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<mods:title>A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="6E6E927158F45E4B680CF971EAA36E30">A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Horvath, Elizabeth Anne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="860B8DBDDA93751A546C0744F827DF8A">Horvath, Elizabeth Anne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3735499B016FE1468BBE2FEC39FC6625">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>860</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="08E9557525A57F642806BD0D0EA84F90">860</mods:number>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="158525274" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F3B5374542C2251D0A29E46B814C3B9F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F3B5374542C2251D0A29E46B814C3B9F" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
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<subSubSection pageId="60" pageNumber="243" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
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<taxonomicName LSID="F3B5374542C2251D0A29E46B814C3B9F" authority="Cairns, 2007" authorityName="Cairns" authorityYear="2007" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Parastenella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parastenella pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="60" pageNumber="243" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">Parastenella pacifica Cairns, 2007</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983. A Colony (attachment base missing), ~ 15 cm x 13 cm, at widest point B Branch tip close-up." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314883" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Figures 36A, B</figureCitation>
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<treatment id="F3B5374542C2251D0A29E46B814C3B9F" ID-GBIF-Taxon="158525274" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F3B5374542C2251D0A29E46B814C3B9F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F3B5374542C2251D0A29E46B814C3B9F" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="60" pageNumber="243" scope_class="Anthozoa" scope_family="Primnoidae" scope_order="Alcyonacea" scope_phylum="Cnidaria" scope_subClass="Octocorallia" scope_subOrder="Calcaxonia">
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<subSubSection id="44DEC2391B7CF6E0F971134B2773ADBC" pageId="60" pageNumber="243" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="647C29BA20504E6275847AF1749197CA" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="642B0FA20B33DF40835A26EB6DEC61F6" ID-CoL="4DD3Z" LSID="F3B5374542C2251D0A29E46B814C3B9F" authority="Cairns, 2007" authorityName="Cairns" authorityYear="2007" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Parastenella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parastenella pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="60" pageNumber="243" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">Parastenella pacifica Cairns, 2007</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="BAAA7D76861F253F4A402F910D4F7D3C" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983. A Colony (attachment base missing), ~ 15 cm x 13 cm, at widest point B Branch tip close-up." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314883" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Figures 36A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
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||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="F37" captionText="Figure 37. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983. Light microscopy arrays, scleritic scales. A An assortment a possible marginal scale b abaxial body wall scale c opercular scale B 10 x-magnified image; marginal scale C 10 x-magnified image; opercular scale." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314884" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="14F76099C8FB11DA0BDAAFD357D22FD0" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="F37" captionText="Figure 37. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983. Light microscopy arrays, scleritic scales. A An assortment a possible marginal scale b abaxial body wall scale c opercular scale B 10 x-magnified image; marginal scale C 10 x-magnified image; opercular scale." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314884" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
|
||||
37
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="765AAF539D79E28BD5D5AA1F51A4A76E" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983, SEM image. A Abaxial body wall scales B Coenenchymal scale C Marginal scales D Opercular scales E Pinnular sclerites. Compare to those shown in Cairns 2007 (Figure 9)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314885" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="907F1717CA07A9422B49FD6E88587F4A" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983, SEM image. A Abaxial body wall scales B Coenenchymal scale C Marginal scales D Opercular scales E Pinnular sclerites. Compare to those shown in Cairns 2007 (Figure 9)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314885" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
|
||||
38
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="2A279B32E3A576D173356D1F82261A91" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="60" pageNumber="243" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
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||||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Parastenella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parastenella pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="60" pageNumber="243" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">Parastenella pacifica</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F6E966C6FBF33D610EB0053904AF5301" pageId="60" pageNumber="243" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph id="0858AA49C4ED2B31A3287F054DA407FD" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="34A4AD5648C1349779F85295AEA69FB3" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Parastenella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parastenella pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="60" pageNumber="243" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">Parastenella pacifica</taxonomicName>
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Cairns, 2007b: 526, 527; figs 1C; 8, 9.
