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<document id="1374832FBCC3588CD90C4F44E85786EA" ID-DOI="10.4314/met.v34i1.9" ID-ISSN="2307-5031" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14119157" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="karina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="karina" IM.tables_approvedBy="karina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="karina" checkinTime="1731461945654" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Terblanche, Reinier F." docDate="2023" docId="03CE1F5EFFA0FFA19BEF94D3763AF9CC" docLanguage="en" docName="Metamorphosis.34.105-112.pdf" docOrigin="Metamorphosis 34 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/met.v34i1.9" docStyle="DocumentStyle:73CBAE06DE6A380ACC54A94377F5FCBA.1:Metamorphosis.2021-.journal_article" docStyleId="73CBAE06DE6A380ACC54A94377F5FCBA" docStyleName="Metamorphosis.2021-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Colotis lais" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="108" masterDocId="FFF76726FFA3FFA29B6B91057316FFB1" masterDocTitle="Colotis lais (Butler, 1876) and Colotis euippe omphale (Godart, [1819]) use Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild LC as a host-plant at Tswalu Kalahari, Northern Cape Province, South Africa)" masterLastPageNumber="112" masterPageNumber="105" pageNumber="108" updateTime="1735067190626" updateUser="karina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="4C0779CE64BA84226709FD682EB6C558">Colotis lais (Butler, 1876) and Colotis euippe omphale (Godart, [1819]) use Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild LC as a host-plant at Tswalu Kalahari, Northern Cape Province, South Africa)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2E6A5CF97B78031393D207C8063AD564">Terblanche, Reinier F.</mods:namePart>
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Descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19A2F94D37286FA5F" ID-CoL="X8L8" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[324,400,1494,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lais">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19A2F94D37286FA5F" bold="true" box="[324,400,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. lais</emphasis>
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and
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19ABC94D371A5FA5F" baseAuthorityName="Godart" baseAuthorityYear="1819" box="[471,691,1494,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="euippe" subSpecies="omphale">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19ABC94D371A5FA5F" bold="true" box="[471,691,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. euippe omphale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
final instar larvae from Tswalu Kalahari
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<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19BEF972873DFF9F5" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[132,201,1580,1604]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lais">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19BEF972873DFF9F5" box="[132,201,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. lais</emphasis>
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final instar larva (
<figureCitation id="135CB2CDFFA0FFA19AE0972972DFF9F5" box="[395,457,1580,1604]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="3.[832,900,627,648]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,148,601]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 9 – Final instar larva of Colotis lais. The larva was collected on 19 December 2021 on Cadaba aphylla shrub C aphy 13, north of the Dedeben Research Centre, Tswalu Kalahari, South Africa. The larva had been successfully reared on new shoots (young stems with small leaves) of Cadaba aphylla. The CRG reference number for this larva is RFT21H78. Photo: R.F. Terblanche." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119181" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119181/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). Larva cylindrical. Ground colour of the larva uniform light green and the head slightly darker green. A series of lateral yellow spots present; each yellow spot associated with a spiracle. Pair of black markings envelope each of the lateral yellow spots, associated with the spiracles, at abdominal segments. Supraspiracular black spots which are separate from each of the lateral, black-enveloped, yellow spots at abdominal segments. Black markings, fused with the lower parts of lateral yellow markings at the thoracic segments of the larva. Small dorsal spot present at each abdominal segment, excluding the first abdominal- and last few abdominal segments. Small dorsal spots also present at thoracic area. Larva richly endowed with short hairs.
