Add updates up until 2025-03-06 16:10:49
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<mods:namePart id="C8F16372B1689C7B564144FD626F0331">Ament, Danilo César</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4000E52CFF6C98D8FE91A1B3" ID-CoL="46B8" authority="Lioy" authorityName="Lioy" authorityYear="1864" box="[160,352,1476,1503]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Diplonevra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="746" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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Lioy
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(total of 18 photos of seven mating events examined:
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<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4000E52CFC2B98D8FB8AA1B3" box="[999,1147,1476,1503]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1486,1509]" captionTargetBox="[209,1104,142,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-3@6.[209,1105,142,1454]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Diplonevra (A–D) and Dohrniphora (E–H) mating. A. From Ontario, Canada (photo credit: © bob15noble). B. From Te Aroha, New Zealand (photo credit: © Maurice). C–D. From Weber County, USA (photo credit:© sbaxter).E.From Girona,Spain (photo credit:© Rafael Carbonell Font).F. From ToKwa Wan, Hong Kong (photo credit:© portioid).G. From San Miguel de Tucumán,Argentina (photo credit:© Santiago Murillo Dasso).H. FromBrasília,DF,Brazil (photo credit:© Jean Martins).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 85929525; B, 156656906; C–D, 195433495; E, 70285677; F, 21227769;G, 43450908;H, 142680838.All photos licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED except for ‘F’ licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971622/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Figure 3A–D</figureCitation>
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)
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The photos show a general mating position for
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C4000E52CFD0F98E6FCC8A27F" box="[707,825,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Diplonevra</emphasis>
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with a few slight differences present in some of them. In one mating event, the female abdomen seems especially bent upward (
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<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4000E52CFEC89B23FE9EA234" box="[260,367,1599,1624]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1486,1509]" captionTargetBox="[209,1104,142,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-3@6.[209,1105,142,1454]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Diplonevra (A–D) and Dohrniphora (E–H) mating. A. From Ontario, Canada (photo credit: © bob15noble). B. From Te Aroha, New Zealand (photo credit: © Maurice). C–D. From Weber County, USA (photo credit:© sbaxter).E.From Girona,Spain (photo credit:© Rafael Carbonell Font).F. From ToKwa Wan, Hong Kong (photo credit:© portioid).G. From San Miguel de Tucumán,Argentina (photo credit:© Santiago Murillo Dasso).H. FromBrasília,DF,Brazil (photo credit:© Jean Martins).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 85929525; B, 156656906; C–D, 195433495; E, 70285677; F, 21227769;G, 43450908;H, 142680838.All photos licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED except for ‘F’ licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971622/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Figure 3A</figureCitation>
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) but this could be artefactual as it was not seen in the other photos. In two other photos, a structure of the female terminalia is contacting the male (
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<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4000E52CFBC09B7EFB87A217" box="[1036,1142,1634,1659]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1486,1509]" captionTargetBox="[209,1104,142,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-3@6.[209,1105,142,1454]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Diplonevra (A–D) and Dohrniphora (E–H) mating. A. From Ontario, Canada (photo credit: © bob15noble). B. From Te Aroha, New Zealand (photo credit: © Maurice). C–D. From Weber County, USA (photo credit:© sbaxter).E.From Girona,Spain (photo credit:© Rafael Carbonell Font).F. From ToKwa Wan, Hong Kong (photo credit:© portioid).G. From San Miguel de Tucumán,Argentina (photo credit:© Santiago Murillo Dasso).H. FromBrasília,DF,Brazil (photo credit:© Jean Martins).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 85929525; B, 156656906; C–D, 195433495; E, 70285677; F, 21227769;G, 43450908;H, 142680838.All photos licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED except for ‘F’ licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971622/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Figure 3B</figureCitation>
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). We identified this structure as two enlarged lobes that together form a roof-like plate covering the cerci. In another mating event (
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<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4000E52CFD679BBBFCC0A2AC" box="[683,817,1703,1728]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1486,1509]" captionTargetBox="[209,1104,142,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-3@6.[209,1105,142,1454]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Diplonevra (A–D) and Dohrniphora (E–H) mating. A. From Ontario, Canada (photo credit: © bob15noble). B. From Te Aroha, New Zealand (photo credit: © Maurice). C–D. From Weber County, USA (photo credit:© sbaxter).E.From Girona,Spain (photo credit:© Rafael Carbonell Font).F. From ToKwa Wan, Hong Kong (photo credit:© portioid).G. From San Miguel de Tucumán,Argentina (photo credit:© Santiago Murillo Dasso).H. FromBrasília,DF,Brazil (photo credit:© Jean Martins).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 85929525; B, 156656906; C–D, 195433495; E, 70285677; F, 21227769;G, 43450908;H, 142680838.All photos licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED except for ‘F’ licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971622/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Figure 3C,D</figureCitation>
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), the male lifts both forelegs during mating, a behaviour not seen in other photos of
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C400EE522FCEE9D92FC69A4CB" box="[802,920,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Diplonevra</emphasis>
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. We do not know of any modified structure in the
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C400EE522FE3C9DADFD97A4A6" box="[496,614,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Diplonevra</emphasis>
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foreleg that could be related to this behaviour.
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<mods:number id="541DC281BA972450E1C69A85634BFAC1">9 - 12</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:extent id="E03006C07E855902092B88D6BB1CA7B4" unit="page">
|
||||
<mods:start id="FFC3650C697BA2CCBF2EDAC7A438B5F7">739</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end id="9FC35AF1085E461EBB557A669CB3BA13">761</mods:end>
|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
</mods:part>
|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:location id="56F6E2027126559392BE80F88108A3CF">
|
||||
<mods:url id="553B904BD21D7A9B177C827E222A1AE2">https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2025.2461656</mods:url>
|
||||
</mods:location>
|
||||
<mods:classification id="84F3383F9272BECD77AAE57C2756F7E4">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="A1A510660793A049A06D49D7B5512F59" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2025.2461656</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="7B6B6A59F12BECAFE18FB50026F78A38" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="5ACDA7DBA3A8F79C0E7914D4FD35F440" type="Zenodo-Dep">14971616</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="D76CE4784003E52CFE8599CDFC5DA1EB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D76CE4784003E52CFE8599CDFC5DA1EB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D76CE4784003E52CFE8599CDFC5DA1EB" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="746" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="17DF06E54003E52FFE8599CDFC98A163" pageId="4" pageNumber="743" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E4003E52FFE8599CDFC98A163" blockId="4.[329,986,1233,1295]" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4003E52FFE8599CDFD70A080" ID-CoL="9CJGH" authority="Borgmeier" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityYear="1923" box="[329,641,1233,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Coniceromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="743" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4003E52FFE8599CDFE09A080" bold="true" box="[329,504,1233,1260]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">Coniceromyia</emphasis>
|
||||
Borgmeier
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(total of 10 photos of three mating events examined:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4003E52FFD3799E8FC91A163" box="[763,864,1268,1295]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1478,1501]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-3@5.[163,1153,142,1447]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Coniceromyia sp. mating and aggregating. A–B. From Cuzco, Peru (photo credit: © Jared Shorma, photo licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Boyacá, Colombia (photo credit: © Santiago, photo with all rights reserved). E. From Pozo Verde, Costa Rica (photo credit: Steve Marshall). F. From Loja, Ecuador (photo credit: © Rudy Gelis, photo with all rights reserved). Except for E, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/),ID numbers:A–B, 146320139; C–D, 109334589; F, 191869098. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="17DF06E54003E52CFF6C9836FC5DA1EB" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="746" pageId="4" pageNumber="743" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E4003E52FFF6C9836FC9DA25A" blockId="4.[160,1156,1322,1728]" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4003E52FFF6C9836FEC9A12F" ID-CoL="9CJGH" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityYear="1923" box="[160,312,1322,1347]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Coniceromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="743" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4003E52FFF6C9836FEC9A12F" box="[160,312,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">Coniceromyia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is among the phorid genera with the most diverse secondary sexual characteristics (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F4003E52FFE9D9851FDD6A10A" author="Ament DC & Hash JM & Almeida EAB" box="[337,551,1357,1382]" pageId="4" pageNumber="743" pagination="521 - 538" refId="ref9005" refString="Ament DC, Hash JM, Almeida EAB. 2021. Remarkable sexually dimorphic features of Coniceromyia (Diptera: Phoridae): evolution in the light of phylogeny and comparative evidence about their function. Biol J Linn Soc. 132 (3): 521-538. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa217." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Ament
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4003E52FFE669851FE2FA10A" box="[426,478,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The males of this genus have sexually dimorphic structures in different podomeres of all legs, wings and head. The male forelegs are highly modified and diverse, with the foremetatarsus being unique for most species of the genus (figs
|
||||
<quantity id="983DF88B4003E52FFE9D98A9FE55A1A2" box="[337,420,1461,1486]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" metricValueMax="3.048" metricValueMin="2.032" pageId="4" pageNumber="743" unit="in" value="10.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="8.0">8–12 in</quantity>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F4003E52FFE6098A9FD84A1A2" author="Ament DC & Kung G & Brown BV" box="[428,629,1461,1486]" pageId="4" pageNumber="743" pagination="1 - 61" refId="ref9064" refString="Ament DC, Kung G, Brown BV. 2020. Forty-one new species of Coniceromyia Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae), an identification key, and new distributional records for the species of the genus. Zootaxa. 4830 (1): 1-61. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4830.1.1." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||||
Ament
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4003E52FFDCC98A9FDC0A1A2" box="[512,561,1461,1486]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2020
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The evolution and functional morphology of these structures were discussed by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F4003E52FFDE698CBFD0DA19C" author="Ament DC & Hash JM & Almeida EAB" box="[554,764,1495,1520]" pageId="4" pageNumber="743" pagination="521 - 538" refId="ref9005" refString="Ament DC, Hash JM, Almeida EAB. 2021. Remarkable sexually dimorphic features of Coniceromyia (Diptera: Phoridae): evolution in the light of phylogeny and comparative evidence about their function. Biol J Linn Soc. 132 (3): 521-538. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa217." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Ament
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4003E52FFDB798CBFD5BA19C" box="[635,682,1495,1520]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. (2021)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
but without any direct evidence of their use. The photos we examined here are the first records of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4003E52FFCAB98E6FC0AA27F" ID-CoL="9CJGH" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityYear="1923" box="[871,1019,1530,1555]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Coniceromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="743" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4003E52FFCAB98E6FC0AA27F" box="[871,1019,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">Coniceromyia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
mating and bring light to the possible function of some of these structures.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E4003E52CFF0C9B23FE4CA539" blockId="4.[160,1156,1322,1728]" lastBlockId="7.[159,1156,142,1415]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="746" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4003E52FFF0C9B23FEA5A234" ID-CoL="9CJGH" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityYear="1923" box="[192,340,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Coniceromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="743" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4003E52FFF0C9B23FEA5A234" box="[192,340,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">Coniceromyia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has a mating position unique in the family, with the male projected anteriorly, sometimes with his head even farther anterior than the female’s (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4003E52FFC209B7EFB87A217" box="[1004,1142,1634,1659]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1478,1501]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-3@5.[163,1153,142,1447]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Coniceromyia sp. mating and aggregating. A–B. From Cuzco, Peru (photo credit: © Jared Shorma, photo licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Boyacá, Colombia (photo credit: © Santiago, photo with all rights reserved). E. From Pozo Verde, Costa Rica (photo credit: Steve Marshall). F. From Loja, Ecuador (photo credit: © Rudy Gelis, photo with all rights reserved). Except for E, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/),ID numbers:A–B, 146320139; C–D, 109334589; F, 191869098. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">Figure 2A–D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). This is possible due to the male being slightly larger than the female and the female abdomen bending upward during mating. The position allows the male to suspend its forelegs over the female’s head, in one photo even touching the female’s frons (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4000E52CFF649DADFEE7A4A6" box="[168,278,177,202]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1478,1501]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-3@5.[163,1153,142,1447]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Coniceromyia sp. mating and aggregating. A–B. From Cuzco, Peru (photo credit: © Jared Shorma, photo licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Boyacá, Colombia (photo credit: © Santiago, photo with all rights reserved). E. From Pozo Verde, Costa Rica (photo credit: Steve Marshall). F. From Loja, Ecuador (photo credit: © Rudy Gelis, photo with all rights reserved). Except for E, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/),ID numbers:A–B, 146320139; C–D, 109334589; F, 191869098. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971620/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Figure 2D</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4000E52CFEE79DADFE4EA4A6" ID-CoL="9CJGH" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityYear="1923" box="[299,447,177,202]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Coniceromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="746" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4000E52CFEE79DADFE4EA4A6" box="[299,447,177,202]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Coniceromyia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
males have several sexually dimorphic features on the foreleg which could be in use in this position. In general, the male structures do not appear to be physically restraining the females; instead, they seem to be used as stimulatory contact devices, possibly contacting the frons or arista of the females (although a clear contact is only visible in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4000E52CFE8E9C20FE41A539" box="[322,432,316,341]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1478,1501]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-3@5.[163,1153,142,1447]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Coniceromyia sp. mating and aggregating. A–B. From Cuzco, Peru (photo credit: © Jared Shorma, photo licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Boyacá, Colombia (photo credit: © Santiago, photo with all rights reserved). E. From Pozo Verde, Costa Rica (photo credit: Steve Marshall). F. From Loja, Ecuador (photo credit: © Rudy Gelis, photo with all rights reserved). Except for E, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/),ID numbers:A–B, 146320139; C–D, 109334589; F, 191869098. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971620/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Figure 2D</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="0BBA05E64002E52EFF6C98DAFF1CA2E1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971620" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971620/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="744" startId="5.[160,225,1478,1501]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,1447]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E4002E52EFF6C98DAFF1CA2E1" blockId="5.[160,1157,1478,1677]" pageId="5" pageNumber="744">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4002E52EFF6C98DAFF0DA1B1" bold="true" box="[160,252,1478,1501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="744">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4002E52EFEC998DAFE5AA1B1" box="[261,427,1478,1501]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Coniceromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="744" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4002E52EFEC998DAFE77A1B1" box="[261,390,1478,1501]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="744">Coniceromyia</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
mating and aggregating.
