1235]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">– Forewing markings suffuse more than five mediocubital crossveins; male sternum 9 not bifurcated on distal half 15</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A37FFD537C710E87DA4FA1D" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C710E87DA4FAA3" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C710E87DA4FAA3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
15. Forewing prefork and basal cubital crossveins each suffuse a small dark marking (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A37FFD534B810E87C06FB61" box="[1011,1083,1243,1267]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[130,195,1391,1415]" captionTargetBox="[131,1474,144,1361]" captionTargetId="figure-197@14.[129,1476,142,1363]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Morphological characters of Nemopterinae. A, Nemopistha imperatrix, holotype in NHMUK, forewing (photograph by Benjamin W. Price). B, Nemeura gracilis, female, basal part of forewing (photograph by Jiazhi Zhang). C, Sinonemoptera sinica, male, basal part of forewing. D,Sin.sinica, male abdomen, lateral view.E, Lertha palmonii, male abdomen, lateral view. F, Barbibucca biremis, female abdomen, lateral view. G, Ba. biremis, female, body, lateral view.H, Ba.biremis, female, distal part of hindwing.I, Sin.sinica, male, distal part of hindwing. J, L.palmonii, male, distal part of hindwing. K, Halter nutans, male, distal part of hindwing; L, Nemoptera coa, male, distal part of hindwing. M, Chasmoptera huttii, male, distal part of hindwing.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
); hindwing dilated nearly at distal one-quarter or more distal (
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A37FFD536A910C97A14FA80" box="[482,553,1274,1298]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[129,194,941,965]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,897]" captionTargetId="figure-503@12.[129,1473,144,900]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Phylogeny of Nemopterinae.A, phylogeny based on molecular data, with topology derived from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Numbers at nodes are ML bootstrap values (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right). B, phylogeny based on morphological data, with character state mapped onto the tree.The topology represents the most-parsimonious tree, with nonhomoplasious and homoplasious synapomorphies indicated by black and white circles, respectively.a, Nemia costalis, female; b, Halter nutans, male; c, Chasmoptera huttii, male; d, Lertha palmonii, male; e, Nemoptera coa, male (photograph by Chao Wu); f, Sinonemoptera sinica, male; g, Nemopistha imperatrix, female (photograph by André Prost); h, Afroptera sp., female (photograph by Torsten Dikow); i, Chasmoptera huttii, female (photograph by Shaun L. Winterton); j, Nemoptera coa, female (photograph by Veljo Runnel); k, Sinonemoptera sinica, male (photograph by Yuchen Zheng)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Fig.
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</figureCitation>
); male sternum 9 with lateral distal margin extended (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD5332310C97D3EFA80" author="Kimmins DE" box="[1128,1283,1274,1298]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="289 - 94" refId="ref17191" refString="Kimmins DE. Some new African Neuroptera and Mecoptera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1938; 1: 289 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933808526769" type="journal article" year="1938">Kimmins 1938</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD5321F10C978CDFAA3" author="Tjeder B" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: figs 2203, 2211)..................................................................................................................................................
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD5339F112A7DA4FAA3" bold="true" box="[1236,1433,1305,1329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD5339F112A7D6EFAA3" bold="true" box="[1236,1363,1305,1329]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nemopishta</emphasis>
Navás
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C7110A7DA4FA1D" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C7110A7DA4FA1D" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
– Forewing prefork and basal cubital crossveins without spot (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD5346E110A7B9EFAC3" author="Tjeder B" box="[805,931,1337,1361]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: figs 2136, 2137, 2139, 2140, 2142, 2143); hindwing dilated nearly at distal one-third (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD5351C116B7AEAFAE2" author="Tjeder B" box="[599,727,1368,1392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2109); male sternum 9 with lateral distal margin not extended .....................................................................................................................
