Add updates up until 2024-12-19 13:01:41
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@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ This case study focusses on a reconstruction of the shoulder girdle and forelimb
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a centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Upper Cretaceous Wapiti Formation of northern
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(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF01FFCDFBCFFEF4FB061716" box="[1143,1249,343,370]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[131,142,1443,1460]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,217,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-436@11.[698,1267,777,1340]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — A, B, Reconstructed right shoulder girdle and forelimb of ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Currie,Langston & Tanke,2008 in a hypothetical standing pose: A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, proximal view of left metacarpal II of Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai (UALVP 54961), showing subtriangular outline of proximal articular surface;D, reconstructed forelimb of Chasmosaurus irvinensis Holmes,Forster, Ryan & Shepherd,2001 in anterior view, posed in semi-erect stance as inferred by Thompson & Holmes (2007). Abbreviations: car, carpal; co, coracoid; h, humerus; mc; metacarpal; ph, phalanx; r, radius; sc, scapula; ul, ulna. Roman numerals identify digits. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, not to scale. Credits: C, Rebekah Vice; D, Thompson & Holmes (2007)." pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF01FFCDFBCFFEF4FB061716" box="[1143,1249,343,370]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[131,142,1443,1460]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,217,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-436@11.[698,1267,777,1340]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — A, B, Reconstructed right shoulder girdle and forelimb of ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Currie,Langston & Tanke,2008 in a hypothetical standing pose: A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, proximal view of left metacarpal II of Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai (UALVP 54961), showing subtriangular outline of proximal articular surface;D, reconstructed forelimb of Chasmosaurus irvinensis Holmes,Forster, Ryan & Shepherd,2001 in anterior view, posed in semi-erect stance as inferred by Thompson & Holmes (2007). Abbreviations: car, carpal; co, coracoid; h, humerus; mc; metacarpal; ph, phalanx; r, radius; sc, scapula; ul, ulna. Roman numerals identify digits. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, not to scale. Credits: C, Rebekah Vice; D, Thompson & Holmes (2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525961/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
), that was produced mainly by one of us (KN) for a forthcoming descriptive paper (Vice
|
||||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF01FFCDFCD5FE3BFC4717D5" box="[877,928,407,433]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
work in progress). The reconstruction was partly based on a previously published illustration by
|
||||
|
|
@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ work in progress). The reconstruction was partly based on a previously published
|
|||
(Holmes, Forster, Ryan & Shepherd, 2001)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in what they considered to be a “neutral” semi-erect standing position (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF01FFCDFAFEFD95FA461435" box="[1350,1441,566,593]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[131,142,1443,1460]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,217,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-436@11.[698,1267,777,1340]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — A, B, Reconstructed right shoulder girdle and forelimb of ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Currie,Langston & Tanke,2008 in a hypothetical standing pose: A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, proximal view of left metacarpal II of Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai (UALVP 54961), showing subtriangular outline of proximal articular surface;D, reconstructed forelimb of Chasmosaurus irvinensis Holmes,Forster, Ryan & Shepherd,2001 in anterior view, posed in semi-erect stance as inferred by Thompson & Holmes (2007). Abbreviations: car, carpal; co, coracoid; h, humerus; mc; metacarpal; ph, phalanx; r, radius; sc, scapula; ul, ulna. Roman numerals identify digits. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, not to scale. Credits: C, Rebekah Vice; D, Thompson & Holmes (2007)." pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF01FFCDFAFEFD95FA461435" box="[1350,1441,566,593]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[131,142,1443,1460]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,217,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-436@11.[698,1267,777,1340]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — A, B, Reconstructed right shoulder girdle and forelimb of ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Currie,Langston & Tanke,2008 in a hypothetical standing pose: A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, proximal view of left metacarpal II of Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai (UALVP 54961), showing subtriangular outline of proximal articular surface;D, reconstructed forelimb of Chasmosaurus irvinensis Holmes,Forster, Ryan & Shepherd,2001 in anterior view, posed in semi-erect stance as inferred by Thompson & Holmes (2007). Abbreviations: car, carpal; co, coracoid; h, humerus; mc; metacarpal; ph, phalanx; r, radius; sc, scapula; ul, ulna. Roman numerals identify digits. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, not to scale. Credits: C, Rebekah Vice; D, Thompson & Holmes (2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525961/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="429F47DBFF01FFCDFCE4FDF4FC231414" authorityName="Currie, Langston & Tanke" authorityYear="2008" box="[860,964,598,624]" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Pachyrhinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lakustai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF01FFCDFCE4FDF4FC231414" box="[860,964,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">P. lakustai</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ forelimb (UALVP 55261) that was available for direct examination, and
|
|||