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19BEF96DF7241F840" baseAuthorityName="Godart" baseAuthorityYear="1819" box="[132,343,2009,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="euippe" subSpecies="omphale">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19BEF96DF7241F840" box="[132,343,2009,2033]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. euippe omphale</emphasis>
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final instar larva (
<figureCitation id="135CB2CDFFA0FFA1992B96DC718FF840" box="[576,665,2009,2033]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="3.[832,900,1290,1311]" captionTargetBox="[835,1459,843,1256]" captionTargetId="figure-1024@3.[835,1459,843,1256]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 10 – Final instar larva of Colotis euippe omphale collected on 3 January 2022 on Cadaba aphylla shrub C aphy 11, near the Dedeben Research Centre in Tswalu Kalahari, South Africa. The CRG reference number for this larva is RFT22H2. Photo: R.F. Terblanche." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119183" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119183/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). Larva cylindrical with slightly hump-shaped thorax. Background colour dull green. Characteristics correspond to those described in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6D3B9FFA0FFA19A62993372A7F7FC" author="VAN SON, G." box="[265,433,2101,2125]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" refId="ref7427" refString="VAN SON, G. 1949. The butterflies of Southern Africa. Part I: Papilionidae and Pieridae. Transvaal Museum Memoir No. 3, Pretoria." type="book" year="1949">Van Son (1949)</bibRefCitation>
based on the work by Clark, notably the pale green ground colour with yellow, white and black colouration around the spiracles; body sparingly covered with setae on moles, some having a drop liquid at their ends (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6D3B9FFA0FFA198D2970C7775F990" author="VAN SON, G." box="[953,1123,1545,1569]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" refId="ref7427" refString="VAN SON, G. 1949. The butterflies of Southern Africa. Part I: Papilionidae and Pieridae. Transvaal Museum Memoir No. 3, Pretoria." type="book" year="1949">Van Son, 1949</bibRefCitation>
). Lateral black dots associated with an upper pale grey splash-like mark (referred to as white by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF6D3B9FFA0FFA198CB97427756F9EF" author="VAN SON, G." box="[928,1088,1606,1630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" refId="ref7427" refString="VAN SON, G. 1949. The butterflies of Southern Africa. Part I: Papilionidae and Pieridae. Transvaal Museum Memoir No. 3, Pretoria." type="book" year="1949">Van Son, 1949</bibRefCitation>
) fused with a lower yellow splash-like mark, at most of the abdominal segments.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="3A9F044A4B9C1F59BC282EFAEC6846B1">Colotis lais (Butler, 1876) and Colotis euippe omphale (Godart, [1819]) use Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild LC as a host-plant at Tswalu Kalahari, Northern Cape Province, South Africa)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6A00DF0B427C9976EE50F69A82851883">Terblanche, Reinier F.</mods:namePart>
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Description of
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA1988D9799773AF905" ID-CoL="X8L8" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[998,1068,1692,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lais">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA1988D9799773AF905" bold="true" box="[998,1068,1692,1716]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. lais</emphasis>
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and
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19F0F97997626F905" baseAuthorityName="Godart" baseAuthorityYear="1819" box="[1124,1328,1692,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="euippe" subSpecies="omphale">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19F0F97997626F905" bold="true" box="[1124,1328,1692,1716]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. euippe omphale</emphasis>
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pupa from Tswalu Kalahari
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<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA1982B97F77093F8BB" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[832,901,1778,1802]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lais">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA1982B97F77093F8BB" box="[832,901,1778,1802]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. lais</emphasis>
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pupa (
<figureCitation id="135CB2CDFFA0FFA198A597F7770DF8BB" box="[974,1051,1778,1802]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="4.[132,200,575,596]" captionTargetBox="[140,1446,148,566]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 11 – Pupa of Colotis lais. This pupa was reared from a larva collected on 19 September 2022 on a Cadaba aphylla shrub C aphy 13, north of the Dedeben Research Centre, Tswalu Kalahari, South Africa. The CRG reference number for this pupa is RFT22H43. Photo: R.F. Terblanche." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119187" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119187/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Moderately keeled ventrally; thorax dorsally moderately convex. Pointed, short cephalic projection. Pupa not upcurved; axis rather straight. Background colour brownish-white with light orangebrown tones in some areas; irrorated with black dots dorsally, wing-cases with single discocellular spot and a series of faint black markings at the outer margin of the wing cases.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD8AE48FFA0FFA6982B99057137FA04" blockId="3.[832,1455,2047,2102]" lastBlockId="4.[132,755,1345,1461]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA1982B99057731F7A6" baseAuthorityName="Godart" baseAuthorityYear="1819" box="[832,1063,2047,2071]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="euippe" subSpecies="omphale">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA1982B99057731F7A6" box="[832,1063,2047,2071]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. euippe omphale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupa (
<figureCitation id="135CB2CDFFA0FFA19FE496FA77F8F7A6" box="[1167,1262,2047,2071]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="4.[132,200,1182,1203]" captionTargetBox="[136,749,735,1146]" captionTargetId="figure-783@4.[136,749,735,1146]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 12 – Pupa of Colotis euippe omphale. This pupa was reared from a larva collected on 19 December 2021 on Cadaba aphylla shrub C aphy 14, north of the Dedeben Research Centre, Tswalu Kalahari, South Africa. The CRG reference number for this pupa is RFT21H79. Photo: R.F. Terblanche." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119189" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119189/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Characteristics correspond to those described by Clark
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19F8C991B7605F787" box="[1255,1299,2078,2102]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">vide</emphasis>
Van Son moderately convex; head rather broad with acute conical (1949): Strongly compressed laterally, thorax dorsally cephalic projection; background colour green or light brown. Pupa strongly keeled ventrally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document id="ECC646C890C8870AA35182BCC4DE7462" ID-DOI="10.4314/met.v34i1.9" ID-ISSN="2307-5031" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14119157" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="karina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="karina" IM.tables_approvedBy="karina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="karina" checkinTime="1731461945654" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Terblanche, Reinier F." docDate="2023" docId="03CE1F5EFFA1FFA1982B971C714CFA06" docLanguage="en" docName="Metamorphosis.34.105-112.pdf" docOrigin="Metamorphosis 34 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/met.v34i1.9" docStyle="DocumentStyle:73CBAE06DE6A380ACC54A94377F5FCBA.1:Metamorphosis.2021-.journal_article" docStyleId="73CBAE06DE6A380ACC54A94377F5FCBA" docStyleName="Metamorphosis.2021-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Colotis lais" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="108" masterDocId="FFF76726FFA3FFA29B6B91057316FFB1" masterDocTitle="Colotis lais (Butler, 1876) and Colotis euippe omphale (Godart, [1819]) use Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild LC as a host-plant at Tswalu Kalahari, Northern Cape Province, South Africa)" masterLastPageNumber="112" masterPageNumber="105" pageNumber="107" updateTime="1735067190626" updateUser="karina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="B8CB1B5C73D960F0CEF781CC7B5E4D48">Colotis lais (Butler, 1876) and Colotis euippe omphale (Godart, [1819]) use Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild LC as a host-plant at Tswalu Kalahari, Northern Cape Province, South Africa)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A1BBB765445D5200E2F1A12EA9F97858">Terblanche, Reinier F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A857BBAA3A20EF5C510392B123FEA12C">Metamorphosis</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2C64A8588FEBBE61DA0A50A2FC92F86E">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03CE1F5EFFA1FFA1982B971C714CFA06" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CE1F5EFFA1FFA1982B971C714CFA06" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE1F5EFFA1FFA1982B971C714CFA06" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="108" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
<subSubSection id="C37DFDC3FFA1FFA0982B971C7794F9FE" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD8AE48FFA1FFA0982B971C7794F9FE" blockId="2.[832,1455,1561,1615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA1FFA0982B971C7794F9FE" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
Observations of the adult stage of
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA1FFA09FA3971C761BF980" ID-CoL="X8L8" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[1224,1293,1561,1585]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lais">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA1FFA09FA3971C761BF980" bold="true" box="[1224,1293,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">C. lais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA1FFA09E2C971C7089F9FE" baseAuthorityName="Godart" baseAuthorityYear="1819" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="euippe" subSpecies="omphale">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA1FFA09E2C971C7089F9FE" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">C. euippe omphale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Tswalu Kalahari
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37DFDC3FFA1FFA1982B976B714CFA06" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="108" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD8AE48FFA1FFA1982B976B73D1FB3B" blockId="2.[832,1455,1646,2100]" lastBlockId="3.[132,756,770,1162]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="108" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
Males of
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA1FFA098C9976A70F0F937" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[930,998,1646,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lais">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA1FFA098C9976A70F0F937" box="[930,998,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">C. lais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are conspicuously present at non-perennial rivers in the reserve, and they fly up and down dry riverbeds (active channels) during midday hours.