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD53405114B7DA4FA1D" bold="true" box="[846,1433,1399,1423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A37FFD53405114B7BC9FA1D" authority="Navas" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1915" box="[846,1012,1399,1423]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Nemeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD53405114B7B93FA1D" bold="true" box="[846,942,1400,1423]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nemeura</emphasis>
Navás
</taxonomicName>
(partial species, including genus
<typeStatus id="54B7519D8A37FFD5321611447DACFA1D" box="[1373,1425,1399,1423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
)
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A37FFD537C711A47DA5FA5C" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C711A47DA5FA3D" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" box="[140,1432,1431,1455]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C711A47DA5FA3D" box="[140,1432,1431,1455]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
16. Diameter of eye less than head width; many setae present around eyes (Supporting Information,
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A37FFD533DB11A47CDEFA3D" box="[1168,1251,1431,1455]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="8.[130,195,1183,1207]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1109]" captionTargetId="figure-408@8.[129,1473,144,1153]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica; B, Sinonemoptera tibetana." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. S1F</figureCitation>
)......................... 17
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C711847DA5FA5C" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" box="[140,1432,1462,1487]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C711847DA5FA5C" box="[140,1432,1462,1487]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
– Diameter of eye as long as or longer than head width; no setae around eyes (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD5348B11857C47FA5C" author="Abdalla IH &amp; Mansell MW &amp; Sole CL" box="[960,1146,1462,1486]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref15830" refString="Abdalla IH, Mansell MW, Sole CL. Revision of the southern African genera Nemopterella Banks and Nemia Navas (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae), with descriptions of new genera and species. Zootaxa 2019; 4635: 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="2019">
Abdalla
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD5335F11847C7FFA5C" box="[1044,1090,1462,1486]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 9) ................................ 20
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A37FFD537C711E67DA5F9BE" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C711E67DA5F99E" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C711E67DA5F99E" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
17. Forewing basal three-quarters brown, not hyaline; hindwing not dilated, pterostigma indistinct (Supporting Information,
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A37FFD537F611C67929F99F" box="[189,276,1525,1549]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="8.[130,195,1183,1207]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1109]" captionTargetId="figure-408@8.[129,1473,144,1153]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Sinonemoptera. A, Sinonemoptera sinica; B, Sinonemoptera tibetana." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. S1G</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD5366A11C679A6F99F" author="Picker MD" box="[289,411,1525,1549]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="259 - 68" refId="ref19040" refString="Picker MD. A new genus and species of spoon-wing lacewing (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae) from Namaqualand, South Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 1984; 47: 259 - 68." type="journal article" year="1984">Picker 1984</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 6) ...................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A37FFD5338D11C77DA5F99E" authority="Picker" authorityName="Picker" authorityYear="1984" box="[1222,1432,1524,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Knersvlaktia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD5338D11C77DA5F99E" bold="true" box="[1222,1432,1524,1548]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD5338D11C77D70F99E" bold="true" box="[1222,1357,1524,1548]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Knersvlaktia</emphasis>
Picker
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C712267DA5F9BE" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" box="[140,1432,1556,1580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C712267DA5F9BE" box="[140,1432,1556,1580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">– Forewing mostly hyaline; hindwing dilated, pterostigma distinct .................................................................................................... 18</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A37FFD537C712007DA5F918" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C712007DA5F9F8" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C712007DA5F9F8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
18. Hindwing completely not hyaline, brown on basal half, only narrowly dilated near pterostigmal part (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD533FB12007D11F9D9" author="Tjeder B" box="[1200,1324,1587,1611]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: figs 2306, 2307) ...............................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A37FFD5339A12617DA5F9F8" authority="Tjeder" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1967" box="[1233,1432,1618,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Barbibucca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD5339A12617DA5F9F8" bold="true" box="[1233,1432,1618,1642]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD5339A12617D77F9F8" bold="true" box="[1233,1354,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Barbibucca</emphasis>
Tjeder
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C712407DA5F918" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" box="[140,1432,1650,1674]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C712407DA5F918" box="[140,1432,1650,1674]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">– Hindwing partly hyaline on basal half, with an expanded foliate dilation ....................................................................................... 19</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A37FFD537C712A27DA4F8D7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C712A27DA5F97A" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C712A27DA5F97A" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