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4002E52EFD7898DAFD2FA1B1" bold="true" box="[692,734,1478,1501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="744">A–B</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Cuzco, Peru (photo credit: © Jared Shorma, photo licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4002E52EFD6F98F8FD3FA197" bold="true" box="[675,718,1508,1531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="744">C–D</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Boyacá, Colombia (photo credit: © Santiago, photo with all rights reserved).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4002E52EFD909B1DFD99A274" bold="true" box="[604,616,1537,1560]" pageId="5" pageNumber="744">E</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Pozo Verde, Costa Rica (photo credit: Steve Marshall).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4002E52EFECB9B02FEE2A259" bold="true" box="[263,275,1566,1589]" pageId="5" pageNumber="744">F</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Loja, Ecuador (photo credit: © Rudy Gelis, photo with all rights reserved). Except for E, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers:
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4002E52EFC119B20FBF6A23F" bold="true" box="[989,1031,1596,1619]" pageId="5" pageNumber="744">A–B</emphasis>
|
||||
, 146320139;
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4002E52EFF6C9B45FF3BA21C" bold="true" box="[160,202,1625,1648]" pageId="5" pageNumber="744">C–D</emphasis>
|
||||
, 109334589;
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4002E52EFE9A9B45FE93A21C" bold="true" box="[342,354,1625,1648]" pageId="5" pageNumber="744">F</emphasis>
|
||||
, 191869098. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="0BBA05E64001E52DFF6C98D2FBCFA2DE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971622" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971622/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="745" startId="6.[160,225,1486,1509]" targetBox="[209,1104,142,1454]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E4001E52DFF6C98D2FBCFA2DE" blockId="6.[159,1156,1486,1714]" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFF6C98D2FF0FA189" bold="true" box="[160,254,1486,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4001E52DFEC498D2FE9AA189" authorityName="Lioy" authorityYear="1864" box="[264,363,1486,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Diplonevra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="745" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFEC498D2FE9AA189" box="[264,363,1486,1509]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">Diplonevra</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(A–D) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4001E52DFE2C98D2FDA5A189" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1898" box="[480,596,1486,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Dohrniphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="745" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFE2C98D2FDA5A189" box="[480,596,1486,1509]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">Dohrniphora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(E–H) mating.
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFD2798D2FD0BA189" bold="true" box="[747,762,1486,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">A</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Ontario, Canada (photo credit: © bob15noble).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFEE898F7FEC3A26E" bold="true" box="[292,306,1515,1538]" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">B</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Te Aroha, New Zealand (photo credit: © Maurice).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFC9598F7FC72A26E" bold="true" box="[857,899,1515,1538]" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">C–D</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Weber County, USA (photo credit:© sbaxter).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFE469B14FE67A273" bold="true" box="[394,406,1544,1567]" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">E</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Girona, Spain (photo credit:© Rafael Carbonell Font).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFC0C9B14FC3DA273" bold="true" box="[960,972,1544,1567]" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">F</emphasis>
|
||||
. From To Kwa Wan, Hong Kong (photo credit: © portioid).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFE339B3AFDFEA251" bold="true" box="[511,527,1574,1597]" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">G</emphasis>
|
||||
. From San Miguel de Tucumán,Argentina (photo credit: © Santiago Murillo Dasso).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFEE09B5FFECDA236" bold="true" box="[300,316,1603,1626]" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">H</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Brasília,DF, Brazil (photo credit: © Jean Martins). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers:
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFDF59B7CFDB9A21B" bold="true" box="[569,584,1632,1655]" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">A</emphasis>
|
||||
, 85929525;
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFD709B7CFD3BA21B" bold="true" box="[700,714,1632,1655]" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">B</emphasis>
|
||||
, 156656906;
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFC859B7CFC82A21B" bold="true" box="[841,883,1632,1655]" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">C–D</emphasis>
|
||||
, 195433495;
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFC3E9B7CFC0FA21B" bold="true" box="[1010,1022,1632,1655]" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">E</emphasis>
|
||||
, 70285677;
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFBBE9B7CFB8FA21B" bold="true" box="[1138,1150,1632,1655]" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">F</emphasis>
|
||||
, 21227769;
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFECA9B62FEE7A2F9" bold="true" box="[262,278,1662,1685]" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">G</emphasis>
|
||||
, 43450908;
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4001E52DFE499B62FE64A2F9" bold="true" box="[389,405,1662,1685]" pageId="6" pageNumber="745">H</emphasis>
|
||||
, 142680838. All photos licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED except for ‘F’ licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E4000E52CFF0C9C42FBCFA6E1" blockId="7.[159,1156,142,1415]" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">
|
||||
Some of the main sexually dimorphic features of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4000E52CFD299C42FC88A51B" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityYear="1923" box="[741,889,350,375]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Coniceromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="746" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4000E52CFD299C42FC88A51B" box="[741,889,350,375]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Coniceromyia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are present in the male foremetatarsus (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F4000E52CFE9A9C9DFDD0A5F6" author="Ament DC & Hash JM & Almeida EAB" box="[342,545,385,410]" pageId="7" pageNumber="746" pagination="521 - 538" refId="ref9005" refString="Ament DC, Hash JM, Almeida EAB. 2021. Remarkable sexually dimorphic features of Coniceromyia (Diptera: Phoridae): evolution in the light of phylogeny and comparative evidence about their function. Biol J Linn Soc. 132 (3): 521-538. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa217." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Ament
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4000E52CFE609C9DFE2DA5F6" box="[428,476,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The males of all species have an apical anterodorsal setulose projection in this podomere (visible in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4000E52CFD7D9CB8FCE8A5D1" box="[689,793,420,445]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1478,1501]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-3@5.[163,1153,142,1447]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Coniceromyia sp. mating and aggregating. A–B. From Cuzco, Peru (photo credit: © Jared Shorma, photo licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Boyacá, Colombia (photo credit: © Santiago, photo with all rights reserved). E. From Pozo Verde, Costa Rica (photo credit: Steve Marshall). F. From Loja, Ecuador (photo credit: © Rudy Gelis, photo with all rights reserved). Except for E, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/),ID numbers:A–B, 146320139; C–D, 109334589; F, 191869098. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971620/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Figure 2E</figureCitation>
|
||||
) which is often accompanied by a highly variable anterior excavation. Often, the foremetatarsus is also swollen or elongated and in some species has complex microsculpture in its excavation. These characteristics alongside the position of this tarsomere in the photos indicate that the males could be using the foremetatarsus to mechanically stimulate the females. Additionally, the morphological modifications of the foremetatarsus suggest the possibility of internal glands, which, in this case, could be producing secretions used in this stimulation.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E4000E52CFF0C9F8AFEBEA78B" blockId="7.[159,1156,142,1415]" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">
|
||||
Some other male features are also corroborated as potential female stimulatory structures by their morphology and the mating position of the photos. This is the case for males’ elongated, ventrally curved setae on the apical foretarsomere, a ventral setulose process on the foretrochanter and elongated setae ventrally on the midcoxa (present in one, six and one species, respectively;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F4000E52CFE4B9E3DFDBBA756" author="Ament DC & Hash JM & Almeida EAB" box="[391,586,801,826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="746" pagination="521 - 538" refId="ref9005" refString="Ament DC, Hash JM, Almeida EAB. 2021. Remarkable sexually dimorphic features of Coniceromyia (Diptera: Phoridae): evolution in the light of phylogeny and comparative evidence about their function. Biol J Linn Soc. 132 (3): 521-538. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa217." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Ament
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4000E52CFE149E3DFDF6A756" box="[472,519,801,826]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). All of these features would be able to contact the female in this male-forward position. Other male-exclusive features also seem suited for mechanical stimulation, such as the curved forecoxa of one species and the strong setulae, spines and microsculputural modifications of the foretibia and forefemur of others (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F4000E52CFBF49E95FEFAA7A9" author="Ament DC & Hash JM & Almeida EAB" pageId="7" pageNumber="746" pagination="521 - 538" refId="ref9005" refString="Ament DC, Hash JM, Almeida EAB. 2021. Remarkable sexually dimorphic features of Coniceromyia (Diptera: Phoridae): evolution in the light of phylogeny and comparative evidence about their function. Biol J Linn Soc. 132 (3): 521-538. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa217." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Ament
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4000E52CFF539EB0FF3DA7A9" box="[159,204,940,965]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). However,none of these podomeres appear in the photos with a potential contact with the female.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E4000E52CFF0C9EEDFC38A0F9" blockId="7.[159,1156,142,1415]" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4000E52CFF0C9EEDFED9A066" box="[192,296,1009,1034]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1478,1501]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1447]" captionTargetId="figure-3@5.[163,1153,142,1447]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Coniceromyia sp. mating and aggregating. A–B. From Cuzco, Peru (photo credit: © Jared Shorma, photo licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Boyacá, Colombia (photo credit: © Santiago, photo with all rights reserved). E. From Pozo Verde, Costa Rica (photo credit: Steve Marshall). F. From Loja, Ecuador (photo credit: © Rudy Gelis, photo with all rights reserved). Except for E, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/),ID numbers:A–B, 146320139; C–D, 109334589; F, 191869098. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971620/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Figure 2F</figureCitation>
|
||||
shows an aggregation of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4000E52CFD889EEDFD29A066" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityYear="1923" box="[580,728,1009,1034]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Coniceromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="746" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4000E52CFD889EEDFD29A066" box="[580,728,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Coniceromyia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
males over a leaf. This could represent the first non-aerial lekking behaviour recorded for the phorids (although some other forms of aggregation should be also considered). A lekking behaviour in the genus could be related to some other sexually dimorphic features of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4000E52CFCC49945FC6DA01E" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityYear="1923" box="[776,924,1113,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Coniceromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="746" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4000E52CFCC49945FC6DA01E" box="[776,924,1113,1138]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Coniceromyia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
that suggest a visual courtship function such as species-specific wing and foreleg patterning.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E4000E52CFF0C9982FC5DA1EB" blockId="7.[159,1156,142,1415]" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">
|
||||
The photos are not helpful in providing insights on the role of some other male exclusive characteristics such as the enlarged first flagellomere present in most species and the hind femur posterior group of tiny blunt setulae near the base (figs
|
||||
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<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F4000E52CFC6C99F8FBACA091" author="Ament DC & Kung G & Brown BV" box="[928,1117,1252,1277]" pageId="7" pageNumber="746" pagination="1 - 61" refId="ref9064" refString="Ament DC, Kung G, Brown BV. 2020. Forty-one new species of Coniceromyia Borgmeier (Diptera: Phoridae), an identification key, and new distributional records for the species of the genus. Zootaxa. 4830 (1): 1-61. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4830.1.1." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||||
Ament
