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<document id="827C45E5B3B14D1C089AADD7799347E6" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2024.949.2641" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-ZooBank="EA45BD5E-98F7-4229-A4FD-E377D6BC8591" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1725617954931" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Borrero-Pérez, Giomar H., Solís-Marín, Francisco A. &amp; Lessios, Harilaos" docDate="2024" docId="F8371571B715323BFD8EFE12BE2E284A" docLanguage="en" docName="EJT.2024.949.1-96.pdf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 949 (1)" docSource="https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2641/12173" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Isostichopus Deichmann 1958" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="040E6D09B705322FFFB7FFD7BA422A50" masterDocTitle="Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus" masterLastPageNumber="96" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1725618212092" updateUser="GgImagineBatch" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="F0B4FBDC01D0757F2E32B70140A1194D">Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D4032BEC5AB4599A8EBC2483E625D656">Borrero-Pérez, Giomar H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0E9EA8B45FF45A868BC7FAA203A0FBBF">Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia. &amp; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras - Invemar, Calle 25 No. 2 - 55, Playa Salguero, Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia. &amp; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute - STRI, BOX 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Panama.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="C92B1EB4CE5EED910D81ED2627A6BF4D" type="email">giomarborrero@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="E6BD7C7121FC39B82721E4714E9A40CF">Solís-Marín, Francisco A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6B5DE2BED7279CD88DE00ABC4A29CCC4">Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="11F4856C7219187E5B798B18BCCD2DC3" type="email">fasolis@cmarl.unam.mx</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="4A37EF70492F519602B69E765718F012">Lessios, Harilaos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A1A8B0AE88D64AE7E5F018429C4388F9">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute - STRI, BOX 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Panama.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="4BA192EF2D602EDF65ECAC159288C808" type="email">lessiosh@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="10045CE97A98A2A928B43A9F902A9FE7">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E5EA0A6E52249F66929C66396F0FE04A">2024-08-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3E8908558E46A48342C507F6D5E80301">949</mods:number>
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<paragraph id="7021A467B715323FFD8EFE12B9B92B8F" blockId="16.[569,1019,452,479]" box="[569,1019,452,479]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="2B69130BB715323FFD8EFE12B9B92B8F" box="[569,1019,452,479]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="2">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B715323FFD3CFE13B9B92B8F" ID-CoL="7P7DL" authority="Deichmann, 1958" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[651,1019,452,479]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFD3CFE13B9612B8F" bold="true" box="[651,803,452,479]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Isostichopus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B715323FFC9DFE13B9B92B8F" author="Deichmann E." box="[810,1019,452,479]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="253 - 349" refId="ref56722" refString="Deichmann E. 1958. The Holothuroidea collected by the VELERO III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954. Part II. Apsidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 11 (2): 253 - 349. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5215760 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1958">Deichmann, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB715323BFF0AFDD1B9512BFA" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="type_taxon">
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<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFF0AFDD1BB1A2870" bold="true" box="[189,344,518,544]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B715323FFF0AFDD1BAB82870" box="[189,250,518,544]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="7021A467B715323FFF0AFDE3B825281E" blockId="16.[189,615,564,590]" box="[189,615,564,590]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B715323FFF0AFDE3B825281E" ID-CoL="52J9T" authority="Selenka, 1867" authorityName="Selenka" authorityYear="1867" box="[189,615,564,590]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFF0AFDE3BBFA281E" box="[189,440,564,590]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Stichopus badionotus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B715323FFE77FDE3B825281E" author="Selenka E." box="[448,615,564,590]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="291 - 374" refId="ref62331" refString="Selenka E. 1867. Beitrage zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 17 (2): 291 - 374. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45007590 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1867">Selenka, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7021A467B715323FFF0AFDA1B82D28C1" blockId="16.[189,623,630,657]" box="[189,623,630,657]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFF0AFDA1BB0C28C0" bold="true" box="[189,334,630,656]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Description</emphasis>
(after
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B715323FFE2BFDA1B82528C1" author="Deichmann E." box="[412,615,630,657]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="253 - 349" refId="ref56722" refString="Deichmann E. 1958. The Holothuroidea collected by the VELERO III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954. Part II. Apsidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 11 (2): 253 - 349. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5215760 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1958">Deichmann 1958</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7021A467B715323FFF0AFD74BF3A2EE5" blockId="16.[188,1400,675,1205]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Medium to large species, length to
<quantity id="B7660982B715323FFDEFFD74B8E128ED" box="[600,675,675,702]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
