From ccf174aee3c8995cd6c64f2183f25c01e6f775e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Sat, 30 Nov 2024 04:57:58 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-11-30 04:52:53 --- .../22/152D22434565AC6B5F1DAB3301380941.xml | 240 +++++----- .../45/1D0545BB44D357D6973B2127727A2E61.xml | 70 +-- .../69/32FF6971D2621E694B0B3F6AE06C8740.xml | 174 +++---- .../86/3551860C9A63A840A819FDD52F309B1D.xml | 180 +++---- .../A3/63F6A39DEE4EE27268338E6CC3127709.xml | 242 +++++----- .../06/7B0A0688B6B889AB290F0996958A992E.xml | 160 +++---- .../E4/A382E4AFCFD27FBD5F346570B2606D77.xml | 166 +++---- .../9D/BC7F9DB5BA9D57C6B36130F473F40FC5.xml | 64 +-- .../F8/DE45F8B635E259D1B7ABDA0646509B4E.xml | 302 ++++++------ .../70/EE9070072A17692486E07EB4B9908238.xml | 126 ++--- .../37/F3B5374542C2251D0A29E46B814C3B9F.xml | 226 ++++----- .../5E/F4115E57B3584BE78618653370B86F8B.xml | 446 +++++++++--------- .../01/FD32019F55A577EC81B8DF4FDB51F94F.xml | 118 ++--- 13 files changed, 1257 insertions(+), 1257 deletions(-) diff --git a/data/15/2D/22/152D22434565AC6B5F1DAB3301380941.xml b/data/15/2D/22/152D22434565AC6B5F1DAB3301380941.xml index 2f7c8376696..5ce236d618e 100644 --- a/data/15/2D/22/152D22434565AC6B5F1DAB3301380941.xml +++ b/data/15/2D/22/152D22434565AC6B5F1DAB3301380941.xml @@ -1,223 +1,223 @@ - - - -A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia + + + +A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia - - -Author + + +Author -Horvath, Elizabeth Anne +Horvath, Elizabeth Anne -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2019 - -860 + +2019 + +860 - -183 -306 + +183 +306 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -1313-2970-860-183 -A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 +1313-2970-860-183 +A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C - - - + + + Genus -Narella Gray, 1870 +Narella Gray, 1870 - - -Narella + + +Narella Gray, 1870: 49. -Deichmann 1936 +Deichmann 1936 : 168. -Bayer 1951 +Bayer 1951 : 41-43; -1956 +1956 : F222; 1961: 295 (key); 1981: 937 (key); 1995: 147, 148; 1997: 511. -Cairns and Bayer 2003 +Cairns and Bayer 2003 : 618, 619; -2004a +2004a : 7-10. -Cairns and Baco 2007 +Cairns and Baco 2007 : 392, 393 [a more complete synonymy and discussion]. -Cairns and Bayer 2008 +Cairns and Bayer 2008 : 84-86; -2009 +2009 : 2, 30, 31, 43. -Cairns 2012 +Cairns 2012 : 14. -Taylor and Rogers 2017 +Taylor and Rogers 2017 : 4. -Cairns 2018a +Cairns 2018a : 20, 21; -2018b +2018b : 19. -Cairns and Taylor 2019 +Cairns and Taylor 2019 : 1-15. - -Stachyodes + +Stachyodes Wright and Studer in Studer, 1887: 49; 1901: 40. -Wright and Studer 1889 +Wright and Studer 1889 : xlvii, 53. -Versluys 1906 +Versluys 1906 : 86-88. -Thomson and Henderson 1906a +Thomson and Henderson 1906a : 35. -Kinoshita 1907 +Kinoshita 1907 : 233; -1908a +1908a : 45-47. -Thomson and Russell 1910 +Thomson and Russell 1910 : 142. - -Kuekenthal + +Kuekenthal 1912 : 59; -1915b +1915b : 152; -1919 +1919 : 452-456; -1924 +1924 : 308, 309. - -Calypterinus + +Calypterinus Wright and Studer in Studer, 1887: 49. -Wright and Studer 1889 +Wright and Studer 1889 : xlviii, 54. - + (?) -Calyptrophora +Calyptrophora (pars) Verrill (in -Bayer and Cairns 2004 +Bayer and Cairns 2004 ). - -Type species. - - -Primnoa regularis + +Type species. + + +Primnoa regularis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860. - -Type locality. - + +Type locality. + North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, St. Lucia, south of -13°36'27"N +13°36'27"N , -61°03'36"W +61°03'36"W , 514 m. - -Type specimen. - -Neotype + +Type specimen. + +Neotype of type housed at NMNH (USNM 49385, wet); not examined. - -Material examined. -None housed at SBMNH. + +Material examined. +None housed at SBMNH. - - -Diagnosis + + +Diagnosis . -Colonies of moderate size (to 50 cm height), branched dichotomously or pinnately (some few trichotomously) in single plane, or unbranched. Polyps conspicuous, facing downward, in discrete whorls or pairs, non-retractile. Axis continuous; strongly calcified, especially in lower branches; generally grey to black, sometimes with metallic sheen; down center of axis (longitudinally grooved) is solid core of calcareous material. Base a discoidal holdfast, for attachment to solid substrates. Sclerites are scales, on polyps, usually numbering sixteen to eighteen on each polyp (not counting tentacular sclerites), arranged in three or four pairs of large unfused abaxial body wall scales that partially encircle polyp, but rarely meet adaxially; arranged so as to have definite pattern and number. With adaxial buccal scales commonly present, one well developed buccal in each row. Operculum consists of eight (four pairs) generally triangular scales, each with distinct longitudinal medial keel on inner surface, with corresponding trough on outer surface. Tentacles can contain few to numerous, minute, flat rodlets; coenenchymal sclerites elongate or elliptical scales, often with tall longitudinal keels. +Colonies of moderate size (to 50 cm height), branched dichotomously or pinnately (some few trichotomously) in single plane, or unbranched. Polyps conspicuous, facing downward, in discrete whorls or pairs, non-retractile. Axis continuous; strongly calcified, especially in lower branches; generally grey to black, sometimes with metallic sheen; down center of axis (longitudinally grooved) is solid core of calcareous material. Base a discoidal holdfast, for attachment to solid substrates. Sclerites are scales, on polyps, usually numbering sixteen to eighteen on each polyp (not counting tentacular sclerites), arranged in three or four pairs of large unfused abaxial body wall scales that partially encircle polyp, but rarely meet adaxially; arranged so as to have definite pattern and number. With adaxial buccal scales commonly present, one well developed buccal in each row. Operculum consists of eight (four pairs) generally triangular scales, each with distinct longitudinal medial keel on inner surface, with corresponding trough on outer surface. Tentacles can contain few to numerous, minute, flat rodlets; coenenchymal sclerites elongate or elliptical scales, often with tall longitudinal keels. - -Distribution. - + +Distribution. + Exclusively deep water (55-4,594 m), found worldwide ( -Cairns and Bayer 2008 +Cairns and Bayer 2008 ; -2009 +2009 ). The genus is noted ( -Cairns and Baco 2007 +Cairns and Baco 2007 ) as having the second deepest location record of all primnoid genera (4,594 m in the Gulf of Alaska). In addition to species from the Atlantic, there are some 23 species recorded ( -Cairns and Baco 2007 +Cairns and Baco 2007 ) from regions in the Pacific (Alaska, Japan, Hawaiian Islands, Indonesia and eastern Pacific). Also, a few species are recorded from either the SW Indian Ocean, the -Galapagos +Galapagos Islands or off Antarctica ( -Cairns and Baco 2007 +Cairns and Baco 2007 ). Cairns stated (2007b) that species of - -Narella + +Narella have been found along the southern California coast, from both San Marcos Seamount (2,193 m), and Rodriquez Seamount (664 m). These specimens were very fragmented and could not be definitively identified, but each one may represent an undescribed species. Some 54 named species are considered valid within this genus currently, as seen in the WoRMS Database, listed by Cordeiro et al. (2019). - -Biology. - + +Biology. + In - -Studer's + +Studer's 1894 description of - -N. ambigua + +N. ambigua , he discussed the presence of an annelid worm from family -Eunicidae +Eunicidae Berthold, 1827 that had established itself on the coenenchyme. It apparently sought shelter under the wing-shaped extensions, in a space (a tunnel of sorts) produced by the greatly enlarged basal scales of each of the neighboring polyps. In personal note transcriptions (unpublished) made by Bayer, Verrill had outlined thoughts he had concerning the deeper water gorgonians. Regarding the annelid worm found in -Studer's +Studer's specimen, Verrill (unpublished personal note transcriptions made by Bayer) discussed a comparable situation and referred to - -Studer's + +Studer's 1894 examination. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + The genus is presented here; based on collection records examined (NMNH), there is indication of a distributional range that includes the California Bight. Based on those collection records (NMNH), this is a deep-water genus that has been collected (if only as fragments) several times off the southern California coast ( -Cairns 2007b +Cairns 2007b ). - + According to -Cairns and Baco (2007) +Cairns and Baco (2007) and -Cairns (2007b) +Cairns (2007b) , there were some 38 recognized species (that number has increased, according to Cordeiro et al. 2019), making this a species-rich genus; in fact, it is said to be the most prolific of the primnoid genera -( -Cairns 2007b +( +Cairns 2007b ). Of those, there may be at least a few species that could potentially be found in or near the California Bight; - -Narella ambigua + +Narella ambigua Studer, 1894 is one species that might yet be found in the Bight. CAS has seven records of this genus (none identified to species), coming from Hawaii and Alaska. MBARI has posted on-line images of those in this genus found on Davidson Seamount, photographed at depths of 2,669 and 3,079 m. Only one specimen identified to this genus has been recorded as having been collected by MBARI staff, but there are a few additional video observations. This one collected specimen was taken in the general area slightly north and west of San Miguel Island, California Channel Islands. Of interest is a specimen housed at NMNH; from California, Rodriquez Seamount, W of San Miguel Passage, -34°02'17"N +34°02'17"N , -121°02'49"W +121°02'49"W , 662 