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4000E52CFC2399F8FBEDA091" box="[1007,1052,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2020
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In contrast to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4000E52CFED6981AFE53A173" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1898" box="[282,418,1286,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Dohrniphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="746" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4000E52CFED6981AFE53A173" box="[282,418,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Dohrniphora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which have setulae and ornamentation in the same position on the hind femur (discussed below), the photos do not show
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4000E52CFCCF9835FC65A12E" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityYear="1923" box="[771,916,1321,1346]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Coniceromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="746" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4000E52CFCCF9835FC65A12E" box="[771,916,1321,1346]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Coniceromyia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
males contacting the females with their hind femur. Additionally, the hind femur group of tiny blunt setulae of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4000E52CFF6C9872FEC0A1EB" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityYear="1923" box="[160,305,1390,1415]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Coniceromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="746" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4000E52CFF6C9872FEC0A1EB" box="[160,305,1390,1415]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Coniceromyia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are much less complex and diversified than
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4000E52CFCD29872FC57A1EB" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1898" box="[798,934,1390,1415]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Dohrniphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="746" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4000E52CFCD29872FC57A1EB" box="[798,934,1390,1415]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="746">Dohrniphora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
81
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<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4003E52FFE959F00FD8FA65B" ID-CoL="PNN" authority="Shelford" authorityName="Shelford" authorityYear="1908" box="[345,638,540,567]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="743" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C4003E52FFE959F00FDFFA65B" bold="true" box="[345,526,540,567]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">Aenigmatistes</emphasis>
|
||||
Shelford
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(total of one photo of one mating event examined:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4003E52FFD209F22FC95A635" box="[748,868,574,601]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[159,224,956,979]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,924]" captionTargetId="figure-220@3.[163,1153,142,924]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Aenigmatistes sp. (A) and Chaetopleurophora sp. (B–D) mating. A. From Gaborone, Botswana (photo credit: Botswanabugs, public domain). B. From Göttingen, Germany (photo credit: © Gerrit Öhm, photo licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). C. From Poppendorf, Austria (photo credit: © Sepp Schmid, photo licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).D. From Missouri,USA (photo credit:© Joshua Klostermann, photo with all rights reserved). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 30860301;B, 212216478; C, 111903726;D, 159776785.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971618/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">Figure 1A</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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|
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<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4003E52FFF6C9F68FECCA6E1" ID-CoL="PNN" authorityName="Shelford" authorityYear="1908" box="[160,317,628,653]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="743" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4003E52FFF6C9F68FECCA6E1" box="[160,317,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">Aenigmatistes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has an accentuated sexual dimorphism with the males conserving a relatively common body shape and structures while the females are apterous and highly modified, with a limuloid shape adapted to live in nests of social insects (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F4003E52FFC219FA5FB87A6BE" author="Brown BV" box="[1005,1142,697,722]" pageId="4" pageNumber="743" pagination="115 - 137" refId="ref9537" refString="Brown BV. 1993. Convergent adaptations in Phoridae (Diptera) living in the nests of social insects: a review of the new world Aenigmatiinae. Mem Ent Soc of Canada. 125: 115-137. doi: 10.4039 / entm 125165115 - 1" type="journal article" year="1993">Brown 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4003E52FFF6C9FC0FEFFA699" box="[160,270,732,757]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[159,224,956,979]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,924]" captionTargetId="figure-220@3.[163,1153,142,924]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Aenigmatistes sp. (A) and Chaetopleurophora sp. (B–D) mating. A. From Gaborone, Botswana (photo credit: Botswanabugs, public domain). B. From Göttingen, Germany (photo credit: © Gerrit Öhm, photo licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). C. From Poppendorf, Austria (photo credit: © Sepp Schmid, photo licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).D. From Missouri,USA (photo credit:© Joshua Klostermann, photo with all rights reserved). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 30860301;B, 212216478; C, 111903726;D, 159776785.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971618/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">Figure 1A</figureCitation>
|
||||
illustrates the first record of specimens of this genus copulating. Despite the dimorphism with the male being much larger than the female, they conserve the general mating position.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4003E52FFEAC9E3DFE16A756" ID-CoL="PNL" authorityName="Meinert" authorityYear="1890" box="[352,487,801,826]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Aenigmatias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="743" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C4003E52FFEAC9E3DFE16A756" box="[352,487,801,826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">Aenigmatias</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, a closely related genus, has a similar dimorphism with the male additionally presenting modified foretarsi which were inferred to be used in transporting the female during copulation (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F4003E52FFD9E9E7BFCA8A7EC" author="Dupont S & Pape T" box="[594,857,871,896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="743" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref9701" refString="Dupont S, Pape T. 2007. Fore tarsus attachment device of the male scuttle fly, Aenigmatias lubbockii. J Insect Sci. 7 (54): 1-8. doi:10.1673/031.007.5401." type="journal article" year="2007">Dupont and Pape 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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|
||||
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||||
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|
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|
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(total of four photos of three mating events examined:
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<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4003E52FFD299EC3FCB2A796" box="[741,835,991,1018]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[159,224,956,979]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,924]" captionTargetId="figure-220@3.[163,1153,142,924]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Aenigmatistes sp. (A) and Chaetopleurophora sp. (B–D) mating. A. From Gaborone, Botswana (photo credit: Botswanabugs, public domain). B. From Göttingen, Germany (photo credit: © Gerrit Öhm, photo licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). C. From Poppendorf, Austria (photo credit: © Sepp Schmid, photo licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).D. From Missouri,USA (photo credit:© Joshua Klostermann, photo with all rights reserved). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 30860301;B, 212216478; C, 111903726;D, 159776785.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971618/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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B-D)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C4003E52FFF6C9908FE9FA041" box="[160,366,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="743">Chaetopleurophora</emphasis>
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|
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does not have any notable sexually dimorphic characteristics except the male genitalia. The male hypopygium has developed surstyli and an elongated median process under the cerci (figs
|
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). The photos show
|
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|
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in the general mating position but do not allow the observation of the hypopygium.
|
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Brues
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(total of six photos of two
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
mating events examined:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4008E524FD2B9EBCFC85A7D7" box="[743,884,928,955]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[160,225,999,1022]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,967]" captionTargetId="figure-192@17.[163,1153,142,967]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Melaloncha mating. A. From Paraná, Brazil (photo credit: © mtwe82, all rights reserved, iNaturalist observation 101776264). B. From Costa Rica (photo credit:Kenji Nishida). C. From Argentina (photo credit: © RAP, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED, iNaturalist observation 245621305). All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971634" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971634/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">Figure 9A,B</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="17DF06E54008E524FF6C9ECAFE8CA08E" pageId="15" pageNumber="754" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E4008E524FF6C9ECAFE8CA08E" blockId="15.[160,1155,982,1250]" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">
|
||||
The
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4008E524FF1C9ECAFEBEA783" authorityName="Brues" authorityYear="1904" box="[208,335,982,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Melaloncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="754" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4008E524FF1C9ECAFEBEA783" box="[208,335,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">Melaloncha</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
males have a considerably larger foretarsus than the female and in some species there is striking sexual dimorphism regarding general body colour (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4008E524FC239EE5FBABA07E" box="[1007,1114,1017,1042]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[160,225,999,1022]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,967]" captionTargetId="figure-192@17.[163,1153,142,967]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Melaloncha mating. A. From Paraná, Brazil (photo credit: © mtwe82, all rights reserved, iNaturalist observation 101776264). B. From Costa Rica (photo credit:Kenji Nishida). C. From Argentina (photo credit: © RAP, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED, iNaturalist observation 245621305). All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971634" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971634/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">Figure 9B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In the two mating events examined, the females had their wings slightly lifted and angled in a ‘V’, and the males were touching the dorsum of the female abdomen with their enlarged foretarsi, possibly stimulating it (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4008E524FDD4997DFD6BA016" box="[536,666,1121,1146]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[160,225,999,1022]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,967]" captionTargetId="figure-192@17.[163,1153,142,967]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Melaloncha mating. A. From Paraná, Brazil (photo credit: © mtwe82, all rights reserved, iNaturalist observation 101776264). B. From Costa Rica (photo credit:Kenji Nishida). C. From Argentina (photo credit: © RAP, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED, iNaturalist observation 245621305). All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971634" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971634/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">Figure 9A,B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The morphological variation of the male foretarsus among
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4008E524FEA3999FFDB6A0F0" box="[367,583,1155,1180]" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4008E524FEA3999FFE1FA0F0" box="[367,494,1155,1180]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">Melaloncha</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is not fully studied, as most species are described based on female specimens, but in general the structural details are similar to those found in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4008E524FF7199D5FEEDA08E" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1924" box="[189,284,1225,1250]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Stichillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="754" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4008E524FF7199D5FEEDA08E" box="[189,284,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">Stichillus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(above).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
198
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198
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|
