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@ -1,49 +1,50 @@
<document id="ABBE6D5FAB7D457E6D86C72D984C3A81" ID-DOI="10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0001:adreft]2.0.co;2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4112942b-2fea-4116-a681-d9bc71938c18" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3731080" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1585312991116" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Brochu, Christopher A." docDate="2000" docId="D32F092B552A904C4689FD6C127AF072" docLanguage="en" docName="Brochu2000Endocast.pdf.imd" docOrigin="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0001:adreft]2.0.co;2" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="2F167153552B9049461EFFEF103BF43A" masterDocTitle="A digitally-rendered endocast for Tyrannosaurus rex" masterLastPageNumber="6" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1698732808634" updateUser="plazi"> <document id="2ABD439E3959AE81A9DA4BFC536A6EA5" ID-CLB-Dataset="23313" ID-DOI="10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0001:adreft]2.0.co;2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4112942b-2fea-4116-a681-d9bc71938c18" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3731080" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1585312991116" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Brochu, Christopher A." docDate="2000" docId="D32F092B552A904C4689FD6C127AF072" docLanguage="en" docName="Brochu2000Endocast.pdf.imd" docOrigin="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0001:adreft]2.0.co;2" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="2F167153552B9049461EFFEF103BF43A" masterDocTitle="A digitally-rendered endocast for Tyrannosaurus rex" masterLastPageNumber="6" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1736512313087" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:title id="110646942D880D6AC350A2869459460B">A digitally-rendered endocast for Tyrannosaurus rex</mods:title> <mods:title id="E8D1939F40649F27AA20FB598D326CA3">A digitally-rendered endocast for Tyrannosaurus rex</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="92792A4FF11C911301C73ADF466803C2">Brochu, Christopher A.</mods:namePart> <mods:namePart id="E8B7908CCA992E1FE91A00947C9ED865">Brochu, Christopher A.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="D32F092B552A904C4689FD6C127AF072" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3812839" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163300343" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3812839" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D32F092B552A904C4689FD6C127AF072" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D32F092B552A904C4689FD6C127AF072" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="1"> <treatment id="D32F092B552A904C4689FD6C127AF072" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3812839" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163300343" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3812839" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D32F092B552A904C4689FD6C127AF072" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D32F092B552A904C4689FD6C127AF072" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="139CEBB6552A90484689FD6C12E3F6A2" box="[151,728,643,664]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature"> <subSubSection id="139CEBB6552A90484689FD6C12E3F6A2" box="[151,728,643,664]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5B39B83D552A90484689FD6C12E3F6A2" blockId="1.[125,798,643,1986]" box="[151,728,643,664]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1"> <paragraph id="5B39B83D552A90484689FD6C12E3F6A2" blockId="1.[125,798,643,1986]" box="[151,728,643,664]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">
The skull of a mature specimen of The skull of a mature specimen of
<taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552A9048440EFD6C12E3F6A2" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[528,728,643,664]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex"> <taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552A9048440EFD6C12E3F6A2" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[528,728,643,664]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis id="69F2642F552A9048440EFD6C12E3F6A2" box="[528,728,643,664]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis> <emphasis id="69F2642F552A9048440EFD6C12E3F6A2" box="[528,728,643,664]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName> </taxonomicName>
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@ -53,14 +54,14 @@ The skull of a mature specimen of
in the Field Museum of Natural History ( in the Field Museum of Natural History (
<materialsCitation id="EBEEB260552A904847F4FD7112DDF689" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2592156241" box="[490,742,670,691]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081, ‘‘Sue’’</materialsCitation> <materialsCitation id="EBEEB260552A904847F4FD7112DDF689" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2592156241" box="[490,742,670,691]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081, ‘‘Sue’’</materialsCitation>
) was recently subjected to high­resolution computed tomographic (CT) analysis, and an endocast was generated without physical damage to the skull. It improves upon endocasts made through hemisection for the tyrannosaurids ) was recently subjected to high­resolution computed tomographic (CT) analysis, and an endocast was generated without physical damage to the skull. It improves upon endocasts made through hemisection for the tyrannosaurids
<taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552A9048440DFCE51082F703" authority="(Osborn, 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552A9048440DFCE51082F703" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="69F2642F552A9048440DFCE5128AF725" box="[531,689,778,799]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis> <emphasis id="69F2642F552A9048440DFCE5128AF725" box="[531,689,778,799]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
( (
<bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552A904844D6FCE61088F703" author="Osborn, H. F." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 54" part="1" refId="ref4807" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 33 - 54." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn, 1912</bibRefCitation> <bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552A904844D6FCE61088F703" author="Osborn, H. F." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 54" part="1" refId="ref4807" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 33 - 54." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn, 1912</bibRefCitation>
) )
</taxonomicName> </taxonomicName>
and and
<taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552A904846F1FCCA1226F703" authority="(Maleev, 1965)" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[239,541,804,826]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552A904846F1FCCA1226F703" authority="(Maleev, 1965)" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1965" box="[239,541,804,826]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="69F2642F552A904846F1FCCA114EF700" box="[239,373,805,826]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Tarbosaurus</emphasis> <emphasis id="69F2642F552A904846F1FCCA114EF700" box="[239,373,805,826]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Tarbosaurus</emphasis>
( (
<bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552A9048479DFCCB122EF703" author="Maleev, E. A." box="[387,533,804,825]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="141 - 143" part="2" refId="ref4570" refString="Maleev, E. A. 1965. [On the brain of carnivorous dinosaurs.] Paleontologeskii Zhurnal, 2: 141 - 143." title="[On the brain of carnivorous dinosaurs.] Paleontologeskii Zhurnal" type="journal article" year="1965">Maleev, 1965</bibRefCitation> <bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552A9048479DFCCB122EF703" author="Maleev, E. A." box="[387,533,804,825]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="141 - 143" part="2" refId="ref4570" refString="Maleev, E. A. 1965. [On the brain of carnivorous dinosaurs.] Paleontologeskii Zhurnal, 2: 141 - 143." title="[On the brain of carnivorous dinosaurs.] Paleontologeskii Zhurnal" type="journal article" year="1965">Maleev, 1965</bibRefCitation>
@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ by adding details of the inner ear and nerve and vascular pathways not visible t
The endocranial cavity is 28.2 cm long from the foramen magnum to the anterior margin of the orbitosphenoids. This is 8 cm longer than the endocast described by The endocranial cavity is 28.2 cm long from the foramen magnum to the anterior margin of the orbitosphenoids. This is 8 cm longer than the endocast described by
<bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552A9048430DFB87158BF047" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[1299,1456,1128,1149]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 54" part="1" refId="ref4807" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 33 - 54." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn (1912)</bibRefCitation> <bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552A9048430DFB87158BF047" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[1299,1456,1128,1149]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 54" part="1" refId="ref4807" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 33 - 54." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn (1912)</bibRefCitation>
, but Osborn was using the braincase of a small and, presumably, immature , but Osborn was using the braincase of a small and, presumably, immature
<taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552A904845B7FB7113D3F089" authority="Osborn, 1905" box="[937,1000,1182,1203]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex"> <taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552A904845B7FB7113D3F089" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[937,1000,1182,1203]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis id="69F2642F552A904845B7FB7113D3F089" box="[937,1000,1182,1203]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">T. rex</emphasis> <emphasis id="69F2642F552A904845B7FB7113D3F089" box="[937,1000,1182,1203]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">T. rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName> </taxonomicName>
( (
@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ Endocranial volume in nonmaniraptoran theropods—includ­ing tyrannosaurids—f
). The forebrain of ). The forebrain of
<emphasis id="69F2642F552A904843D6FA441365F1E1" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">T. rex</emphasis> <emphasis id="69F2642F552A904843D6FA441365F1E1" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">T. rex</emphasis>
is large relative to its counterpart in non­coelurosaurian theropods, but is relatively small compared with those of closer relatives of birds, such as is large relative to its counterpart in non­coelurosaurian theropods, but is relatively small compared with those of closer relatives of birds, such as
<taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552A90484246FA13155AF22B" authority="(Russell, 1969)" baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1112,1377,1532,1553]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552A90484246FA13155AF22B" authority="(Russell, 1969)" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1969" box="[1112,1377,1532,1553]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="69F2642F552A90484246FA131489F22B" box="[1112,1202,1532,1553]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Troodon</emphasis> <emphasis id="69F2642F552A90484246FA131489F22B" box="[1112,1202,1532,1553]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Troodon</emphasis>
( (
<bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552A904842DDFA131563F22B" author="Russell, D. A." box="[1219,1368,1532,1553]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="595 - 612" part="6" refId="ref4971" refString="Russell, D. A. 1969. A new specimen on Stenonychosaurus from the Oldman Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 6: 595 - 612." title="A new specimen on Stenonychosaurus from the Oldman Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta" type="journal article" year="1969">Russell, 1969</bibRefCitation> <bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552A904842DDFA131563F22B" author="Russell, D. A." box="[1219,1368,1532,1553]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="595 - 612" part="6" refId="ref4971" refString="Russell, D. A. 1969. A new specimen on Stenonychosaurus from the Oldman Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 6: 595 - 612." title="A new specimen on Stenonychosaurus from the Oldman Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta" type="journal article" year="1969">Russell, 1969</bibRefCitation>