m; coll. unknown, date unknown; USNM 1027059 [wet]. The MBARI specimen and the one at NMNH appeared to be from the same collection event. It is the shape and sculpturing of the abaxial body wall scales that are the best means to identifying a species in the genus; however, finer details regarding sculpturing of scales can only be seen with SEM. Further work with unidentified species housed at CAS and NMNH should be undertaken. diff --git a/data/1D/05/45/1D0545BB44D357D6973B2127727A2E61.xml b/data/1D/05/45/1D0545BB44D357D6973B2127727A2E61.xml index ab2f6debaff..3cf7f2986b8 100644 --- a/data/1D/05/45/1D0545BB44D357D6973B2127727A2E61.xml +++ b/data/1D/05/45/1D0545BB44D357D6973B2127727A2E61.xml @@ -1,52 +1,52 @@ - - - -A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia + + + +A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia - - -Author + + +Author -Horvath, Elizabeth Anne +Horvath, Elizabeth Anne -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2019 - -860 + +2019 + +860 - -183 -306 + +183 +306 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -1313-2970-860-183 -A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 +1313-2970-860-183 +A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C - - - + + + Family -Primnoidae Milne Edwards, 1857 +Primnoidae Milne Edwards, 1857 - -Diagnosis. -Axis of strongly calcified material embedded in gorgonin, unjointed, arranged in undulated concentric layers; core not a soft, chambered central chord. Attachment base a calcareous disc; rarely, a branched, rhizoidal structure. Colonies usually profusely branched, rarely flagelliform. Polyps single, in pairs, or in regular whorls, heavily armored with calcareous scales (sclerites primarily scales in all species), permanently exsert; in contraction, tentacles in-folded. Polyps protected by eight triangular scales making up distinct operculum, below which scales of polyp body aligned in eight rows, some of which may be reduced or missing on adaxial side; rarely (single species) scales not regularly arranged, operculum undifferentiated. In coenenchyme, a layer of plates or scales, commonly elongate, some with inner layer of stellate sclerites. Scales always distinguished by cruciform extinction pattern seen in polarized light. + +Diagnosis. +Axis of strongly calcified material embedded in gorgonin, unjointed, arranged in undulated concentric layers; core not a soft, chambered central chord. Attachment base a calcareous disc; rarely, a branched, rhizoidal structure. Colonies usually profusely branched, rarely flagelliform. Polyps single, in pairs, or in regular whorls, heavily armored with calcareous scales (sclerites primarily scales in all species), permanently exsert; in contraction, tentacles in-folded. Polyps protected by eight triangular scales making up distinct operculum, below which scales of polyp body aligned in eight rows, some of which may be reduced or missing on adaxial side; rarely (single species) scales not regularly arranged, operculum undifferentiated. In coenenchyme, a layer of plates or scales, commonly elongate, some with inner layer of stellate sclerites. Scales always distinguished by cruciform extinction pattern seen in polarized light. - -Remarks. -A rationale for the distinction between the use of the words calyx and polyp required in reference to the family. S Cairns (pers. comm.), in a conversation with P Alderslade some years ago, determined that the term calyx should be reserved for those polyps that can contract to a small mound (such as those seen in the plexaurids), and that the primnoid morphology is a polyp. Thus, there is no calyx to be seen in this family; projections and living animals are called polyps; that usage has been incorporated here. + +Remarks. +A rationale for the distinction between the use of the words calyx and polyp required in reference to the family. S Cairns (pers. comm.), in a conversation with P Alderslade some years ago, determined that the term calyx should be reserved for those polyps that can contract to a small mound (such as those seen in the plexaurids), and that the primnoid morphology is a polyp. Thus, there is no calyx to be seen in this family; projections and living animals are called polyps; that usage has been incorporated here. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/32/FF/69/32FF6971D2621E694B0B3F6AE06C8740.xml b/data/32/FF/69/32FF6971D2621E694B0B3F6AE06C8740.xml index 9d3141dbe1c..b6d17aea809 100644 --- a/data/32/FF/69/32FF6971D2621E694B0B3F6AE06C8740.xml +++ b/data/32/FF/69/32FF6971D2621E694B0B3F6AE06C8740.xml @@ -1,158 +1,158 @@ - - - -A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia + + + +A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia - - -Author + + +Author -Horvath, Elizabeth Anne +Horvath, Elizabeth Anne -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2019 - -860 + +2019 + +860 - -183 -306 + +183 +306 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -1313-2970-860-183 -A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 +1313-2970-860-183 +A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C - - - -Parastenella ramosa (Studer, 1894) + + + +Parastenella ramosa (Studer, 1894) - - -Stenella ramosa + + +Stenella ramosa Studer, 1894: 64, 65. - -Stenella (Parastenella) ramosa + +Stenella (Parastenella) ramosa (Wright & Studer, 1889): 56. -Versluys 1906 +Versluys 1906 : 47, 48. -Kuekenthal +Kuekenthal & Gorzawsky, 1908: 34, 35. - -Kuekenthal + +Kuekenthal 1919 : 445; -1924 +1924 : 303. - -Parastenella ramosa + +Parastenella ramosa Cairns, 2007b: 518-523, figs 1E, 4, 5. -Cairns and Bayer 2009 +Cairns and Bayer 2009 : 31 (listed). -Cairns 2011 +Cairns 2011 : 24, 25. - + ? -Stenella doederleini +Stenella doederleini Studer, 1894: 64; see Remarks, below. - -Material examined. -No specimens in SBMNH collection (see Appendix 3: List of material examined). + +Material examined. +No specimens in SBMNH collection (see Appendix 3: List of material examined). - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Species included here as collection records examined (see Appendix 3: List of material examined) show a distributional range that includes the California Bight. Based -on +on those collection records, this is a deep-water species that has been collected off the west coast of Central America, and from areas of the California coast, to just north of the Santa Barbara Channel Islands (Rodriquez Seamount). It has also been collected from Monterey Bay (Davidson Seamount), north to Oregon, Washington, Vancouver Island to Gulf of Alaska; 665-1750 m. -Cairns (2011) +Cairns (2011) stated that the known distributional range of this species now extends west to Adak Canyon in the Aleutian Islands and the Commander Islands, Russia. This represents a substantial range, encompassing the California Bight region. - -Cairns (2007b) + +Cairns (2007b) stated that given the similarity of - -Parastenella doederleini + +Parastenella doederleini (Wright & Studer, 1889) and - -Parastenella ramosa + +Parastenella ramosa , "it is likely that - -Studer's + +Studer's (1894) identification of - -S. doederleini + +S. doederleini from off Panama at 1,429 m (specimen missing from MCZ), taken quite close to the type locality of - -P. ramosa + +P. ramosa , is probably also - -P. ramosa + +P. ramosa ." This species is generally most similar to the type for the genus, - -P. doederleini + +P. doederleini (Wright & Studer, 1889). That specimen was collected from off Sagami Bay, Japan at 3,427 m. -Cairns (2007b) +Cairns (2007b) differentiated between the two; - -P. doederleini + +P. doederleini has more elongated and slender marginal flutes, more delicate polyps and coenenchymal scales with one or more small rounded knobs either at their center and/or on their perimeter. Specimens of - -P. ramosa + +P. ramosa examined (indicated in the Appendix 3: List of material examined), exhibited polyps more distinctly directed downwards and the marginal flutes were slightly broader than those seen in - -P. doederleini + +P. doederleini . A check of the WoRMS Database (Cordeiro et al. 2019) show both - -P. ramosa + +P. ramosa and - -P. doederleini + +P. doederleini as separate, accepted species. As well, - -P. ramosa + +P. ramosa can easily be distinguished from - -P. pacifica + +P. pacifica by the latter having obviously broad, shallow marginal flutes, eight rows of submarginal body wall scales and the absence of flutes on submarginal abaxial body wall scales; - -P. ramosa + +P. ramosa exhibits narrow, tubular marginal flutes, five rows of submarginal body wall scales and abaxial body wall scales with flutes. Additionally, -Cairns (2011) +Cairns (2011) stated that the confirmed presence of nematocyst pads on the inner surface of the marginal scales in this species might be the case for all species in the genus, as suggested in Cairns, 2010. diff --git a/data/35/51/86/3551860C9A63A840A819FDD52F309B1D.xml b/data/35/51/86/3551860C9A63A840A819FDD52F309B1D.xml index 499d9b59cf1..e352f6a4130 100644 --- a/data/35/51/86/3551860C9A63A840A819FDD52F309B1D.xml +++ b/data/35/51/86/3551860C9A63A840A819FDD52F309B1D.xml @@ -1,163 +1,163 @@ - - - -A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia + + + +A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia - - -Author + + +Author -Horvath, Elizabeth Anne +Horvath, Elizabeth Anne -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2019 - -860 + +2019 + +860 - -183 -306 + +183 +306 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -1313-2970-860-183 -A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 +1313-2970-860-183 +A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C - - - -Genus -Callogorgia Gray, 1858 + + + +Genus +Callogorgia Gray, 1858 - - -Gorgonia + + +Gorgonia Pallas, 1766: 160 (pars). -Linnaeus 1767 +Linnaeus 1767 : 1289 (pars). -Ellis and Solander 1786 +Ellis and Solander 1786 : 67 (pars). - -Muricea + +Muricea Dana, 1846: 675 (pars). - -Prymnoa + +Prymnoa Ehrenberg, 1834: 357 (pars). - -Primnoa + +Primnoa Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857: 139 (pars). von -Koch 1878 +Koch 1878 : 457; -1887 +1887 : 85. - -Callogorgia + +Callogorgia Gray, 1857 [1858]: 286. -Bayer 1956 +Bayer 1956 : F220; 1961 [1962]: 296. -Carpine and Grasshoff 1975 +Carpine and Grasshoff 1975 : 102. -Bayer 1981 +Bayer 1981 : 938; -1982 +1982 : 119, 120. -Bayer and Stefani 1989 +Bayer and Stefani 1989 : 455. -Bayer 1998 +Bayer 1998 : 162, 163. -Cairns and Bayer 2002 +Cairns and Bayer 2002 : 841-845; -2009 +2009 : 29, 40. -Cairns 2010 +Cairns 2010 : 425 (Hawaiian species); 2016: 58 (New Zealand species); 2018a: 6 (key to Indo-Pacific species); 2018b: 3. -Cairns and Wirshing 2018 +Cairns and Wirshing 2018 : 8, 18, fig. 40. - -Calligorgia + +Calligorgia Gray, 1870: 35 (unjustified emendation). Studer 1878 [1879]: 645; 1887: 51. - -Fanellia + +Fanellia Gray, 1870: 45. -Bayer 1982 +Bayer 1982 : 134, 135. -Bayer and Stefani 1989 +Bayer and Stefani 1989 : 470, 471. -Cairns and Bayer 2009 +Cairns and Bayer 2009 : 40, 41. -Cairns and Wirshing 2018 +Cairns and Wirshing 2018 : 8, 18. - -Xiphocella + +Xiphocella Gray, 1870: 56 (type species, -Gorgonia verticillata +Gorgonia verticillata : sensu Esper, 1797: 156, by monotypy). - + ? -Callicella +Callicella Gray, 1870: 37 (type species, -Callicella elegans +Callicella elegans Gray, 1870, by monotypy). - -Caligorgia + +Caligorgia Wright & Studer, 1889: 75-77 (pars; unjustified emendation). -Versluys 1906 +Versluys 1906 : 55 (pars). - -Kuekenthal + +Kuekenthal and Gorzawsky 1908 : 19. -Kinoshita 1908a +Kinoshita 1908a : 34. - + Nutting, 1908: 574. - -Kuekenthal + +Kuekenthal 1912 : 320(?); 1915b: 146; 1919: 362 (pars); 1924: 267. -Deichmann 1936 +Deichmann 1936 : 158. - -Type species. - - -Gorgonia verticillata + +Type species. + + +Gorgonia verticillata Pallas, 1766 (by monotypy). - -Diagnosis. -Colonies usually branched pinnately, some rarely dichotomously, mostly in one plane; axis longitudinally striated, commonly iridescent. Polyps in regular whorls, strongly bent inward toward axis. Adaxial rows of body scales reduced; opercular scales distinctly differentiated from body scales, not overreached by marginals (which do not bend inward over them); sclerites usually elaborately sculptured externally, with ridges, crests or small granules; cortical sclerites thick, pebble-like or more elongate. + +Diagnosis. +Colonies usually branched pinnately, some rarely dichotomously, mostly in one plane; axis longitudinally striated, commonly iridescent. Polyps in regular whorls, strongly bent inward toward axis. Adaxial rows of body scales reduced; opercular scales distinctly differentiated from body scales, not overreached by marginals (which do not bend inward over them); sclerites usually elaborately sculptured externally, with ridges, crests or small granules; cortical sclerites thick, pebble-like or more elongate. - -Remarks. -WoRMS Database (Cordeiro et al. 2019) gives this genus accepted status, with this spelling. + +Remarks. +WoRMS Database (Cordeiro et al. 2019) gives this genus accepted status, with this spelling. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/63/F6/A3/63F6A39DEE4EE27268338E6CC3127709.xml b/data/63/F6/A3/63F6A39DEE4EE27268338E6CC3127709.xml index 05797fc92ca..ab944846408 100644 --- a/data/63/F6/A3/63F6A39DEE4EE27268338E6CC3127709.xml +++ b/data/63/F6/A3/63F6A39DEE4EE27268338E6CC3127709.xml @@ -1,225 +1,225 @@ - - - -A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia + + + +A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia - - -Author + + +Author -Horvath, Elizabeth Anne +Horvath, Elizabeth Anne -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2019 - -860 + +2019 + +860 - -183 -306 + +183 +306 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -1313-2970-860-183 -A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 +1313-2970-860-183 +A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C - - - -Plumarella longispina Kinoshita, 1908 -Figures 39A, B + + + +Plumarella longispina Kinoshita, 1908 +Figures 39A, B , - + 40 -A-H +A-H - - - -Plumarella + + + +Plumarella longispina Kinoshita, 1908a: 14, 15. -Nutting 1909 +Nutting 1909 : 716. - -Kuekenthal + +Kuekenthal 1924 : 260, 261. - -Type locality. -N. Pacific Ocean, Japan, Honshu Island, Sagami Bay, Okinose Bank, 600 m. + +Type locality. +N. Pacific Ocean, Japan, Honshu Island, Sagami Bay, Okinose Bank, 600 m. - -Type specimens. - -Holotype + +Type specimens. + +Holotype USNM 50117 [dry]; branch (from holotype), donated by Tokyo Imperial Museum; this material was examined. Main colony presumably still housed in collection at Tokyo Imperial Museum (all scientific and "natural materials" collections housed separately at what is now called the National Museum of Nature and Science); was unable to verify or confirm catalog number. - -Material examined. -~33 lots (wet/dry) (see Appendix 3: List of material examined). + +Material examined. +~33 lots (wet/dry) (see Appendix 3: List of material examined). - -Description. - -Colony + +Description. + +Colony ( -Figure 39A +Figure 39A ) exhibits dense, alternate, pinnate branching in one plane, leading to flabellate form. Main stem somewhat flattened, giving rise to alternate main branches at irregular distances; both main stem and branches may subdivide. Each main branch gives forth regularly alternate, slightly smaller branches that do not subdivide. Branchlets flattened, 1.5 mm thick ( -Figure 39B +Figure 39B ). Polyps small, short, cylindrical projections, 0.5 mm tall (to summit of operculum), 0.5 mm across, 1.5 mm apart; arranged laterally in two opposite rows on flattened stems, branches and branchlets; some polyps placed such that they project toward a front side of colony, with back of colony smooth; strictly alternate to strictly opposite in different parts of colony, with upper edge of one polyp ordinarily reaching to base of next one above. Polyp aperture pointed upward, slightly outward. Walls of polyps armed with sclerites; these conspicuous, flattened scales, vary greatly in size and form in different polyps. Color of colony (? alive) generally white; dry or in alcohol, dull creamy-white; some preserved colonies light grayish-brown, with surfaces of stem and branches being more distinctly gray. Sclerites ( - + Figure 40 -A-H +A-H ) quite varied in form, generally more or less flattened into scales; thin, cycloid. Key characteristic sclerite a flattened basal portion bearing on its distal edge long thorn-like processes (spines) projecting above margin of polyp ( -Figure 40E +Figure 40E ). Many scales ornamented with convex, ctenate margin. Surfaces of scales ornamented with evenly, closely distributed granules, irregularly placed nodular warts and occasional spines. Typical arrangement of scales on polyp wall is eight lon -gitudinal +gitudinal rows, each row having roughly four scales in a ring; two proximal rings composed of broad curved scales with their distal convex edges ctenate, distal-most marginal ring composed of scales (with no keel), bearing prominent thorn-like, unwarted spines extending beyond end of operculum. Marginal spines usually number from two to six, two of which (abaxial) are often distinctly longer than the others. Operculum composed of eight irregularly shaped scales, not keeled, points of which often joined into spine-like processes ( - + Figure 40 -F-H +F-H ). Adcauline opercular scales reduced to nar -row +row band, the antero-lateral processes from proximal rings of sclerites being the only ones that meet to complete the ring on abcauline side. - - + + Figure 39. - -Plumarella longispina + +Plumarella longispina , SBMNH 422394. -A +A Colony, 14 cm tall -x +x 15 cm wide -B +B Branch tips. Scale bar: 2 cm ( -A +A ). - - + + Figure 40. - -Plumarella longispina + +Plumarella longispina , SBMNH 422394, SEM image. -A, B +A, B Body wall scales -C +C Flatter coenenchymal scales -D +D Marginal scales -E +E Marginal spinous sclerites - -F-H + +F-H Opercular scales (worn). Compare/contrast these images with those shown in -Cairns 2011 +Cairns 2011 ( -Figure 5 +Figure 5 , - -P. spicata + +P. spicata ). - -Etymology. - + +Etymology. + From the Latin, -longi +longi - = long and -spina +spina - = spine; long-spined, referencing the spinose marginal sclerites that extend beyond end of operculum on polyps. - -Distribution. - + +Distribution. + Found off California coast between ~55-735 m. Of specimens examined, could not confirm that this species is found off the Oregon coast (thus far, all specimens examined were collected either from Baja California [Mexico] and California [USA] or Washington [USA]; it seems odd that it would skip an entire area between CA and WA). Based on material collected by staff of Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (May, 2006 and July, 2008) that was examined, seen off northwest Washington coast at depths of at least ~208-309 m. Specimens from the genus have been taken in Alaskan waters (Bering Sea, etc.) in depths from 85-2514 m; collection data for these specimens can be found by doing a search of the online data base for the NMNH, Smithsonian, Invertebrate Collection. Listings of this particular species (by -Wing and Barnard 2004 +Wing and Barnard 2004 ; -Heifetz et. al. 2005 +Heifetz et. al. 2005 ; and -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 ) mentioned in Cairns, 2011, could not be confirmed. - -Biology. - + +Biology. + Work by -Lissner and Dorsey (1986) +Lissner and Dorsey (1986) along Tanner and Cortes Banks and the Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge area off southern California showed a depth range as follows: at depths <67 m the species is sparse, at depths ranging from 67-122 m the species is common to abundant, and at depths below 122 m, again becoming sparse. Deep-water video images taken by MBARI indicated the possibility of the genus (perhaps this species) being more common at greater depth (at least in some areas) than once thought. -In all specimens examined, only one had any other organism associated with it; on this specimen there appeared two anemones, both on branches near the tip. One, the larger of the two, is on the exposed axis. On this same specimen, on the area of branches just above the base, there appeared to be the anchor tendrils from the egg case of a shark. These tendrils are quite thin, but with the stiff curl they usually display. Egg cases were noticeable on specimens collected by OCNMS in May 2006. Colonies of this species are quite rigid, so it is likely that they provide good anchorage. +In all specimens examined, only one had any other organism associated with it; on this specimen there appeared two anemones, both on branches near the tip. One, the larger of the two, is on the exposed axis. On this same specimen, on the area of branches just above the base, there appeared to be the anchor tendrils from the egg case of a shark. These tendrils are quite thin, but with the stiff curl they usually display. Egg cases were noticeable on specimens collected by OCNMS in May 2006. Colonies of this species are quite rigid, so it is likely that they provide good anchorage. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + A key data point in the distribution of this species was -Nutting's +Nutting's specimen locality (1909): -'Albatross' +'Albatross' station 4359, Point Loma light-house, -32°42'00"N +32°42'00"N , -117°14'00"W +117°14'00"W (N 85, E 9 miles), 191 fathoms (347 m). This specimen currently housed at NMNH (USNM 25429); specimen was examined. - + In a comparison with a different species (from the Aleutian Islands, - -Plumarella spicata + +Plumarella spicata Nutting, 1912), it presented marginal scales that were similar in shape to those seen in this species, but the spinous process of the marginal scales in - -P. longispina + +P. longispina are much less ornamented. As well, all of the operculars in the species described here display areas of surface that appear very smooth and undecorated; in - -P. spicata + +P. spicata , surface ornamentation is more prevalent, although perhaps not continuous along entire surface. Colony form of - -P. spicata + +P. spicata (delicate and flimsy, more or less dichotomously branched), does not match what is seen for this species. - + Unless there are very subtle differences, e.g., characteristics that might specify several subspecies, this species seemed to be one of the most abundant deep-water prim -noids +noids occurring in the California Bight (and elsewhere). Its overall colony form is quite distinctive, and easily recognizable. While appearing to be quite delicate, closer examination and handling indicated that it is actually fairly hardy. In the near future, an examination of all specimens in the SBMNH collection will have to be undertaken, with special attention paid to any feature(s) that could be assessed as a key characteris -tic +tic that might show some degree of variability. The question arose as to whether there are transitional variations over the entire range of this species, and if so, whether those variations might subdivide the specimens, such that they point in the direction of distinct subspecies (or for that matter, species). Molecular studies on any of those groupings could add further clarity. However, it may be that this is simply an enormously successful species, thus very common, with adequate and successful dispersal abilities. Cordeiro et al. (2019) shows - -P. longispina + +P. longispina with accepted species status. diff --git a/data/7B/0A/06/7B0A0688B6B889AB290F0996958A992E.xml b/data/7B/0A/06/7B0A0688B6B889AB290F0996958A992E.xml index 5fc9a179571..ac7f87becdf 100644 --- a/data/7B/0A/06/7B0A0688B6B889AB290F0996958A992E.xml +++ b/data/7B/0A/06/7B0A0688B6B889AB290F0996958A992E.xml @@ -1,143 +1,143 @@ - - - -A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia + + + +A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia - - -Author + + +Author -Horvath, Elizabeth Anne +Horvath, Elizabeth Anne -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2019 - -860 + +2019 + +860 - -183 -306 + +183 +306 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -1313-2970-860-183 -A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 +1313-2970-860-183 +A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C - - - + + + Genus -Primnoa Lamouroux, 1812 +Primnoa Lamouroux, 1812 - - -Primnoa + + +Primnoa Lamouroux, 1812: 188; 1816: 442. -Johnston 1847 +Johnston 1847 : 171. -Gray 1870 +Gray 1870 : 44. Studer 1878 [1879]: 642; 1887: 49. -Wright and Studer 1889 +Wright and Studer 1889 : xlviii. -Versluys 1906 +Versluys 1906 : 84-85. -Kinoshita 1908a +Kinoshita 1908a : 42. - -Kuekenthal + +Kuekenthal 1915b : 143 [key to genus]; 1919: 357-360 [key to genus]; 1924: 265-266 [key to genus and species]. -Bayer 1956 +Bayer 1956 : 220, fig. 157, 1; 1961: 294 [illustrated key to genus]; 1981: 937 [key to genus]. Bayer and Stefani 1988: 454 [key to genus]. -Cairns and Bayer 2005 +Cairns and Bayer 2005 : 226-228 [revision and key to species]. -Cairns and Bayer 2009 +Cairns and Bayer 2009 : 30, 41, 42. -Cairns 2011 +Cairns 2011 : 19. - -Lithoprimnoa + +Lithoprimnoa Grube, 1861: 174-175. - -Lithoprimnoa + +Lithoprimnoa : -Lithoprimnoa arctica +Lithoprimnoa arctica Grube, 1861, by monotypy. - -Type species. - - -Gorgonia lepadifera + +Type species. + + +Gorgonia lepadifera Linnaeus, 1767 (= - -Gorgonia resedaeformis + +Gorgonia resedaeformis Gunnerus, 1763), by monotypy. - -Diagnosis. -Dichotomously branched, arborescent form with polyps not arranged in whorls but closely crowded on all sides of branches and branchlets; polyps distinctly curved downward toward axis. Marginal scales eight, operculum strongly developed. Tentacles bear small, thorny rods. + +Diagnosis. +Dichotomously branched, arborescent form with polyps not arranged in whorls but closely crowded on all sides of branches and branchlets; polyps distinctly curved downward toward axis. Marginal scales eight, operculum strongly developed. Tentacles bear small, thorny rods. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + This genus, in the form of - -P. resedaeformis + +P. resedaeformis (Gunnerus, 1763), has been known since the earliest days of science (1605), and - -P. resedaeformis + +P. resedaeformis (Atlantic species to which the species discussed here is most closely related) is one of the most often reported deep-water octocorals. It is likely that the Atlantic - -Primnoa + +Primnoa were some of the very first deep-water octocorals to be seen and acknowledged ( -Cairns and Bayer 2005 +Cairns and Bayer 2005 ). - + Genus, with accepted status in WoRMS Database (Cordeiro et al. 2019), mentioned here due to evidence provided by collection records examined (see Appendix 3: List of material examined), which showed a distributional range that includes the California Bight. Based on those collection records (NMNH), this is a deep-water form that has been collected off the California coast, from a southern location of La Jolla, San Diego to a northern location of Monterey Bay. As well, NMNH, OCNMS and MBARI, through collection and video records, also indicated sightings or collections off Oregon, Washington, British Columbia to the Gulf of Alaska, at 64-≥1000 m. This represents a substantial range but does include the entire California Bight region. Additionally, -Cairns and Bayer (2005 +Cairns and Bayer (2005 , -2009 +2009 ), along with - -Heikoop + +Heikoop et al. (2002) and -Risk et al. (2002) +Risk et al. (2002) , reported species of - -Primnoa + +Primnoa from the subantarctic Pacific sector. -Sanchez +Sanchez (in -Gordon 2009 +Gordon 2009 ), reported species of - -Primnoa + +Primnoa off New Zealand coasts. diff --git a/data/A3/82/E4/A382E4AFCFD27FBD5F346570B2606D77.xml b/data/A3/82/E4/A382E4AFCFD27FBD5F346570B2606D77.xml index b9afe23697a..8261c8552ab 100644 --- a/data/A3/82/E4/A382E4AFCFD27FBD5F346570B2606D77.xml +++ b/data/A3/82/E4/A382E4AFCFD27FBD5F346570B2606D77.xml @@ -1,151 +1,151 @@ - - - -A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia + + + +A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia - - -Author + + +Author -Horvath, Elizabeth Anne +Horvath, Elizabeth Anne -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2019 - -860 + +2019 + +860 - -183 -306 + +183 +306 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -1313-2970-860-183 -A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 +1313-2970-860-183 +A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C - - - -Primnoa pacifica Kinoshita, 1907 + + + +Primnoa pacifica Kinoshita, 1907 - - -Primnoa pacifica + + +Primnoa pacifica Kinoshita, 1907: 232; 1908a: 42-45, text figs 8-9, pl 3, figs 19-20, pl 6, fig. 49; 1908b: pl 18, fig. 3; 1909: 2, 3, text fig. -Wing and Bernard 2004 +Wing and Bernard 2004 : 24, fig. 15. -Cairns and Bayer 2005 +Cairns and Bayer 2005 : 233-239. -Stone and Shotwell 2007 +Stone and Shotwell 2007 : 72, 93, 107, in situ fig. 2.23. -Whitmire and Clarke 2007 +Whitmire and Clarke 2007 : 152 (listed). -Cairns and Bayer 2009 +Cairns and Bayer 2009 : 30 (listed). -Cairns 2011 +Cairns 2011 : 19. - -Primnoa resedaeformis var. pacifica + +Primnoa resedaeformis var. pacifica Kukenthal, 1915b: 146; 1919: 361-362. -Aurivillius 1931 +Aurivillius 1931 : 295-296. - -Primnoa japonica + +Primnoa japonica Verrill, 1922: 15 (nomen nudum). - -Primnoa resedaeformis pacifica + +Primnoa resedaeformis pacifica Kukenthal, 1924: 267, fig. 152. -Heifetz et al. 2005 +Heifetz et al. 2005 : 132. - -Primnoa resedaeformis forma pacifica + +Primnoa resedaeformis forma pacifica Broch, 1935: 29-33, figs 17a-e, 18a; 1940: 20, 21. -Naumov 1955 +Naumov 1955 : 66, pl 11, fig. 5. - -Material examined. -No specimens in SBMNH collection (see Appendix 3: List of material examined). + +Material examined. +No specimens in SBMNH collection (see Appendix 3: List of material examined). - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Members of this genus display, in texture and color (when preserved in alcohol) that reminiscent of large-curd cottage cheese, arranged into branches. - -P. resedaeformis + +P. resedaeformis from the Atlantic is known to Canadian fishermen commonly as Seacorn or Popcorn coral. (On a first examination of preserved specimens, which were creamy yellow-white in alcohol, the appearance of popcorn immediately came to mind.) Information given here primarily focuses on - -Primnoa pacifica + +Primnoa pacifica typical; known distribution ranges from Honshu, Japan; California, north to at least the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska ( -Cairns and Bayer 2005 +Cairns and Bayer 2005 ). - -P. pacifica + +P. pacifica is known by some (anecdotal, via fishermen working in the Pacific) as Red tree coral (when living, the -colony's +colony's pink color is quite beautiful), as well as Seacorn or Popcorn coral. - + This species has now been synonymized with - -P. willeyi + +P. willeyi Hickson, 1915, following work done by -Cairns and Bayer (2005 +Cairns and Bayer (2005 , -2009 +2009 ); this is shown in the WoRMS Database (Cordeiro et al. 2019), where it is considered in the Database as -Primnoa pacifica var. willeyi +Primnoa pacifica var. willeyi (Hickson, 1915). - + Research staff at OCNMS originally believed that - -Primnoa + +Primnoa occurred only on hard substrates (such as large boulders, and exposed bedrock) in areas of low turbidity, at a minimum yearly temperature of 3.7 °C, at depths of at least 9-800 m ( -Brancato et al. 2007 +Brancato et al. 2007 ). However, the OCNMS expedition in May of 2006 noted its location at several sites having muddy or sandy bottoms. - + Verrill noted, in his original unpublished notes for the -'Blake' +'Blake' Expedition manuscript (transcribed by Bayer in personal notes but not published with the plates in -Bayer and Cairns 2004 +Bayer and Cairns 2004 ) that in the deep sea, because of the "absolute stillness of the -water +water ," many deep-dwelling forms exhibited extreme delicacy and fragility. He noted that numerous examples of the more delicate features occurred in the family -Primnoidae +Primnoidae . At depth, this species has been found with crinoids intertwined amongst its branches; it may further provide shelter within its branches for species of deep-water rockfish ( -Brancato et al. 2007 +Brancato et al. 2007 ). While Verrill noted (unpublished personal note transcriptions made by Bayer) that many of the deep-sea -Alcyonaria +Alcyonaria are -"phosphorescent" +"phosphorescent" (bioluminescent), no recent information was found that could confirm/deny that characteristic for this species, or any other in the family. - + The specimen mentioned in the Appendix 3: Other material, may be the southern-most report in eastern Pacific (USA) waters for a specimen of this genus and species. Occurring as far south as La Jolla, California, it may also be found further north into the California Bight, perhaps off the Channel Islands, in deep water. Of the thirteen genus records noted at CAS, the majority of specimens are from Alaska; their only record of this species is from the Sea of Japan. MBARI has records (provided by L Lundsten) for colonies known to belong in the Family -Primnoidae +Primnoidae , but most are not identified to genus or species. It would not be surprising if some of those specimens represent species within this genus, if not this species. As this manuscript was in preparation, a colony fragment (this genus and likely this species) was located (by myself and my research student, C Schaefer, in 2015) in material sampled from LACoMNH; fragment was found in fishing nets in 1981, set in SW Alaskan waters. diff --git a/data/BC/7F/9D/BC7F9DB5BA9D57C6B36130F473F40FC5.xml b/data/BC/7F/9D/BC7F9DB5BA9D57C6B36130F473F40FC5.xml index 3e5b81917a0..fbfa10466d7 100644 --- a/data/BC/7F/9D/BC7F9DB5BA9D57C6B36130F473F40FC5.xml +++ b/data/BC/7F/9D/BC7F9DB5BA9D57C6B36130F473F40FC5.xml @@ -1,48 +1,48 @@ - - - -A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia + + + +A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia - - -Author + + +Author -Horvath, Elizabeth Anne +Horvath, Elizabeth Anne -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2019 - -860 + +2019 + +860 - -183 -306 + +183 +306 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -1313-2970-860-183 -A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 +1313-2970-860-183 +A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C - - - + + + Family -Isididae Lamouroux, 1812 +Isididae Lamouroux, 1812 - -Diagnosis. -Axis distinctly segmented, composed of alternating purely horny (gorgonin) nodes and nonscleritic calcareous, mostly solid, internodes (in some, hollow); internodes may be colored, quite smooth or with small projections or ridges. Base may be either a root-like calcareous structure for anchoring colony in soft substrate or a basal disc for attachment to hard object. Colonies whip-like, profusely branched, bushy or fan-like, with polyps retractile (or not). Majority of species in family found in deeper waters; all members of family commonly called Bamboo coral. + +Diagnosis. +Axis distinctly segmented, composed of alternating purely horny (gorgonin) nodes and nonscleritic calcareous, mostly solid, internodes (in some, hollow); internodes may be colored, quite smooth or with small projections or ridges. Base may be either a root-like calcareous structure for anchoring colony in soft substrate or a basal disc for attachment to hard object. Colonies whip-like, profusely branched, bushy or fan-like, with polyps retractile (or not). Majority of species in family found in deeper waters; all members of family commonly called Bamboo coral. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/DE/45/F8/DE45F8B635E259D1B7ABDA0646509B4E.xml b/data/DE/45/F8/DE45F8B635E259D1B7ABDA0646509B4E.xml index 6a0e719d41f..62bc20698a1 100644 --- a/data/DE/45/F8/DE45F8B635E259D1B7ABDA0646509B4E.xml +++ b/data/DE/45/F8/DE45F8B635E259D1B7ABDA0646509B4E.xml @@ -1,288 +1,288 @@ - - - -A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia + + + +A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia - - -Author + + +Author -Horvath, Elizabeth Anne +Horvath, Elizabeth Anne -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2019 - -860 + +2019 + +860 - -183 -306 + +183 +306 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -1313-2970-860-183 -A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 +1313-2970-860-183 +A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C - - - - + + + + Callogorgia kinoshitai ( -Kuekenthal +Kuekenthal , 1913) -Figures 33A, B +Figures 33A, B , -34A, B +34A, B , - + 35 -A-E +A-E - - - -Callogorgia + + + +Callogorgia kinoshitae -Kuekenthal +Kuekenthal , 1913: 264-266; text figs E, F, pl 8, fig. 10 (= -Caligorgia kinoshitae -Kuekenthal +Caligorgia kinoshitae +Kuekenthal , 1913: 264-266 [spelling difference]); 1919: 370; 1924: 270. - -Callogorgia kinoshitae + +Callogorgia kinoshitae : -Bayer 1982 +Bayer 1982 : 122. -Cairns 2007b +Cairns 2007b : 512 (listed). -Cairns and Bayer 2009 +Cairns and Bayer 2009 : 29 (listed). - + (?) -Caligorgia sertosa +Caligorgia sertosa Wright & Studer, 1889: 75-77. -Nutting 1909 +Nutting 1909 : 715. - -Type locality. - + +Type locality. + USA, California, 218-2472 m. Possible collection location for type La Jolla, San Diego, based on work of - -Kuekenthal + +Kuekenthal (1913 ; -1924 +1924 ). - - -Type + + +Type specimens. -Repository of type(s) unknown. +Repository of type(s) unknown. - -Material examined. -6 lots (see Appendix 3: List of material examined). + +Material examined. +6 lots (see Appendix 3: List of material examined). - -Description. - -Colony + +Description. + +Colony ( -Figure 33A +Figure 33A ) flabellate, usually branched in regularly alternate, pinnate pattern; some colonies (often main branches) rarely dichotomous; most branches in one plane. Maximum colony height over 30 cm (base excluded); average height of colonies in SBMNH collection -+/- ++/- 15 cm. Central stem slightly bent in geniculate (jointed, zig-zag) pattern, giving off branches at angles or joints; few branches give off branchlets in similar manner. Distance between branches/branchlets on same side of central stem roughly one cm (slightly larger than one cm closer to base and less than one cm toward tips of branchlets). All branchlets unbranched, parallel to each other. Distal ends of branchlets extremely thin, more flexible, with branchlets often recurved back on themselves. Axis stiff, longitudinally striated; creamy yellow to tan, covered with fairly thin coenenchyme. Color of living colony (?)white to creamy-white; perhaps very light pinkish-beige; color in alcohol creamy whitish-beige to light tan. Five or six polyps (rarely four) regularly arranged in each whorl (most common number being five); whorl diameter 2.1-2.2 mm; generally, four to five whorls per centimeter of branch length. Minimal distance between whorls no more than 1.0 mm (often less), but evident. Polyps 2.0 mm tall; slightly clavate, covered in four to eight rows of nearly