From d38cb9b6e677085e5dc1e6584f0bc3fd01010c23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Tue, 10 Sep 2024 19:22:55 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-09-10 19:16:34 --- .../15/F8371571B715323BFD8EFE12BE2E284A.xml | 615 ++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 404 insertions(+), 211 deletions(-) diff --git a/data/F8/37/15/F8371571B715323BFD8EFE12BE2E284A.xml b/data/F8/37/15/F8371571B715323BFD8EFE12BE2E284A.xml index a01e2a287e5..8aee066c640 100644 --- a/data/F8/37/15/F8371571B715323BFD8EFE12BE2E284A.xml +++ b/data/F8/37/15/F8371571B715323BFD8EFE12BE2E284A.xml @@ -1,67 +1,67 @@ - - - -Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus + + + +Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus - - -Author + + +Author -Borrero-Pérez, Giomar H. -987B3945-3A71-4DF0-B860-F23CC231F34C -Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia. & Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras - Invemar, Calle 25 No. 2 - 55, Playa Salguero, Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia. & Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute - STRI, BOX 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Panama. -giomarborrero@gmail.com +Borrero-Pérez, Giomar H. +987B3945-3A71-4DF0-B860-F23CC231F34C +Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia. & Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras - Invemar, Calle 25 No. 2 - 55, Playa Salguero, Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia. & Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute - STRI, BOX 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Panama. +giomarborrero@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Solís-Marín, Francisco A. -A2417F0D-CA2A-4BE2-A6F0-C8991F4B90EA -Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México. -fasolis@cmarl.unam.mx +Solís-Marín, Francisco A. +A2417F0D-CA2A-4BE2-A6F0-C8991F4B90EA +Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México. +fasolis@cmarl.unam.mx - - -Author + + +Author -Lessios, Harilaos -B59566D2-3326-4026-B9B6-9AB12A3EB140 -Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute - STRI, BOX 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Panama. -lessiosh@si.edu +Lessios, Harilaos +B59566D2-3326-4026-B9B6-9AB12A3EB140 +Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute - STRI, BOX 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Panama. +lessiosh@si.edu -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-08-30 + +2024 + +2024-08-30 - -949 + +949 - -1 + +1 - -1 -96 + +1 +96 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2641/12173 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2641/12173 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.949.2641 -2118-9773 -13710645 -EA45BD5E-98F7-4229-A4FD-E377D6BC8591 +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.949.2641 +2118-9773 +13710645 +EA45BD5E-98F7-4229-A4FD-E377D6BC8591 - + @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Genus - + @@ -88,25 +88,71 @@ species Selenka, 1867 + + Description (after Deichmann 1958 ) - + Medium to large species, length to 50 cm -, body wall firm and thick. Highly variable coloration (Fig. 1). Body convex to quadrangular in cross-section. Large lateral papillae, usually sharply defining dorsum and ventrum (or bivium and trivium). Dorsal papillae irregularly arranged and in different sizes and shapes: wart-like, spiky, or with small points. Sole well developed, with three bands of cylindrical podia. Single stone canal attached to the mesentery; calcareous ring with massive radial pieces with posterior projections of different sizes, and narrow interradial pieces with projections pointed anteriorly and concave posterior margins ( +, body wall firm and thick. Highly variable coloration ( +Fig. 1 +). Body convex to quadrangular in cross-section. Large lateral papillae, usually sharply defining dorsum and ventrum (or bivium and trivium). Dorsal papillae irregularly arranged and in different sizes and shapes: wart-like, spiky, or with small points. Sole well developed, with three bands of cylindrical podia. Single stone canal attached to the mesentery; calcareous ring with massive radial pieces with posterior projections of different sizes, and narrow interradial pieces with projections pointed anteriorly and concave posterior margins ( Fig. 4 -). Ossicles: dorsal papillae with tables; thin C- or S-shaped rods in varying numbers and sizes; large, curved rods with quadrangular projections, sometimes perforated in the middle (Fig. 2S); few perforated plates in the tip (Fig. 2U). Tables in a dense layer, low, squat, with a circular disc with 8 to 12 small holes, four pillars, single crossbeam, and a wreath of small spines at the crown (Fig. 2A–B); tables with