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA1FFA09E0D97A976B9F975" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[1382,1455,1708,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lais">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA1FFA09E0D97A976B9F975" box="[1382,1455,1708,1732]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">C. lais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
uses a variety of nectar sources including
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA1FFA09E5397CE76B9F953" box="[1336,1455,1738,1762]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" genus="Cadaba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA1FFA09E5397CE76B9F953" box="[1336,1455,1738,1762]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">C. aphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flowers (
<figureCitation id="135CB2CDFFA1FFA098F497EC70C9F8B0" box="[927,991,1769,1793]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="3.[132,200,635,656]" captionText="Figure 8 – Colotis lais male nectaring on flowers of Cadaba aphylla shrub C aphy 10, north-west of the Dedeben Research Centre, Tswalu Kalahari, South Africa, 6 October 2021. Photo: R.F. Terblanche." pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA1FFA0989C97EF77D7F8B0" baseAuthorityName="Godart" baseAuthorityYear="1819" box="[1015,1217,1769,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="euippe" subSpecies="omphale">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA1FFA0989C97EF77D7F8B0" box="[1015,1217,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">C. euippe omphale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males also fly up and down the non-perennial rivers, but often tend to keep to the shades of trees at the riparian zone next to active channels (streambeds). Such patrolling of male
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA1FFA09FB89643760EF8EC" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[1235,1304,1861,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lais">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA1FFA09FB89643760EF8EC" box="[1235,1304,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">C. lais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA1FFA09E219643708AF8CD" baseAuthorityName="Godart" baseAuthorityYear="1819" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="euippe" subSpecies="omphale">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA1FFA09E219643708AF8CD" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">C. euippe omphale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was observed at the riparian zones in the vicinity of the Dedeben Research Centre and at other places at Tswalu Kalahari such as the Tarkuni valley, approximately three km south of the research centre, as well as a valley which is located approximately 7,5 km south of the research centre. Puddling behaviour of adult butterflies that imbibe water and nutrients at wet soil was observed for both
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19BD092067216FCAB" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[187,256,770,794]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lais">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19BD092067216FCAB" box="[187,256,770,794]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. lais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19A5E920672E8FCAB" baseAuthorityName="Godart" baseAuthorityYear="1819" box="[309,510,770,794]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="euippe" subSpecies="omphale">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19A5E920672E8FCAB" box="[309,510,770,794]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. euippe omphale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at these riparian zones (
<figureCitation id="135CB2CDFFA0FFA19BE7922473C5FC88" box="[140,211,801,825]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="1.[132,200,599,620]" captionTargetBox="[136,757,148,564]" captionTargetId="figure-770@1.[136,757,148,564]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 2 – Colotis lais male, puddling (imbibing water and nutrients from wet soil) at a damp area near the Dedeben Research Centre, Tswalu Kalahari, South Africa, 24 December 2021. Photo: R.F. Terblanche." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119161" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119161/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Figs 2</figureCitation>
&amp;
<figureCitation id="135CB2CDFFA0FFA19A6B92247219FC88" box="[256,271,801,825]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="1.[832,900,1274,1295]" captionTargetBox="[835,1459,819,1240]" captionTargetId="figure-779@1.[835,1459,819,1240]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 5 – Colotis euippe omphale male puddling (imbibing water and nutrients from wet soil) at a damp area near the Dedeben Research Centre, Tswalu Kalahari, South Africa, 22 December 2021. Photo: R.F. Terblanche." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119171" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119171/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">5</figureCitation>
). On
<date id="FFD98888FFA0FFA19A3E92247138FC88" box="[341,558,801,825]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" value="2021-12-19">19 December 2021</date>
, a
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA1993D922771B6FC88" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[598,672,801,825]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lais">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA1993D922771B6FC88" box="[598,672,801,825]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. lais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female oviposited on a GPS-marked
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19AD19245713EFCE6" box="[442,552,831,855]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" genus="Cadaba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19AD19245713EFCE6" box="[442,552,831,855]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. aphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individual labelled C aphy 15 (
<figureCitation id="135CB2CDFFA0FFA19A6F925B7252FCC7" box="[260,324,862,886]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="2.[132,200,1571,1592]" captionTargetBox="[136,760,1088,1535]" captionTargetId="figure-1460@2.[136,760,1088,1535]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 7 – Depiction of GPS-marked Cadaba aphylla host plants (white markers) selected for ecological monitoring, north and north-west of the Dedeben Research Centre at Tswalu Kalahari." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119177/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). The female was not shy of flying into the bush among the numerous stems, as observed from 11:42-11:48, to oviposit on the stems. On occasion, the female would settle on bare ground with open wings next to the