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<mods:title id="F3AAA9395D377432A3CC9977E5AC18A3">Phoridae (Diptera) mating behaviour: identification of general patterns, exceptions and the use of sexually dimorphic structures based on vast citizen science data</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="56A66D2EA2D7F8B97C2F780D42FCDE21">Brown, Brian Victor</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="882951A935FAC90D48BC846CC86A615C">Entomology Department and Urban Nature Research Center, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<heading id="0432E2024008E524FE939813FC35A146" box="[351,964,1295,1322]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="754" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4008E524FE939813FD45A146" ID-CoL="6MNG" authority="Enderlein" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1912" box="[351,692,1295,1322]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Phalacrotophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="754" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4008E524FE939813FDC6A146" bold="true" box="[351,567,1295,1322]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">Phalacrotophora</emphasis>
|
||||
Enderlein
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(total of 20 photos of
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="17DF06E54008E53AFE4A982EFE07A214" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="756" pageId="15" pageNumber="754" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E4008E524FE4A982EFC6CA121" blockId="15.[351,964,1295,1357]" box="[390,925,1330,1357]" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">
|
||||
11 mating events examined:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4008E524FD21982EFC64A121" box="[749,917,1330,1357]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="18.[160,225,1521,1544]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-3@18.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 10. Phalacrotophora. A–B. From Donaustadt, 1220 Wien, Austria (photo credit: carnifex). C. From Iasi, Romania (photo credit: © ellas, all rights reserved). D. From Ohio, USA (photo credit: © fuzzyspider,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E. From Toronto, Canada (photo credit: © brian stahls, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). F. From District of Columbia, USA (photo credit: Katja Schulz). G. From Dundas, Ontario, Canada (photo credit: Steve Marshall). H. From Durbanville, Cape Town, South Africa (photo credit: © Cecile Roux, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED). Except for C and G, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 84105331; D, 82485316; E, 86632821; F, 759565; H, 117471418. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971636/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">Figure 10A–H</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E4008E524FF6C987BFD7CA2D4" blockId="15.[160,1156,1383,1720]" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4008E524FF6C987BFE5CA1EC" box="[160,429,1383,1408]" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4008E524FF6C987BFEA7A1EC" box="[160,342,1383,1408]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">Phalacrotophora</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
may be parasites of nests of solitary bees (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F4008E524FCB3987BFC06A1EC" author="Batra SWT" box="[895,1015,1383,1408]" pageId="15" pageNumber="754" pagination="367 - 389" refId="ref9157" refString="Batra SWT. 1965. Organisms associated with Lasioglossum zephyrum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). J K Entomol Soc. 38 (4): 367-389." type="journal article" year="1965">Batra 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), parasitoids of beetle prepupa or pupa (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F4008E524FE199896FD6DA1CF" author="Disney RHL & Majerus MEN & Walpole MJ" box="[469,668,1418,1443]" pageId="15" pageNumber="754" pagination="28 - 42" refId="ref9669" refString="Disney RHL, Majerus MEN, Walpole MJ. 1994. Phoridae (Diptera) parasitizing Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Entomolog. 113 (1): 28-42." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||||
Disney
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4008E524FDE59896FDA9A1CF" box="[553,600,1418,1443]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">et al</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1994
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), parasites of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4008E524FCFB9896FC44A1CF" ID-CoL="9XR" box="[823,949,1418,1443]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="754" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eumenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
wasps (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F4008E524FBC19896FF26A1AA" author="Borgmeier T" pageId="15" pageNumber="754" pagination="27 - 34" refId="ref9222" refString="Borgmeier T. 1934. Sobre alguns Forideos da Guiana Ingleza, colecionados pela expediCAo da Universidade de Oxford (1929) e conservados no Museu Britanico (Dipt Phoridae). Archivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal, Rio de Janeiro. 1: 27-34." type="journal article" year="1934">Borgmeier 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) or predators of spider egg sacs (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F4008E524FD9C98B1FCA0A1AA" author="Muma MH & Stone KJ" box="[592,849,1453,1478]" pageId="15" pageNumber="754" pagination="307 - 310" refId="ref9979" refString="Muma MH, Stone KJ. 1971. Predation of Gasteracantha cancriformis (Arachnida Araneidae) eggs in florida citrus groves by Phalacrotophora epeirae (Insecta: Phoridae) and Arachnophaga ferruginea (Insecta Eupelmidae). Fla Entomol. 54 (4): 307-310. doi:10.2307/3493590." type="journal article" year="1971">Muma and Stone 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). These characteristics may influence their reproductive behaviour as reproductive availability in this genus is more circumstantial, depending on limited resources (hosts or prey).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F4008E524FCB998EEFBFCA267" author="Wcislo WT" box="[885,1037,1522,1547]" pageId="15" pageNumber="754" pagination="205 - 209" refId="ref10442" refString="Wcislo WT. 1990. Parasitic and courtship behavior of Phalacrotophora halictorum (Diptera: Phoridae) at a nesting site of Lasioglossum figueresi (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Rev Biol Tropical. 38 (2 A): 205-209." type="journal article" year="1990">Wcislo (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
described the reproductive biology of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4008E524FE119B09FBFDA242" ID-CoL="8D9HM" authority="(Melander and Brues)" baseAuthorityName="Melander and Brues" box="[477,1036,1557,1582]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Phalacrotophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="754" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halictorum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4008E524FE119B09FCE0A242" box="[477,785,1557,1582]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">Phalacrotophora halictorum</emphasis>
|
||||
(Melander and Brues)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, a parasite of the nest of the solitary bee
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4008E524FDC99B2BFC33A23C" ID-CoL="6NZRK" authority="Wcislo" authorityName="Wcislo" authorityYear="1990" box="[517,962,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Lasioglossum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="754" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="figueresi" subGenus="Dialictus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4008E524FDC99B2BFD67A23C" box="[517,662,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">Lasioglossum</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4008E524FD649B2BFCF4A23C" box="[680,773,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">Dialictus</emphasis>
|
||||
)
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4008E524FCDA9B2BFC81A23C" box="[790,880,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="754">figueresi</emphasis>
|
||||
Wcislo
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4008E524FC1E9B2BFBB6A23C" ID-CoL="625H4" box="[978,1095,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="754" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Halictidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). The mating observed by Wcislo did not include premating courtship; it did include several during-mating flights and the post-coupling behaviour of males rapidly drumming their forelegs, apparently on the female’s notum.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="0BBA05E64017E53BFF6C9887FBD3A2D6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971632" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971632/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="755" startId="16.[160,225,1435,1458]" targetBox="[209,1105,142,1403]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E4017E53BFF6C9887FBD3A2D6" blockId="16.[159,1156,1435,1722]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFF6C9887FF0AA1DE" bold="true" box="[160,251,1435,1458]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4017E53BFECF9887FE88A1DE" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[259,377,1435,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Gymnophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="755" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFECF9887FE88A1DE" box="[259,377,1435,1458]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">Gymnophora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(A–B) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4017E53BFE2C9887FDC8A1DE" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1856" box="[480,569,1435,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Megaselia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="755" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFE2C9887FDC8A1DE" box="[480,569,1435,1458]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">Megaselia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(C–H).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFDB29887FD7CA1DE" bold="true" box="[638,653,1435,1458]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">A</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Thüringen, Germany (photo credit: © Benjamin Fabian, all rights reserved).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFE5A98A4FE55A1A3" bold="true" box="[406,420,1464,1487]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">B</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Bazzano AQ, Italia (photo credit: © Emanuele Santarelli, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFE8898CAFEA3A181" bold="true" box="[324,338,1494,1517]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">C</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Hornito, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFBA298CAFB8FA181" bold="true" box="[1134,1150,1494,1517]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">D</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Villaverde, Gracias, Honduras (photo credit: © Nicolas Pratlong, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFBBD98EFFB8CA266" bold="true" box="[1137,1149,1523,1546]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">E</emphasis>
|
||||
. From San Jose, Costa Rica (photo credit: modified from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F4017E53BFD559B0CFC9EA24B" author="Brown BV & Porras W" box="[665,879,1552,1575]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755" refId="ref9505" refString="Brown BV, Porras W. 2015. Extravagant female sexual display in a Megaselia Rondani species (Diptera: Phoridae). Biodivers Data J. 3: e 4368." type="journal volume" year="2015">Brown and Porras 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFCB29B0CFC7BA24B" bold="true" box="[894,906,1552,1575]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">F</emphasis>
|
||||
. From District of Columbia, USA (photo credit:Katja Schulz).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFE0E9B32FE23A229" bold="true" box="[450,466,1582,1605]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">G</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Buenos Aires,Argentina (photo credit:© Ezequiel Vera,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFEA49B57FE89A20E" bold="true" box="[360,376,1611,1634]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">H</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Orellana, Ecuador (photo credit: © Stephen Luk, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). Except for E, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/ observations/), ID numbers:
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFE609B9AFE4AA2F1" bold="true" box="[428,443,1670,1693]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">A</emphasis>
|
||||
, 103247590;
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFDF09B9AFDBBA2F1" bold="true" box="[572,586,1670,1693]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">B</emphasis>
|
||||
, 79696163;
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFD0D9B9AFD3EA2F1" bold="true" box="[705,719,1670,1693]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">C</emphasis>
|
||||
, 104603210;
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFC9C9B9AFC91A2F1" bold="true" box="[848,864,1670,1693]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">D</emphasis>
|
||||
, 141416171;
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFC2D9B9AFC1CA2F1" bold="true" box="[993,1005,1670,1693]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">F</emphasis>
|
||||
, 104197174;
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFBA29B9AFB8FA2F1" bold="true" box="[1134,1150,1670,1693]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">G</emphasis>
|
||||
, 64436516;
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4017E53BFEC89BBFFEE5A2D6" bold="true" box="[260,276,1699,1722]" pageId="16" pageNumber="755">H</emphasis>
|
||||
, 124924237. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="0BBA05E64016E53AFF6C9EFBFCB9A03A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971634" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971634" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971634/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="756" startId="17.[160,225,999,1022]" targetBox="[163,1153,142,967]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E4016E53AFF6C9EFBFCB9A03A" blockId="17.[160,1157,999,1110]" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4016E53AFF6C9EFBFF0CA792" bold="true" box="[160,253,999,1022]" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4016E53AFECA9EFBFE84A792" authorityName="Brues" authorityYear="1904" box="[262,373,999,1022]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Melaloncha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="756" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4016E53AFECA9EFBFE84A792" box="[262,373,999,1022]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">Melaloncha</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
mating.
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4016E53AFE1F9EFBFE13A792" bold="true" box="[467,482,999,1022]" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">A</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Paraná, Brazil (photo credit: © mtwe82, all rights reserved, iNaturalist observation 101776264).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4016E53AFDCC9918FDFFA077" bold="true" box="[512,526,1028,1051]" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">B</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Costa Rica (photo credit: Kenji Nishida).