<bibRefCitation id="E10E41A9FF01FFCDFB98F8B1FB591148" author="FUJIWARA S. I." box="[1056,1214,1810,1836]" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" pagination="1136 - 1147" refId="ref9972" refString="FUJIWARA S. I. 2009. - A reevaluation of the manus structure in Triceratops (Ceratopsia: Ceratopsidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (4): 1136 - 1147. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 039.029.0406" type="journal article" year="2009">Fujiwara 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), were used as a basis for scaling and orienting the elements in both views. Because most of the bones were steeply inclined either anteroventrally or posteroventrally, perspective had a strong impact on the anterior view, which was corrected by projecting multiple landmarks from the lateral view into the transverse plane as a guide to the proper proportions of each element. Perspective effects on the lateral view were less pronounced, because the limb segments were not strongly angled relative to the sagittal plane, and were considered to lie within the margin of acceptability given the use of the telephoto lens.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="D1E06CD0FF02FFCEFF3CFA61FB5F1073" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" startId="10.[132,143,1474,1491]" targetBox="[132,1455,222,1431]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="D1E06CD0FF02FFCEFF3CFA61FB5F1073" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525959" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14525959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525959/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" startId="10.[132,143,1474,1491]" targetBox="[132,1455,222,1431]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="85203C58FF02FFCEFF3CFA61FB5F1073" blockId="10.[132,1455,1474,1559]" pageId="10" pageNumber="77">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="83C6AA84FF02FFCEFF3CFA61FF7A13B6" baselines="1487,1487" box="[132,157,1474,1491]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="10" pageNumber="77">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
. 4. — Cranial anatomy of the hadrosaurid dinosaur
|
||||
|
|
@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ reconstructed the manus of
|
|||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF02FFCEFC97F9F7FC481009" box="[815,943,1620,1645]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="77">V. irvinensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with only slight contact between the proximal heads of the metacarpals, which were all depicted as being in approximately the same plane (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF02FFCEFB22F930FB1610C9" box="[1178,1265,1682,1709]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[131,142,1443,1460]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,217,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-436@11.[698,1267,777,1340]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — A, B, Reconstructed right shoulder girdle and forelimb of ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Currie,Langston & Tanke,2008 in a hypothetical standing pose: A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, proximal view of left metacarpal II of Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai (UALVP 54961), showing subtriangular outline of proximal articular surface;D, reconstructed forelimb of Chasmosaurus irvinensis Holmes,Forster, Ryan & Shepherd,2001 in anterior view, posed in semi-erect stance as inferred by Thompson & Holmes (2007). Abbreviations: car, carpal; co, coracoid; h, humerus; mc; metacarpal; ph, phalanx; r, radius; sc, scapula; ul, ulna. Roman numerals identify digits. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, not to scale. Credits: C, Rebekah Vice; D, Thompson & Holmes (2007)." pageId="10" pageNumber="77">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF02FFCEFB22F930FB1610C9" box="[1178,1265,1682,1709]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[131,142,1443,1460]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,217,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-436@11.[698,1267,777,1340]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — A, B, Reconstructed right shoulder girdle and forelimb of ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Currie,Langston & Tanke,2008 in a hypothetical standing pose: A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, proximal view of left metacarpal II of Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai (UALVP 54961), showing subtriangular outline of proximal articular surface;D, reconstructed forelimb of Chasmosaurus irvinensis Holmes,Forster, Ryan & Shepherd,2001 in anterior view, posed in semi-erect stance as inferred by Thompson & Holmes (2007). Abbreviations: car, carpal; co, coracoid; h, humerus; mc; metacarpal; ph, phalanx; r, radius; sc, scapula; ul, ulna. Roman numerals identify digits. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, not to scale. Credits: C, Rebekah Vice; D, Thompson & Holmes (2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525961/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="77">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The metacarpus of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="429F47DBFF02FFCEFCF4F910FC5C10A8" authorityName="Currie, Langston & Tanke" authorityYear="2008" box="[844,955,1714,1740]" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Pachyrhinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lakustai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF02FFCEFCF4F910FC5C10A8" box="[844,955,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="77">P. lakustai</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ had deliberately flattened and spread out the metacarpus of
|
|||
to better show the morphology of each element.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="85203C58FF03FFCFFD75FAC9FC6A1319" blockId="11.[717,796,1386,1405]" box="[717,909,1386,1405]" lastBlockId="11.[843,909,1386,1405]" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">IV III II I</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="D1E06CD0FF03FFCFFF3BFA00FB1B106B" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" startId="11.[131,142,1443,1460]" targetBox="[132,1455,217,1380]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="D1E06CD0FF03FFCFFF3BFA00FB1B106B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525961" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14525961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525961/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" startId="11.[131,142,1443,1460]" targetBox="[132,1455,217,1380]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="85203C58FF03FFCFFF3BFA00FB1B106B" blockId="11.[131,1457,1443,1551]" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">
|
||||
<smallCapsWord id="83C6AA84FF03FFCFFF3BFA00FF7A13D0" baselines="1456,1457" box="[131,157,1443,1460]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||||
. 5. —
|
||||
|
|
@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ Accordingly, the reconstruction of
|