19. Male antenna basally with relatively long, stout setae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD535BB12A27B4DF93B" author="Tjeder B" box="[752,880,1681,1705]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: figs 2254, 2255); hindwing pterostigma large, costal crossveins and anal crossveins on distal dilation connected by many oblique veinlets (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD5331312827CE7F95B" author="Tjeder B" box="[1112,1242,1713,1737]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: figs 2263–2266) .........................................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A37FFD5338012E37DA5F97A" authority="Tjeder" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1967" box="[1227,1432,1744,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Palmipenna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD5338012E37DA5F97A" bold="true" box="[1227,1432,1744,1768]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD5338012E37D77F97A" bold="true" box="[1227,1354,1744,1768]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Palmipenna</emphasis>
Tjeder
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C712C37DA4F8D7" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C712C37DA4F8D7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
– Male antenna basally short, without stout setae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD535EC12DC7B19F895" author="Tjeder B" box="[679,804,1775,1799]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2286); hindwing pterostigma indistinct, costal crossveins and anal crossveins on distal dilation barely connected by oblique veinlets (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD534FC133C7C08F8B5" author="Tjeder B" box="[951,1077,1807,1831]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: figs 2289, 2292)............................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A37FFD533A7131D7DA4F8D7" authority="Navas" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1912" box="[1260,1433,1837,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Halterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD533A7131D7DA4F8D7" bold="true" box="[1260,1433,1837,1862]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD533A7131D7D6EF8D4" bold="true" box="[1260,1363,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Halterina</emphasis>
Navás
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A37FFD537C7137E7DA5F851" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C7137E7DA4F816" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C7137E7DA4F816" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
20. Most forewing costal cells each with a pale marking, a dark brown marking suffused on pterostigma (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A37FFD533F8137E7D50F8F7" author="Abdalla IH &amp; Mansell MW &amp; Sole CL" box="[1203,1389,1869,1893]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref15830" refString="Abdalla IH, Mansell MW, Sole CL. Revision of the southern African genera Nemopterella Banks and Nemia Navas (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae), with descriptions of new genera and species. Zootaxa 2019; 4635: 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="2019">
Abdalla
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD5324C137D7D08F8F7" box="[1287,1333,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 158); male abdominal pleuritocavae absent ......................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A37FFD53246135E7DA4F816" authority="Navas" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1915" box="[1293,1433,1900,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Nemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD53246135E7DA4F816" bold="true" box="[1293,1433,1900,1925]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A37FFD53246135E7D6FF817" bold="true" box="[1293,1362,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nemia</emphasis>
Navás
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A37FFD537C713BE7DA5F851" blockId="5.[140,1433,177,1987]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A37FFD537C713BE7DA5F851" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">– Forewing costal cells without a pale marking, no marking suffused on pterostigma; male abdominal pleuritocavae present.. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A34FFD637D014827D9AFED5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A34FFD637D014827D95FE9A" blockId="6.[155,1449,177,452]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A34FFD637D014827D95FE9A" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
21. Distal flagellomere with partly membranous structure, more conspicuous in male (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A34FFD6335414827CA3FF5B" author="Tjeder B" box="[1055,1182,177,201]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: figs 2364–2381;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A34FFD632111482790EFF7B" author="Abdalla IH &amp; Mansell MW &amp; Sole CL" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref15830" refString="Abdalla IH, Mansell MW, Sole CL. Revision of the southern African genera Nemopterella Banks and Nemia Navas (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae), with descriptions of new genera and species. Zootaxa 2019; 4635: 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="2019">
Abdalla
<emphasis id="B978332D8A34FFD6378014E278C7FF7B" box="[203,250,209,233]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 39); many forewing costal crossveins each with a spot, pterostigma dark brown (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A34FFD633DD14E27D6CFF7B" author="Abdalla IH &amp; Mansell MW &amp; Sole CL" box="[1174,1361,209,233]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref15830" refString="Abdalla IH, Mansell MW, Sole CL. Revision of the southern African genera Nemopterella Banks and Nemia Navas (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae), with descriptions of new genera and species. Zootaxa 2019; 4635: 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="2019">
Abdalla
<emphasis id="B978332D8A34FFD633A114E27D24FF7B" box="[1258,1305,209,233]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 38) .......................................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A34FFD6333F14C37D95FE9A" authority="Abdalla &amp; Mansell" authorityName="Abdalla &amp; Mansell" authorityYear="2019" box="[1140,1448,240,264]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Afroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A34FFD6333F14C37D95FE9A" bold="true" box="[1140,1448,240,264]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A34FFD6333F14C37CE7FE9A" bold="true" box="[1140,1242,240,264]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Afroptera</emphasis>
Abdalla &amp; Mansell
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A34FFD637D015237D9AFED5" blockId="6.[155,1449,177,452]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A34FFD637D015237D9AFED5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
– Distal flagellomere completely sclerotized (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A34FFD635DD153C7B25FEB5" author="Tjeder B" box="[662,792,271,295]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: figs 2362, 2363;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A34FFD63496153C7C9BFEB5" author="Abdalla IH &amp; Mansell MW &amp; Sole CL" box="[989,1190,271,295]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref15830" refString="Abdalla IH, Mansell MW, Sole CL. Revision of the southern African genera Nemopterella Banks and Nemia Navas (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae), with descriptions of new genera and species. Zootaxa 2019; 4635: 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="2019">