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4016E53AFC1E9918FC11A077" bold="true" box="[978,992,1028,1051]" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">C</emphasis>
|
||||
. From Argentina (photo credit: © RAP, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED, iNaturalist observation 245621305). All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E4016E53AFF0C9981FDA7A1E9" blockId="17.[160,1156,1181,1656]" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">
|
||||
We analysed photos and a video of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4016E53AFD919981FC9CA0DA" box="[605,877,1181,1206]" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4016E53AFD919981FCE2A0DA" box="[605,787,1181,1206]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">Phalacrotophora</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from different localities, probably representing multiple species of the genus, and found behaviours different than the ones reported for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4016E53AFE5B99FEFDD6A097" ID-CoL="8D9HM" box="[407,551,1250,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Phalacrotophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="756" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halictorum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4016E53AFE5B99FEFDD6A097" box="[407,551,1250,1275]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">P. halictorum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The photos show
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED4016E53AFD3799FEFC40A097" ID-CoL="6MNG" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1912" box="[763,945,1250,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Phalacrotophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="756" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C4016E53AFD3799FEFC40A097" box="[763,945,1250,1275]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">Phalacrotophora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
females aggregating on leaves (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4016E53AFE9C9819FE3DA172" box="[336,460,1285,1310]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="18.[160,225,1521,1544]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-3@18.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 10. Phalacrotophora. A–B. From Donaustadt, 1220 Wien, Austria (photo credit: carnifex). C. From Iasi, Romania (photo credit: © ellas, all rights reserved). D. From Ohio, USA (photo credit: © fuzzyspider,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E. From Toronto, Canada (photo credit: © brian stahls, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). F. From District of Columbia, USA (photo credit: Katja Schulz). G. From Dundas, Ontario, Canada (photo credit: Steve Marshall). H. From Durbanville, Cape Town, South Africa (photo credit: © Cecile Roux, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED). Except for C and G, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 84105331; D, 82485316; E, 86632821; F, 759565; H, 117471418. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971636/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">Figure 10B</figureCitation>
|
||||
), possibly displaying to males (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4016E53AFC8C9819FC4CA172" box="[832,957,1285,1310]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="18.[160,225,1521,1544]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-3@18.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 10. Phalacrotophora. A–B. From Donaustadt, 1220 Wien, Austria (photo credit: carnifex). C. From Iasi, Romania (photo credit: © ellas, all rights reserved). D. From Ohio, USA (photo credit: © fuzzyspider,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E. From Toronto, Canada (photo credit: © brian stahls, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). F. From District of Columbia, USA (photo credit: Katja Schulz). G. From Dundas, Ontario, Canada (photo credit: Steve Marshall). H. From Durbanville, Cape Town, South Africa (photo credit: © Cecile Roux, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED). Except for C and G, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 84105331; D, 82485316; E, 86632821; F, 759565; H, 117471418. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971636/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">Figure 10A</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and expanding abdominal sacs during copulation (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4016E53AFD87983BFD3AA12C" box="[587,715,1319,1344]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="18.[160,225,1521,1544]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-3@18.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 10. Phalacrotophora. A–B. From Donaustadt, 1220 Wien, Austria (photo credit: carnifex). C. From Iasi, Romania (photo credit: © ellas, all rights reserved). D. From Ohio, USA (photo credit: © fuzzyspider,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E. From Toronto, Canada (photo credit: © brian stahls, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). F. From District of Columbia, USA (photo credit: Katja Schulz). G. From Dundas, Ontario, Canada (photo credit: Steve Marshall). H. From Durbanville, Cape Town, South Africa (photo credit: © Cecile Roux, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED). Except for C and G, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 84105331; D, 82485316; E, 86632821; F, 759565; H, 117471418. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971636/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">Figure 10C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). This eversion of abdominal sacs is probably common in the genus as many of its species have females with a tergite-free (membranous) area on their abdomen.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E4016E53AFF0C9893FE07A214" blockId="17.[160,1156,1181,1656]" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">
|
||||
Most photos of mating we found for the genus showed the male in a unique perpendicular position in relation to the female, in some photos on her right side (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4016E53AFC3398AEFB87A1A7" box="[1023,1142,1458,1483]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="18.[160,225,1521,1544]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-3@18.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 10. Phalacrotophora. A–B. From Donaustadt, 1220 Wien, Austria (photo credit: carnifex). C. From Iasi, Romania (photo credit: © ellas, all rights reserved). D. From Ohio, USA (photo credit: © fuzzyspider,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E. From Toronto, Canada (photo credit: © brian stahls, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). F. From District of Columbia, USA (photo credit: Katja Schulz). G. From Dundas, Ontario, Canada (photo credit: Steve Marshall). H. From Durbanville, Cape Town, South Africa (photo credit: © Cecile Roux, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED). Except for C and G, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 84105331; D, 82485316; E, 86632821; F, 759565; H, 117471418. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971636/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">Figure 10F</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and in others on her left side (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB4016E53AFE3698C8FD80A181" box="[506,625,1492,1517]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="18.[160,225,1521,1544]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-3@18.[163,1153,142,1490]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 10. Phalacrotophora. A–B. From Donaustadt, 1220 Wien, Austria (photo credit: carnifex). C. From Iasi, Romania (photo credit: © ellas, all rights reserved). D. From Ohio, USA (photo credit: © fuzzyspider,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E. From Toronto, Canada (photo credit: © brian stahls, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). F. From District of Columbia, USA (photo credit: Katja Schulz). G. From Dundas, Ontario, Canada (photo credit: Steve Marshall). H. From Durbanville, Cape Town, South Africa (photo credit: © Cecile Roux, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED). Except for C and G, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 84105331; D, 82485316; E, 86632821; F, 759565; H, 117471418. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971636/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="756">Figure 10E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). A video uploaded on YouTube explained the situation: the male is constantly shifting sides during mating, a unique behaviour in the family (https://www.youtube.com/shorts/TTZaijcOVgw). We do not know of any case of similar behaviour in other insects, and it could be a behaviour of the male to twist and stimulate the female genitalia.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
86
data/D7/6C/E4/D76CE478400BE527FE459990FD8DA1E4.xml
Normal file
86
data/D7/6C/E4/D76CE478400BE527FE459990FD8DA1E4.xml
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|
|
@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
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<mods:title id="E53DED80DA7D70A9AE2AE7E8F6B580E3">Phoridae (Diptera) mating behaviour: identification of general patterns, exceptions and the use of sexually dimorphic structures based on vast citizen science data</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400BE527FE459990FD89A0CB" ID-CoL="9G282" box="[393,632,1164,1191]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="751" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phorinae">
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C400BE527FE459990FD89A0CB" bold="true" box="[393,632,1164,1191]" pageId="12" pageNumber="751">Unknown genus 2</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(total of two photos of
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
one mating event examined:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400BE527FCCC99B3FC76A0A6" box="[768,903,1199,1226]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[160,225,1343,1366]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1311]" captionTargetId="figure-3@14.[163,1153,142,1311]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Wharia (A–B) and unknown genus 1 (C–D) mating, unknown genus 2 female swarm (E–F). A–B. From Dunedin, Tomahawk Lagoon, New Zealand (photo credit: © Steve Kerr, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Wellington, New Zealand (photo credit: © Michael Berardozzi, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E–F. From Manú Province, Peru (photo credit: © Rich Hoyer, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). All photos obtained from INaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 37566558, C–D, 200861568, E–F, 203518040. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971630/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="751">Figure 7E,F</figureCitation>
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)
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<subSubSection id="17DF06E5400BE527FF6C99F9FD8DA1E4" pageId="12" pageNumber="751" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5F7A556E400BE527FF6C99F9FD8DA1E4" blockId="12.[160,1156,1253,1416]" pageId="12" pageNumber="751">
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We also could not identify to genus level the specimens of
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400BE527FCFB99F9FC43A092" box="[823,946,1253,1278]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[160,225,1343,1366]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1311]" captionTargetId="figure-3@14.[163,1153,142,1311]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Wharia (A–B) and unknown genus 1 (C–D) mating, unknown genus 2 female swarm (E–F). A–B. From Dunedin, Tomahawk Lagoon, New Zealand (photo credit: © Steve Kerr, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Wellington, New Zealand (photo credit: © Michael Berardozzi, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E–F. From Manú Province, Peru (photo credit: © Rich Hoyer, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). All photos obtained from INaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 37566558, C–D, 200861568, E–F, 203518040. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971630/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="751">Figure 7E,F</figureCitation>
|
||||
, but these records are especially relevant as they show for the first time a probable
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400BE527FC4A981BFC1BA14C" box="[902,1002,1287,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="751" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
female aerial swarm. The females’ abdomens are extended, with a pair of lateral sacs protruding, which seems to be another case of females displaying to males (as commented here for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400BE527FF6C9873FEF4A1E4" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1856" box="[160,261,1391,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Triphleba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="751" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400BE527FF6C9873FEF4A1E4" box="[160,261,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="751">Triphleba</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400BE527FEDF9873FE71A1E4" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1856" box="[275,384,1391,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Megaselia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="751" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400BE527FEDF9873FE71A1E4" box="[275,384,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="751">Megaselia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400BE527FE759873FD9EA1E4" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1912" box="[441,623,1391,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Phalacrotophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="751" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400BE527FE759873FD9EA1E4" box="[441,623,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="751">Phalacrotophora</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
).
|
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</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
|
||||
72
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72
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|
||||
Macquart
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(total of 24 photos of nine mating events examined:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400BE527FCCA9B53FC65A206" box="[774,916,1615,1642]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="16.[160,225,1435,1458]" captionTargetBox="[209,1105,142,1403]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[209,1105,142,1403]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 8. Gymnophora (A–B) and Megaselia (C–H). A. From Thüringen, Germany (photo credit: © Benjamin Fabian,all rights reserved).B. From Bazzano AQ,Italia (photo credit:© Emanuele Santarelli,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Hornito, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). D. From Villaverde, Gracias, Honduras (photo credit: © Nicolas Pratlong, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E. From San Jose,Costa Rica (photo credit:modified from Brown and Porras 2015).F. From District of Columbia, USA (photo credit:KatjaSchulz).G.FromBuenos Aires,Argentina(photocredit:© Ezequiel Vera,licensedunder CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). H. From Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Orellana, Ecuador (photo credit: © Stephen Luk, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). Except for E, all photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/ observations/), ID numbers: A, 103247590; B, 79696163; C, 104603210; D, 141416171; F, 104197174; G, 64436516; H, 124924237.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971632/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="751">Figure 8A,B</figureCitation>
|
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)
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|
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The photos indicate a standard mating position for
|
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<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400BE527FD2F9B99FC83A2F2" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[739,882,1669,1694]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Gymnophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="751" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C400BE527FD2F9B99FC83A2F2" box="[739,882,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="751">Gymnophora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; no special actions were identified.