|||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF03FFCFFDBFF997FD881029" box="[519,623,1587,1613]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">P. lakustai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was revised to show a more transversely arched metacarpus with the proximal heads of the metacarpals in closer contact (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF03FFCFFDEBF9D0FD2210E9" box="[595,709,1651,1678]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[131,142,1443,1460]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,217,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-436@11.[698,1267,777,1340]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — A, B, Reconstructed right shoulder girdle and forelimb of ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Currie,Langston & Tanke,2008 in a hypothetical standing pose: A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, proximal view of left metacarpal II of Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai (UALVP 54961), showing subtriangular outline of proximal articular surface;D, reconstructed forelimb of Chasmosaurus irvinensis Holmes,Forster, Ryan & Shepherd,2001 in anterior view, posed in semi-erect stance as inferred by Thompson & Holmes (2007). Abbreviations: car, carpal; co, coracoid; h, humerus; mc; metacarpal; ph, phalanx; r, radius; sc, scapula; ul, ulna. Roman numerals identify digits. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, not to scale. Credits: C, Rebekah Vice; D, Thompson & Holmes (2007)." pageId="11" pageNumber="78">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF03FFCFFDEBF9D0FD2210E9" box="[595,709,1651,1678]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[131,142,1443,1460]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,217,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-436@11.[698,1267,777,1340]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — A, B, Reconstructed right shoulder girdle and forelimb of ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Currie,Langston & Tanke,2008 in a hypothetical standing pose: A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, proximal view of left metacarpal II of Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai (UALVP 54961), showing subtriangular outline of proximal articular surface;D, reconstructed forelimb of Chasmosaurus irvinensis Holmes,Forster, Ryan & Shepherd,2001 in anterior view, posed in semi-erect stance as inferred by Thompson & Holmes (2007). Abbreviations: car, carpal; co, coracoid; h, humerus; mc; metacarpal; ph, phalanx; r, radius; sc, scapula; ul, ulna. Roman numerals identify digits. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, not to scale. Credits: C, Rebekah Vice; D, Thompson & Holmes (2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525961/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). This resulted in a proximal articular surface that better fitted the distal articular surface of the antebrachium, and the arched metacarpus also resembled those of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="429F47DBFF03FFCFFD99F970FF211168" authority="(Fujiwara 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Fujiwara" baseAuthorityYear="2009" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF03FFCFFD99F970FD721088" box="[545,661,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ was revised to show a more transversely arched metacarpus with the proximal head
|
|||
and the well articulated but indeterminate chasmosaurine CMN 8547 (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="E10E41A9FF03FFCFFEC9F8B1FD981148" author="MALLON J. C. & HOLMES R." box="[369,639,1810,1836]" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" pagination="189 - 202" refId="ref10557" refString="MALLON J. C. & HOLMES R. 2010. - Description of a complete and fully articulated chasmosaurine postcranium previously assigned to Anchiceratops (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia), in RYAN M. J., CHINNERY-ALLGEIER B. J. & EBERTH D. A. (eds), New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington: 189 - 202." type="book chapter" year="2010">Mallon & Holmes 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Moreover, transverse arching of the metacarpus is consistent with the fact that the proximal surface of metacarpal II strongly tapers ventrally (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF03FFCFFF4BF8D1FEA011E8" box="[243,327,1906,1933]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[131,142,1443,1460]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,217,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-436@11.[698,1267,777,1340]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — A, B, Reconstructed right shoulder girdle and forelimb of ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Currie,Langston & Tanke,2008 in a hypothetical standing pose: A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, proximal view of left metacarpal II of Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai (UALVP 54961), showing subtriangular outline of proximal articular surface;D, reconstructed forelimb of Chasmosaurus irvinensis Holmes,Forster, Ryan & Shepherd,2001 in anterior view, posed in semi-erect stance as inferred by Thompson & Holmes (2007). Abbreviations: car, carpal; co, coracoid; h, humerus; mc; metacarpal; ph, phalanx; r, radius; sc, scapula; ul, ulna. Roman numerals identify digits. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, not to scale. Credits: C, Rebekah Vice; D, Thompson & Holmes (2007)." pageId="11" pageNumber="78">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF03FFCFFF4BF8D1FEA011E8" box="[243,327,1906,1933]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[131,142,1443,1460]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,217,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-436@11.[698,1267,777,1340]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — A, B, Reconstructed right shoulder girdle and forelimb of ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Currie,Langston & Tanke,2008 in a hypothetical standing pose: A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, proximal view of left metacarpal II of Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai (UALVP 54961), showing subtriangular outline of proximal articular surface;D, reconstructed forelimb of Chasmosaurus irvinensis Holmes,Forster, Ryan & Shepherd,2001 in anterior view, posed in semi-erect stance as inferred by Thompson & Holmes (2007). Abbreviations: car, carpal; co, coracoid; h, humerus; mc; metacarpal; ph, phalanx; r, radius; sc, scapula; ul, ulna. Roman numerals identify digits. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, not to scale. Credits: C, Rebekah Vice; D, Thompson & Holmes (2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525961/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and the presence of rugosities indicates possible close intermetacarpal contacts near the proximal ends of some of the metacarpals known from the Pipestone Creek Bonebed. However, the proximal end of metacarpal III appears more medially expanded relative to the shaft in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="429F47DBFF03FFCFFC96F9F7FC711009" authorityName="Currie, Langston & Tanke" authorityYear="2008" box="[814,918,1619,1645]" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Pachyrhinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lakustai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF03FFCFFC96F9F7FC711009" box="[814,918,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">P. lakustai</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ than in chasmosaurines, implying correspondingly greater separation between the
|