reduced disc (Fig. 2C), additional holes in more than one ring ( +). Ossicles: dorsal papillae with tables; thin C- or S-shaped rods in varying numbers and sizes; large, curved rods with quadrangular projections, sometimes perforated in the middle ( +Fig. 2S +); few perforated plates in the tip ( +Fig. 2U +). Tables in a dense layer, low, squat, with a circular disc with 8 to 12 small holes, four pillars, single crossbeam, and a wreath of small spines at the crown ( +Fig. 2A–B +); tables with reduced disc ( +Fig. 2C +), additional holes in more than one ring ( Fig. 20A -), or larger and modified discs also present (Fig. 2D), mainly at the top of papillae. Dorsal body wall with tables and a few thin C- or S-shaped rods only. Ossicles in dorsal papillae and body wall change during growth, though drastic ontogenetic changes occurring only in +), or larger and modified discs also present ( +Fig. 2D +), mainly at the top of papillae. Dorsal body wall with tables and a few thin C- or S-shaped rods only. Ossicles in dorsal papillae and body wall change during growth, though drastic ontogenetic changes occurring only in I. macroparentheses -. Pedicels with low tables with large and not rounded central perforation (Fig. 2E); thin C-shaped rods less frequent than in the dorsal papillae; large endplates (Fig. 2W); numerous perforated or supporting +. Pedicels with low tables with large and not rounded central perforation ( +Fig. 2E +); thin C-shaped rods less frequent than in the dorsal papillae; large endplates ( +Fig. 2W +); numerous perforated or supporting plates with numerous holes ( +Fig. 2V +); slightly or strongly curved rods with broad perforated expansions in the middle ( +Fig. 2T +); both plates and rods larger than those of dorsal papillae. Ventral body wall with only tables and a few C-shaped ossicles. Tentacles with strongly or slightly curved spiny rods in varying sizes ( +Fig. 2O +) and small tables as those of the body wall, or modified with low and incomplete spires ( +Fig. 2F +). Mouth membrane with thin C-shaped rods, simple rods, and large tables, not documented previously for the genus, with well-developed spire, composed of at least ten pillars joining at the top, forming very dense and thick crown of spines, without crossbeams; discs of the same width as the spire, or wider with several rings of holes and several central perforations ( +Figs 2H +, 7D, 11, 16D). Longitudinal muscles containing C-shaped rods and simple rods. Posterior part of the cloaca with C-shaped, simple or bifurcated rods ( +Fig. 11 +); anterior part with simple, branched rods, irregular plate-like branched rods ( +Fig. 2R +) and large tables, with well-developed and very dense and thick spire, some with circular spire, without clear crossbeams, wide discs with several rings of holes and several central perforations ( +Fig. 11 +). Respiratory trees with small tables as those of the body wall or strongly spinose straight or cross-shaped rods and large tridimensional spheres ( +Fig. 2X +), not documented previously for the genus. Intestine with spinose or smooth ossicles in a cross shape ( +Fig. 2P +). Gonads with delicate and long rods ( +Figs 2N +, 11). Rosettes not present in + +Isostichopus + +. + + Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of @@ -220,7 +266,8 @@ and Photos by G. Borrero. - + + Table 3 (continued on next page). Characters distinguishing species and subspecies of @@ -232,7 +279,7 @@ Photos by G. Borrero. - +
- - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + + + +
Characters @@ -263,159 +310,143 @@ Photos by G. Borrero.
Body colorHighly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1A–J, 8):Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1Z–H’, 14):Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1K–Y, 17–18):Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1I’–O’, 21):Not variable, dorsal side light yellow-brown in the
Body colorHighly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1A–J, 8): 1) Chips (CH); 2) Uniform (U); 3) Reticulated (R); 4) Black and yellow (BY).Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1Z–H’, 14): 1) Uniform (U); 2) Dark and white (DW); 3) Light and sharp dark (LSD); 4) Dark green and light papillae (DGL).Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1K–Y, 17–18): 1) Uniform (U); 2) Dark and white (DW); 3) Light and sharp dark (LSD); 4) Light and blurry dark (LBD).Highly variable, four main patterns (Figs 1I’–O’, 21): 1) Chocolate brown uniform (BU); 2) Chocolate brown and stains (BS); 3) Chocolate brown and reddish (BR); 4) Reticulated pattern (R).Not variable, dorsal side light yellow-brown in the background, with irregularly arranged blurred big and small spots in a darker brown color (Figs 1P’–Q’, 22, 24).