, body wall firm and thick. Highly variable coloration (Fig. 1). Body convex to quadrangular in cross-section. Large lateral papillae, usually sharply defining dorsum and ventrum (or bivium and trivium). Dorsal papillae irregularly arranged and in different sizes and shapes: wart-like, spiky, or with small points. Sole well developed, with three bands of cylindrical podia. Single stone canal attached to the mesentery; calcareous ring with massive radial pieces with posterior projections of different sizes, and narrow interradial pieces with projections pointed anteriorly and concave posterior margins (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFD8FFCBBB8C029D7" box="[568,642,876,903]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[239,1387,770,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-34@23.[189,1398,759,1770]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 4. Comparison of the calcareous rings of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (A–B showing calcareous rings from specimens of different sizes). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Dimensions of the individuals from which each ring was obtained are shown next to their museum catalog number. Abbreviations: ip = interradial plate; rp = radial plate. Scale bar = 4 mm." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Ossicles: dorsal papillae with tables; thin C- or S-shaped rods in varying numbers and sizes; large, curved rods with quadrangular projections, sometimes perforated in the middle (Fig. 2S); few perforated plates in the tip (Fig. 2U). Tables in a dense layer, low, squat, with a circular disc with 8 to 12 small holes, four pillars, single crossbeam, and a wreath of small spines at the crown (Fig. 2A–B); tables with reduced disc (Fig. 2C), additional holes in more than one ring (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B715323FFF7FFBC3BB742E7F" box="[200,310,1044,1071]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="67.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-12@67.[224,1363,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 20A</figureCitation>
), or larger and modified discs also present (Fig. 2D), mainly at the top of papillae. Dorsal body wall with tables and a few thin C- or S-shaped rods only. Ossicles in dorsal papillae and body wall change during growth, though drastic ontogenetic changes occurring only in
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B715323FFB35FB8FBF2D2E22" ID-CoL="6MZDT" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1154,1391,1112,1138]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFB35FB8FBF2D2E22" box="[1154,1391,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
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. Pedicels with low tables with large and not rounded central perforation (Fig. 2E); thin C-shaped rods less frequent than in the dorsal papillae; large endplates (Fig. 2W); numerous perforated or supporting
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7021A467B715323FFF09FAD9BE192DB9" blockId="16.[188,1400,1294,2025]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFF09FAD9BB492F78" bold="true" box="[190,267,1294,1320]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2</emphasis>
(see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B715323FFC4EFAD9BF302F79" ID-CoL="7P7DL" authority="Deichmann, 1958" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[1017,1394,1294,1321]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFC4EFAD9BECE2F78" box="[1017,1164,1294,1320]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Isostichopus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B715323FFB2EFAD9BF302F79" author="Deichmann E." box="[1177,1394,1294,1321]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="253 - 349" refId="ref56722" refString="Deichmann E. 1958. The Holothuroidea collected by the VELERO III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954. Part II. Apsidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 11 (2): 253 - 349. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5215760 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1958">Deichmann, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFF0AFAE6BABA2F1B" bold="true" box="[189,248,1329,1355]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A–H</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFEBFFAE5BB1A2F1C" bold="true" box="[264,344,1330,1356]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tables</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFEDEFAE6BB3C2F1B" bold="true" box="[361,382,1329,1355]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view).
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFCB6FA82B9572F3F" bold="true" box="[769,789,1365,1391]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
. Large, regular tables, only present in
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B715323FFB52FA81BBA62FC2" authority="(Greeff, 1882)" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="maculatus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFB52FA81BB7A2FC2" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I. maculatus maculatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B715323FFEF3FAAFBB992FC2" author="Greeff R." box="[324,475,1400,1426]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="114 - 120" refId="ref57470" refString="Greeff R. 1882. Echinodermen, beobachtet auf einer Reise nach der Guinea-Insel Sao Tome. Zoologischer Anzeiger 5: 114 - 120, 135 - 139, 156 - 159. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9734185 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1882">Greeff, 1882</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(lateral view).
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFD24FAAFB8EA2FC2" bold="true" box="[659,680,1400,1426]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C</emphasis>
. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B715323FFF6BFA4BB82F2FE5" ID-CoL="6MZDT" authority="(Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[220,621,1435,1461]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFF6BFA4BBB8B2FE5" box="[220,457,1435,1461]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B715323FFE6FFA4CB8272FE5" author="Clark H. L." box="[472,613,1435,1461]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
adults (lateral view).
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFCDCFA4CB9C22FE5" bold="true" box="[875,896,1435,1461]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">D</emphasis>
. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B715323FFD42FA68BE4A2F88" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[757,1032,1470,1496]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="maculatus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFD42FA68BE4A2F88" box="[757,1032,1470,1496]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I. maculatus maculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
– “modified
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B715323FFB13FA69BF5F2F88" ID-CoL="6ZRT7" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[1188,1309,1470,1496]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFB13FA69BF5F2F88" box="[1188,1309,1470,1496]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">maculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tables” (lateral view, top view).
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFE6CFA35BBAD2FAC" bold="true" box="[475,495,1506,1532]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E</emphasis>
. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view).
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFEA6F9D2BB612C4F" bold="true" box="[273,291,1541,1567]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">F</emphasis>
. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view).
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFB73F9D3BE992C4E" bold="true" box="[1220,1243,1540,1566]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">G</emphasis>
. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B715323FFCFDF9FEB9EE2C12" ID-CoL="3QC2D" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[842,940,1576,1602]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFCFDF9FEB9EE2C12" box="[842,940,1576,1602]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I. fuscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(top and lateral view).
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFB76F9FFBE952C12" bold="true" box="[1217,1239,1576,1602]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H</emphasis>
. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view).