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</paragraph>
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||||
</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection pageId="60" pageNumber="243" type="type locality">
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||||
<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Type locality.</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
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||||
<subSubSection id="FC61400E05F957A4C381DB78C3DBA306" pageId="60" pageNumber="243" type="type locality">
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||||
<paragraph id="AEFEB446AE6B0D18FB83248FF7010EE9" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="399530F38EDEB0BFE83A8282564F04B6" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
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USA, Oregon, west of Cape Meares,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="45" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="18" value="45.42167">45°25'18"N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="651721754F5D1D4DCC3B612E3391ADB2" degrees="45" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="18" value="45.42167">45°25'18"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="125" direction="west" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="01" value="-125.18361">125°11'01"W</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="11B772351F7136497A29B62A291E8020" degrees="125" direction="west" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="01" value="-125.18361">125°11'01"W</geoCoordinate>
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, 1498-1527 m.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="60" pageNumber="243" type="type specimen">
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<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Type specimen.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Holotype</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="D8514EF5427A2E7A6EC2A5C93D3F9425" pageId="60" pageNumber="243" type="type specimen">
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<paragraph id="2EB3694E729FF39C97062A4F50DAA24C" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Type specimen.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D900AFA71794ADC8B346F31CA08DC7E2" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
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<emphasis id="E9328A82AB727AEF368072024ACFD63A" bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Holotype</emphasis>
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USNM 1071799 [dry]; type was not examined.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="60" pageNumber="243" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="243">1 lot (see Appendix 3: List of material examined).</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="DD8F3494F2A40EB9B4BE400193202496" pageId="60" pageNumber="243" type="materials_examined">
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||||
<paragraph id="E5A7C9F51C757A2C67390C00C2EA6D6C" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="99EFC4945C7C70E053AFDB443BC3D5B9" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">1 lot (see Appendix 3: List of material examined).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="60" pageNumber="243" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Colony</emphasis>
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||||
<subSubSection id="1705BEF2FDF174A727D394A4DC10A753" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="60" pageNumber="243" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="AD96961D31E390CC19E90F8E170D8741" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="97E643EE19558DC65F7F1FC8613D3116" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
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<emphasis id="66010A94CC3BC6790B4F56F4D23B0053" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Colony</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983. A Colony (attachment base missing), ~ 15 cm x 13 cm, at widest point B Branch tip close-up." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314883" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Figure 36A</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="7E6F9D1F174E25D44CAF3B067F605D10" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983. A Colony (attachment base missing), ~ 15 cm x 13 cm, at widest point B Branch tip close-up." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314883" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Figure 36A</figureCitation>
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) with dichotomous branching, somewhat irregular, generally in one plane; some SBMNH specimens slightly bushy, flabellate, up to +30 cm in height (next largest, 14 cm tall). In largest colonies branchlet tips tend to droop down, curling slightly back on themselves (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983. A Colony (attachment base missing), ~ 15 cm x 13 cm, at widest point B Branch tip close-up." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314883" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Figure 36A</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="8BEC7C10E7D1B83EFBCDE9E1C6B4EEB3" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983. A Colony (attachment base missing), ~ 15 cm x 13 cm, at widest point B Branch tip close-up." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314883" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Figure 36A</figureCitation>
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); branching intervals vary from ~3.5 cm distance at lower end of main stem (near base) to less than 1.0 cm near branch/branchlet tips. Polyps (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983. A Colony (attachment base missing), ~ 15 cm x 13 cm, at widest point B Branch tip close-up." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314883" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Figure 36B</figureCitation>
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||||
<figureCitation id="9607A633F9DA9429D0D1B77D57B583E9" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983. A Colony (attachment base missing), ~ 15 cm x 13 cm, at widest point B Branch tip close-up." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314883" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">Figure 36B</figureCitation>
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) with opercula well differentiated; usually spaced 0.5-1.5 mm apart in/as singles, pairs or whorls of up to three, erect (perpendicular to axis), or slightly bent downward toward stem. Polyp height 2.0-3.5 cm, flared distally with slender, delicate stalk, heavily armored with calcareous scales. Polyps found on numerous branches, tending to favor one side of colony. Axis as described for family; visible through single layer of white, translucent coenenchymal scales; dark to light brown in color. Color of living colony (?)cream or white; in alcohol, cream to light tan. Sclerites are scales (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="F37" captionText="Figure 37. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983. Light microscopy arrays, scleritic scales. A An assortment a possible marginal scale b abaxial body wall scale c opercular scale B 10 x-magnified image; marginal scale C 10 x-magnified image; opercular scale." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314884" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="7A5B71CC8146491BC65B81DAC0A306F3" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="F37" captionText="Figure 37. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983. Light microscopy arrays, scleritic scales. A An assortment a possible marginal scale b abaxial body wall scale c opercular scale B 10 x-magnified image; marginal scale C 10 x-magnified image; opercular scale." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314884" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
