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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Cacospongia_scalaris" authority="Schmidt, 1862" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia scalaris" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="scalaris">Cacospongia scalaris Schmidt, 1862</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="EE0127FD276AA9C52A6290202828D7D6" ID-CoL="P6M2" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Cacospongia_scalaris" authority="Schmidt, 1862" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia scalaris" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="scalaris">Cacospongia scalaris Schmidt, 1862</taxonomicName>
Fig. 33
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<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia scalaris" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="scalaris">Cacospongia scalaris</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="8586BAA06B5267049C25AD53C99ADC6C" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="C29120E6F2B852E1E08AA942AC4CD094" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia scalaris" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="scalaris">Cacospongia scalaris</taxonomicName>
Schmidt, 1862: 27.
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<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<paragraph id="EC5278A3D4C02D02EECB868E292B1D9B" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Description.</paragraph>
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Growth form massive, globose, lobate, large (up to 20-30 cm in diameter). Colour constantly dark grey with bluish shades. Surface conulose (conules 1-2 mm high, 2-4 mm apart) with smooth scattered circular depressions; supported by
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of primary fibres. Oscules surrounded by a short collar (up to 1 cm in diameter) abundant and irregularly scattered on the
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upper part. Skeleton network lax with hard, not elastic spongin fibres. Primary fibres almost parallel, interconnected by quite perpendicular secondary fibres looking like rungs in a scale (this peculiar character originated the specific name); primary fibres (90-200
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter) cored by abundant inclusions; secondary fibres (30-80
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter) laminated with an evident fibrous core. Flagellate chambers of 30-45
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in diameter.
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<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<subSubSection id="D3D79F124A8E0D6EC7A149B5AE2F2B98" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="318313E9E6C0D08262C57335B8CAA737" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Habitat.</paragraph>
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Cave, rocky/detritic/muddy bottom, coralligenous community,
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Posidoniaceae" genus="Posidonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Posidonia oceanica" order="Alismatales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oceanica">Posidonia oceanica</taxonomicName>
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meadow, lagoon, artificial reefs, epibiotic on
<taxonomicName class="Bivalvia" family="Pinnidae" genus="Pinna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinna nobilis" order="Ostreida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nobilis">Pinna nobilis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="FFFC06C42E32C25735473DE7A19FC9AB" class="Bivalvia" family="Pinnidae" genus="Pinna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinna nobilis" order="Ostreida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nobilis">Pinna nobilis</taxonomicName>
. Often on the sponge surface it is possible to find specimens ofthe nudibranch
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Chromodorididae" genus="Hypselodoris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypselodoris fontandraui" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fontandraui">Hypselodoris fontandraui</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="866AD591FD97E9440F403643C749FBD8" class="Gastropoda" family="Chromodorididae" genus="Hypselodoris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypselodoris fontandraui" order="Nudibranchia" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fontandraui">Hypselodoris fontandraui</taxonomicName>
(Pruvot-Fol, 1951) actively grazing. Bathymetric range 1-250 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="mediterranean caves">
<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Mediterranean caves.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<subSubSection id="3F886B5FB293819FFF9609894CB9B261" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="mediterranean caves">
<paragraph id="0B3760D299D30C9126950C817B4776EF" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Mediterranean caves.</paragraph>
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J1 Cave (Balearic Sea); Bear, Troc, Endoume, Figuiers,
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, Niolon, Carrieres caves (Gulf of Lions); Eastern-Bonassola, Piccola Zoagli-Chiavari caves (Ligurian Sea); Mago, Secca delle Formiche-Vivara, Gaiola caves (Central Tyrrhenian Sea); Porto Cesareo Cave (Ionian Sea); Croatian, Columbera,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Stražica">Strazica</normalizedToken>
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caves (Northern Adriatic Sea); Arenile, Coccodrillo, Bue Marino caves (Southern Adriatic Sea) (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Sarà">Sara</normalizedToken>
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1961a
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;
<bibRefCitation author="Bibiloni, MA" journalOrPublisher="Marine Ecology" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="317 - 334" title="Sponge communities in three submarine caves of the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean): adaptation and faunistic composition. P. S. Z. N." url="10.1111/j.1439-0485.1989.tb00076.x" volume="10" year="1989">Bibiloni et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