1) Chips (CH); 2) Uniform (U); 3) Reticulated (R); 4) Black and yellow (BY).1) Uniform (U); 2) Dark and white (DW); 3) Light and sharp dark (LSD); 4) Dark green and light papillae (DGL).1) Uniform (U); 2) Dark and white (DW); 3) Light and sharp dark (LSD); 4) Light and blurry dark (LBD).1) Chocolate brown uniform (BU); 2) Chocolate brown and stains (BS); 3) Chocolate brown and reddish (BR); 4) Reticulated pattern (R).background, with irregularly arranged blurred big and small spots in a darker brown color (Figs 1P’–Q’, 22, 24).
Small dark spots surrounded by a clear halo and a dark thin line on white blotches or on the backgroundAbsentAbsentPresentAbsentAbsent
Small dark spots surrounded by a clear halo and a dark thin line on white blotches or on the backgroundAbsentAbsentPresentAbsentAbsent
Whitish spot-like granulesAbsentPresentAbsentAbsentAbsent
Whitish spot-like granulesAbsentPresentAbsentAbsentAbsent
Spiral lines on dorsal and lateral papillaeAbsentSometimes presentPresentAbsentAbsent
Spiral lines on dorsal and lateral papillaeAbsentSometimes presentPresentAbsentAbsent
Body wall appearance in live specimensOpaque/SmoothOpaque/SmoothSemi translucent/RugoseOpaque/SmoothSemi translucent/Smooth
Body wall appearance in live specimensOpaque/SmoothOpaque/SmoothSemi translucent/RugoseOpaque/SmoothSemi translucent/Smooth
C–shaped ossicles52–130 (x = 80) µm54–90 µm (x = 69) µm45–98 (x = 71) µm60–109 (x = 81) µm91–155 (x = 113) µm
C–shaped ossicles52–130 (x = 80) µm54–90 µm (x = 69) µm45–98 (x = 71) µm60–109 (x = 81) µm91–155 (x = 113) µm
Tables in dorsal papillae +
Tables in dorsal papillae Regular Isostichopus -tables, +tables, discs fully developed (Figs 2A, 7A) + 1) Regular Isostichopus -tables, - -Regular - -Isostichopus - -tables, discs - -Regular - -Isostichopus - -tables, - -Regular - -Isostichopus - -tables, -
discs fully developed (Figs 2A, 7A) -discs fully developed (Figs 2A–B, 13A) 2) Modified +tables, discs fully developed (Figs 2A–B, 13A) 2) Modified maculatus tables (Figs 2D, 13A) fully developed (Figs 2A, 16A)discs fully developed (Figs 2A, 20A)discs fully developed in small and medium size specimens; discs completely reduced in large specimens (Figs 2C, 23A) +Regular + +Isostichopus + +tables, discs fully developed (Figs 2A, 16A) + +Regular + +Isostichopus + +tables, discs fully developed (Figs 2A, 20A) + +Regular + +Isostichopus + +tables, discs fully developed in small and medium size specimens; discs completely reduced in large specimens (Figs 2C, 23A) +
Table height in dorsal papillae1) 33–70 (x = 52) µm Juveniles: 33–41 (x = 37) µm1) 58–86 (x = 71) µm 2) 60–108 (x = 86) µm1) 31–78 (x = 52) µm Juveniles: 31–46 (x = 38) µm1) 34–65 (x =50) µm Juveniles: 34–46 (x = 41) µm1) 29–38 (x =34) µm Juveniles: 31–48 µm (x = 40) µm
Table height in dorsal papillae1) 33–70 (x = 52) µm Juveniles: 33–41 (x = 37) µm1) 58–86 (x = 71) µm 2) 60–108 (x = 86) µm1) 31–78 (x = 52) µm Juveniles: 31–46 (x = 38) µm1) 34–65 (x =50) µm Juveniles: 34–46 (x = 41) µm1) 29–38 (x =34) µm Juveniles: 31–48 µm (x = 40) µm
Table disc diameter in dorsal papillae1) 39–81 (x = 58) µm1) 62–95 (x = 80) µm 2) 66–141 (x = 106) µm1) 39–84 (x = 64) µm1) 42–95 (x = 63) µm1) 17–27 (x = 23) µm Juveniles: 24–77 (x = 48) µm
Table disc diameter in dorsal papillae1) 39–81 (x = 58) µm1) 62–95 (x = 80) µm 2) 66–141 (x = 106) µm1) 39–84 (x = 64) µm1) 42–95 (x = 63) µm1) 17–27 (x = 23) µm Juveniles: 24–77 (x = 48) µm
Worm–like rods in dorsal papillaeAbsentSometimes presentPresentAbsentAbsent
Worm–like rods in dorsal papillaeAbsentSometimes presentPresentAbsentAbsent
Tables in mouth membrane (Fig. 11)Large tables, usually tall spireLarge tables, low spire usually incompleteLarge tables, usually flat spireLarge tables, some specimens without tablesLarge tables, tall spire, sometimes incomplete
Tables in mouth membrane (Fig. 11)Large tables, usually tall spireLarge tables, low spire usually incompleteLarge tables, usually flat spireLarge tables, some specimens without tablesLarge tables, tall spire, sometimes incomplete