|||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF03FFCFFC2DF950FC1A1168" box="[917,1021,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">P. lakustai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF03FFCFFBB5F951FBB91169" box="[1037,1118,1778,1805]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[131,142,1443,1460]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,217,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-436@11.[698,1267,777,1340]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — A, B, Reconstructed right shoulder girdle and forelimb of ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Currie,Langston & Tanke,2008 in a hypothetical standing pose: A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, proximal view of left metacarpal II of Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai (UALVP 54961), showing subtriangular outline of proximal articular surface;D, reconstructed forelimb of Chasmosaurus irvinensis Holmes,Forster, Ryan & Shepherd,2001 in anterior view, posed in semi-erect stance as inferred by Thompson & Holmes (2007). Abbreviations: car, carpal; co, coracoid; h, humerus; mc; metacarpal; ph, phalanx; r, radius; sc, scapula; ul, ulna. Roman numerals identify digits. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, not to scale. Credits: C, Rebekah Vice; D, Thompson & Holmes (2007)." pageId="11" pageNumber="78">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF03FFCFFBB5F951FBB91169" box="[1037,1118,1778,1805]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[131,142,1443,1460]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,217,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-436@11.[698,1267,777,1340]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — A, B, Reconstructed right shoulder girdle and forelimb of ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Currie,Langston & Tanke,2008 in a hypothetical standing pose: A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, proximal view of left metacarpal II of Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai (UALVP 54961), showing subtriangular outline of proximal articular surface;D, reconstructed forelimb of Chasmosaurus irvinensis Holmes,Forster, Ryan & Shepherd,2001 in anterior view, posed in semi-erect stance as inferred by Thompson & Holmes (2007). Abbreviations: car, carpal; co, coracoid; h, humerus; mc; metacarpal; ph, phalanx; r, radius; sc, scapula; ul, ulna. Roman numerals identify digits. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, not to scale. Credits: C, Rebekah Vice; D, Thompson & Holmes (2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525961/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||||
), rather than closely adjacent as in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="E10E41A9FF03FFCFFCF2F8B1FC1D1148" author="FUJIWARA S. I." box="[842,1018,1810,1836]" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" pagination="1136 - 1147" refId="ref9972" refString="FUJIWARA S. I. 2009. - A reevaluation of the manus structure in Triceratops (Ceratopsia: Ceratopsidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (4): 1136 - 1147. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 039.029.0406" type="journal article" year="2009">Fujiwara’s (2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: fig. 8B) reconstruction of the manus of
|
||||
|
|
@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ and Thompson & Holmes’ (2007) reconstruction of
|
|||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF03FFCFFC48F8F0FB881108" box="[1008,1135,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">V. irvinensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF03FFCFFBC6F8F1FB321109" box="[1150,1237,1874,1901]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[131,142,1443,1460]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,217,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-436@11.[698,1267,777,1340]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — A, B, Reconstructed right shoulder girdle and forelimb of ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Currie,Langston & Tanke,2008 in a hypothetical standing pose: A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, proximal view of left metacarpal II of Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai (UALVP 54961), showing subtriangular outline of proximal articular surface;D, reconstructed forelimb of Chasmosaurus irvinensis Holmes,Forster, Ryan & Shepherd,2001 in anterior view, posed in semi-erect stance as inferred by Thompson & Holmes (2007). Abbreviations: car, carpal; co, coracoid; h, humerus; mc; metacarpal; ph, phalanx; r, radius; sc, scapula; ul, ulna. Roman numerals identify digits. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, not to scale. Credits: C, Rebekah Vice; D, Thompson & Holmes (2007)." pageId="11" pageNumber="78">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF03FFCFFBC6F8F1FB321109" box="[1150,1237,1874,1901]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[131,142,1443,1460]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,217,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-436@11.[698,1267,777,1340]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 5. — A, B, Reconstructed right shoulder girdle and forelimb of ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai Currie,Langston & Tanke,2008 in a hypothetical standing pose: A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, proximal view of left metacarpal II of Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai (UALVP 54961), showing subtriangular outline of proximal articular surface;D, reconstructed forelimb of Chasmosaurus irvinensis Holmes,Forster, Ryan & Shepherd,2001 in anterior view, posed in semi-erect stance as inferred by Thompson & Holmes (2007). Abbreviations: car, carpal; co, coracoid; h, humerus; mc; metacarpal; ph, phalanx; r, radius; sc, scapula; ul, ulna. Roman numerals identify digits. Scale bars: A-C, 5 cm; D, not to scale. Credits: C, Rebekah Vice; D, Thompson & Holmes (2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525961/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
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). Verification of the arched configuration and the degree of separation between the shafts of MC II and MC III awaits a detailed description of the articulated manus of a centrosaurine, and ideally of
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<taxonomicName id="429F47DBFF03FFCFFC96F871FC74118F" authorityName="Currie, Langston & Tanke" authorityYear="2008" box="[814,915,2001,2027]" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Pachyrhinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lakustai">
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<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF03FFCFFC96F871FC74118F" box="[814,915,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">P.lakustai</emphasis>
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@ -1,82 +1,82 @@
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@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ Evans
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<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF01FFCDFF3EFBF6FF04120B" box="[134,227,1109,1135]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">E. regalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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to show the life positions of different skull elements recovered from the Danek Bonebed (