@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ All twelve cranial nerves are visible, though not always on both sides (
) exits the forebrain dorsal to the oculomotor ( ) exits the forebrain dorsal to the oculomotor (
<emphasis id="69F2642F552A9048430AF8E51509F325" bold="true" box="[1300,1330,1802,1823]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">III</emphasis> <emphasis id="69F2642F552A9048430AF8E51509F325" bold="true" box="[1300,1330,1802,1823]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">III</emphasis>
), and both exit foramina lie within a shallow fossa on the orbitosphenoid­laterosphenoid suture, as in ), and both exit foramina lie within a shallow fossa on the orbitosphenoid­laterosphenoid suture, as in
<taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552A90484249F8AE1592F36C" authority="(Russell, 1970)" baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1111,1449,1857,1878]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552A90484249F8AE1592F36C" authority="(Russell, 1970)" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[1111,1449,1857,1878]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="69F2642F552A90484249F8AE14C0F36C" box="[1111,1275,1857,1878]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Daspletosaurus</emphasis> <emphasis id="69F2642F552A90484249F8AE14C0F36C" box="[1111,1275,1857,1878]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
( (
<bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552A90484315F8AE159BF36C" author="Russell, D. A." box="[1291,1440,1857,1878]" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref5005" refString="1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell, 1970</bibRefCitation> <bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552A90484315F8AE159BF36C" author="Russell, D. A." box="[1291,1440,1857,1878]" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="1" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref5005" refString="1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell, 1970</bibRefCitation>
@ -171,7 +172,7 @@ FIGURE 1. Digital endocast for
<materialsCitation id="EBEEB2605529904B47A1F9421263F2FA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2592156243" box="[447,600,1709,1728]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation> <materialsCitation id="EBEEB2605529904B47A1F9421263F2FA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2592156243" box="[447,600,1709,1728]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
, ,
<emphasis id="69F2642F5529904B447DF9421327F2FA" box="[611,796,1709,1728]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2"> <emphasis id="69F2642F5529904B447DF9421327F2FA" box="[611,796,1709,1728]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE5529904B447DF942132CF2FA" authority="Osborn, 1905" box="[611,791,1709,1728]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName> <taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE5529904B447DF942132CF2FA" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[611,791,1709,1728]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
. .
</emphasis> </emphasis>
<emphasis id="69F2642F5529904B453DF943130FF285" bold="true" box="[803,820,1708,1727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">A</emphasis> <emphasis id="69F2642F5529904B453DF943130FF285" bold="true" box="[803,820,1708,1727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">A</emphasis>
@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ FIGURE 2. Digital endocast for
<materialsCitation id="EBEEB2605528904A47D7FCD81259F770" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2592156239" box="[457,610,823,842]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation> <materialsCitation id="EBEEB2605528904A47D7FCD81259F770" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2592156239" box="[457,610,823,842]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
, ,
<emphasis id="69F2642F5528904A4470FCD81313F770" box="[622,808,823,842]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3"> <emphasis id="69F2642F5528904A4470FCD81313F770" box="[622,808,823,842]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE5528904A4470FCD81318F770" authority="Osborn, 1905" box="[622,803,823,842]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName> <taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE5528904A4470FCD81318F770" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[622,803,823,842]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
. .
</emphasis> </emphasis>
Detail of left otic region in dorsolateral view. Image at right highlights region of endocast illustrated using both digital imagery ( Detail of left otic region in dorsolateral view. Image at right highlights region of endocast illustrated using both digital imagery (
@ -343,7 +344,7 @@ FIGURE 3. Horizontal slices through the endocranial cavity of
<materialsCitation id="EBEEB260552F904D44F5FCB213BFF74A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2592156244" box="[747,900,861,880]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation> <materialsCitation id="EBEEB260552F904D44F5FCB213BFF74A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2592156244" box="[747,900,861,880]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
, ,
<emphasis id="69F2642F552F904D4591FCB21472F74A" box="[911,1097,861,880]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4"> <emphasis id="69F2642F552F904D4591FCB21472F74A" box="[911,1097,861,880]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552F904D4591FCB2147FF74A" authority="Osborn, 1905" box="[911,1092,861,880]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName> <taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552F904D4591FCB2147FF74A" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[911,1092,861,880]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
. .
