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<mods:title>A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia</mods:title>
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<document id="58327E0EE48B83203F8B9E26BDEB1B69" ID-CLB-Dataset="26282" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e0a7142d-1eae-4254-b91a-30b70eb9b5ee" ID-PMC="PMC6690523" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-860-183" ID-PubMed="31413657" ID-ZooBank="A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C" ModsDocID="1313-2970-860-183" checkinTime="1565091121862" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Horvath, Elizabeth Anne" docDate="2019" docId="1D0545BB44D357D6973B2127727A2E61" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 860: 183-306" docOrigin="ZooKeys 860" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317" docTitle="Primnoidae Milne Edwards 1857" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="236" masterDocId="D577415D00092007FFDF4B2B606EFFFB" masterDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia" masterLastPageNumber="306" masterPageNumber="183" pageNumber="236" updateTime="1732680870684" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="015765C1F168F78F76B8F78A6CAA09FE">A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Horvath, Elizabeth Anne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number>860</mods:number>
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<mods:date id="990F12D13AC8638FD1C376FD1E72B97E">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="54F1346DE6386926FC25A08A9DE7D291">860</mods:number>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159016178" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1D0545BB44D357D6973B2127727A2E61" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D0545BB44D357D6973B2127727A2E61" lastPageNumber="236" pageId="53" pageNumber="236">
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<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="236" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="236">
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<treatment id="1D0545BB44D357D6973B2127727A2E61" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159016178" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1D0545BB44D357D6973B2127727A2E61" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D0545BB44D357D6973B2127727A2E61" lastPageNumber="236" pageId="53" pageNumber="236" scope_class="Anthozoa" scope_order="Alcyonacea" scope_phylum="Cnidaria" scope_subClass="Octocorallia" scope_subOrder="Calcaxonia">
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<subSubSection id="CB9772E0AA8FB8ED0663E71E1722A5BF" pageId="53" pageNumber="236" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="B63A2858E5582E07CFF6EB3DFB78C1D3" pageId="53" pageNumber="236">
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Family
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<taxonomicName LSID="1d0545bb-44d3-57d6-973b-2127727a2e61" authority="Milne Edwards, 1857" authorityName="Milne Edwards" authorityYear="1857" family="Primnoidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="53" pageNumber="236" rank="family">Primnoidae Milne Edwards, 1857</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="B6264368673039CD780395CA148BBB19" ID-CoL="84KPJ" LSID="1d0545bb-44d3-57d6-973b-2127727a2e61" authority="Milne Edwards, 1857" authorityName="Milne Edwards" authorityYear="1857" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="53" pageNumber="236" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Primnoidae Milne Edwards, 1857</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="236" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="236">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="236">Axis of strongly calcified material embedded in gorgonin, unjointed, arranged in undulated concentric layers; core not a soft, chambered central chord. Attachment base a calcareous disc; rarely, a branched, rhizoidal structure. Colonies usually profusely branched, rarely flagelliform. Polyps single, in pairs, or in regular whorls, heavily armored with calcareous scales (sclerites primarily scales in all species), permanently exsert; in contraction, tentacles in-folded. Polyps protected by eight triangular scales making up distinct operculum, below which scales of polyp body aligned in eight rows, some of which may be reduced or missing on adaxial side; rarely (single species) scales not regularly arranged, operculum undifferentiated. In coenenchyme, a layer of plates or scales, commonly elongate, some with inner layer of stellate sclerites. Scales always distinguished by cruciform extinction pattern seen in polarized light.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8955183B22430B5D249449F6460B6D1D" pageId="53" pageNumber="236" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="CC2B7FCBB4A3DF6FFED39E73F72F9D39" pageId="53" pageNumber="236">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="375BF72C68483E231D31BE32E0DCDBEA" pageId="53" pageNumber="236">Axis of strongly calcified material embedded in gorgonin, unjointed, arranged in undulated concentric layers; core not a soft, chambered central chord. Attachment base a calcareous disc; rarely, a branched, rhizoidal structure. Colonies usually profusely branched, rarely flagelliform. Polyps single, in pairs, or in regular whorls, heavily armored with calcareous scales (sclerites primarily scales in all species), permanently exsert; in contraction, tentacles in-folded. Polyps protected by eight triangular scales making up distinct operculum, below which scales of polyp body aligned in eight rows, some of which may be reduced or missing on adaxial side; rarely (single species) scales not regularly arranged, operculum undifferentiated. In coenenchyme, a layer of plates or scales, commonly elongate, some with inner layer of stellate sclerites. Scales always distinguished by cruciform extinction pattern seen in polarized light.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="53" pageNumber="236" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="236">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="53" pageNumber="236">A rationale for the distinction between the use of the words calyx and polyp required in reference to the family. S Cairns (pers. comm.), in a conversation with P Alderslade some years ago, determined that the term calyx should be reserved for those polyps that can contract to a small mound (such as those seen in the plexaurids), and that the primnoid morphology is a polyp. Thus, there is no calyx to be seen in this family; projections and living animals are called polyps; that usage has been incorporated here.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="B87FC6B88368AD2331E0614E6B9BAD5B" pageId="53" pageNumber="236" type="remarks">
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<paragraph id="E3ED41B2EACC36D44B25216AE3E10641" pageId="53" pageNumber="236">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AEEF6CB5CB94FD4034C2A7A3CC251C73" pageId="53" pageNumber="236">A rationale for the distinction between the use of the words calyx and polyp required in reference to the family. S Cairns (pers. comm.), in a conversation with P Alderslade some years ago, determined that the term calyx should be reserved for those polyps that can contract to a small mound (such as those seen in the plexaurids), and that the primnoid morphology is a polyp. Thus, there is no calyx to be seen in this family; projections and living animals are called polyps; that usage has been incorporated here.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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