spindle-shaped (rods) sclerites; polyps strongly curved from base outward, upward and inward toward axis ( -Figure 33B +Figure 33B ), thus apertures directed toward -stem +stem or branch. Sclerites ( -Figures 34A, B +Figures 34A, B , - + 35 -A-E +A-E ) predominantly scales, flattened (sometimes oblong, fusiform; some appearing as flattened caveman clubs) on stem and branches, with long tooth-like spines, and radiating ribs. Outer sclerite surface may also have many small to medium-sized warts, bumps and granules. Scales im -bricating +bricating (like roof tiles), fan-shaped on polyp walls. Aperture edge of polyp with ctenate marginal scales, inside of which are bases of eight opercular scales; these form tall, pyramidal opercula, with height ~0.5 mm. Opercular scales (Figures 34Bd, 35D) distinctly differentiated from body scales, not overreached by marginals, not bending -inward +inward over them. Individual opercular scales elongate triangles, especially on abaxial side, forming a conspicuous, elongated spine when polyp is fully retracted; these scales bear thickened, longitudinal ridges on their inner surface, ending with truncated points. Opercular scales up to ~0.65 mm long by 0.2 mm wide at broader end; adaxial opercular scales much smaller. Upper layer (ring) of marginal scales ( -Figure 35E +Figure 35E ) large, with radiating ribs, furrowed at their edge; others (proceeding proximally) show these markings feebly, if at all. Longitudinal rows of scales on polyp body commonly numbering seven (rarely eight), best seen on abaxial and lateral sides (inner lateral scales number four on each side of polyp); only abaxial rows of body scales complete. Adaxial rows reduced or absent; if present, generally two scales placed distally, two proximally, revealing large area of naked adaxial wall; thus, total number of scales within a row varies, but typically eight (with six to nine possible) scales in row; most numerous on exposed, abaxial side. Largest body wall scales, abaxial (Figures 34Ba, b, 35E); abaxial scales near tip of polyp smaller, those of adaxial side up to ~0.1 mm across by 0.1 mm tall. Lateral scales slightly smaller (Figure 34Bc). Coenenchymal sclerites ( - + Figure 35 -A-C +A-C ) dense, as elongated, nearly spindle-shaped rods often covered with numerous thorns or prickles. - - + + Figure 33. - -Callogorgia kinoshitai + +Callogorgia kinoshitai , SBMNH 422990. -A +A Colony; height (base missing) ~30 cm -B +B SBMNH 422982, branch close-up, illustrating arrangement of polyps in whorls, each polyp curving strongly upward and inward toward branch. - - + + Figure 34. - -Callogorgia kinoshitai + +Callogorgia kinoshitai , SBMNH 422982. -A +A Light microscopy array, 4 -x +x magnification, showing variety of large scales (body wall, coenenchymal, opercular, etc.) as well as very small coenenchymal rod-like sclerites -B +B Array of representative scales, 10 -x +x magnification, SBMNH 422982; -a +a abaxial body wall scale, indicated by arrow -b +b possible inner lateral or abaxial from polyp base -c +c outer lateral scale -d +d opercular scale. Opercular scales average 239 -µm +µm in length, body wall scales range in breadth from 117-217 -µm +µm and very small spindles ~28 -µm +µm in length. - - + + Figure 35. - -Callogorgia kinoshitai + +Callogorgia kinoshitai , SBMNH 422982, SEM image. -A +A Small, developing coenenchymal rods -B +B Very flattened, -"odd" +"odd" coenenchymal rods -C +C Coenenchymal rods -D +D Opercular scales -E +E Highly ridged abaxials (polyp tip). Sclerite forms shown here correspond to figures shown in Cairn and Bayer 2002 for species in the genus. - -Etymology. -Named in honor of Kumao Kinoshita of Japan (Cairns 2018). + +Etymology. +Named in honor of Kumao Kinoshita of Japan (Cairns 2018). - -Distribution. - - -Callogorgia kinoshitai + +Distribution. + + +Callogorgia kinoshitai appears to extend from Monterey Bay to as far south as Chile, based on collection location data found recorded at several institutions (see Appendix 3: List of material examined). Based on specimens housed in SBMNH collection, it would appear that the species does extend further north, into waters off Oregon and Washington (USA). - -Biology. - + +Biology. + Generally found in deep water (averaging 800-1,000 meters). Intertwined amongst branches may be found moderate to large -Ophiuroidea +Ophiuroidea , along with either what appear to be anemones (quite large, very fleshy and wrinkled) and/or possibly a type of acorn barnacle, attached to stems and branches. - -Remarks. - - -Kuekenthal + +Remarks. + + +Kuekenthal (1919 , -1924 +1924 ) speculated that the species - -C. kinoshitae + +C. kinoshitae (i) might be a junior synonym of - -Caligorgia sertosa + +Caligorgia sertosa Wright & Studer, 1889 (note error in spelling of genus name), as described by -Nutting (1909) +Nutting (1909) . -Nutting (1909) +Nutting (1909) indicated five localities for what he called - -C. sertosa + +C. sertosa , all in the vicinity of USA, California, San Diego, Point Loma light-house. Nutting also established the type for - -C. sertosa + +C. sertosa , that being collected at Station 192, off Kei Island, South Pacific, 255 m, by R/V -'Challenger' +'Challenger' . Perhaps -Nutting's +Nutting's specimens from the San Diego area should be ascribed to this species rather than to - -C. sertosa + +C. sertosa . In any event, the two are indeed separate species. Researchers with greater exposure to, and expertise on, this species (SD Cairns) should be consulted regarding legitimacy of - -C. sertosa + +C. sertosa as senior synonym. Cordeiro et al. (2019) does not show this synonymy in the WoRMS Database. Earlier descriptions for both - -C. kinoshitae + +C. kinoshitae (i) and - -C. sertosa + +C. sertosa found in - -Kuekenthal + +Kuekenthal (1919) clearly indicated the distinct differences used to distinguish between these two species. Based on locations of collection events, with - -C. sertosa + +C. sertosa having its type collected from Kei Island in the South Pacific, the two appear to be separate, distinct species. diff --git a/data/EE/90/70/EE9070072A17692486E07EB4B9908238.xml b/data/EE/90/70/EE9070072A17692486E07EB4B9908238.xml index 6c37f9c06f5..cd28cc70bd7 100644 --- a/data/EE/90/70/EE9070072A17692486E07EB4B9908238.xml +++ b/data/EE/90/70/EE9070072A17692486E07EB4B9908238.xml @@ -1,107 +1,107 @@ - - - -A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia + + + +A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia - - -Author + + +Author -Horvath, Elizabeth Anne +Horvath, Elizabeth Anne -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2019 - -860 + +2019 + +860 - -183 -306 + +183 +306 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -1313-2970-860-183 -A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 +1313-2970-860-183 +A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C - - - -Genus -Parastenella Versluys, 1906 + + + +Genus +Parastenella Versluys, 1906 - - + + non -Stenella +Stenella Gray, 1866: 213 [a cetacean]. - -Stenella + +Stenella Gray, 1870: 48. Studer 1878 [1879]: 643; 1887: 50. -Wright and Studer 1889 +Wright and Studer 1889 : 56 [pars; -S. doederleini +S. doederleini , -S. spinosa +S. spinosa ]. -Kinoshita 1908a +Kinoshita 1908a : 27, 28. - -Kuekenthal + +Kuekenthal 1915b : 151, 152 [pars]; 1919: 443-445 [pars; key to species]; 1924: 303 [pars; key to species]. Molander 1929: [pars]. Aurivillius, 1931: 289, 290 [pars]. - -Stenella (Parastenella) + +Stenella (Parastenella) Versluys, 1906: 39, 45. - -Candidella (Parastenella) + +Candidella (Parastenella) Bayer, 1956: F222. - -Parastenella + +Parastenella Bayer, 1961: 295 [ill. key to genus]; 1981: 936 [key to genus]. Bayer and Stefani 1988: 454 [key to genus]. -Cairns 2007a +Cairns 2007a : 245-247; -2007b +2007b : 518. Table 2 [generic revision, tabular key to species]. -Cairns and Bayer 2009 +Cairns and Bayer 2009 : 31, 45, 46. -Cairns 2010 +Cairns 2010 : 434 [key to species]; 2011: 23; 2016: 94-96 - -Type species. - - -Stenella doederleini + +Type species. + + +Stenella doederleini Wright & Studer, 1889; subsequent designation -Bayer 1956 +Bayer 1956 a. - -Diagnosis. -Colonies primarily branched, planar dichotomous; occasionally slightly bushy. Polyps arranged in either whorls of up to four, in pairs, or isolated, generally standing perpendicular to branch. Operculum well developed, opercular scales decidedly keeled on inner surface. Marginal scales eight, in alternate position with respect to opercular scales. All polyps, generally, completely covered with five to eight longitudinal rows of body wall scales; outer surfaces covered with small granules. Coenenchymal scales arranged in one layer. Tentacular rods sometimes present. + +Diagnosis. +Colonies primarily branched, planar dichotomous; occasionally slightly bushy. Polyps arranged in either whorls of up to four, in pairs, or isolated, generally standing perpendicular to branch. Operculum well developed, opercular scales decidedly keeled on inner surface. Marginal scales eight, in alternate position with respect to opercular scales. All polyps, generally, completely covered with five to eight longitudinal rows of body wall scales; outer surfaces covered with small granules. Coenenchymal scales arranged in one layer. Tentacular rods sometimes present. - -Remarks. -Genus holds accepted status, shown in WoRMS Database (Cordeiro et al. 2019). + +Remarks. +Genus holds accepted status, shown in WoRMS Database (Cordeiro et al. 2019). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/F3/B5/37/F3B5374542C2251D0A29E46B814C3B9F.xml b/data/F3/B5/37/F3B5374542C2251D0A29E46B814C3B9F.xml index ecaed509558..2ddbc667ec9 100644 --- a/data/F3/B5/37/F3B5374542C2251D0A29E46B814C3B9F.xml +++ b/data/F3/B5/37/F3B5374542C2251D0A29E46B814C3B9F.xml @@ -1,211 +1,211 @@ - - - -A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia + + + +A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia - - -Author + + +Author -Horvath, Elizabeth Anne +Horvath, Elizabeth Anne -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2019 - -860 + +2019 + +860 - -183 -306 + +183 +306 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -1313-2970-860-183 -A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 +1313-2970-860-183 +A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C - - - -Parastenella pacifica Cairns, 2007 -Figures 36A, B + + + +Parastenella pacifica Cairns, 2007 +Figures 36A, B , - + 37 -A-C +A-C , - + 38 -A-E +A-E - - -Parastenella pacifica + + +Parastenella pacifica Cairns, 2007b: 526, 527; figs 1C; 8, 9. - -Type locality. - + +Type locality. + USA, Oregon, west of Cape Meares, -45°25'18"N +45°25'18"N , -125°11'01"W +125°11'01"W , 1498-1527 m. - -Type specimen. - -Holotype + +Type specimen. + +Holotype USNM 1071799 [dry]; type was not examined. - -Material examined. -1 lot (see Appendix 3: List of material examined). + +Material examined. +1 lot (see Appendix 3: List of material examined). - -Description. - -Colony + +Description. + +Colony ( -Figure 36A +Figure 36A ) with dichotomous branching, somewhat irregular, generally in one plane; some SBMNH specimens slightly bushy, flabellate, up to +30 cm in height (next largest, 14 cm tall). In largest colonies branchlet tips tend to droop down, curling slightly back on themselves ( -Figure 36A +Figure 36A ); branching intervals vary from ~3.5 cm distance at lower end of main stem (near base) to less than 1.0 cm near branch/branchlet tips. Polyps ( -Figure 36B +Figure 36B ) with opercula well differentiated; usually spaced 0.5-1.5 mm apart in/as singles, pairs or whorls of up to three, erect (perpendicular to axis), or slightly bent downward toward stem. Polyp height 2.0-3.5 cm, flared distally with slender, delicate stalk, heavily armored with calcareous scales. Polyps found on numerous branches, tending to favor one side of colony. Axis as described for family; visible through single layer of white, translucent coenenchymal scales; dark to light brown in color. Color of living colony (?)cream or white; in alcohol, cream to light tan. Sclerites are scales ( - + Figures 37 -A-C +A-C , - + 38 -A-E +A-E ); marginal scales (standard number eight) alternating in position from opercular scales (latter forming -distinct +distinct operculum, creating obvious projection out from polyp). Marginal scales (Figures 37Aa, 37B, 38C) all of similar shape and size, most showing broad, shallow apical flute; these generate symmetrical rosette when viewed from above. Submarginal body wall scales (Figures 37Ab, 38A) roughly arranged in eight longitudinal rows, each row with three to four scales that appear to overlap those in adjacent rows; distal end obviously rounded, no fluting apparent; flutes absent on submarginal abaxial body wall -scales +scales . Otherwise, polyp completely covered with body wall scales, including adaxial region. Opercular scales (Figures 37Ac, 37C, 38D) alternate with marginal scales (as opposed to overlapping them) around polyp; triangular shape, prominently keeled on inner surface; most all of similar size (0.5 mm in length, on average). Coenenchymal scales ( -Figure 38B +Figure 38B , possibly) generally elliptical, very evident on branches (resembling -sea +sea pansy rachis or water lily pad), in one thin layer; few with irregular shape. Pinnular sclerites ( -Figure 38E +Figure 38E ) small rods, with granular surface. - - + + Figure 36. - -Parastenella pacifica + +Parastenella pacifica , SBMNH 422983. -A +A Colony (attachment base missing), ~15 cm -x +x 13 cm, at widest point -B +B Branch tip close-up. - - + + Figure 37. - -Parastenella pacifica + +Parastenella pacifica , SBMNH 422983. Light microscopy arrays, scleritic scales. -A +A An assortment -a +a possible marginal scale -b +b abaxial body wall scale -c +c opercular scale -B +B 10 -x-magnified +x-magnified image; marginal scale -C +C 10 -x-magnified +x-magnified image; opercular scale. - - + + Figure 38. - -Parastenella pacifica + +Parastenella pacifica , SBMNH 422983, SEM image. -A +A Abaxial body wall scales -B +B Coenenchymal scale -C +C Marginal scales -D +D Opercular scales -E +E Pinnular sclerites. Compare to those shown in Cairns 2007 ( -Figure 9 +Figure 9 ). - -Etymology. - + +Etymology. + The species name -pacifica +pacifica - in reference to its general location; stated to be closely similar to - -Parastenella atlantica + +Parastenella atlantica ( -Cairns (2007b) +Cairns (2007b) . Cairns suggested that these could form a geminate (twin species) pair, differing largely in having ranges in different oceans. The species designation is listed as accepted in WoRMS Database (Cordeiro et al. 2019) - -Distribution. - + +Distribution. + Deep-water species (~1,500-2,086 m, currently known to live on the continental slope off Oregon up to British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands); see Appendix 3: List of material examined. Material in the SBMNH collection came from an area north of the California -Bight's +Bight's northern limit; whether it will be found further south (into the California Bight) remains to be seen. - -Biology. - + +Biology. + Of the many fragments/partial colonies present in the one lot from the SBMNH collection, one of the fragments has bits of a distinguishable, pale orange ophiuroid (brittle/basket star) intertwined/tangled within it. This could either be an artifact of collection or a true living condition. The specimen from Moss Landing Marine Labs (see Appendix 3: List of material examined) also showed presence of -Ophiuroidea +Ophiuroidea ; based on the nature of their location, etc. within the colony, likely a living situation, not an artifact. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Sclerites in specimens from SBMNH were consistently a bit smaller than those from holotype shown in -Cairns (2007b) +Cairns (2007b) . Furthermore, the SBMNH material not generally in good condition; was often difficult to get good microscopic arrays showing enough of the different forms of body wall scales (abaxials, laterals and adaxials) so as to see clear differences. The coenenchymal sclerites on branches were very evident, however, and examination of sclerites showed clearly the broad, shallow fluting. While tentacular rods are considered common in this species, sometimes very few would be found in the fragments examined; the condition of many of the polyps may partly explain their absence. Further examination of undamaged colonies, collected from the same area, may better reveal their presence. diff --git a/data/F4/11/5E/F4115E57B3584BE78618653370B86F8B.xml b/data/F4/11/5E/F4115E57B3584BE78618653370B86F8B.xml index 3a88de02b3c..ffd6f9d8939 100644 --- a/data/F4/11/5E/F4115E57B3584BE78618653370B86F8B.xml +++ b/data/F4/11/5E/F4115E57B3584BE78618653370B86F8B.xml @@ -1,434 +1,434 @@ - - - -A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia + + + +A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia - - -Author + + +Author -Horvath, Elizabeth Anne +Horvath, Elizabeth Anne -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2019 - -860 + +2019 + +860 - -183 -306 + +183 +306 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -1313-2970-860-183 -A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 +1313-2970-860-183 +A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C - - - + + + Genus -Thesea Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 +Thesea Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 - - -Thesea + + +Thesea = -Acis +Acis (non -Acis +Acis , Billberg, 1820, Lesson 1830) Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860: 18, 19; 1864: 12-14. - -Koelliker + +Koelliker 1865 : 136. [ -Thesea +Thesea . = -Acis +Acis (pars) -Wright and Studer 1889 +Wright and Studer 1889 : 56. - -Acis -Kuekenthal + +Acis +Kuekenthal , 1919: 836. - -Thesea + +Thesea Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860: 18, 19. -Nutting 1912 +Nutting 1912 : 80. - -Kuekenthal + +Kuekenthal 1924 : 153, 154. -Deichmann 1936 +Deichmann 1936 : 110-112. -Bayer 1956 +Bayer 1956 : F206-F207; 1958: 50; 1981: 945. - -non -Thesea + +non +Thesea Nutting, 1910a: 50 {= -Placogorgia +Placogorgia }. -Riess 1929 +Riess 1929 : 401 [= -Scleracis +Scleracis : see Deichmann, 1936: 111]. - + non -Elasma +Elasma (non -E. +E. Jaennicke, 1866); Studer (and Wright) 1887: 58. - + non -Elasmogorgia +Elasmogorgia Wright & Studer, 1889: 132. -Hickson 1905 +Hickson 1905 : 814. -Nutting 1909 +Nutting 1909 : 717 (California = -Thesea +Thesea ). -Thomson and Simpson 1909 +Thomson and Simpson 1909 : 238. -Nutting 1910a +Nutting 1910a : 45. -Thomson and Russell 1910 +Thomson and Russell 1910 : 159. -Nutting 1912 +Nutting 1912 : 85. - -Kuekenthal + +Kuekenthal 1919 : 752, 836; -1924 +1924 (pars): 148]. -Thomson and Dean 1931 +Thomson and Dean 1931 : 199. -Matsumoto and Ofwegen 2016 +Matsumoto and Ofwegen 2016 : 4. - -Evacis + +Evacis (nomen nudum) Verrill, 1912: 373, 377 [Des. Deichmann, 1936]. - -Euacis + +Euacis Aurivillius, 1931: 126. - -Filigella + +Filigella Gray, 1868: 443. Kinoshita (pars) 1909: 1. -Verrill 1912 +Verrill 1912 : 389. - -Kuekenthal + +Kuekenthal 1919 : 762, 844. -Aurivillius 1931 +Aurivillius 1931 : 126-129. -Deichmann 1936 +Deichmann 1936 : 147. -Bayer 1956 +Bayer 1956 : F206. -Muzik 1979 +Muzik 1979 : 142, 143; -Matsumoto and Ofwegen 2016 +Matsumoto and Ofwegen 2016 : 2, 16, 19. - + non -Filigella +Filigella = -Elasmogorgia +Elasmogorgia Kinoshita, 1909: 1, 4, 5. - -Kuekenthal + +Kuekenthal 1924 : 148. - -Heterogorgia + +Heterogorgia (pars) Verrill, 1868c: 413. -Nutting 