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFC50F9B9BE572CD8" bold="true" box="[999,1045,1646,1672]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I–T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFB94F9B9BE212CD8" bold="true" box="[1059,1123,1646,1672]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Rods</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFBC7F9B9BE392CD8" bold="true" box="[1136,1147,1646,1672]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I</emphasis>
. Large thin C-shaped rods present in
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B715323FFEC5F945B81D2CFB" ID-CoL="6MZDT" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[370,607,1681,1707]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFEC5F945B81D2CFB" box="[370,607,1681,1707]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFDD9F945B8E32CFC" bold="true" box="[622,673,1682,1708]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">J–K</emphasis>
. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFDEAF962B8332C9F" bold="true" box="[605,625,1717,1743]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">L</emphasis>
. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B715323FFF69F90EBBB32CA2" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[222,497,1752,1778]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="maculatus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFF69F90EBBB32CA2" box="[222,497,1752,1778]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I. maculatus maculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B715323FFD9CF90EB9942CA2" authority="(Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[555,982,1752,1778]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFD9CF90EB96D2CA2" box="[555,815,1752,1778]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B715323FFCF6F90FB98C2CA2" author="Clark H. L." box="[833,974,1752,1778]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFC51F90FBE402CA2" bold="true" box="[998,1026,1752,1778]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M</emphasis>
. Simple rods present in several internal organs.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFE36F92CBBD62D45" bold="true" box="[385,404,1787,1813]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">N</emphasis>
. Simple rods present in gonads.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFC93F92CB97A2D45" bold="true" box="[804,824,1787,1813]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">O</emphasis>
. Simple rods present in the tentacles.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFABEF92CBF5B2D45" bold="true" box="[1289,1305,1787,1813]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P</emphasis>
. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFDC3F8C9B8CB2D68" bold="true" box="[628,649,1822,1848]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Q</emphasis>
. Branched rods present in several internal organs.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFB5BF8C9BEBD2D68" bold="true" box="[1260,1279,1822,1848]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">R</emphasis>
. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFC2BF896B9EE2D0B" bold="true" box="[924,940,1857,1883]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">S</emphasis>
. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFCA6F8B2B9612D2F" bold="true" box="[785,803,1893,1919]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T</emphasis>
. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFC14F85FB9982DF2" bold="true" box="[931,986,1928,1954]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">U–X</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFC5CF85FBE872DF2" bold="true" box="[1003,1221,1928,1954]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Perforated plates</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFB61F85FBEA92DF2" bold="true" box="[1238,1259,1928,1954]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">U</emphasis>
. Perforated plates from papillae.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFE0FF87CBB8E2D95" bold="true" box="[440,460,1963,1989]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">V</emphasis>
. Perforated plate from tube feet.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFCE1F87CB9312D95" bold="true" box="[854,883,1963,1989]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">W</emphasis>
. End-plate.
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFBB2F87CBE5B2D95" bold="true" box="[1029,1049,1963,1989]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">X</emphasis>
. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of
<emphasis id="42EA7875B715323FFDEBF818B9102DB8" box="[604,850,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B715323FFDEBF818B90C2DB8" ID-CoL="6MZDT" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[604,846,1998,2024]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">I. macroparentheses</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Photos by G. Borrero.
</paragraph>
<caption id="24E1F4EFB714323EFF0EFDE4BC67281F" box="[185,1573,563,591]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[185,254,563,591]">
<paragraph id="7021A467B714323EFF0EFDE4BC67281F" blockId="17.[185,1573,563,591]" box="[185,1573,563,591]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFF0EFDE4BB56281F" bold="true" box="[185,276,563,591]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Table 3</emphasis>
(continued on next page). Characters distinguishing species and subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFB04FDE4BC63281F" authority="Deichmann, 1958" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[1203,1569,563,591]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFB04FDE4BF04281F" box="[1203,1350,563,591]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Isostichopus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B714323EFAFAFDE4BC63281F" author="Deichmann E." box="[1357,1569,563,591]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="253 - 349" refId="ref56722" refString="Deichmann E. 1958. The Holothuroidea collected by the VELERO III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954. Part II. Apsidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 11 (2): 253 - 349. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5215760 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1958">Deichmann, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7021A467B714323EFF76FDABBC992C2B" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<table id="029E56C7B714CDD0FF77FDABBDCC2CEC" box="[192,1934,636,1724]" colsContinueIn="18.[193,1931,1034,1342]" gridcols="6" gridrows="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FDABBDCC28DF" box="[192,1934,636,655]" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FDABBBE628DF" box="[192,420,636,655]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFF76FDABBB6328DF" bold="true" box="[193,289,636,655]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Characters</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FDABB88B28DF" box="[432,713,636,655]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFE07FDABB85E28DF" authorityName="Selenka" authorityYear="1867" box="[432,540,636,655]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFE07FDABB85E28DF" bold="true" box="[432,540,636,655]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">I. badionotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFDABBE6828DF" box="[728,1066,636,655]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFD6FFDABB9D828DF" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[728,922,636,655]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="maculatus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFD6FFDABB9D828DF" bold="true" box="[728,922,636,655]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">I. maculatus maculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFDABBF0428DF" box="[1080,1350,636,655]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFB8FFDABBEB228DF" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1080,1264,636,655]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFB8FFDABBEB228DF" bold="true" box="[1080,1264,636,655]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFDABBCCC28DF" box="[1370,1678,636,655]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFAEDFDABBFE328DF" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[1370,1441,636,655]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFAEDFDABBFE328DF" bold="true" box="[1370,1441,636,655]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">I. fuscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FDABBDCC28DF" box="[1698,1934,636,655]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EF915FDABBD0828DF" authority="Body" authorityName="Body" box="[1698,1866,636,655]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EF915FDABBD0828DF" bold="true" box="[1698,1866,636,655]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FD77BDCC2899" box="[192,1934,672,713]" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FD77BBE62899" box="[192,420,672,713]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Body color</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FD77B88B2899" box="[432,713,672,713]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1A–J, 8):</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFD77BE682899" box="[728,1066,672,713]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1Z–H’, 14):</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFD77BF042899" box="[1080,1350,672,713]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1K–Y, 17–18):</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFD77BCCC2899" box="[1370,1678,672,713]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1I’–O’, 21):</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FD77BDCC2899" box="[1698,1934,672,713]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Not variable, dorsal side light yellow-brown in the</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FD1BBDCC294F" box="[192,1934,716,799]" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FD1BB88B294F" box="[432,713,716,799]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) Chips (CH); 2) Uniform (U); 3) Reticulated (R); 4) Black and yellow (BY).</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFD1BBE68294F" box="[728,1066,716,799]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) Uniform (U); 2) Dark and white (DW); 3) Light and sharp dark (LSD); 4) Dark green and light papillae (DGL).</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFD1BBF04294F" box="[1080,1350,716,799]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) Uniform (U); 2) Dark and white (DW); 3) Light and sharp dark (LSD); 4) Light and blurry dark (LBD).</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFD1BBCCC294F" box="[1370,1678,716,799]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) Chocolate brown uniform (BU); 2) Chocolate brown and stains (BS); 3) Chocolate brown and reddish (BR); 4) Reticulated pattern (R).</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FD1BBDCC294F" box="[1698,1934,716,799]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">background, with irregularly arranged blurred big and small spots in a darker brown color (Figs 1P’–Q’, 22, 24).</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FCEFBDCC29DB" box="[192,1934,824,907]" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FCEFBBE629DB" box="[192,420,824,907]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Small dark spots surrounded by a clear halo and a dark thin line on white blotches or on the background</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FCEFB88B29DB" box="[432,713,824,907]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFCEFBE6829DB" box="[728,1066,824,907]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFCEFBF0429DB" box="[1080,1350,824,907]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFCEFBCCC29DB" box="[1370,1678,824,907]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FCEFBDCC29DB" box="[1698,1934,824,907]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FC76BDCC29E4" box="[192,1934,929,948]" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FC76BBE629E4" box="[192,420,929,948]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Whitish spot-like granules</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FC76B88B29E4" box="[432,713,929,948]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFC76BE6829E4" box="[728,1066,929,948]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFC76BF0429E4" box="[1080,1350,929,948]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFC76BCCC29E4" box="[1370,1678,929,948]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FC76BDCC29E4" box="[1698,1934,929,948]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FC18BDCC29A7" box="[192,1934,975,1015]" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FC18BBE629A7" box="[192,420,975,1015]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Spiral lines on dorsal and lateral papillae</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FC18B88B29A7" box="[432,713,975,1015]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFC18BE6829A7" box="[728,1066,975,1015]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sometimes present</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFC18BF0429A7" box="[1080,1350,975,1015]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFC18BCCC29A7" box="[1370,1678,975,1015]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FC18BDCC29A7" box="[1698,1934,975,1015]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FBDCBDCC2E64" box="[192,1934,1035,1076]" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FBDCBBE62E64" box="[192,420,1035,1076]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Body wall appearance in live specimens</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FBDCB88B2E64" box="[432,713,1035,1076]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Opaque/Smooth</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFBDCBE682E64" box="[728,1066,1035,1076]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Opaque/Smooth</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFBDCBF042E64" box="[1080,1350,1035,1076]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Semi translucent/Rugose</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFBDCBCCC2E64" box="[1370,1678,1035,1076]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Opaque/Smooth</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FBDCBDCC2E64" box="[1698,1934,1035,1076]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Semi translucent/Smooth</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FB9FBDCC2E30" box="[192,1934,1096,1120]" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FB9FBBE62E30" box="[192,420,1096,1120]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C–shaped ossicles</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FB9FB88B2E30" box="[432,713,1096,1120]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">52–130 (x = 80) µm</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFB9FBE682E30" box="[728,1066,1096,1120]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">54–90 µm (x = 69) µm</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFB9FBF042E30" box="[1080,1350,1096,1120]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">45–98 (x = 71) µm</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFB9FBCCC2E30" box="[1370,1678,1096,1120]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">60–109 (x = 81) µm</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FB9FBDCC2E30" box="[1698,1934,1096,1120]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">91–155 (x = 113) µm</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FBA2BDCC2ED8" box="[192,1934,1141,1160]" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FBA2BBE62ED8" box="[192,420,1141,1160]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tables in dorsal papillae</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FBA2B88B2ED8" box="[432,713,1141,1160]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Regular
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFE43FBA2B81A2ED8" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[500,600,1141,1160]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFE43FBA2B81A2ED8" box="[500,600,1141,1160]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Isostichopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tables,
</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFBA2BE682ED8" box="[728,1066,1141,1160]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
1) Regular