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<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF01FFCDFDBAFBD7FDDB12EB" box="[514,572,1140,1167]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1474,1491]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,222,1431]" captionTargetId="figure-376@10.[698,1267,739,1279]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial anatomy of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Edmontosaurus regalis Lambe, 1917: A, B, digital model of scanned, retrodeformed, and reassembled skull of E. regalis CMN 2289: A, right lateral view; B, anterior view; C, D, orthographic reconstructions of the skull of E. regalis: C, right lateral view; D, anterior view. Reconstruction based mainly on CMN 2289, with missing portions filled in using other specimens of E. regalis (NHMUK R8927 and ROM 801). Position of the eyeball inferred from a sclerotic ring preserved in a specimen of E. annectens (Marsh, 1892) (ROM 57100). Scale bars: 10 cm." pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF01FFCDFDBAFBD7FDDB12EB" box="[514,572,1140,1167]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1474,1491]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,222,1431]" captionTargetId="figure-376@10.[698,1267,739,1279]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial anatomy of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Edmontosaurus regalis Lambe, 1917: A, B, digital model of scanned, retrodeformed, and reassembled skull of E. regalis CMN 2289: A, right lateral view; B, anterior view; C, D, orthographic reconstructions of the skull of E. regalis: C, right lateral view; D, anterior view. Reconstruction based mainly on CMN 2289, with missing portions filled in using other specimens of E. regalis (NHMUK R8927 and ROM 801). Position of the eyeball inferred from a sclerotic ring preserved in a specimen of E. annectens (Marsh, 1892) (ROM 57100). Scale bars: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525959/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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). These reconstructions were based on 3D scans of the mostly-disarticulated
|
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<typeStatus id="5A2482FAFF01FFCDFF3EFB16FF0512AB" box="[134,226,1205,1231]" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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specimen (CMN 2289), the only
|
||||
|
|
@ -138,15 +138,15 @@ Rybczynski
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|||
2008
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</bibRefCitation>
|
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). The scans of individual bones were assembled in Autodesk Maya 2018 to produce a 3D rendering of the nearly complete skull (
|
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<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF01FFCDFF35FA97FEE5132A" box="[141,258,1332,1358]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1474,1491]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,222,1431]" captionTargetId="figure-376@10.[698,1267,739,1279]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial anatomy of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Edmontosaurus regalis Lambe, 1917: A, B, digital model of scanned, retrodeformed, and reassembled skull of E. regalis CMN 2289: A, right lateral view; B, anterior view; C, D, orthographic reconstructions of the skull of E. regalis: C, right lateral view; D, anterior view. Reconstruction based mainly on CMN 2289, with missing portions filled in using other specimens of E. regalis (NHMUK R8927 and ROM 801). Position of the eyeball inferred from a sclerotic ring preserved in a specimen of E. annectens (Marsh, 1892) (ROM 57100). Scale bars: 10 cm." pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF01FFCDFF35FA97FEE5132A" box="[141,258,1332,1358]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1474,1491]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,222,1431]" captionTargetId="figure-376@10.[698,1267,739,1279]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial anatomy of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Edmontosaurus regalis Lambe, 1917: A, B, digital model of scanned, retrodeformed, and reassembled skull of E. regalis CMN 2289: A, right lateral view; B, anterior view; C, D, orthographic reconstructions of the skull of E. regalis: C, right lateral view; D, anterior view. Reconstruction based mainly on CMN 2289, with missing portions filled in using other specimens of E. regalis (NHMUK R8927 and ROM 801). Position of the eyeball inferred from a sclerotic ring preserved in a specimen of E. annectens (Marsh, 1892) (ROM 57100). Scale bars: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525959/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
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), using complete
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="429F47DBFF01FFCDFE70FA96FDC0132A" baseAuthorityName="Campione & Evans" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[456,551,1332,1358]" family="Hadrosauridae" genus="Edmontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regalis">
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<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF01FFCDFE70FA96FDC0132A" box="[456,551,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">E. regalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
skulls (CMN 2288, ROM 801) for guidance in articulating elements and correcting taphonomic distortion. Drawings (
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||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF01FFCDFDE8FAD7FD2213EA" box="[592,709,1396,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1474,1491]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,222,1431]" captionTargetId="figure-376@10.[698,1267,739,1279]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial anatomy of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Edmontosaurus regalis Lambe, 1917: A, B, digital model of scanned, retrodeformed, and reassembled skull of E. regalis CMN 2289: A, right lateral view; B, anterior view; C, D, orthographic reconstructions of the skull of E. regalis: C, right lateral view; D, anterior view. Reconstruction based mainly on CMN 2289, with missing portions filled in using other specimens of E. regalis (NHMUK R8927 and ROM 801). Position of the eyeball inferred from a sclerotic ring preserved in a specimen of E. annectens (Marsh, 1892) (ROM 57100). Scale bars: 10 cm." pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Fig. 4C, D</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF01FFCDFDE8FAD7FD2213EA" box="[592,709,1396,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1474,1491]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,222,1431]" captionTargetId="figure-376@10.[698,1267,739,1279]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial anatomy of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Edmontosaurus regalis Lambe, 1917: A, B, digital model of scanned, retrodeformed, and reassembled skull of E. regalis CMN 2289: A, right lateral view; B, anterior view; C, D, orthographic reconstructions of the skull of E. regalis: C, right lateral view; D, anterior view. Reconstruction based mainly on CMN 2289, with missing portions filled in using other specimens of E. regalis (NHMUK R8927 and ROM 801). Position of the eyeball inferred from a sclerotic ring preserved in a specimen of E. annectens (Marsh, 1892) (ROM 57100). Scale bars: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525959/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Fig. 4C, D</figureCitation>
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||||