|
||||
Figures 37
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="2320E8FAE32D811EB3F94DB841509509" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983, SEM image. A Abaxial body wall scales B Coenenchymal scale C Marginal scales D Opercular scales E Pinnular sclerites. Compare to those shown in Cairns 2007 (Figure 9)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314885" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="E68041E47180E50266AA1C025A62F0F3" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983, SEM image. A Abaxial body wall scales B Coenenchymal scale C Marginal scales D Opercular scales E Pinnular sclerites. Compare to those shown in Cairns 2007 (Figure 9)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314885" pageId="60" pageNumber="243">
|
||||
38
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="CE0F97C9960CC26A543ECC317F7DB136" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
); marginal scales (standard number eight) alternating in position from opercular scales (latter forming
|
||||
<pageBreakToken pageId="61" pageNumber="244" start="start">distinct</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
<pageBreakToken id="15DB655B94F8F08D4C2CC2F3921B44BD" pageId="61" pageNumber="244" start="start">distinct</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
operculum, creating obvious projection out from polyp). Marginal scales (Figures 37Aa, 37B, 38C) all of similar shape and size, most showing broad, shallow apical flute; these generate symmetrical rosette when viewed from above. Submarginal body wall scales (Figures 37Ab, 38A) roughly arranged in eight longitudinal rows, each row with three to four scales that appear to overlap those in adjacent rows; distal end obviously rounded, no fluting apparent; flutes absent on submarginal abaxial body wall
|
||||
<pageBreakToken pageId="62" pageNumber="245" start="start">scales</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
<pageBreakToken id="3AAF69233AB92C52E2BDC9815EF48CE6" pageId="62" pageNumber="245" start="start">scales</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
. Otherwise, polyp completely covered with body wall scales, including adaxial region. Opercular scales (Figures 37Ac, 37C, 38D) alternate with marginal scales (as opposed to overlapping them) around polyp; triangular shape, prominently keeled on inner surface; most all of similar size (0.5 mm in length, on average). Coenenchymal scales (
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983, SEM image. A Abaxial body wall scales B Coenenchymal scale C Marginal scales D Opercular scales E Pinnular sclerites. Compare to those shown in Cairns 2007 (Figure 9)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314885" pageId="62" pageNumber="245">Figure 38B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="AAC21C415D776E6AA3B645F5C1B5F306" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983, SEM image. A Abaxial body wall scales B Coenenchymal scale C Marginal scales D Opercular scales E Pinnular sclerites. Compare to those shown in Cairns 2007 (Figure 9)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314885" pageId="62" pageNumber="245">Figure 38B</figureCitation>
|
||||
, possibly) generally elliptical, very evident on branches (resembling
|
||||
<pageBreakToken pageId="63" pageNumber="246" start="start">sea</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
<pageBreakToken id="66665CA25D13C2812D3F06F83D62D315" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" start="start">sea</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
pansy rachis or water lily pad), in one thin layer; few with irregular shape. Pinnular sclerites (
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983, SEM image. A Abaxial body wall scales B Coenenchymal scale C Marginal scales D Opercular scales E Pinnular sclerites. Compare to those shown in Cairns 2007 (Figure 9)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314885" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Figure 38E</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="125DCBEE0C77B02DC019C9DEC2794D7E" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Parastenella pacifica, SBMNH 422983, SEM image. A Abaxial body wall scales B Coenenchymal scale C Marginal scales D Opercular scales E Pinnular sclerites. Compare to those shown in Cairns 2007 (Figure 9)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314885" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Figure 38E</figureCitation>
|
||||
) small rods, with granular surface.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314883" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" start="Figure 36" startId="F36">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
<caption id="804EFCFA8FBCB8448A2595D387493112" doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314883" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" start="Figure 36" startId="F36">
|
||||
<paragraph id="CDA62623D05595E4E861D24F0112BCB9" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
Figure 36.
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Parastenella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parastenella pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Parastenella pacifica</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="A837644F292D4A65FEFC451D719C92CB" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Parastenella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parastenella pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F4C5DDA75BF7AC01C7BF1880A7104583" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Parastenella pacifica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, SBMNH 422983.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">A</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="986E3E589278902234B6CB73CD012FF0" bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">A</emphasis>
|
||||
Colony (attachment base missing), ~15 cm
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="7C0EFAA5F282AFBEFBDBE32A49662EAC" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
13 cm, at widest point
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">B</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="D8EF97D589AE020D35EAA5A72DD17432" bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">B</emphasis>
|
||||
Branch tip close-up.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314884" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" start="Figure 37" startId="F37">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
<caption id="4FF45A310BE93C4B47D8463D1A4C0168" doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314884" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" start="Figure 37" startId="F37">
|
||||
<paragraph id="18653CD25BC9C3BD81F562A109E2C0FA" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
Figure 37.