|
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|
||||
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|
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92
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<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400CE520FEA69E0BFDA2A75E" ID-CoL="82BJ" authority="Rondani" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1856" box="[362,595,791,818]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Triphleba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="750" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C400CE520FEA69E0BFE15A75E" bold="true" box="[362,484,791,818]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Triphleba</emphasis>
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Rondani
|
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</taxonomicName>
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||||
(total of eight photos of five mating events examined:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400CE520FD289E26FCB9A739" box="[740,840,826,853]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[160,225,1428,1451]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-3@13.[163,1153,142,1397]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Triphleba. A. From Sosa-Ri, South Korea (photo credit: © Wonwoong Kim, licensed under CC BY- NC 4.0 DEED). B. From Gloucester, USA (photo credit: © Jason M. Crockwell, licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED). C. From Berlin, Germany (photo credit: © Alexis, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). D. From Nepřevázka, Czechia (photo credit: © Petr Harant, all rights reserved). E, From Ilmatsalu, Estonia (photo credit: © Urmas Tartes, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). F, From Ukraine (photo credit: © Roman, licensed under CC BY 4.0). G–H, From California, USA (photo credit: © Eric Cleveland, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 67309235; B, 5803533; C, 65409696; D, 151649050; E, 235366216;F, 70621780; G–H, 220362964.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971628/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Figure 6</figureCitation>
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A-H)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="17DF06E5400CE520FF6C9E6CFC01A0F2" pageId="11" pageNumber="750" type="description">
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The photos show that body-size sexual dimorphism occurs in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400CE520FC999E6CFC4AA7E5" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1856" box="[853,955,880,905]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Triphleba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="750" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C400CE520FC999E6CFC4AA7E5" box="[853,955,880,905]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Triphleba</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with males larger than females (
|
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<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400CE520FE8D9E8FFE5BA7C0" box="[321,426,915,940]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[160,225,1428,1451]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-3@13.[163,1153,142,1397]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Triphleba. A. From Sosa-Ri, South Korea (photo credit: © Wonwoong Kim, licensed under CC BY- NC 4.0 DEED). B. From Gloucester, USA (photo credit: © Jason M. Crockwell, licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED). C. From Berlin, Germany (photo credit: © Alexis, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). D. From Nepřevázka, Czechia (photo credit: © Petr Harant, all rights reserved). E, From Ilmatsalu, Estonia (photo credit: © Urmas Tartes, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). F, From Ukraine (photo credit: © Roman, licensed under CC BY 4.0). G–H, From California, USA (photo credit: © Eric Cleveland, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 67309235; B, 5803533; C, 65409696; D, 151649050; E, 235366216;F, 70621780; G–H, 220362964.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971628/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Figure 6E</figureCitation>
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) as well as females larger than males (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400CE520FC939E8FFC3AA7C0" box="[863,971,915,940]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[160,225,1428,1451]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-3@13.[163,1153,142,1397]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Triphleba. A. From Sosa-Ri, South Korea (photo credit: © Wonwoong Kim, licensed under CC BY- NC 4.0 DEED). B. From Gloucester, USA (photo credit: © Jason M. Crockwell, licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED). C. From Berlin, Germany (photo credit: © Alexis, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). D. From Nepřevázka, Czechia (photo credit: © Petr Harant, all rights reserved). E, From Ilmatsalu, Estonia (photo credit: © Urmas Tartes, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). F, From Ukraine (photo credit: © Roman, licensed under CC BY 4.0). G–H, From California, USA (photo credit: © Eric Cleveland, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 67309235; B, 5803533; C, 65409696; D, 151649050; E, 235366216;F, 70621780; G–H, 220362964.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971628/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Figure 6A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In general, the genus apparently has a standard mating position, with males often reaching more anteriorly than usual, even contacting the female’s scutum (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400CE520FC979EC4FC3AA79D" box="[859,971,984,1009]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[160,225,1428,1451]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-3@13.[163,1153,142,1397]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Triphleba. A. From Sosa-Ri, South Korea (photo credit: © Wonwoong Kim, licensed under CC BY- NC 4.0 DEED). B. From Gloucester, USA (photo credit: © Jason M. Crockwell, licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED). C. From Berlin, Germany (photo credit: © Alexis, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). D. From Nepřevázka, Czechia (photo credit: © Petr Harant, all rights reserved). E, From Ilmatsalu, Estonia (photo credit: © Urmas Tartes, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). F, From Ukraine (photo credit: © Roman, licensed under CC BY 4.0). G–H, From California, USA (photo credit: © Eric Cleveland, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 67309235; B, 5803533; C, 65409696; D, 151649050; E, 235366216;F, 70621780; G–H, 220362964.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971628/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Figure 6D</figureCitation>
|
||||
) or base of the wing (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400CE520FF2A9EE7FE89A078" box="[230,376,1019,1044]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[160,225,1428,1451]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-3@13.[163,1153,142,1397]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Triphleba. A. From Sosa-Ri, South Korea (photo credit: © Wonwoong Kim, licensed under CC BY- NC 4.0 DEED). B. From Gloucester, USA (photo credit: © Jason M. Crockwell, licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED). C. From Berlin, Germany (photo credit: © Alexis, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). D. From Nepřevázka, Czechia (photo credit: © Petr Harant, all rights reserved). E, From Ilmatsalu, Estonia (photo credit: © Urmas Tartes, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). F, From Ukraine (photo credit: © Roman, licensed under CC BY 4.0). G–H, From California, USA (photo credit: © Eric Cleveland, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 67309235; B, 5803533; C, 65409696; D, 151649050; E, 235366216;F, 70621780; G–H, 220362964.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971628/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Figure 6A,B,E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In many species,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400CE520FD869EE7FD41A078" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1856" box="[586,688,1019,1044]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Triphleba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="750" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C400CE520FD869EE7FD41A078" box="[586,688,1019,1044]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Triphleba</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
males have an enlarged first flagellomere compared to the female (eg
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400CE520FE169901FDA9A05A" box="[474,600,1053,1078]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[160,225,1428,1451]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-3@13.[163,1153,142,1397]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Triphleba. A. From Sosa-Ri, South Korea (photo credit: © Wonwoong Kim, licensed under CC BY- NC 4.0 DEED). B. From Gloucester, USA (photo credit: © Jason M. Crockwell, licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED). C. From Berlin, Germany (photo credit: © Alexis, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). D. From Nepřevázka, Czechia (photo credit: © Petr Harant, all rights reserved). E, From Ilmatsalu, Estonia (photo credit: © Urmas Tartes, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). F, From Ukraine (photo credit: © Roman, licensed under CC BY 4.0). G–H, From California, USA (photo credit: © Eric Cleveland, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 67309235; B, 5803533; C, 65409696; D, 151649050; E, 235366216;F, 70621780; G–H, 220362964.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971628/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Figure 6D,E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The photos do not, however, help to understand the role of this feature. Additionally, a
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400CE520FDB2995CFD16A035" authorityName="Rondani" authorityYear="1856" box="[638,743,1088,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Triphleba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="750" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C400CE520FDB2995CFD16A035" box="[638,743,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Triphleba</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
female captured in copula shows a remarkable unreported characteristic for the genus: two large sacs expanding laterally from the abdomen, each bearing a group of stout long setae (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400CE520FC939999FC15A0F2" box="[863,996,1157,1182]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="13.[160,225,1428,1451]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-3@13.[163,1153,142,1397]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 6. Triphleba. A. From Sosa-Ri, South Korea (photo credit: © Wonwoong Kim, licensed under CC BY- NC 4.0 DEED). B. From Gloucester, USA (photo credit: © Jason M. Crockwell, licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED). C. From Berlin, Germany (photo credit: © Alexis, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). D. From Nepřevázka, Czechia (photo credit: © Petr Harant, all rights reserved). E, From Ilmatsalu, Estonia (photo credit: © Urmas Tartes, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). F, From Ukraine (photo credit: © Roman, licensed under CC BY 4.0). G–H, From California, USA (photo credit: © Eric Cleveland, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 67309235; B, 5803533; C, 65409696; D, 151649050; E, 235366216;F, 70621780; G–H, 220362964.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971628/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Figure 6G,H</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document>
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87
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Enderlein
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|
||||
(total of 12 photos of seven mating events examined:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400CE520FD2D9CACFC8BA5A7" box="[737,890,432,459]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[160,225,766,789]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetId="figure-140@12.[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Stichillus mating. A. From Wollongong NSW, Australia (photo credit: © Jeannie, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). B. From Arroyo Frío, Dominican Republic (photo credit: © Maribel Armenteros, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Essex, England, UK (photo credit: © Jon J. Laysell). D. From Bezirk Pankow, Berlin, Germany (photo credit: © Sascha N., licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 41807845; B, 49760154; C, 92693398; D, 133113900; All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971626/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Figure 5A–D</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="17DF06E5400CE520FF6C9CFAFC10A6A3" pageId="11" pageNumber="750" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="5F7A556E400CE520FF6C9CFAFC10A6A3" blockId="11.[159,1154,486,719]" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">
|
||||
In some photos examined,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400CE520FE099CFAFDEEA593" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1924" box="[453,543,486,511]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Stichillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="750" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400CE520FE099CFAFDEEA593" box="[453,543,486,511]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Stichillus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is in the standard mating position (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400CE520FC6C9CFAFBEAA593" box="[928,1051,486,511]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[160,225,766,789]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetId="figure-140@12.[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Stichillus mating. A. From Wollongong NSW, Australia (photo credit: © Jeannie, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). B. From Arroyo Frío, Dominican Republic (photo credit: © Maribel Armenteros, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Essex, England, UK (photo credit: © Jon J. Laysell). D. From Bezirk Pankow, Berlin, Germany (photo credit: © Sascha N., licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 41807845; B, 49760154; C, 92693398; D, 133113900; All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971626/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Figure 5A,B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In other photos, the male is partially under the female wings, touching her abdomen with his foretarsi while the female has the wings angled in a ‘V’ and slightly lifted (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400CE520FC949F37FC24A628" box="[856,981,555,580]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[160,225,766,789]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetId="figure-140@12.[163,1153,142,734]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Stichillus mating. A. From Wollongong NSW, Australia (photo credit: © Jeannie, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). B. From Arroyo Frío, Dominican Republic (photo credit: © Maribel Armenteros, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Essex, England, UK (photo credit: © Jon J. Laysell). D. From Bezirk Pankow, Berlin, Germany (photo credit: © Sascha N., licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 41807845; B, 49760154; C, 92693398; D, 133113900; All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971626/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Figure 5C,D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Males of some species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400CE520FEC19F52FE96A60B" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1924" box="[269,359,590,615]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Stichillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="750" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400CE520FEC19F52FE96A60B" box="[269,359,590,615]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Stichillus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have expanded apical foretarsomeres or even all foretarsomeres expanded laterally, but greatly shortened (eg
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400CE520FDDB9F6CFD1DA6E5" authority="Borgmeier" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityYear="1959" box="[535,748,624,649]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Stichillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="750" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400CE520FDDB9F6CFD80A6E5" box="[535,625,624,649]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">S. latipes</emphasis>
|
||||
Borgmeier
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). This modification is accompanied by an enlarged pulvillus and thin tarsal claws on the apical foretarsomere (as in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F400CE520FC1D9F8FFBA0A6C0" author="Brown BV" box="[977,1105,659,684]" pageId="11" pageNumber="750" pagination="1 - 144" refId="ref9271" refString="Brown BV. 1992. Generic revision of the Phoridae of the Nearctic Region and phylogenetic classification of Phoridae, Sciadoceridae, and Ironomyiidae (Diptera: Phoridea). Mem Ent Soc of Canada. 164: 1-144." type="journal article" year="1992">Brown 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, figs 12D–F). The photos show this structure in contact with the female abdomen.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
77
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Malloch
|
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|
||||
(total of six photos of four
|
||||
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|
||||
mating events examined:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400CE520FD2D9DACFC8AA4A7" box="[737,891,176,203]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[160,225,1559,1582]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-3@8.[163,1153,142,1528]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971624/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Figure 4G–H</figureCitation>
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)
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|
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|
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|
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Based on the few photos examined,
|
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|
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|
||||
has a standard mating position and no special action was identified. Note that
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400CE520FDA79C15FD2AA54E" box="[619,731,265,290]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[160,225,1559,1582]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-3@8.[163,1153,142,1528]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971624/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Figure 4G</figureCitation>
|
||||
shows the well-developed right surstylus of the male in contact with the female terminalia (white arrow).
|
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|
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74
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C400CE520FEBF99FBFE21A16E" bold="true" box="[371,464,1255,1282]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Wharia</emphasis>
|
||||
Brown and Oliver
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(total of two photos
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
of one mating event examined:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400CE520FCC29816FC6AA149" box="[782,923,1290,1317]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[160,225,1343,1366]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1311]" captionTargetId="figure-3@14.[163,1153,142,1311]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Wharia (A–B) and unknown genus 1 (C–D) mating, unknown genus 2 female swarm (E–F). A–B. From Dunedin, Tomahawk Lagoon, New Zealand (photo credit: © Steve Kerr, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Wellington, New Zealand (photo credit: © Michael Berardozzi, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E–F. From Manú Province, Peru (photo credit: © Rich Hoyer, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). All photos obtained from INaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 37566558, C–D, 200861568, E–F, 203518040. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971630/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Figure 7A,B</figureCitation>
|
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)
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400CE520FF6C985CFF1EA135" box="[160,239,1344,1369]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Wharia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="750" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C400CE520FF6C985CFF1EA135" box="[160,239,1344,1369]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Wharia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a genus known only from a few specimens, and to find records of this genus on iNaturalist was surprising. The only mating photo examined shows a standard mating position.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
83
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(total of two photos of
|
||||
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|
||||
one mating event examined:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400CE520FD309B15FC7DA248" box="[764,908,1545,1572]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[160,225,1343,1366]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1311]" captionTargetId="figure-3@14.[163,1153,142,1311]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Wharia (A–B) and unknown genus 1 (C–D) mating, unknown genus 2 female swarm (E–F). A–B. From Dunedin, Tomahawk Lagoon, New Zealand (photo credit: © Steve Kerr, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). C–D. From Wellington, New Zealand (photo credit: © Michael Berardozzi, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). E–F. From Manú Province, Peru (photo credit: © Rich Hoyer, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). All photos obtained from INaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A–B, 37566558, C–D, 200861568, E–F, 203518040. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971630/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Figure 7C,D</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
Although we could not identify the genus in these photos, we selected this record due to the unusual mating position of the male under the female wings. Considering the male’s apparently reduced frons, lack of wing vein R2+3, and conical first flagellomere, we believe the specimens could belong to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400CE520FE309BBBFCEBA2AC" authority="Meigen. Notably" authorityName="Meigen. Notably" authorityYear="1830" box="[508,794,1703,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Conicera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="750" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400CE520FE309BBBFDAAA2AC" box="[508,603,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="750">Conicera</emphasis>
|
||||
Meigen. Notably
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, this is another case in which the male with a modified first flagellomere mates under the female wings, as in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400BE527FBC4991EFB72A077" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityYear="1969" box="[1032,1155,1026,1051]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Phlebothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="751" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400BE527FBC4991EFB72A077" box="[1032,1155,1026,1051]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="751">Phlebothrix</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400BE527FF1E9939FEC0A052" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1924" box="[210,305,1061,1086]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Stichillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="751" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400BE527FF1E9939FEC0A052" box="[210,305,1061,1086]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="751">Stichillus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, possibly using its antenna to stimulate the wings.