) were made by tracing rendered images of this re-articulated skull in Adobe Photoshop 2022. It was quickly noticed upon illustrating the orbits in anterior view that the postorbital pockets were not only deeply concave posteriorly, but also protruded laterally (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF01FFCDFF52F9B0FEA5104A" box="[234,322,1555,1582]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1474,1491]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,222,1431]" captionTargetId="figure-376@10.[698,1267,739,1279]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial anatomy of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Edmontosaurus regalis Lambe, 1917: A, B, digital model of scanned, retrodeformed, and reassembled skull of E. regalis CMN 2289: A, right lateral view; B, anterior view; C, D, orthographic reconstructions of the skull of E. regalis: C, right lateral view; D, anterior view. Reconstruction based mainly on CMN 2289, with missing portions filled in using other specimens of E. regalis (NHMUK R8927 and ROM 801). Position of the eyeball inferred from a sclerotic ring preserved in a specimen of E. annectens (Marsh, 1892) (ROM 57100). Scale bars: 10 cm." pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF01FFCDFF52F9B0FEA5104A" box="[234,322,1555,1582]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1474,1491]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,222,1431]" captionTargetId="figure-376@10.[698,1267,739,1279]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 4. — Cranial anatomy of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Edmontosaurus regalis Lambe, 1917: A, B, digital model of scanned, retrodeformed, and reassembled skull of E. regalis CMN 2289: A, right lateral view; B, anterior view; C, D, orthographic reconstructions of the skull of E. regalis: C, right lateral view; D, anterior view. Reconstruction based mainly on CMN 2289, with missing portions filled in using other specimens of E. regalis (NHMUK R8927 and ROM 801). Position of the eyeball inferred from a sclerotic ring preserved in a specimen of E. annectens (Marsh, 1892) (ROM 57100). Scale bars: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525959/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
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||||
). This caused the posterior margin of the orbit to be positioned much further laterally than the anterior margin, suggesting a large degree of binocular overlap in this species (Sharpe
|
||||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF01FFCDFE8BF9D7FE8F10E9" box="[307,360,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
work in progress). Re-examination of the 3D scans confirmed the first-order inference regarding the orientation of the orbits, and by extension the second-order inference regarding the presence of binocular overlap: the orbits of
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
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@ -1,82 +1,82 @@
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<mods:affiliation id="C3B6ACEEB2F0D319A463EC8C431C36CA">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T 6 G 2 E 9 (Canada)</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="0D368D4EFF04FFC9FF3CF99AFB1A1188" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14205949" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14205949" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0D368D4EFF04FFC9FF3CF99AFB1A1188" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D368D4EFF04FFC9FF3CF99AFB1A1188" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="12" pageNumber="79">
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<treatment id="0D368D4EFF04FFC9FF3CF99AFB1A1188" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14205949" ID-GBIF-Taxon="247240491" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14205949" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0D368D4EFF04FFC9FF3CF99AFB1A1188" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D368D4EFF04FFC9FF3CF99AFB1A1188" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="12" pageNumber="79">
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<paragraph id="85203C58FF04FFC8FF3CF99AFD0F1028" blockId="12.[130,777,1555,2028]" box="[132,744,1593,1612]" pageId="12" pageNumber="79">
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HINDLIMB OF AN INDETERMINATE
|
||||
|
|
@ -121,14 +121,14 @@ skeleton UALVP 52613 was also available for comparison.
|
|||
UALVP 42 was collected by George F. Sternberg in 1920, from exposures of the Belly River Group (Campanian) on Sand Creek in southern
|
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<collectingRegion id="475BF2BAFF04FFC8FBFDFAD7FB7C13EA" box="[1093,1179,1396,1422]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="12" pageNumber="79">Alberta</collectingRegion>
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. Sternberg subsequently created a mount of the specimen that was displayed from 1935 to the late 1950s, reconstructing the distal hindlimb skeleton in a physical sense. As well as positioning the bones, Sternberg restored some of them extensively with plaster to conceal damage (
|
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<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF04FFC8FBB6F9B0FBA81049" box="[1038,1103,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1148,1165]" captionTargetBox="[133,1420,218,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-594@12.[698,1267,193,747]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Left tibia,fibula,and calcaneum of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42) as restored and articulated by George Sternberg for display of the distal part of the left hindlimb as a mount. The mount was dismantled in the late 1950s, but the bones shown here remain as positioned by Sternberg because the tibia and fibula are bolted together, and the calcaneum is firmly affixed to the fibula. Some areas have been retouched with plaster mixed with paint, which can be difficult to distinguish from the remaining original bone: A, elements in anterior (left) and posterior (right) views; B, elements in close-up anteromedial view, showing the gap (red arrow) introduced by Sternberg between the tibia medially and the calcaneum and distal part of the fibula laterally. Abbreviations: c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: 10 cm." pageId="12" pageNumber="79">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF04FFC8FBB6F9B0FBA81049" box="[1038,1103,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1148,1165]" captionTargetBox="[133,1420,218,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-594@12.[698,1267,193,747]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Left tibia,fibula,and calcaneum of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42) as restored and articulated by George Sternberg for display of the distal part of the left hindlimb as a mount. The mount was dismantled in the late 1950s, but the bones shown here remain as positioned by Sternberg because the tibia and fibula are bolted together, and the calcaneum is firmly affixed to the fibula. Some areas have been retouched with plaster mixed with paint, which can be difficult to distinguish from the remaining original bone: A, elements in anterior (left) and posterior (right) views; B, elements in close-up anteromedial view, showing the gap (red arrow) introduced by Sternberg between the tibia medially and the calcaneum and distal part of the fibula laterally. Abbreviations: c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525963/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="79">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The proximal and distal ends of the tibia, in particular, were heavily retouched. Having been mixed with brown paint, the plaster is difficult to distinguish from the original fossil bone. Therefore, the bones were CT scanned using a Siemens Somatom Definition Flash scanner at the University of