1910a +Nutting 1910a : 87. - -Type species. - - -Thesea exserta + +Type species. + + +Thesea exserta Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 (non - -Gorgonia exserta + +Gorgonia exserta Ellis & Solander, 1786) = - -Thesea guadalupensis + +Thesea guadalupensis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864. - -Diagnosis. -Colonies moderately threadlike, some (rare) sparsely branched in one plane; slightly flexible branches slender, long, each ascending to slightly expanded, stout, possibly truncated, distal branch tip; terminates with flattened arrow-head-like tip; proximal end, when free, also drawn into arrow-head (looking as distal end), or with small attachment disk; axis horny; coenenchyme thin. Calyces distinct, roughly placed alternately; low-domed with eight marginal teeth formed by simple converging spindles. Sclerites of coenenchyme in two layers: outer one containing large, spheroidal/oval or plate-like bodies, outer faces of which are commonly undulated, generating a wash-board appearance (key sclerite form for genus); inner layer including warted spindles of smaller diameter. + +Diagnosis. +Colonies moderately threadlike, some (rare) sparsely branched in one plane; slightly flexible branches slender, long, each ascending to slightly expanded, stout, possibly truncated, distal branch tip; terminates with flattened arrow-head-like tip; proximal end, when free, also drawn into arrow-head (looking as distal end), or with small attachment disk; axis horny; coenenchyme thin. Calyces distinct, roughly placed alternately; low-domed with eight marginal teeth formed by simple converging spindles. Sclerites of coenenchyme in two layers: outer one containing large, spheroidal/oval or plate-like bodies, outer faces of which are commonly undulated, generating a wash-board appearance (key sclerite form for genus); inner layer including warted spindles of smaller diameter. - -Remarks. - -Kinoshita (1909) + +Remarks. + +Kinoshita (1909) and -Aurivillius (1931) +Aurivillius (1931) considered the genus - -Filigella + +Filigella synonymous with - -Elasmogorgia + +Elasmogorgia . This synonymy was called into question by -Matsumoto and Ofwegen (2016) +Matsumoto and Ofwegen (2016) in statements made regarding two distinct species. They stated that - -Filigella mitsukurii + +Filigella mitsukurii is actually - -Euplexaura mitsukurii + +Euplexaura mitsukurii and that there is only one species in the genus - -Elasmogorgia + +Elasmogorgia , that being - -Elasmogorgia filiformis + +Elasmogorgia filiformis Wright & Studer, 1889 (closely resembling a species in the genus - -Astrogorgia + +Astrogorgia Verrill, 1868); in actuality, there now are three accepted species in this genus, listed accordingly by Cordeiro et al. (2019) in the WoRMS Database. Considering the characteristics of the two genera ( - -Euplexaura + +Euplexaura Verrill, 1869 and - -Elasmogorgia + +Elasmogorgia ), neither - -E. mitsukurii + +E. mitsukurii or - -E. filiformis + +E. filiformis belong in the genus - -Thesea + +Thesea ; thus - -Elasmogorgia + +Elasmogorgia is not synonymous with - -Thesea + +Thesea . However, -Matsumoto and Ofwegen (2016) +Matsumoto and Ofwegen (2016) did state that the genus - -Filigella + +Filigella is a synonym of - -Thesea + +Thesea . The basis for this might be the fact that the genus descriptions given by -Bayer (1956 +Bayer (1956 a) for - -Thesea + +Thesea and - -Filigella + +Filigella overlap, in part; this would explain the suggestion of synonymy between the two genera made by Bayer in 1958. -Bayer (1958) +Bayer (1958) synonymized the two genera - -Filigella + +Filigella Gray and - -Elasmogorgia + +Elasmogorgia Wright and Studer with the West Atlantic genus - -Thesea + +Thesea Duchassaing & Michellotti, and transferred the genus -to +to the family -Plexauridae +Plexauridae from the family -Paramuriceidae +Paramuriceidae (latter no longer a currently recognized taxon). -Bayer (1981) +Bayer (1981) then stated that - -Filigella + +Filigella was a synonym of - -Thesea + +Thesea ; based on the recent work of -Matsumoto and Ofwegen (2016) +Matsumoto and Ofwegen (2016) , - -Elasmogorgia + +Elasmogorgia must be removed from - -Bayer's + +Bayer's 1958 synonymy, while - -Filigella + +Filigella 's synonymy might be retained. According to -Utinomi (1961) +Utinomi (1961) however, the coenenchyme of - -Filigella + +Filigella is thinner and less distinctly displays the two layers seen in most plexaurids; as well, anthocodial armature is more powerful so as to form an operculum, typical of the group formerly known as the paramuriceids. Based on this, he considered it better to retain the genus name - -Filigella + +Filigella than to unite it with the plexaurid genus - -Thesea + +Thesea . -Muzik (1979) +Muzik (1979) also did not synonymize - -Thesea + +Thesea with - -Filigella + +Filigella ; her rationale was that - -Filigella + +Filigella had a distinct collaret (having something more like a true operculum), along with numerous scales forming the tentacle backs. While - -Filigella + +Filigella was considered to be similar to - -Thesea + +Thesea , - -Thesea + +Thesea was stated to have "bulky boots" (Muzik, 1979: 143) forming its ( -collaret's +collaret's ) points. She went on to surmise that, "depending on the importance of anthocodial armature, these three genera - + ( -Thesea +Thesea , -Filigella +Filigella , along with - -Muricella + +Muricella ) may remain distinct or one day be merged into one genus." The NMNH did not use/recognize - -Filigella + +Filigella during times when author visited and worked in the collection; - -Thesea + +Thesea was the genus designation used. From examinations of specimens at NMNH, etc., noting specimen identification while also considering the synonymy discussion given here, - -Thesea + +Thesea and - -Filigella + +Filigella may or may not be synonymous; the genus - -Thesea + +Thesea is used here for colonies from California (and Mexican) waters. - -Elasmogorgia + +Elasmogorgia (and its species, including - -E. filiformis + +E. filiformis ) is not considered, based on the recent work of -Matsumoto and Ofwegen (2016) +Matsumoto and Ofwegen (2016) . Cordeiro et al. (2019), in the WoRMS Database, indicated the genus - -Thesea + +Thesea as having accepted status, and they list some twenty-eight species within the genus; however, neither - -Thesea + +Thesea [non - -Elasmogorgia + +Elasmogorgia ] - -filiformis + +filiformis (Nutting, 1909) or - -Thesea variabilis + +Thesea variabilis (Studer, 1894) are included in that listing. diff --git a/data/FD/32/01/FD32019F55A577EC81B8DF4FDB51F94F.xml b/data/FD/32/01/FD32019F55A577EC81B8DF4FDB51F94F.xml index 073f64a1d05..3e71c464059 100644 --- a/data/FD/32/01/FD32019F55A577EC81B8DF4FDB51F94F.xml +++ b/data/FD/32/01/FD32019F55A577EC81B8DF4FDB51F94F.xml @@ -1,101 +1,101 @@ - - - -A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia + + + +A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia - - -Author + + +Author -Horvath, Elizabeth Anne +Horvath, Elizabeth Anne -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2019 - -860 + +2019 + +860 - -183 -306 + +183 +306 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 -1313-2970-860-183 -A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 +1313-2970-860-183 +A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C - - - + + + Genus -Plumarella Gray, 1870 +Plumarella Gray, 1870 - - -Cricogorgia + + +Cricogorgia Milne Edwards, 1857: 6, pl B2, fig. 6 [nomen nudum]. -Gray 1870 +Gray 1870 : 36, 37. - -Plumarella + +Plumarella Gray, 1870: 36. -Studer 1887 +Studer 1887 : 51. -Wright and Studer 1889 +Wright and Studer 1889 : xlix, 73, 74, 281. -Versluys 1906 +Versluys 1906 : 13, 14. -Kinoshita 1908a +Kinoshita 1908a : 6-8. - -Kuekenthal + +Kuekenthal 1915b : 144, 145 [key to genus and species]; 1919: 340-343 [key to genus and species]; 1924: 255 [key to genus and species]. Diechmann 1936: 155, 156 [key to genus]. -Bayer 1956 +Bayer 1956 : F220; 1961: 293 [ill. key to genus]; 1981: 936 [key to genus]. Bayer and Stefani 1988: 454 [key to genus]. -Fabricius and Alderslade 2001 +Fabricius and Alderslade 2001 : 244, 245. -Cairns and Bayer 2004b +Cairns and Bayer 2004b : 448, 449 [key to western Atlantic species]; -Cairns and Bayer 2009 +Cairns and Bayer 2009 : 29, 39, 40. -Cairns 2011 +Cairns 2011 : 7-9; 2016: 51, 52; 2018b: 39. -Cairns and Wirshing 2018 +Cairns and Wirshing 2018 : 1, 11. - -Type species. - - -Gorgonia penna + +Type species. + + +Gorgonia penna Lamarck, 1815; subsequent designation by Wright & Studer, 1889: 73. - - -Diagnosis + + +Diagnosis . -Branching in one plane, pinnate, with branches close together in many colonies. Polyps biserial, alternate (rarely, opposite) or irregularly scattered; never in whorls or pairs. All eight rows of body scales present; adaxial surface usually has fewer scales; inner face of opercular scales with inconspicuous apical keel, or none; opercular scales aligned with marginals. Sclerites of coenenchyme (some species) as scales or warty radiates in lower parts of colony and inner cortex. +Branching in one plane, pinnate, with branches close together in many colonies. Polyps biserial, alternate (rarely, opposite) or irregularly scattered; never in whorls or pairs. All eight rows of body scales present; adaxial surface usually has fewer scales; inner face of opercular scales with inconspicuous apical keel, or none; opercular scales aligned with marginals. Sclerites of coenenchyme (some species) as scales or warty radiates in lower parts of colony and inner cortex. - -Remarks. -Genus bears accepted status in WoRMS Database (Cordeiro et al. 2019). + +Remarks. +Genus bears accepted status in WoRMS Database (Cordeiro et al. 2019). \ No newline at end of file