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
92
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<treatment id="D76CE478400DE521FEA79955FEC0A2F3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D76CE478400DE521FEA79955FEC0A2F3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D76CE478400DE521FEA79955FEC0A2F3" lastPageNumber="749" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">
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|
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|
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<heading id="0432E202400DE521FEA79955FC49A008" box="[363,952,1097,1124]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="749" reason="5">
|
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<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400DE521FEA79955FDD0A008" ID-CoL="9CJSC" authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" box="[363,545,1097,1124]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Phora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="749" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400DE521FEA79955FE46A008" bold="true" box="[363,439,1097,1124]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">Phora</emphasis>
|
||||
Latreille
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(total of 70 photos of 44 mating
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
events examined:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400DE521FD799977FCB7A0EA" box="[693,838,1131,1158]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[160,225,1559,1582]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-3@8.[163,1153,142,1528]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971624/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">Figure 4E–F</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="17DF06E5400DE521FF6C99BDFEC0A2F3" pageId="10" pageNumber="749" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E400DE521FF6C99BDFEC0A2F3" blockId="10.[160,1156,1185,1695]" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400DE521FF6C99BDFF11A0D6" box="[160,224,1185,1210]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Phora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="749" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400DE521FF6C99BDFF11A0D6" box="[160,224,1185,1210]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">Phora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is the genus for which we found the most photos on iNaturalist, probably because of the size and conspicuousness of these phorids.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400DE521FD0799D8FCFAA0B1" box="[715,779,1220,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Phora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="749" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400DE521FD0799D8FCFAA0B1" box="[715,779,1220,1245]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">Phora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
males are larger than the females and have a group of setulae on the posterior face of the hind femur and a highly variable hypopygia with developed surstyli. The photos examined show a standard mating position (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400DE521FF179830FEAEA129" box="[219,351,1324,1349]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[160,225,1559,1582]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-3@8.[163,1153,142,1528]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971624/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">Figure 4E–F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). A video posted by one of us (BVB) shows a
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400DE521FC959830FC68A129" box="[857,921,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Phora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="749" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400DE521FC959830FC68A129" box="[857,921,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">Phora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
pair mating (https:// 10.5281/zenodo.14625309). The video starts with the male and female already in copula and the male performing rhythmic up-and-down movements of his hind femora which seem to be rubbing the female terminalia. As in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400DE521FD029888FCA8A1C1" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1898" box="[718,857,1428,1453]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Dohrniphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="749" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400DE521FD029888FCA8A1C1" box="[718,857,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">Dohrniphora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the base of the posterior face of the male hind femur is the region in apparent contact with the female terminalia. This phase lasts for at least 25 seconds (captured by the video). After this, there is a short stop phase in which the male is motionless, followed by a few up-down movements of the male hind leg and detachment from the female. The female does not seem to make clear rejection movements in the video. In spite of the male hind femur’s possible role of female stimulation, this structure is not variable within the genus, contrasting with the case of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400DE521FF6C9B9AFEDAA2F3" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1898" box="[160,299,1670,1695]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Dohrniphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="749" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400DE521FF6C9B9AFEDAA2F3" box="[160,299,1670,1695]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">Dohrniphora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
75
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<mods:title id="CCC95EB74358ED9668E532A88B6578E5">Phoridae (Diptera) mating behaviour: identification of general patterns, exceptions and the use of sexually dimorphic structures based on vast citizen science data</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="264B5352AB7EE5834D921F8E2A285BA9">Brown, Brian Victor</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="43446E6F709FD41A428F81803D81B237">Entomology Department and Urban Nature Research Center, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="D76CE478400DE521FEA99C02FC3BA676" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D76CE478400DE521FEA99C02FC3BA676" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D76CE478400DE521FEA99C02FC3BA676" lastPageNumber="749" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">
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<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400DE521FEA99C02FD94A555" ID-CoL="6CWK" authority="Schmitz" authorityName="Schmitz" authorityYear="1939" box="[357,613,286,313]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Palpocrates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="749" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400DE521FEA99C02FE0AA555" bold="true" box="[357,507,286,313]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">Palpocrates</emphasis>
|
||||
Schmitz
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(total of two photos of one
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
mating event examined:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400DE521FD229C5DFC93A530" box="[750,866,321,348]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[160,225,1559,1582]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-3@8.[163,1153,142,1528]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971624/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">Figure 4B</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="17DF06E5400DE521FF6C9C6AFC3BA676" pageId="10" pageNumber="749" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E400DE521FF6C9C6AFC3BA676" blockId="10.[160,1156,374,538]" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">
|
||||
The only characteristic non-genitalic sexual dimorphism of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400DE521FCA29C6AFC01A5E3" authorityName="Schmitz" authorityYear="1939" box="[878,1008,374,399]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Palpocrates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="749" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400DE521FCA29C6AFC01A5E3" box="[878,1008,374,399]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">Palpocrates</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is the male enlarged palpi. The photos examined show a standard mating position for the genus and do not help in understanding whether the males’ enlarged palpi play a role during mating. Notably, the male head is not too elevated and a possible contact between his palpi and the female dorsum seems reasonable, although not recorded.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
98
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Normal file
98
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Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
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Borgmeier
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(total of seven photos of
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two mating events examined:
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C-D)
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<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400DE521FF6C9FDAFEE9A6B3" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityYear="1969" box="[160,280,710,735]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Phlebothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="749" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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is a genus originally described from
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from
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, an island along the north-west coast of
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F400DE521FD419FF5FCD4A76E" author="Schmitz H" box="[653,805,745,770]" pageId="10" pageNumber="749" refId="ref10083" refString="Schmitz H. 1929. Revision der Phoriden. Berlin und Bonn: F. Duemmler." type="book" year="1929">Schmitz 1929</bibRefCitation>
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). The surprising records of the genus posted on iNaturalist are from
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, between
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and
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. The males of the genus are much smaller than the females and have relatively larger antennae. The photos examined show a peculiar mating position for
|
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C400DE521FC699E4DFBECA706" box="[933,1053,849,874]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">Phlebothrix</emphasis>
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with the male head and, in one of them, half of his thorax under the female wings (
|
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<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400DE521FC0A9E68FBDFA7E1" box="[966,1070,884,909]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[160,225,1559,1582]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-3@8.[163,1153,142,1528]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971624/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">Figure 4C</figureCitation>
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). In this position, a possible use for their enlarged antenna could be to stimulate the venter of the female wings. However, this stimulatory function cannot be further corroborated by morphological data given that there is no detailed structural study of
|
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<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400DE521FCA59EC0FC10A799" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityYear="1969" box="[873,993,988,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Phlebothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="749" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C400DE521FCA59EC0FC10A799" box="[873,993,988,1013]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">Phlebothrix</emphasis>
|
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|
||||
male antenna.
|
||||
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|
||||
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77
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<subSubSection id="17DF06E5400EE522FE9B9B30FC9DA206" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E400EE522FE9B9B30FC9DA206" blockId="9.[343,973,1580,1642]" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">
|
||||
<heading id="0432E202400EE522FE9B9B30FC3CA22B" box="[343,973,1580,1607]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" reason="5">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400EE522FE9B9B30FD71A22B" ID-CoL="89QT2" authority="Brown" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1992" box="[343,640,1580,1607]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Neopleurophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400EE522FE9B9B30FDD8A22B" bold="true" box="[343,553,1580,1607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Neopleurophora</emphasis>
|
||||
Brown
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(total of one photo of one
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
mating event examined:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400EE522FD209B53FC95A206" box="[748,868,1615,1642]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="8.[160,225,1559,1582]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-3@8.[163,1153,142,1528]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 4. Neopleurophora (A), Palpocrates (B), Phlebothrix (C–D), Phora (E–F) and Spiniphora (G–H) mating. A. From Boca Chica, Panama (photo credit: © Kai Squires, licensed under CC BY 4.0 DEED). B. From Yonggokdong, South Korea (photo credit: © onidiras-iNaturalist, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED). C. From Domenjod, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion (photo credit: François Rousseu). D. From Sainte-Marie, Réunion (photo credit:François Rousseu).E. From Gunnislake,UK (photo credit:© George Mitchell,all rights reserved).F. From Mendocino County,CA,USA (photo credit:Ken-ichi Ueda).G.From Chusclan,France (photo credit:© RUIZJean Marc, all rights reserved; white arrow, male right surstylus). H. From Quintenas, Rhône-Alpes, France (photo credit:© Quentin Gaillard,licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist. org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 98903680; B, 100659903; C, 85441054; D, 123209927; E, 85595448; F, 70078415;G, 62872988;H,40087776.All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971624/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Figure 4A</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="17DF06E5400EE521FF6C9B99FEF3A4A6" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="749" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E400EE522FF6C9B99FB72A2AC" blockId="9.[160,1155,1669,1728]" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400EE522FF6C9B99FEA1A2F2" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1992" box="[160,336,1669,1694]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Neopleurophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400EE522FF6C9B99FEA1A2F2" box="[160,336,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Neopleurophora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has high species-specific variation in the hypopygium and phallus morphology, but no other significant sexually dimorphic features (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F400EE522FC959BBBFB87A2AC" author="Ament DC & Amorim DS" box="[857,1142,1703,1728]" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" pagination="1 - 93" refId="ref8957" refString="Ament DC, Amorim DS. 2013. Taxonomic revision of the genus Neopleurophora Brown (Diptera: Phoridae), with the description of thirty-seven new species. Zootaxa. 3657 (1): 1-93. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3657.1.1." type="journal article" year="2013">Ament and Amorim 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E400DE521FF6C9D92FEF3A4A6" blockId="10.[160,1155,142,202]" pageId="10" pageNumber="749">The only photo we could examine of the mating of this genus shows a standard mating position.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
143
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<heading id="0432E202400EE522FF6C9C1AFB72A54D" box="[160,1155,262,289]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400EE522FF6C9C1AFE71A54D" ID-CoL="9CJHL" authority="Dahl" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1898" box="[160,384,262,289]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Dohrniphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="6DB1897C400EE522FF6C9C1AFEB3A54D" bold="true" box="[160,322,262,289]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Dohrniphora</emphasis>
|
||||
Dahl
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(total of 32 photos of 13 mating events examined:
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400EE522FC259C1AFB8AA54D" box="[1001,1147,262,289]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1486,1509]" captionTargetBox="[209,1104,142,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-3@6.[209,1105,142,1454]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Diplonevra (A–D) and Dohrniphora (E–H) mating. A. From Ontario, Canada (photo credit: © bob15noble). B. From Te Aroha, New Zealand (photo credit: © Maurice). C–D. From Weber County, USA (photo credit:© sbaxter).E.From Girona,Spain (photo credit:© Rafael Carbonell Font).F. From ToKwa Wan, Hong Kong (photo credit:© portioid).G. From San Miguel de Tucumán,Argentina (photo credit:© Santiago Murillo Dasso).H. FromBrasília,DF,Brazil (photo credit:© Jean Martins).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 85929525; B, 156656906; C–D, 195433495; E, 70285677; F, 21227769;G, 43450908;H, 142680838.All photos licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED except for ‘F’ licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971622/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Figure 3E–H</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400EE522FF6C9C20FED9A539" ID-CoL="9CJHL" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1898" box="[160,296,316,341]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Dohrniphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400EE522FF6C9C20FED9A539" box="[160,296,316,341]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Dohrniphora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has one of the greatest structural diversifications of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400EE522FC509C20FBF1A539" ID-CoL="625YV" box="[924,1024,316,341]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, with males bearing almost 314 different
|
||||
<typeStatus id="807EEBCC400EE522FE259C43FDD5A514" box="[489,548,351,376]" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">types</typeStatus>
|
||||
of ornamentation and chaetotaxy on the base of the posterior face of their hind femur (nearly one per species, eg figs in
|
||||
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|
||||
). The males of some
|
||||
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|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400EE522FEB99CB8FE0CA5D1" box="[373,509,420,445]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Dohrniphora</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
also have other sexually dimorphic structures such as a patch of differentiated setulae on the forefemur (figs
|
||||
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), enlarged foremetatarsus (fig.