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19BA092DF722AFC40" box="[203,316,985,1009]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" genus="Cadaba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19BA092DF722AFC40" box="[203,316,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. aphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shrub on which the eggs had been laid. The height class of C aphy 15 is&gt; 0,5 m –
<quantity id="4C9F03ADFFA0FFA1993292F27194FBBE" box="[601,642,1015,1039]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
(
<tableCitation id="C6E59BF3FFA0FFA199FA92F271F5FBBE" box="[657,739,1015,1039]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[832,897,151,175]" captionText="Table 1 – GPS-marked Cadaba aphylla host plants (white markers) selected for ecological monitoring, north and north-west of the Dedeben Research Centre at Tswalu Kalahari." pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Table 1</tableCitation>
). This
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19BD595127224FB9F" box="[190,306,1046,1070]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" genus="Cadaba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19BD595127224FB9F" box="[190,306,1046,1070]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. aphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individual grows with the grass species
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19BEF9533710AFBFC" authority="Jacq. Numerous" authorityName="Jacq. Numerous" box="[132,540,1078,1101]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximum">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19BEF9533724CFBFC" box="[132,346,1078,1101]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Panicum maximum</emphasis>
Jacq. Numerous
</taxonomicName>
grass culms were found to be growing in between the stems of the
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA199ED955171E2FBDA" box="[646,756,1107,1131]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" genus="Cadaba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA199ED955171E2FBDA" box="[646,756,1107,1131]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. aphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shrub.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD8AE48FFA1FFA09BEF978A70D0FA0D" blockId="2.[132,756,1678,2101]" lastBlockId="2.[832,1455,1229,1469]" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
Notes were taken of ovipositing behaviours and the feeding behaviours of the larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA1FFA09AC697AB72E5F974" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[429,499,1709,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lais">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA1FFA09AC697AB72E5F974" box="[429,499,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">C. lais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA1FFA0994197AB71E2F974" baseAuthorityName="Godart" baseAuthorityYear="1819" box="[554,756,1709,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="euippe" subSpecies="omphale">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA1FFA0994197AB71E2F974" box="[554,756,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">C. euippe omphale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at individually GPS-marked
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA1FFA09AD997C87136F955" box="[434,544,1740,1764]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" genus="Cadaba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA1FFA09AD997C87136F955" box="[434,544,1740,1764]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">C. aphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plants. The ecology (including phenology) of fifteen randomly selected GPSmarked
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA1FFA09BB5960F7247F890" box="[222,337,1801,1825]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" genus="Cadaba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA1FFA09BB5960F7247F890" box="[222,337,1801,1825]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">C. aphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plants in the vicinity of the Dedeben Research Centre at Tswalu Kalahari was studied on a continuous basis and each plant was given a sample name (
<tableCitation id="C6E59BF3FFA1FFA09BE0966073F6F8CC" box="[139,224,1893,1917]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[832,897,151,175]" captionText="Table 1 – GPS-marked Cadaba aphylla host plants (white markers) selected for ecological monitoring, north and north-west of the Dedeben Research Centre at Tswalu Kalahari." pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Table 1</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="135CB2CDFFA1FFA09B859660723BF8CC" box="[238,301,1893,1917]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="2.[132,200,1571,1592]" captionTargetBox="[136,760,1088,1535]" captionTargetId="figure-1460@2.[136,760,1088,1535]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 7 – Depiction of GPS-marked Cadaba aphylla host plants (white markers) selected for ecological monitoring, north and north-west of the Dedeben Research Centre at Tswalu Kalahari." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119177/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Coordinate grid references and altitudes were taken on site with Garmin e-Trex 20 ® and GPS Garmin e-Trex 10 ® instruments. Map information was analysed and depicted on Google Earth images with the aid of Google Earth Pro (US Dept. of State Geographer, MapLink / Tele Atlas, Google, 2023). A Caterpillar Rearing Group (CRG) reference number for each rearing of a larva was added to the text where applicable. The number comprises “RFT” followed by the last two digits of the year in which the larva was collected and, after an inserted “H,” the number of the rearing allocated in that year. For example, the CRG reference number RFT21H78 labels the fact that the larva was collected by R.F. Terblanche in 2021 and that the rearing number for that year was 78.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD8AE48FFA0FFA19BEF937E7231FD52" blockId="3.[132,756,634,739]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19BEF937E73C8FD21" bold="true" box="[132,222,635,656]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Figure 8</emphasis>
–