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;
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,
<bibRefCitation author="Corriero, G" journalOrPublisher="Italian Journal of Zoology" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="237 - 245" title="Inventory and distribution of hard bottom fauna from the marine protected area of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea): Porifera and Polychaeta." url="10.1080/11250000409356578" volume="71" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="784AE8EEC543469D3FFA63E96CA07ACC" author="Corriero, G" journalOrPublisher="Italian Journal of Zoology" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="237 - 245" title="Inventory and distribution of hard bottom fauna from the marine protected area of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea): Porifera and Polychaeta." url="10.1080/11250000409356578" volume="71" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Novosel et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="F6FCB007AD5E5A75CD3A096B9442C208" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Novosel et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Pronzato and Manconi 2011</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="7A1828210783FB9E766D31E6B6BC9C53" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Pronzato and Manconi 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Bakran-Petricioli et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="3952DC28DFB1DE8DD4017C3497CD7EDA" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Bakran-Petricioli et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<subSubSection id="ED9CA57E09D7AAE3A98FB9B0756B5B71" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="12C39D8DC8AF8587F159B68B0CB76A20" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="20023638C04401374D3681C947B99A1F" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
We do not accept that
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia scalaris" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="scalaris">Cacospongia scalaris</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="93DA3568CC7F50607E1DDC1D4140E192" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia scalaris" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="scalaris">Cacospongia scalaris</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia proficens" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="proficens">Cacospongia proficens</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="D493F672C398C5F912E1531A3F372ACF" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia proficens" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="proficens">Cacospongia proficens</taxonomicName>
belong to the genus
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Scalarispongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scalarispongia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Scalarispongia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="7A750E50098A927D8325C5B1286B6C42" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Scalarispongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scalarispongia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Scalarispongia</taxonomicName>
on the basis of the genus diagnosis by
<bibRefCitation pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Cook and Bergquist (2002)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="D8B4AFB01970E9F22B844F0C3AC8B7DE" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Cook and Bergquist (2002)</bibRefCitation>
. Indeed the comparative analysis of diagnostic traits of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Scalarispongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scalarispongia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Scalarispongia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="DA116BCE69DA0007DFE6D4B707034F29" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Scalarispongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scalarispongia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Scalarispongia</taxonomicName>
vs.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cacospongia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="862E2D31511D87490914B520F6C608D2" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cacospongia</taxonomicName>
Schmidt, 1862 clearly indicates that no diverging morphological characters exist
<pageBreakToken pageId="41" pageNumber="42" start="start">among</pageBreakToken>
<pageBreakToken id="C495892FCE86A06482765369E24094E6" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" start="start">among</pageBreakToken>
them except for the ladder-like arrangement of skeletal polygonal meshes that in some species, i.e.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia scalaris" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="scalaris">Cacospongia scalaris</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="3277C54A5D966681AD0C7D8E7A336C91" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia scalaris" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="scalaris">Cacospongia scalaris</taxonomicName>
, are mostly but not always rectangular. Rectangular meshes are displayed less frequently also in other species of Mediterranean cacospongias. We consider the trait 'skeleton ladder-like with rectangular
<normalizedToken originalValue="meshes">meshes'</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="2B728341975BA12E621A256AA7BB3BA7" originalValue="meshes">meshes'</normalizedToken>
not diagnostic at the genus level in agreement with