|
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) and hind coxal lobes (figs
|
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|
||||
). Body-size sexual dimorphism seems to be widespread in the genus, with the males being much smaller than the females (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400EE522FC479F33FBFEA624" box="[907,1039,559,584]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1486,1509]" captionTargetBox="[209,1104,142,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-3@6.[209,1105,142,1454]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Diplonevra (A–D) and Dohrniphora (E–H) mating. A. From Ontario, Canada (photo credit: © bob15noble). B. From Te Aroha, New Zealand (photo credit: © Maurice). C–D. From Weber County, USA (photo credit:© sbaxter).E.From Girona,Spain (photo credit:© Rafael Carbonell Font).F. From ToKwa Wan, Hong Kong (photo credit:© portioid).G. From San Miguel de Tucumán,Argentina (photo credit:© Santiago Murillo Dasso).H. FromBrasília,DF,Brazil (photo credit:© Jean Martins).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 85929525; B, 156656906; C–D, 195433495; E, 70285677; F, 21227769;G, 43450908;H, 142680838.All photos licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED except for ‘F’ licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971622/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Figure 3E–H</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E400EE522FF0C9F4DFBDCA774" blockId="9.[160,1156,316,1520]" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400EE522FF0C9F4DFEBDA606" ID-CoL="9CJHL" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1898" box="[192,332,593,618]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Dohrniphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400EE522FF0C9F4DFEBDA606" box="[192,332,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Dohrniphora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is one of the few genera in the family for which there is a detailed description of its mating habits (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F400EE522FDD19F68FD5AA6E1" author="Barnes JK" box="[541,683,628,653]" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" pagination="474 - 483" refId="ref9121" refString="Barnes JK. 1990. Life history of Dohrniphora cornuta (Bigot) (Diptera: Phoridae), a filth-inhabiting humpbacked fly. J N Y Entomol Soc. 98: 474-483." type="journal article" year="1990">Barnes 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F400EE522FD0E9F68FCAFA6E1" author="Barnes JK" box="[706,862,628,653]" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" pagination="474 - 483" refId="ref9121" refString="Barnes JK. 1990. Life history of Dohrniphora cornuta (Bigot) (Diptera: Phoridae), a filth-inhabiting humpbacked fly. J N Y Entomol Soc. 98: 474-483." type="journal article" year="1990">Barnes (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
commented that, during mating, the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400EE522FEE49F8BFDFFA6DC" ID-CoL="373Z6" authorityName="Barnes" authorityYear="1990" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[296,526,663,688]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Dohrniphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cornuta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400EE522FEE49F8BFDFFA6DC" box="[296,526,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Dohrniphora cornuta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
male ‘pivoted on the bases of his hind femora’ and that he ‘stretched his hind legs backward and waved them up and down at a rate of about twice per second, causing his entire body to rock’.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F400EE522FD379FC0FC66A699" author="Barnes JK" box="[763,919,732,757]" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" pagination="474 - 483" refId="ref9121" refString="Barnes JK. 1990. Life history of Dohrniphora cornuta (Bigot) (Diptera: Phoridae), a filth-inhabiting humpbacked fly. J N Y Entomol Soc. 98: 474-483." type="journal article" year="1990">Barnes (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
also noted that the females waved their abdomen up and down, raising the males well above them.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E400EE522FF0C9E3DFBA6A03C" blockId="9.[160,1156,316,1520]" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">
|
||||
Barnes’ observations are corroborated by the photos we examined which show that this behaviour and mating position is widespread in the genus. All photos show the male hind femur modified structures at the level of possible contact with the female terminalia and the males being lifted to different heights (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400EE522FD9B9E95FD2CA7CE" box="[599,733,905,930]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1486,1509]" captionTargetBox="[209,1104,142,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-3@6.[209,1105,142,1454]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Diplonevra (A–D) and Dohrniphora (E–H) mating. A. From Ontario, Canada (photo credit: © bob15noble). B. From Te Aroha, New Zealand (photo credit: © Maurice). C–D. From Weber County, USA (photo credit:© sbaxter).E.From Girona,Spain (photo credit:© Rafael Carbonell Font).F. From ToKwa Wan, Hong Kong (photo credit:© portioid).G. From San Miguel de Tucumán,Argentina (photo credit:© Santiago Murillo Dasso).H. FromBrasília,DF,Brazil (photo credit:© Jean Martins).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 85929525; B, 156656906; C–D, 195433495; E, 70285677; F, 21227769;G, 43450908;H, 142680838.All photos licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED except for ‘F’ licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971622/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Figure 3E–H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The male hind leg waving noted by Barnes suggests that the hind femur structures could be stimulating the female terminalia. Alternatively, the male lifting characteristic of the genus could be indicating a possible grasping function for the hind femur structures given that, during the lifting, the male’s legs almost do not contact the substrate. Probably also for holding,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400EE522FCBD9908FC08A041" ID-CoL="9CJHL" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1898" box="[881,1017,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Dohrniphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400EE522FCBD9908FC08A041" box="[881,1017,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Dohrniphora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
males cross their hind legs during mating (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400EE522FE3F992BFD89A03C" box="[499,632,1079,1104]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1486,1509]" captionTargetBox="[209,1104,142,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-3@6.[209,1105,142,1454]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Diplonevra (A–D) and Dohrniphora (E–H) mating. A. From Ontario, Canada (photo credit: © bob15noble). B. From Te Aroha, New Zealand (photo credit: © Maurice). C–D. From Weber County, USA (photo credit:© sbaxter).E.From Girona,Spain (photo credit:© Rafael Carbonell Font).F. From ToKwa Wan, Hong Kong (photo credit:© portioid).G. From San Miguel de Tucumán,Argentina (photo credit:© Santiago Murillo Dasso).H. FromBrasília,DF,Brazil (photo credit:© Jean Martins).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 85929525; B, 156656906; C–D, 195433495; E, 70285677; F, 21227769;G, 43450908;H, 142680838.All photos licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED except for ‘F’ licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971622/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Figure 3E–H</figureCitation>
|
||||
), behaviour not found in any other genera.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E400EE522FF0C9945FCBFA12E" blockId="9.[160,1156,316,1520]" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">
|
||||
The remarkable modifications of the hind femur of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400EE522FCDB9945FC53A01E" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1898" box="[791,930,1113,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Dohrniphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400EE522FCDB9945FC53A01E" box="[791,930,1113,1138]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Dohrniphora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
males may include concavities, projections, lobes, spines and various
|
||||
<typeStatus id="807EEBCC400EE522FD3C9960FCDCA0F9" box="[752,813,1148,1173]" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">types</typeStatus>
|
||||
of setulae (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F400EE522FC709960FF26A0D4" author="Brown BV & Kung G" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" pagination="1 - 142" refId="ref9459" refString="Brown BV, Kung G. 2010. Revision of the New World Dohrniphora Dahl species lacking large hind tibial setae (Diptera: Phoridae). Zootaxa. 2699 (1): 1-142. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2699.1.1." type="journal article" year="2010">Brown and Kung 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The morphological aspects of these modifications seem to fit both hypotheses of stimulating or grasping the female. We assume that the males’ hind coxal lobes could have a similar stimulatory or grasping function to their hind femur structures. The other male features on the foreleg are harder to explain considering that the males do not have any special contact of this leg with the female in the photos.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5F7A556E400EE522FF0C9850FD3FA19C" blockId="9.[160,1156,316,1520]" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="98C52EED400EE522FF0C9850FEBAA109" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1898" box="[192,331,1356,1381]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Dohrniphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6DB1897C400EE522FF0C9850FEBAA109" box="[192,331,1356,1381]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Dohrniphora</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
females have a characteristic pair of lateral plates on their abdominal segment 7 (visible in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C7FE49EB400EE522FE5D9873FDE0A1E4" box="[401,529,1391,1416]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1486,1509]" captionTargetBox="[209,1104,142,1454]" captionTargetId="figure-3@6.[209,1105,142,1454]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Diplonevra (A–D) and Dohrniphora (E–H) mating. A. From Ontario, Canada (photo credit: © bob15noble). B. From Te Aroha, New Zealand (photo credit: © Maurice). C–D. From Weber County, USA (photo credit:© sbaxter).E.From Girona,Spain (photo credit:© Rafael Carbonell Font).F. From ToKwa Wan, Hong Kong (photo credit:© portioid).G. From San Miguel de Tucumán,Argentina (photo credit:© Santiago Murillo Dasso).H. FromBrasília,DF,Brazil (photo credit:© Jean Martins).All photos obtained from iNaturalist (inaturalist.org/observations/), ID numbers: A, 85929525; B, 156656906; C–D, 195433495; E, 70285677; F, 21227769;G, 43450908;H, 142680838.All photos licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED except for ‘F’ licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED. All photos adapted as described in the ‘Materials and methods’ section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971622/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="748">Figure 3F,H</figureCitation>
|
||||
) which was observed by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3B54289F400EE522FCFC9873FC38A1E4" author="Barnes JK" box="[816,969,1391,1416]" pageId="9" pageNumber="748" pagination="474 - 483" refId="ref9121" refString="Barnes JK. 1990. Life history of Dohrniphora cornuta (Bigot) (Diptera: Phoridae), a filth-inhabiting humpbacked fly. J N Y Entomol Soc. 98: 474-483." type="journal article" year="1990">Barnes (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
to be contacted by the male hind femur structures during mating. It is unknown whether these female plates are morphologically variable across the genus or if they are under selective pressures related to male hind femur stimulation.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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