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19B95937F7267FD21" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[254,369,634,656]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lais">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19B95937F7267FD21" box="[254,369,634,656]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Colotis lais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male nectaring on flowers of
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA199CC937F73DAFD1D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" genus="Cadaba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA199CC937F73DAFD1D" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Cadaba aphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shrub C aphy 10, north-west of the Dedeben Research Centre, Tswalu Kalahari, South Africa, 6 October 2021. Photo: R.F. Terblanche.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF18FEC0FFA0FFA1982B937670A5FC9F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119181" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14119181" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119181/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" startId="3.[832,900,627,648]" targetBox="[136,1459,148,601]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BD8AE48FFA0FFA1982B937670A5FC9F" blockId="3.[832,1456,627,814]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA1982B9376708DFD39" bold="true" box="[832,923,627,648]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Figure 9</emphasis>
– Final instar larva of
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19FF393767605FD38" box="[1176,1299,627,649]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19FF393767618FD38" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[1176,1294,627,649]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lais">Colotis lais</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The larva was collected on 19 December 2021 on
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19FF9938B763DFD15" box="[1170,1323,654,676]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" genus="Cadaba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19FF9938B763DFD15" box="[1170,1323,654,676]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Cadaba aphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shrub C aphy 13, north of the Dedeben Research Centre, Tswalu Kalahari, South Africa. The larva had been successfully reared on new shoots (young stems with small leaves) of
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19F8A93E4766BFD46" box="[1249,1405,737,759]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" genus="Cadaba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19F8A93E4766BFD46" box="[1249,1405,737,759]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Cadaba aphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The CRG reference number for this larva is RFT21H78. Photo: R.F. Terblanche.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD8AE48FFA0FFA19BEF95AC714CFA06" blockId="3.[132,756,1193,1463]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
On
<date id="FFD98888FFA0FFA19BC595AC7294FB70" box="[174,386,1193,1217]" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" value="2021-12-22">22 December 2021</date>
, a female
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19A9395AF7156FB70" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[504,576,1193,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Colotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lais">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19A9395AF7156FB70" box="[504,576,1193,1217]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. lais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
oviposited on a
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19BEF95CC73E5FB51" box="[132,243,1224,1248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" genus="Cadaba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19BEF95CC73E5FB51" box="[132,243,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. aphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
labelled C aphy 10 (
<figureCitation id="135CB2CDFFA0FFA19AB595CD7136FB51" box="[478,544,1224,1248]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="2.[132,200,1571,1592]" captionTargetBox="[136,760,1088,1535]" captionTargetId="figure-1460@2.[136,760,1088,1535]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 7 – Depiction of GPS-marked Cadaba aphylla host plants (white markers) selected for ecological monitoring, north and north-west of the Dedeben Research Centre at Tswalu Kalahari." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14119177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14119177/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). On occasion, she also ventured “into the bush” to find herself amidst numerous stems of the
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19AE9940372E5FAAC" box="[386,499,1285,1309]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" genus="Cadaba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19AE9940372E5FAAC" box="[386,499,1285,1309]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. aphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shrub. The observation of ovipositing was made during a time interval of 12:27 – 12:33. She also oviposited on lower stems at the periphery of the
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA19BA09467722DFAC8" box="[203,315,1377,1401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" genus="Cadaba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA19BA09467722DFAC8" box="[203,315,1377,1401]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. aphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shrub, and settled next to the
<taxonomicName id="4C67D5CBFFA0FFA199E8946771E2FAC8" box="[643,756,1377,1401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" genus="Cadaba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
<emphasis id="B913725AFFA0FFA199E8946771E2FAC8" box="[643,756,1377,1401]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="108">C. aphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shrub on bare ground with open wings at times. The height class of C aphy 10 is&gt;
<quantity id="4C9F03ADFFA0FFA19A16949A72B0FA07" box="[381,422,1439,1463]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
–
<quantity id="4C9F03ADFFA0FFA19AAA949A72FCFA07" box="[449,490,1439,1463]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
(
<tableCitation id="C6E59BF3FFA0FFA19A93949A715CFA06" box="[504,586,1439,1463]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[832,897,151,175]" captionText="Table 1 – GPS-marked Cadaba aphylla host plants (white markers) selected for ecological monitoring, north and north-west of the Dedeben Research Centre at Tswalu Kalahari." pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>