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFC85FBA2B9D42ED8" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[818,918,1141,1160]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFC85FBA2B9D42ED8" box="[818,918,1141,1160]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Isostichopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tables,
</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFBA2BF042ED8" box="[1080,1350,1141,1160]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Regular
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFBCBFBA2BEA22ED8" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[1148,1248,1141,1160]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFBCBFBA2BEA22ED8" box="[1148,1248,1141,1160]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Isostichopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tables, discs
</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFBA2BCCC2ED8" box="[1370,1678,1141,1160]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Regular
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFA28FBA2BC412ED8" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[1439,1539,1141,1160]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFA28FBA2BC412ED8" box="[1439,1539,1141,1160]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Isostichopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tables,
</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FBA2BDCC2ED8" box="[1698,1934,1141,1160]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Regular
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EF951FBA2BD082ED8" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[1766,1866,1141,1160]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EF951FBA2BD082ED8" box="[1766,1866,1141,1160]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Isostichopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tables,
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FB5CBDCC2EA4" box="[192,1934,1163,1268]" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FB5CB88B2EA4" box="[432,713,1163,1268]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">discs fully developed (Figs 2A, 7A)</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFB5CBE682EA4" box="[728,1066,1163,1268]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
discs fully developed (Figs 2A–B, 13A) 2) Modified
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B714323EFC8BFB77B9CC2EE3" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[828,910,1184,1203]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B714323EFC8BFB77B9CC2EE3" box="[828,910,1184,1203]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">maculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tables (Figs 2D, 13A)
</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFB5CBF042EA4" box="[1080,1350,1163,1268]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">fully developed (Figs 2A, 16A)</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFB5CBCCC2EA4" box="[1370,1678,1163,1268]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">discs fully developed (Figs 2A, 20A)</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FB5CBDCC2EA4" box="[1698,1934,1163,1268]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">discs fully developed in small and medium size specimens; discs completely reduced in large specimens (Figs 2C, 23A)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FADBBDCC2F1A" box="[192,1934,1292,1354]" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FADBBBE62F1A" box="[192,420,1292,1354]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Table height in dorsal papillae</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FADBB88B2F1A" box="[432,713,1292,1354]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 33–70 (x = 52) µm Juveniles: 33–41 (x = 37) µm</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFADBBE682F1A" box="[728,1066,1292,1354]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 58–86 (x = 71) µm 2) 60–108 (x = 86) µm</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFADBBF042F1A" box="[1080,1350,1292,1354]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 31–78 (x = 52) µm Juveniles: 31–46 (x = 38) µm</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFADBBCCC2F1A" box="[1370,1678,1292,1354]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 34–65 (x =50) µm Juveniles: 34–46 (x = 41) µm</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FADBBDCC2F1A" box="[1698,1934,1292,1354]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 29–38 (x =34) µm Juveniles: 31–48 µm (x = 40) µm</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FA88BDCC2FD8" box="[192,1934,1375,1416]" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FA88BBE62FD8" box="[192,420,1375,1416]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Table disc diameter in dorsal papillae</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FA88B88B2FD8" box="[432,713,1375,1416]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 39–81 (x = 58) µm</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFA88BE682FD8" box="[728,1066,1375,1416]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 62–95 (x = 80) µm 2) 66–141 (x = 106) µm</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFA88BF042FD8" box="[1080,1350,1375,1416]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 39–84 (x = 64) µm</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFA88BCCC2FD8" box="[1370,1678,1375,1416]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 42–95 (x = 63) µm</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FA88BDCC2FD8" box="[1698,1934,1375,1416]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1) 17–27 (x = 23) µm Juveniles: 24–77 (x = 48) µm</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FA4BBDCC2F94" box="[192,1934,1436,1476]" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FA4BBBE62F94" box="[192,420,1436,1476]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Worm–like rods in dorsal papillae</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FA4BB88B2F94" box="[432,713,1436,1476]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFA4BBE682F94" box="[728,1066,1436,1476]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sometimes present</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFA4BBF042F94" box="[1080,1350,1436,1476]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFA4BBCCC2F94" box="[1370,1678,1436,1476]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FA4BBDCC2F94" box="[1698,1934,1436,1476]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77FA0FBDCC2C51" box="[192,1934,1496,1537]" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77FA0FBBE62C51" box="[192,420,1496,1537]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tables in mouth membrane (Fig. 11)</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07FA0FB88B2C51" box="[432,713,1496,1537]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables, usually tall spire</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FFA0FBE682C51" box="[728,1066,1496,1537]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables, low spire usually incomplete</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FFA0FBF042C51" box="[1080,1350,1496,1537]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables, usually flat spire</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDFA0FBCCC2C51" box="[1370,1678,1496,1537]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables, some specimens without tables</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915FA0FBDCC2C51" box="[1698,1934,1496,1537]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables, tall spire, sometimes incomplete</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77F9C2BDCC2C03" box="[192,1934,1557,1619]" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77F9C2BBE62C03" box="[192,420,1557,1619]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tridimensional spheres and straight/spiky rods in the Respiratory tree (Fig. 23F)</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07F9C2B88B2C03" box="[432,713,1557,1619]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FF9C2BE682C03" box="[728,1066,1557,1619]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FF9C2BF042C03" box="[1080,1350,1557,1619]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDF9C2BCCC2C03" box="[1370,1678,1557,1619]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915F9C2BDCC2C03" box="[1698,1934,1557,1619]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B714CDD0FF77F9BFBDCC2CEC" box="[192,1934,1640,1724]" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<th id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FF77F9BFBBE62CEC" box="[192,420,1640,1724]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the cloaca (Figs 11D, 19C, 20F).</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FE07F9BFB88B2CEC" box="[432,713,1640,1724]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FD6FF9BFBE682CEC" box="[728,1066,1640,1724]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FB8FF9BFBF042CEC" box="[1080,1350,1640,1724]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0FAEDF9BFBCCC2CEC" box="[1370,1678,1640,1724]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Present</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B714CDD0F915F9BFBDCC2CEC" box="[1698,1934,1640,1724]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Absent</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="24E1F4EFB717323DFF0EFC62BFCA2981" box="[185,1416,949,977]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[185,254,949,977]">