|
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<collectingRegion id="475BF2BAFF04FFC8FB4DF911FAA010A8" box="[1269,1351,1714,1740]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="12" pageNumber="79">Alberta</collectingRegion>
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Hospital (voltage: 120 kV; current: 300 mA; voxel size:
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<quantity id="426791BDFF04FFC8FAFBF971FA451089" box="[1347,1442,1746,1773]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
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), and the genuine bone was segmented out using Dragonfly ORS. A defined range of intensities was used to create an initial “point and click” segmentation, which was then refined manually a few slices at a time. The scanned bones were imported into Autodesk Maya, an animation program that can be utilised to position digital models in 3D space and produce 2D orthographic and perspective renderings of them from arbitrary angles.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="D1E06CD0FF05FFC9FF3CFF78FAB9177D" ID-Table-UUID="D1E06CD0FF05FFC9FF3CFF78FAB9177D" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D1E06CD0FF05FFC9FF3CFF78FAB9177D" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" startId="13.[132,143,219,236]" targetBox="[134,1397,340,546]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="13" targetType="table">
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<caption id="D1E06CD0FF05FFC9FF3CFF78FAB9177D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14207893" ID-Table-UUID="D1E06CD0FF05FFC9FF3CFF78FAB9177D" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14207893" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D1E06CD0FF05FFC9FF3CFF78FAB9177D" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" startId="13.[132,143,219,236]" targetBox="[134,1397,340,546]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="13" targetType="table">
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<paragraph id="85203C58FF05FFC9FF3CFF78FAB9177D" blockId="13.[132,1455,219,281]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
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<smallCapsWord id="83C6AA84FF05FFC9FF3CFF78FF55168F" baselines="232,232" box="[132,178,219,236]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Table" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">TABLE</smallCapsWord>
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||||
1. — Ratio of the length of phalanx I-1 to the length of metatarsal I in several ceratopsids. Length measurements were made from images with metatarsal I and phalanx I-1 in the same focal plane, using ImageJ (
|
||||
|
|
@ -226,12 +226,12 @@ Holmes
|
|||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF05FFC9FD88FC15FCE015AB" box="[560,775,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Centrosaurus apertus</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(UALVP 16248) was created using photogrammetry and the program Agisoft Metashape, and a small piece missing from the anteromedial corner of the proximal end was reconstructed in Pixologic ZBrush. The resulting model was imported into Maya and scaled to an appropriate size for UALVP 42, based on the median ratio of phalanx I-1 length to metatarsal I length (0.889) in several other ceratopsid specimens in which both elements are preserved (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C81D09E3FF05FFC9FE3FFB17FE3F12AA" box="[391,472,1204,1230]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="13.[132,143,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 1. — Ratio of the length of phalanx I-1 to the length of metatarsal I in several ceratopsids. Length measurements were made from images with metatarsal I and phalanx I-1 in the same focal plane, using ImageJ (Schneider et al. 2012). The median ratio was used to determine that the expected length of phalanx I-1 for UALVP 42 was approximately 88.45% the length of phalanx I-1 in UALVP 16248. The digital model was scaled accordingly for the reconstruction." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D1E06CD0FF05FFC9FF3CFF78FAB9177D" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" tableUuid="D1E06CD0FF05FFC9FF3CFF78FAB9177D">Table 1</tableCitation>
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<tableCitation id="C81D09E3FF05FFC9FE3FFB17FE3F12AA" box="[391,472,1204,1230]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="13.[132,143,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 1. — Ratio of the length of phalanx I-1 to the length of metatarsal I in several ceratopsids. Length measurements were made from images with metatarsal I and phalanx I-1 in the same focal plane, using ImageJ (Schneider et al. 2012). The median ratio was used to determine that the expected length of phalanx I-1 for UALVP 42 was approximately 88.45% the length of phalanx I-1 in UALVP 16248. The digital model was scaled accordingly for the reconstruction." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D1E06CD0FF05FFC9FF3CFF78FAB9177D" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" tableDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14207893" tableUuid="D1E06CD0FF05FFC9FF3CFF78FAB9177D">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). This procedure involved a tacit assumption, amenable to testing in future comparative studies, that the morphology of phalanx I-1 was unlikely to vary much across ceratopsid species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="85203C58FF05FFC9FF23FA97FDB8118F" blockId="13.[130,777,598,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||||
Maya was used to reconstruct the articulation of the bones of UALVP 42, plus the rescaled phalanx I-1, and generate an image of the reconstructed configuration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FD8EFAD7FD6213EA" box="[566,645,1396,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FD8EFAD7FD6213EA" box="[566,645,1396,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525965/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Sternberg’s restoration of the shape of each individual bone was provisionally accepted as a well-educated guess, with the obvious exception of phalanx I-1, but the digital reconstruction distinguished visually between bone and plaster based on the segmented models. One advantage of this method of reconstruction was that internal consistency among the resulting 2D images was guaranteed, given that they all depicted the same 3D model. Therefore, successive versions of the reconstruction always passed the test of internal consistency provided no two elements overlapped in 3D space. Furthermore, “versions” of the underlying 3D model could be quickly generated by rotating and translating individual bones to experiment with different possible configurations, and quickly evaluated by viewing the model from different angles. Accordingly, the iterative process outlined above, in which visual hypotheses are tested, rejected and refined over successive rounds, gave way to a more freeflowing approach in which generation, testing, rejection and refinement of “micro-hypotheses” pertaining to parts of the model took place more or less continuously.