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Parastenella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parastenella pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Parastenella pacifica</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0D27449EEF99C14185B1E1B30CE66261" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Parastenella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parastenella pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="4BB518AD228A0ED978BEA503957CE9AE" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Parastenella pacifica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, SBMNH 422983. Light microscopy arrays, scleritic scales.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">A</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="8CB7D16C800F87AFF6C0E6F933BCCFE7" bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">A</emphasis>
|
||||
An assortment
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">a</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="0DF6643FE3F301290A18B58B813B22F4" bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">a</emphasis>
|
||||
possible marginal scale
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">b</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="BE3DE57D3224DB15AAD80D8949767FD4" bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">b</emphasis>
|
||||
abaxial body wall scale
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">c</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="CA4E97FAF67B7E37F5BB41B5A30455DA" bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">c</emphasis>
|
||||
opercular scale
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">B</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="2D94826D05116802083281F8042D1BE5" bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">B</emphasis>
|
||||
10
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×-magnified">x-magnified</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="AA85AC03C63F70B0DFB423B7864194C4" originalValue="×-magnified">x-magnified</normalizedToken>
|
||||
image; marginal scale
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">C</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="068A09EEB4FA66529583F2E1D7739736" bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">C</emphasis>
|
||||
10
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×-magnified">x-magnified</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="01ECF33BA5564E3B55F0D4A71B9F120D" originalValue="×-magnified">x-magnified</normalizedToken>
|
||||
image; opercular scale.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314885" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" start="Figure 38" startId="F38">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
<caption id="10C864B276DF6BA131FEE1EA8481C74E" doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314885" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" start="Figure 38" startId="F38">
|
||||
<paragraph id="F5AE7E13887C24CA2561CF7BCE79BFCA" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
Figure 38.
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Parastenella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parastenella pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Parastenella pacifica</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="24669CC1DA675EEC1936C30FE2B3E25C" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Parastenella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parastenella pacifica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="64B424D8C603B943D55C47B8A8ADF94C" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Parastenella pacifica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, SBMNH 422983, SEM image.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">A</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="1D07FB64A606EF396D8F5D4E64CCDC5D" bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">A</emphasis>
|
||||
Abaxial body wall scales
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">B</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="77A551EC99AE010D4D922957E8E2CFC8" bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">B</emphasis>
|
||||
Coenenchymal scale
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">C</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="4A1A7FC3E215C16A2BAC8BF56DAEC2DE" bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">C</emphasis>
|
||||
Marginal scales
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">D</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="CB657BE7B8544EA04367B3DDE660B97D" bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">D</emphasis>
|
||||
Opercular scales
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">E</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="86403C99AB22F63D1F6EED62BA0D1835" bold="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">E</emphasis>
|
||||
Pinnular sclerites. Compare to those shown in Cairns 2007 (
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Swiftia simplex, specimen 81 - 99 B- 1 (Alaska Fisheries Service), light microscopy arrays. A 4 x magnification, showing long, slender spindles and anthocodial fingerbiscuit-rods B 10 x magnification of sclerites, emphasizing fingerbiscuit-rods of anthocodium. These rods measure between 340 - 350 µm, while long, thin spindles measure between 430 - 500 µm. Specimen provided by Bob Stone, Alaska Fisheries Service." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314856" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="A393E2F7D7163D2F8EEBB7CAA035200E" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Swiftia simplex, specimen 81 - 99 B- 1 (Alaska Fisheries Service), light microscopy arrays. A 4 x magnification, showing long, slender spindles and anthocodial fingerbiscuit-rods B 10 x magnification of sclerites, emphasizing fingerbiscuit-rods of anthocodium. These rods measure between 340 - 350 µm, while long, thin spindles measure between 430 - 500 µm. Specimen provided by Bob Stone, Alaska Fisheries Service." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314856" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="246" type="etymology">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C45A833E79B472EAE188738615E712BF" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" type="etymology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="F3AECD5D0E17A1E64B5649DF77B5F66D" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="E51BFD0F928A817D11291A784426B50E" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
The species name
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">pacifica</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="6D1E9C4899BAD72A3EDFD44A84F52D58" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">pacifica</emphasis>
|
||||