<paragraph id="7021A467B717323DFF0EFC62BFCA2981" blockId="18.[185,1416,949,977]" box="[185,1416,949,977]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B717323DFF0EFC62BB562981" bold="true" box="[185,276,949,977]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Table 3</emphasis>
(continued). Characters distinguishing species and subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B717323DFBA1FC62BFC62981" authority="Deichmann, 1958" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[1046,1412,949,977]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B717323DFBA1FC62BEEB2981" box="[1046,1193,949,977]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Isostichopus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B717323DFB07FC62BFC62981" author="Deichmann E." box="[1200,1412,949,977]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="253 - 349" refId="ref56722" refString="Deichmann E. 1958. The Holothuroidea collected by the VELERO III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954. Part II. Apsidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 11 (2): 253 - 349. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5215760 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1958">Deichmann, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7021A467B717323DFF76FBDDBCA82F6E" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<table id="029E56C7B717CDD0FF76FBDDBDC92F6E" box="[193,1931,1034,1342]" colsContinueFrom="17.[192,1934,636,1724]" gridcols="6" gridrows="7" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<tr id="CEAEA625B717CDD0FF76FBDDBDC92E4D" box="[193,1931,1034,1053]" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<th id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FF76FBDDBBE02E4D" box="[193,418,1034,1053]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B717323DFF76FBDDBB632E4D" bold="true" box="[193,289,1034,1053]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Characters</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FE07FBDDB8882E4D" box="[432,714,1034,1053]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B717323DFE07FBDDB85E2E4D" authorityName="Selenka" authorityYear="1867" box="[432,540,1034,1053]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B717323DFE07FBDDB85E2E4D" bold="true" box="[432,540,1034,1053]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">I. badionotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FD6FFBDDBE5D2E4D" box="[728,1055,1034,1053]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B717323DFD6FFBDDB9D82E4D" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[728,922,1034,1053]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="maculatus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B717323DFD6FFBDDB9D82E4D" bold="true" box="[728,922,1034,1053]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">I. maculatus maculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FB8FFBDDBF0F2E4D" box="[1080,1357,1034,1053]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B717323DFB8FFBDDBEB22E4D" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1080,1264,1034,1053]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B717323DFB8FFBDDBEB22E4D" bold="true" box="[1080,1264,1034,1053]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FAEDFBDDBCC62E4D" box="[1370,1668,1034,1053]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B717323DFAEDFBDDBFE32E4D" baseAuthorityName="Ludwig" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[1370,1441,1034,1053]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B717323DFAEDFBDDBFE32E4D" bold="true" box="[1370,1441,1034,1053]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">I. fuscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0F915FBDDBDC92E4D" box="[1698,1931,1034,1053]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B717323DF915FBDDBD082E4D" authority="Habitat" authorityName="Habitat" box="[1698,1866,1034,1053]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B717323DF915FBDDBD082E4D" bold="true" box="[1698,1866,1034,1053]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B717CDD0FF76FBFABDC92E10" box="[193,1931,1069,1088]" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<th id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FF76FBFABBE02E10" box="[193,418,1069,1088]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Habitat (Individuals&gt;13 cm</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FE07FBFAB8882E10" box="[432,714,1069,1088]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Muddy, sandy, rocky, or mixed</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FD6FFBFABE5D2E10" box="[728,1055,1069,1088]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rocky, sandy and mixed bottom.</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FB8FFBFABF0F2E10" box="[1080,1357,1069,1088]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rocky bottoms associated with</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FAEDFBFABCC62E10" box="[1370,1668,1069,1088]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rocky or mixed bottoms.</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0F915FBFABDC92E10" box="[1698,1931,1069,1088]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rocky bottom, in the back</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B717CDD0FF76FB94BDC92E3C" box="[193,1931,1091,1132]" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FF76FB94BBE02E3C" box="[193,418,1091,1132]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">long)</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FE07FB94B8882E3C" box="[432,714,1091,1132]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">bottoms and seagrass beds</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FB8FFB94BF0F2E3C" box="[1080,1357,1091,1132]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">live corals, sponges, rubble, or rocks</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0F915FB94BDC92E3C" box="[1698,1931,1091,1132]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">reef, reef crest, and fore reef.</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B717CDD0FF76FB57BDC92EF9" box="[193,1931,1152,1193]" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<th id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FF76FB57BBE02EF9" box="[193,418,1152,1193]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Behavior (during day)</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FE07FB57B8882EF9" box="[432,714,1152,1193]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Exposed</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FD6FFB57BE5D2EF9" box="[728,1055,1152,1193]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Exposed?