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelman, Leipzig" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" title="Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres." year="1862">Schmidt (1862)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="201B2D65381C85B26C99E9E28B747A76" author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelman, Leipzig" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" title="Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres." year="1862">Schmidt (1862)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Marseille" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 101" title="Repartition generale des eponges et systematique des eponges cornees de la region de Marseille et de quelque station Mediterranee." volume="26" year="1959">Vacelet (1959)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="0B0197C1AC5A887203FD48DB60DCC89D" author="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Marseille" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 101" title="Repartition generale des eponges et systematique des eponges cornees de la region de Marseille et de quelque station Mediterranee." volume="26" year="1959">Vacelet (1959)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="83 - 104" title="Report on a collection of sponges from the Bay of Naples. II Keratosa." volume="40" year="1976">Pulitzer-Finali and Pronzato (1976)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="29BC33DE6C0AC94005CCA836C8B3C0EF" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="83 - 104" title="Report on a collection of sponges from the Bay of Naples. II Keratosa." volume="40" year="1976">Pulitzer-Finali and Pronzato (1976)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Pronzato and Manconi (2011)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="DE7D0123F9623543CE1224728288CD4E" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Pronzato and Manconi (2011)</bibRefCitation>
. Moreover molecular data (see
<bibRefCitation author="Borchiellini, C" journalOrPublisher="Marine Ecology" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" title="Molecular phylogeny of Demospongiae: implications for classification and scenarios of character evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (32): 823 - 837." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.021" year="2004">Borchiellini et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="25558A6097094D0A3A4E25911A826438" author="Borchiellini, C" journalOrPublisher="Marine Ecology" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" title="Molecular phylogeny of Demospongiae: implications for classification and scenarios of character evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (32): 823 - 837." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.021" year="2004">Borchiellini et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
) indicate that C. scalaris belongs to the genus
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cacospongia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="532AC3236002106294A0A4437720CF09" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cacospongia</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia proficens" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="proficens">Cacospongia proficens</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="BA5923E06C87C233E72A344C9E7836C6" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia proficens" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="proficens">Cacospongia proficens</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia scalaris" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="scalaris">Cacospongia scalaris</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="0A1C61EF28DBB1822CA9D15877D9C480" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia scalaris" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="scalaris">Cacospongia scalaris</taxonomicName>
belong therefore to the genus
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cacospongia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="7D93605D4311747B133FAB0A8EF1E252" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cacospongia</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<caption id="2F8B368FD4C14292466E6D731D5DE9E6" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<paragraph id="27F569BCADBB5ABD754FC2D0DFB2CD98" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
Figure 33
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia scalaris" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="scalaris">Cacospongia scalaris</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="F815B63AE4A4A2B889F40BA47AF8892A" class="Demospongiae" family="Thorectidae" genus="Cacospongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cacospongia scalaris" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="scalaris">Cacospongia scalaris</taxonomicName>
. a large massive specimen (ca. 35 cm) with finely conulose surface and evident scattered oscula b cored primary fibres perpendicularly connected by secondaries showing a marrow (LM) c drawing of the skeletal network; d) drawing showing radiating primary fibres typically connected by secondaries at right angle (90°). b modified from Pulitzer-Finali &amp; Pronzato (1976) c modified from
<bibRefCitation author="Laubenfels, MW de" journalOrPublisher="Allan HancockFoundation Occasional Paper" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 217" title="The order Keratosa of the phylum Porifera. A monographic study." volume="3" year="1948">Laubenfels (1948)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="FA5F05A0128EEC68C7048A217798670C" author="Laubenfels, MW de" journalOrPublisher="Allan HancockFoundation Occasional Paper" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 217" title="The order Keratosa of the phylum Porifera. A monographic study." volume="3" year="1948">Laubenfels (1948)</bibRefCitation>
d modified from
<bibRefCitation author="Schulze, FE" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift fuer wissenschaftliche Zoologie" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="593 - 660" title="Untersuchungen ueber den Bau und die Entwicklung der Spongien. Siebente Mittheilung. Die Familie der Spongidae." volume="32" year="1879 a">Schulze (1879a)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="8B0F6EB7DE7E8E4AC08C7DE716C06735" author="Schulze, FE" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift fuer wissenschaftliche Zoologie" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="593 - 660" title="Untersuchungen ueber den Bau und die Entwicklung der Spongien. Siebente Mittheilung. Die Familie der Spongidae." volume="32" year="1879 a">Schulze (1879a)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>