- in reference to its general location; stated to be closely similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Parastenella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parastenella atlantica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="atlantica">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Parastenella atlantica</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="760E67C41AC70872F5A867BD9CB1E25D" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Parastenella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parastenella atlantica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="atlantica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="CD0FC6413ABC86C36841CB7FD4F9901C" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Parastenella atlantica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="89" pageNumber="272" pagination="511 - 541" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7491" refId="B32" refString="Cairns, SD, 2007b. Calcaxonian Octocorals (Cnidaria; Anthozoa) from Eastern Pacific Seamounts. . Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 58: 511 - 541" title="Calcaxonian Octocorals (Cnidaria; Anthozoa) from Eastern Pacific Seamounts." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7491" volume="58" year="2007 b">Cairns (2007b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="BAF5CDB417197917F2D4FC60D6DC1091" author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="89" pageNumber="272" pagination="511 - 541" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7491" refId="B32" refString="Cairns, SD, 2007b. Calcaxonian Octocorals (Cnidaria; Anthozoa) from Eastern Pacific Seamounts. . Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 58: 511 - 541" title="Calcaxonian Octocorals (Cnidaria; Anthozoa) from Eastern Pacific Seamounts." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7491" volume="58" year="2007 b">Cairns (2007b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Cairns suggested that these could form a geminate (twin species) pair, differing largely in having ranges in different oceans. The species designation is listed as accepted in WoRMS Database (Cordeiro et al. 2019)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="246" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="DDA6307BFD5BF62FDCA1891FED5B3683" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="A13FE1F3CA606913D43A1A6ED22D81B4" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="250392B414C674A774502970A3921BEC" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
Deep-water species (~1,500-2,086 m, currently known to live on the continental slope off Oregon up to British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands); see Appendix 3: List of material examined. Material in the SBMNH collection came from an area north of the California
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bight’s">Bight's</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="8A10F2AB43D503B853855CE4103FD27B" originalValue="Bight’s">Bight's</normalizedToken>
|
||||
northern limit; whether it will be found further south (into the California Bight) remains to be seen.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="246" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="DA6F5E31027F6881E06E5C20605BCE75" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="614C9921DDA6070D2EC265B4F39CB860" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="C35E4223DF474E2B01F80DCDCEC153C3" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
Of the many fragments/partial colonies present in the one lot from the SBMNH collection, one of the fragments has bits of a distinguishable, pale orange ophiuroid (brittle/basket star) intertwined/tangled within it. This could either be an artifact of collection or a true living condition. The specimen from Moss Landing Marine Labs (see Appendix 3: List of material examined) also showed presence of
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" lsidName="Calcaxonia" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" rank="class">Ophiuroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="40BB2DAE7108EB57A44A976073069302" class="Ophiuroidea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calcaxonia" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Ophiuroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; based on the nature of their location, etc. within the colony, likely a living situation, not an artifact.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="246" type="remarks">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="63" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="23CC79D4F0913D41B70AD374777F0001" pageId="63" pageNumber="246" type="remarks">
|
||||
<paragraph id="C5472D9747EF258418E083AB69F837D2" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="16C350E9561E73C47AB08D0778C31A4C" pageId="63" pageNumber="246">
|
||||
Sclerites in specimens from SBMNH were consistently a bit smaller than those from holotype shown in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="89" pageNumber="272" pagination="511 - 541" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7491" refId="B32" refString="Cairns, SD, 2007b. Calcaxonian Octocorals (Cnidaria; Anthozoa) from Eastern Pacific Seamounts. . Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 58: 511 - 541" title="Calcaxonian Octocorals (Cnidaria; Anthozoa) from Eastern Pacific Seamounts." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7491" volume="58" year="2007 b">Cairns (2007b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0D68689BD7AF3ABF4FCCD0F342F2691C" author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="89" pageNumber="272" pagination="511 - 541" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7491" refId="B32" refString="Cairns, SD, 2007b. Calcaxonian Octocorals (Cnidaria; Anthozoa) from Eastern Pacific Seamounts. . Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 58: 511 - 541" title="Calcaxonian Octocorals (Cnidaria; Anthozoa) from Eastern Pacific Seamounts." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7491" volume="58" year="2007 b">Cairns (2007b)</bibRefCitation>
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. Furthermore, the SBMNH material not generally in good condition; was often difficult to get good microscopic arrays showing enough of the different forms of body wall scales (abaxials, laterals and adaxials) so as to see clear differences. The coenenchymal sclerites on branches were very evident, however, and examination of sclerites showed clearly the broad, shallow fluting. While tentacular rods are considered common in this species, sometimes very few would be found in the fragments examined; the condition of many of the polyps may partly explain their absence. Further examination of undamaged colonies, collected from the same area, may better reveal their presence.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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