</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FB8FFB57BF0F2EF9" box="[1080,1357,1152,1193]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hidden, although exposed for short times</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FAEDFB57BCC62EF9" box="[1370,1668,1152,1193]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Semi–exposed or exposed</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0F915FB57BDC92EF9" box="[1698,1931,1152,1193]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hidden? under or among rocks</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B717CDD0FF76FB6ABDC92E80" box="[193,1931,1213,1232]" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<th id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FF76FB6ABBE02E80" box="[193,418,1213,1232]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Abundance</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FE07FB6AB8882E80" box="[432,714,1213,1232]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Abundant at some localities</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FD6FFB6ABE5D2E80" box="[728,1055,1213,1232]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Abundant at some localities</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FB8FFB6ABF0F2E80" box="[1080,1357,1213,1232]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Abundant at some localities</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FAEDFB6ABCC62E80" box="[1370,1668,1213,1232]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Abundant at some localities</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0F915FB6ABDC92E80" box="[1698,1931,1213,1232]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Not common</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B717CDD0FF76FB3DBDC92F43" box="[193,1931,1258,1299]" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<th id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FF76FB3DBBE02F43" box="[193,418,1258,1299]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Distribution (Fig. 5)</th>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FE07FB3DB8882F43" box="[432,714,1258,1299]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">West Atlantic, from North Carolina to Brazil, including Bermuda and</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FD6FFB3DBE5D2F43" box="[728,1055,1258,1299]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">East and Mid Atlantic: Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Gabon, Nigeria,</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FB8FFB3DBF0F2F43" box="[1080,1357,1258,1299]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">West Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FAEDFB3DBCC62F43" box="[1370,1668,1258,1299]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">East Pacific, from the Gulf of California to Peru, including Isla del</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0F915FB3DBDC92F43" box="[1698,1931,1258,1299]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">West Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CEAEA625B717CDD0FF76FAC2BDC92F6E" box="[193,1931,1301,1342]" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FE07FAC2B8882F6E" box="[432,714,1301,1342]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">the Antilles</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FD6FFAC2BE5D2F6E" box="[728,1055,1301,1342]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, and Ascension island</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0FAEDFAC2BCC62F6E" box="[1370,1668,1301,1342]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Coco, Malpelo, Galapagos, Lobos de Afuera Islands.</td>
<td id="8D7FCF59B717CDD0F915FAC2BDC92F6E" box="[1698,1931,1301,1342]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Sea, confirmed in only a few localities</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7021A467B716323BFF0AFEDEB9512BFA" blockId="19.[188,1400,265,627]" lastBlockId="20.[189,1401,265,426]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
plates with numerous holes (Fig. 2V); slightly or strongly curved rods with broad perforated expansions in the middle (Fig. 2T); both plates and rods larger than those of dorsal papillae. Ventral body wall with only tables and a few C-shaped ossicles. Tentacles with strongly or slightly curved spiny rods in varying sizes (Fig. 2O) and small tables as those of the body wall, or modified with low and incomplete spires (Fig. 2F). Mouth membrane with thin C-shaped rods, simple rods, and large tables, not documented previously for the genus, with well-developed spire, composed of at least ten pillars joining at the top, forming very dense and thick crown of spines, without crossbeams; discs of the same width as the spire, or wider with several rings of holes and several central perforations (Figs 2H, 7D, 11, 16D). Longitudinal muscles containing C-shaped rods and simple rods. Posterior part of the cloaca with C-shaped, simple or bifurcated rods (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B716323CFE28FDE0BBB72801" box="[415,501,567,593]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
); anterior part with simple, branched rods, irregular plate-like branched rods (Fig. 2R) and large tables, with well-developed and very dense and thick spire, some with circular
<emphasis id="42EA7875B716323CFF0AF946BB602CFB" bold="true" box="[189,290,1681,1707]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3A.</emphasis>
Bayesian inference tree of concatenated sequences of the mitochondrial COI-Fr1 (Barcoding region), COI-Fr2 and 16S gene fragments. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability/Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %)/Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that a node was absent in the tree estimated by a particular method. Individuals are indicated by the field number, which includes the initial letter of the locality and the color pattern when available (see
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB716323CFF0AF896BB512D0C" box="[189,275,1857,1884]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[186,254,546,574]" captionText="Table 1 (continued on next six pages). Specimens of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958 analyzed for the partial regions of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI-Fr1-Barcoding region, COI-Fr2) and 16S genes. Catalog number column includes voucher specimens or tissues from where the sequences were obtained. Field numbers used in phylogenetic trees correspond to the initial letter of the locality, the code and the color patterns in Fig. 1. Contractions in locality column: Mexico:Yuc =Yucatán; Belize: TC = Tobacco Cay; CBC = Carrie Bow Cay; Panama: BT = Bocas del Toro; Ga = Galeta; Ta = Taboguilla Island (Pacific); IP = Perlas Islands (Pacific); Colombia: SM = Santa Marta; MSM = Morro de Santa Marta; MPA = Morritos de PuntaAguja; Ne = Bahía Neguanje; LG = La Guajira; BA = Banco de las Ánimas; Prov = Providencia Island; Ch = Choco (Pacific); Ecuador: Gal = Galapagos; U.S. Virgin Islands: SCI = St. Croix; British Virgin Islands: GI = Guana Island; Curaçao: Cu = Curaçao; Cu-CMRS = Curaçao-Carmabi Marine Research Station; Brazil: SC = Santa Catalina; Cape Verde: SV = Sao Vicente Island; SI = Santiago Island; Senegal: DÎM = Dakar-Îles Madeleines; Liberia: K = Kligba, Rivercess County; AB = Artah Beach, Sasstow Grand Kru County; Ascension Island: EB = English Bay; G = Georgetown. Photo ID: figure number in the present paper or the process ID in the BOLD database. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses denote sequences by other authors. Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867, and Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) were used as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses. An asterisk (*) in the species column indicates that the species ID in GenBank was changed from a previous name (shown in parentheses)." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Table 1</tableCitation>
, Fig. 1). Text color meaning: green =
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B716323CFD7BF896B9B02D0B" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[716,1010,1857,1883]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isosostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B716323CFD7BF896B9B02D0B" box="[716,1010,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Isosostichopus maculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B716323CFC4DF896BF602D0C" authority="(Greeff, 1882)" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[1018,1314,1857,1884]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isosostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B716323CFC4DF896BE322D0B" box="[1018,1136,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">maculatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B716323CFB37F896BF5B2D0C" author="Greeff R." box="[1152,1305,1857,1884]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="114 - 120" refId="ref57470" refString="Greeff R. 1882. Echinodermen, beobachtet auf einer Reise nach der Guinea-Insel Sao Tome. Zoologischer Anzeiger 5: 114 - 120, 135 - 139, 156 - 159. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9734185 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1882">Greeff, 1882</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; blue =