|
||||
</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph id="85203C58FF05FFC9FCFBFDF5FA861049" blockId="13.[810,1458,598,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
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||||
|
|
@ -240,22 +240,22 @@ Subjecting the proximal tarsal elements to this
|
|||
of manipulation led to an unexpected arrangement of the astragalus relative to the calcaneum and to the outer condyle of the distal end of the tibia, which in ceratopsids combines with the two proximal tarsal elements to form the articular surface for the distal tarsals and the proximal ends of the metatarsals (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="E10E41A9FF05FFC9FC0CFCB5FB2D1554" author="BROWN B. & SCHLAIKJER E. M." box="[948,1226,790,816]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" pagination="133 - 266" refId="ref9178" refString="BROWN B. & SCHLAIKJER E. M. 1940. - The structure and relationships of Protoceratops. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 40 (3): 133 - 266." type="journal article" year="1940">Brown & Schlaikjer 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Sternberg’s original mount placed the calcaneum lateral to the outer condyle of the tibia and only slightly anteriorly displaced (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FAE6FCF6FA78150B" box="[1374,1439,853,879]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1148,1165]" captionTargetBox="[133,1420,218,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-594@12.[698,1267,193,747]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Left tibia,fibula,and calcaneum of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42) as restored and articulated by George Sternberg for display of the distal part of the left hindlimb as a mount. The mount was dismantled in the late 1950s, but the bones shown here remain as positioned by Sternberg because the tibia and fibula are bolted together, and the calcaneum is firmly affixed to the fibula. Some areas have been retouched with plaster mixed with paint, which can be difficult to distinguish from the remaining original bone: A, elements in anterior (left) and posterior (right) views; B, elements in close-up anteromedial view, showing the gap (red arrow) introduced by Sternberg between the tibia medially and the calcaneum and distal part of the fibula laterally. Abbreviations: c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FAE6FCF6FA78150B" box="[1374,1439,853,879]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1148,1165]" captionTargetBox="[133,1420,218,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-594@12.[698,1267,193,747]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Left tibia,fibula,and calcaneum of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42) as restored and articulated by George Sternberg for display of the distal part of the left hindlimb as a mount. The mount was dismantled in the late 1950s, but the bones shown here remain as positioned by Sternberg because the tibia and fibula are bolted together, and the calcaneum is firmly affixed to the fibula. Some areas have been retouched with plaster mixed with paint, which can be difficult to distinguish from the remaining original bone: A, elements in anterior (left) and posterior (right) views; B, elements in close-up anteromedial view, showing the gap (red arrow) introduced by Sternberg between the tibia medially and the calcaneum and distal part of the fibula laterally. Abbreviations: c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525963/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
). This initially led us to likewise place the astragalus medial and slightly anterior to the outer condyle of the tibia in our digital reconstruction (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FB9BFC16FB9315B4" box="[1059,1140,949,976]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FB9BFC16FB9315B4" box="[1059,1140,949,976]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525965/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). However, it quickly became apparent that positioning the astragalus in this way, without creating an impossible geometry by impinging on the tibia, introduced a large gap between the lateral articular surface of the astragalus and the outer tibial condyle (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FAFFFB96FA46122B" box="[1351,1441,1077,1103]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FAFFFB96FA46122B" box="[1351,1441,1077,1103]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525965/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Such a large gap seemed unrealistic, so the hypothesis of a near-linear arrangement of the astragalus, calcaneum and outer condyle was rejected and alternatives were investigated. Angling the astragalus so that the medial side was positioned more anteriorly than the lateral side eliminated the gap (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FC8EFB57FC41136B" box="[822,934,1268,1295]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7D, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FC8EFB57FC41136B" box="[822,934,1268,1295]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525965/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7D, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and left the anterior part of the proximal surface of the astragalus resting against a relatively flat area on the anteromedial portion of the distal end of the tibia, and the lateral articular surface of the astragalus against the outer tibial condyle. The anterior margin of the distal articular surface formed by the astragalus, outer tibial condyle and calcaneum is then distinctly concave. It should be noted that acceptance of Sternberg’s restoration of the missing portions of the tibia influences the exact position, but not the overall orientation, that appears optimal for the astragalus.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="85203C58FF05FFC9FCFBF990FB1A1188" blockId="13.[810,1458,598,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||||
Sternberg’s placement of the calcaneum almost directly lateral to the outer condyle of the tibia (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FB21F9F0FAEC1009" box="[1177,1291,1619,1645]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7B, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FB21F9F0FAEC1009" box="[1177,1291,1619,1645]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525965/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7B, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) was evaluated by comparison to UALVP 52613 and published descriptions of ceratopsid hindlimbs (e.g.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="E10E41A9FF05FFC9FBC0F930FB0210C9" author="LULL R. S." box="[1144,1253,1683,1709]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 175" refId="ref10512" refString="LULL R. S. 1933. - A revision of the Ceratopsia or horned dinosaurs. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 3: 1 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5716" type="journal article" year="1933">Lull 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), which indicated that the calcaneum should instead lie anterior to the outer tibial condyle. Repositioning of the calcaneum in accordance with this evidence further accentuated the anterior concavity of the articular surface for the distal tarsals and metatarsals (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FC8EF891FC6B1129" box="[822,908,1842,1869]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FC8EF891FC6B1129" box="[822,908,1842,1869]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14525965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14525965/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The articular relationship between the astragalus and tibia in UALVP 42, and the resulting concavity of the anterior margin of the distal articular surface formed by these elements and the calcaneum, are discoveries arising from the process of reconstruction and supported by comparison with published descriptions and UALVP 52613.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
|
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