Abdalla
<emphasis id="B978332D8A34FFD6337D15237C54FEB5" box="[1078,1129,271,295]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
:
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A34FFD633FC153C7CD2FEB5" box="[1207,1263,271,295]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="15.[116,181,1195,1219]" captionTargetBox="[116,1459,146,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-379@15.[114,1461,144,1168]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 8.Terminalia and genitalia of Nemopterinae. A, Nemoptera sinuata, male genitalia, dorsal view. B, Nemoptera sinuata, male genitalia, lateral view.C, Nemoptera sinuata, male terminalia, lateral view. D, Chasmoptera huttii, female terminalia, lateral view.E, Chasmoptera huttii, male genitalia, caudal view. F, Chasmoptera huttii, male terminalia, lateral view. G, Halter nutans, male genitalia, cephalic view. H, Halter nutans, male genitalia, caudal view. I, Halter nutans, male genitalia, lateral view.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1)." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">fig. 8</figureCitation>
); forewing costal crossveins without spot, pterostigma pale (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A34FFD63534151C7B07FED5" author="Abdalla IH &amp; Mansell MW &amp; Sole CL" box="[639,826,303,327]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref15830" refString="Abdalla IH, Mansell MW, Sole CL. Revision of the southern African genera Nemopterella Banks and Nemia Navas (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae), with descriptions of new genera and species. Zootaxa 2019; 4635: 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="2019">
Abdalla
<emphasis id="B978332D8A34FFD63598151C7B3FFED5" box="[723,770,303,327]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
: figs 17–19) .................................................................................. 22
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F8F79A8A34FFD637D0157D7D9AFE56" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A34FFD637D0157D7D95FE17" blockId="6.[155,1449,177,452]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A34FFD637D0157D7D95FE17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
22. Tip of distal flagellomere with acute tooth (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A34FFD63535157D7AC6FEF4" author="Tjeder B" box="[638,763,334,358]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2363); forewing anal area without marking (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A34FFD633A3157D7D9DFEF4" author="Abdalla IH &amp; Mansell MW &amp; Sole CL" box="[1256,1440,334,358]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref15830" refString="Abdalla IH, Mansell MW, Sole CL. Revision of the southern African genera Nemopterella Banks and Nemia Navas (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae), with descriptions of new genera and species. Zootaxa 2019; 4635: 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="2019">
Abdalla
<emphasis id="B978332D8A34FFD63270157C7D54FEF4" box="[1339,1385,334,358]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 24) ...........................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A34FFD63331155E7D95FE17" authority="Abdalla &amp; Mansell" authorityName="Abdalla &amp; Mansell" authorityYear="2019" box="[1146,1448,365,389]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Siccanda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A34FFD63331155E7D95FE17" bold="true" box="[1146,1448,365,389]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A34FFD63331155E7CE4FE17" bold="true" box="[1146,1241,365,389]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Siccanda</emphasis>
Abdalla &amp; Mansell
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3EF3F8A34FFD637D015BE7D9AFE56" blockId="6.[155,1449,177,452]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<keyLead id="30FD4C0A8A34FFD637D015BE7D9AFE56" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
– Tip of distal flagellomere without tooth (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A34FFD6352215BE7ADBFE37" author="Tjeder B" box="[617,742,397,421]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="290 - 501" refId="ref19920" refString="Tjeder B. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 6. Family Nemopteridae. South African Animal Life 1967; 13: 290 - 501." type="journal article" year="1967">Tjeder 1967</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2362); forewing basal anal area with a brown marking (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D92CE8A34FFD6320815BE7921FE56" author="Abdalla IH &amp; Mansell MW &amp; Sole CL" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref15830" refString="Abdalla IH, Mansell MW, Sole CL. Revision of the southern African genera Nemopterella Banks and Nemia Navas (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae: Nemopterinae), with descriptions of new genera and species. Zootaxa 2019; 4635: 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="2019">
Abdalla
<emphasis id="B978332D8A34FFD632DD15BE78D9FE56" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
:
<figureCitation id="1337F3BA8A34FFD63663159F7966FE56" box="[296,347,428,452]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[130,195,1391,1415]" captionTargetBox="[131,1474,144,1361]" captionTargetId="figure-197@14.[129,1476,142,1363]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Morphological characters of Nemopterinae. A, Nemopistha imperatrix, holotype in NHMUK, forewing (photograph by Benjamin W. Price). B, Nemeura gracilis, female, basal part of forewing (photograph by Jiazhi Zhang). C, Sinonemoptera sinica, male, basal part of forewing. D,Sin.sinica, male abdomen, lateral view.E, Lertha palmonii, male abdomen, lateral view. F, Barbibucca biremis, female abdomen, lateral view. G, Ba. biremis, female, body, lateral view.H, Ba.biremis, female, distal part of hindwing.I, Sin.sinica, male, distal part of hindwing. J, L.palmonii, male, distal part of hindwing. K, Halter nutans, male, distal part of hindwing; L, Nemoptera coa, male, distal part of hindwing. M, Chasmoptera huttii, male, distal part of hindwing.Structures are marked with the number of the character and coding of the character state, as in the Supporting Information (Text S1)." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">fig. 7</figureCitation>
).............................................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0C94BC8A34FFD6339A159F7D9AFE56" authority="Banks" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1910" box="[1233,1447,428,452]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Nemopterella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B978332D8A34FFD6339A159F7D63FE56" bold="true" box="[1233,1374,428,452]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nemopterella</emphasis>
Banks
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>