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B716323CFF0AF8B1B8242D2F" authority="(Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[189,614,1893,1919]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isosostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B716323CFF0AF8B1BBFE2D2F" box="[189,444,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B716323CFE79F8B2B81F2D2F" author="Clark H. L." box="[462,605,1893,1919]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; pink =
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B716323CFD71F8B1BEEE2D2F" ID-CoL="52J9T" authority="(Selenka, 1867) Chips (CH)" authorityName="Chips (CH" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[710,1196,1893,1919]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B716323CFD71F8B1B91D2D2F" box="[710,863,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">I. badionotus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B716323CFCD9F8B2BE572D2F" author="Selenka E." box="[878,1045,1893,1919]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="291 - 374" refId="ref62331" refString="Selenka E. 1867. Beitrage zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 17 (2): 291 - 374. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45007590 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1867">Selenka, 1867</bibRefCitation>
) Chips (CH)
</taxonomicName>
pattern; purple = Uniform (U) pattern; red = reticulated (R) pattern; orange = Black and Yellow (BY) pattern. Sequences from GenBank are indicated with their accession number and species ID as included in GenBank (see
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB716323CFF0AF819BB522DB8" box="[189,272,1998,2024]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[186,254,546,574]" captionText="Table 1 (continued on next six pages). Specimens of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958 analyzed for the partial regions of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI-Fr1-Barcoding region, COI-Fr2) and 16S genes. Catalog number column includes voucher specimens or tissues from where the sequences were obtained. Field numbers used in phylogenetic trees correspond to the initial letter of the locality, the code and the color patterns in Fig. 1. Contractions in locality column: Mexico:Yuc =Yucatán; Belize: TC = Tobacco Cay; CBC = Carrie Bow Cay; Panama: BT = Bocas del Toro; Ga = Galeta; Ta = Taboguilla Island (Pacific); IP = Perlas Islands (Pacific); Colombia: SM = Santa Marta; MSM = Morro de Santa Marta; MPA = Morritos de PuntaAguja; Ne = Bahía Neguanje; LG = La Guajira; BA = Banco de las Ánimas; Prov = Providencia Island; Ch = Choco (Pacific); Ecuador: Gal = Galapagos; U.S. Virgin Islands: SCI = St. Croix; British Virgin Islands: GI = Guana Island; Curaçao: Cu = Curaçao; Cu-CMRS = Curaçao-Carmabi Marine Research Station; Brazil: SC = Santa Catalina; Cape Verde: SV = Sao Vicente Island; SI = Santiago Island; Senegal: DÎM = Dakar-Îles Madeleines; Liberia: K = Kligba, Rivercess County; AB = Artah Beach, Sasstow Grand Kru County; Ascension Island: EB = English Bay; G = Georgetown. Photo ID: figure number in the present paper or the process ID in the BOLD database. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses denote sequences by other authors. Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867, and Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) were used as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses. An asterisk (*) in the species column indicates that the species ID in GenBank was changed from a previous name (shown in parentheses)." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Outgroup species:
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B716323CFE4DF819B9872DB8" ID-CoL="FVH9" authority="(Selenka, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[506,965,1998,2024]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B716323CFE4DF819B9482DB8" box="[506,778,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Apostichopus japonicus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B716323CFCAEF819B9FF2DB8" author="Selenka E." box="[793,957,1998,2024]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="291 - 374" refId="ref62331" refString="Selenka E. 1867. Beitrage zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 17 (2): 291 - 374. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45007590 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1867">Selenka, 1867</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B716323CFC4EF819BF312DB8" ID-CoL="6ZS4X" authority="Selenka, 1867" authorityName="Selenka" authorityYear="1867" box="[1017,1395,1998,2024]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="horrens">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B716323CFC4EF819BE842DB8" box="[1017,1222,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stichopus horrens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B716323CFB79F819BF312DB8" author="Selenka E." box="[1230,1395,1998,2024]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="291 - 374" refId="ref62331" refString="Selenka E. 1867. Beitrage zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 17 (2): 291 - 374. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45007590 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1867">Selenka, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. spire, without clear crossbeams, wide discs with several rings of holes and several central perforations (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B711323BFF71FEFDBB5C2B15" box="[198,286,298,325]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Respiratory trees with small tables as those of the body wall or strongly spinose straight or cross-shaped rods and large tridimensional spheres (Fig. 2X), not documented previously for the genus. Intestine with spinose or smooth ossicles in a cross shape (Fig. 2P). Gonads with delicate and long rods (Figs 2N, 11). Rosettes not present in
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B711323BFDCDFE58B94F2BF9" ID-CoL="7P7DL" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[634,781,399,425]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B711323BFDCDFE58B94F2BF9" box="[634,781,399,425]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Isostichopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB711323BFF0AFE07BE2E284A" box="[189,1132,464,538]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="7021A467B711323BFF0AFE07BB142BBA" blockId="20.[189,342,464,490]" box="[189,342,464,490]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<heading id="2B69130BB711323BFF0AFE07BB142BBA" bold="true" box="[189,342,464,490]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" reason="3">
<emphasis id="42EA7875B711323BFF0AFE07BB142BBA" bold="true" box="[189,342,464,490]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7021A467B711323BFF0AFE28BE2E284A" blockId="20.[189,1132,511,538]" box="[189,1132,511,538]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Tropical and subtropical shores of America and the west coast of Africa (
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B711323BFBA2FE28BE1F284A" box="[1045,1117,511,538]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,723,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-121@24.[189,1398,715,1744]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 5. Geographic distribution of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (gray circles), I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (red squares) and I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (blue circles). B. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (green circles) and I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (orange circles). Locations for I. badionotus and I. fuscus were constructed based on observation records in Global Biodiversity Information Facility data and from museum specimens. Locations forI. maculatus phoenius, I. maculatusmaculatus andI. macroparentheses were constructed based only on confirmed localities of collected or preserved museum specimens." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>