Tridimensional spheres and straight/spiky rods in the Respiratory tree (Fig. 23F)AbsentAbsentAbsentAbsentPresent
Tridimensional spheres and straight/spiky rods in the Respiratory tree (Fig. 23F)AbsentAbsentAbsentAbsentPresent
Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the cloaca (Figs 11D, 19C, 20F).AbsentAbsentAbsentPresentAbsent
Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the cloaca (Figs 11D, 19C, 20F).AbsentAbsentAbsentPresentAbsent
@@ -431,7 +462,7 @@ tables (Figs 2D, 13A) - +
- - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + +
Characters @@ -492,30 +523,24 @@ tables (Figs 2D, 13A) Abundant at some localities Not common
Distribution (Fig. 5)West Atlantic, from North Carolina to Brazil, including Bermuda andEast and Mid Atlantic: Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Gabon, Nigeria,West Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean SeaEast Pacific, from the Gulf of California to Peru, including Isla delWest Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean
the AntillesCape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, and Ascension islandCoco, Malpelo, Galapagos, Lobos de Afuera Islands.Sea, confirmed in only a few localities
Distribution (Fig. 5)West Atlantic, from North Carolina to Brazil, including Bermuda and the AntillesEast and Mid Atlantic: Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Gabon, Nigeria, Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, and Ascension islandWest Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean SeaEast Pacific, from the Gulf of California to Peru, including Isla del Coco, Malpelo, Galapagos, Lobos de Afuera Islands.West Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, confirmed in only a few localities
- -plates with numerous holes (Fig. 2V); slightly or strongly curved rods with broad perforated expansions in the middle (Fig. 2T); both plates and rods larger than those of dorsal papillae. Ventral body wall with only tables and a few C-shaped ossicles. Tentacles with strongly or slightly curved spiny rods in varying sizes (Fig. 2O) and small tables as those of the body wall, or modified with low and incomplete spires (Fig. 2F). Mouth membrane with thin C-shaped rods, simple rods, and large tables, not documented previously for the genus, with well-developed spire, composed of at least ten pillars joining at the top, forming very dense and thick crown of spines, without crossbeams; discs of the same width as the spire, or wider with several rings of holes and several central perforations (Figs 2H, 7D, 11, 16D). Longitudinal muscles containing C-shaped rods and simple rods. Posterior part of the cloaca with C-shaped, simple or bifurcated rods ( -Fig. 11 -); anterior part with simple, branched rods, irregular plate-like branched rods (Fig. 2R) and large tables, with well-developed and very dense and thick spire, some with circular + + Fig. 3A. Bayesian inference tree of concatenated sequences of the mitochondrial COI-Fr1 (Barcoding region), COI-Fr2 and 16S gene fragments. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability/Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %)/Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that a node was absent in the tree estimated by a particular method. Individuals are indicated by the field number, which includes the initial letter of the locality and the color pattern when available (see -Table 1 -, Fig. 1). Text color meaning: green = +Table 1 +, +Fig. 1 +). Text color meaning: green = Isosostichopus maculatus @@ -540,7 +565,7 @@ Bayesian inference tree of concatenated sequences of the mitochondrial COI-Fr1 ( ) Chips (CH) pattern; purple = Uniform (U) pattern; red = reticulated (R) pattern; orange = Black and Yellow (BY) pattern. Sequences from GenBank are indicated with their accession number and species ID as included in GenBank (see -Table 1 +Table 1 ). Outgroup species: Apostichopus japonicus @@ -553,15 +578,9 @@ and Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867 -. spire, without clear crossbeams, wide discs with several rings of holes and several central perforations ( -Fig. 11 -). Respiratory trees with small tables as those of the body wall or strongly spinose straight or cross-shaped rods and large tridimensional spheres (Fig. 2X), not documented previously for the genus. Intestine with spinose or smooth ossicles in a cross shape (Fig. 2P). Gonads with delicate and long rods (Figs 2N, 11). Rosettes not present in - -Isostichopus - . - + @@ -574,5 +593,179 @@ Tropical and subtropical shores of America and the west coast of Africa ( ). + + + +Key to the species of the genus + +Isostichopus +Deichmann, 1958 + + + + + + + + + +1. C-shaped ossicles> 90 µm on average and 2–3 times as long as the tables are high; disc tables in dorsal papillae and body wall completely reduced in adults ( +Figs 2C +, 10E, 23A); tridimensional spheres and straight/spiky rods in the respiratory trees ( +Fig. 23F +); color not variable, dorsal side light yellow-brown in background, with irregularly arranged blurred large and small darker brown spots ( +Fig. 24 +); distributed in the Gulf of +Mexico +and Caribbean Sea, confirmed in few localities ( +Fig. 5B +), not a common species ................................................................. + +I. macroparentheses +( +Clark, 1922 +) + + + + +– C-shaped ossicles <90 µm on average; disc tables in dorsal papillae and body wall with complete ring of holes, not reduced in adults; color highly variable; common and abundant species ............ 2 + + + + + +2. Table ossicles from top of the dorsal papillae in two shapes ( +Figs 10C +, +13A +), large, regular + +Isostichopus + +tables 58–86 µm (average = 71 µm) ( +Fig. 2B +) and modified + +“ +maculatus + +” tables 60– 108 µm (average = 86 µm) ( +Fig. 2D +); whitish spot-like granules on the skin ( +Figs 1 +, 14); distributed in the Mid and East Atlantic ( +Fig. 5A +) ................................. + +I. maculatus maculatus +( +Greeff, 1882 +) + + + + + +– Table ossicles from top of the dorsal papillae only regular + +Isostichopus + +tables 29–70 µm (average = 47 µm) ............................................................................................................................................... 3 + + + + + + +3. Large wart-like dorsal papillae ( +Figs 19 +, +21 +); table ossicles from top of the dorsal papillae only regular + +Isostichopus + +tables squarer than narrow in profile ( +Figs 10D +, +20A +); large tables with a circular spire well developed in the cloaca ( +Figs 11D +, +19C +, +20F +); distributed in the East Pacific Ocean ( +Fig. 5B +) ..................................................................................................................... + +I. fuscus +( +Ludwig, 1875 +) + + + + + +– Dorsal papillae variable in size and shape; table ossicles from top of the dorsal papillae only regular + +Isostichopus + +tables square or narrow in profile; distributed in the West Atlantic Ocean ................. 4 + + + + + + +4. Semi-translucent and rugose body wall; spiral lines in dorsal and lateral papillae ( +Figs 1 +, 17); worm-like rod ossicles in dorsal papillae ( +Figs 15B +, +16A +); calcareous ring with dorsal radial plates with short posterior projections ( +Fig. 4B +) in large specimens (L = +185 mm +); adult specimens living hidden during day associated with live corals, sponges, rubble, and rocks, exposed for only short time ( +Fig. 18 +) ........................................................................... + +I. maculatus phoenius +( +Clark, 1922 +) + + + + + +– Opaque and smooth body wall; no spiral lines in dorsal and lateral papillae ( +Figs 1 +, +8 +); no worm-like rod ossicles in dorsal papillae ( +Fig. 7A +); calcareous ring with dorsal radial plates with long posterior projections turned inwards ( +Fig. 4A +) in larger individuals (L = +160–235 mm +); adult specimens living exposed on muddy, sandy, rocky substrates, seagrass beds and mixed bottoms ( +Fig. 8 +) ................... ............................................................................................................. + +I. badionotus +( +Selenka, 1867 +) + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file