</emphasis> </emphasis>
Each slice is 0.5 mm thick, synthetically generated from 2 mm thick coronal slices by VoxBlast, ver. 2.2; spacing between slices is 5 mm, with the dorsalmost slice at Each slice is 0.5 mm thick, synthetically generated from 2 mm thick coronal slices by VoxBlast, ver. 2.2; spacing between slices is 5 mm, with the dorsalmost slice at
@ -422,7 +423,7 @@ If the ophthalmic foramen is widely separated from its maxillary­mandibular cou
). The anteriormost of these two foramina is for the maxillary­mandibular nerves, and the posteriormost opens into the sinus. This sinus may be pneumatic in nature, and it is confluent anteroventrally with the tympanic cavity. ). The anteriormost of these two foramina is for the maxillary­mandibular nerves, and the posteriormost opens into the sinus. This sinus may be pneumatic in nature, and it is confluent anteroventrally with the tympanic cavity.
<bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552F904D4426F8E21086F307" author="Carr, T. D. &amp; T. E. Williamson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="37" part="19" refId="ref3834" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 1999. A new tyrannosaurid (Theropoda: Coelurosauria) from the San Juan Basin of New Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 37 A." title="A new tyrannosaurid (Theropoda: Coelurosauria) from the San Juan Basin of New Mexico" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr and Williamson (1999)</bibRefCitation> <bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552F904D4426F8E21086F307" author="Carr, T. D. &amp; T. E. Williamson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="37" part="19" refId="ref3834" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 1999. A new tyrannosaurid (Theropoda: Coelurosauria) from the San Juan Basin of New Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 37 A." title="A new tyrannosaurid (Theropoda: Coelurosauria) from the San Juan Basin of New Mexico" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr and Williamson (1999)</bibRefCitation>
described the prootic of a new species of described the prootic of a new species of
<taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552F904D446DF8C7132CF307" baseAuthorityName="Russell" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[627,791,1832,1853]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552F904D446DF8C7132CF307" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[627,791,1832,1853]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="69F2642F552F904D446DF8C7132CF307" box="[627,791,1832,1853]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Daspletosaurus</emphasis> <emphasis id="69F2642F552F904D446DF8C7132CF307" box="[627,791,1832,1853]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName> </taxonomicName>
as ‘‘inflated’’; this may relate to the sinus seen in the prootic of as ‘‘inflated’’; this may relate to the sinus seen in the prootic of
@ -440,7 +441,7 @@ as ‘‘inflated’’; this may relate to the sinus seen in the prootic of
)—that the tyrannosaurid olfactory tract was very large compared with other theropods, judging from the large diameter of its canal in the orbitosphenoids and sphenethmoid. But the braincase Osborn hemisected does not preserve the frontals, and so the endocast he described lacked the olfactory bulbs. The impressions for the olfactory tracts and bulbs are large, but incompletely preserved, in a partial endocranial mold made from the frontals and parietals of a small tyrannosaurid from the Hell Creek Formation ( )—that the tyrannosaurid olfactory tract was very large compared with other theropods, judging from the large diameter of its canal in the orbitosphenoids and sphenethmoid. But the braincase Osborn hemisected does not preserve the frontals, and so the endocast he described lacked the olfactory bulbs. The impressions for the olfactory tracts and bulbs are large, but incompletely preserved, in a partial endocranial mold made from the frontals and parietals of a small tyrannosaurid from the Hell Creek Formation (
<bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552F904D4243FB3214CBF0C8" author="Molnar, R. E." box="[1117,1264,1245,1266]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref4651" refString="Molnar, R. E. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar, 1978</bibRefCitation> <bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552F904D4243FB3214CBF0C8" author="Molnar, R. E." box="[1117,1264,1245,1266]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref4651" refString="Molnar, R. E. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar, 1978</bibRefCitation>
) considered by some to represent ) considered by some to represent
<taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552F904D45D6FB171598F137" authority="(Molnar and Carpenter, 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Molnar and Carpenter" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[968,1443,1272,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552F904D45D6FB171598F137" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" box="[968,1443,1272,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="69F2642F552F904D45D6FB171478F137" box="[968,1091,1272,1293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Aublysodon</emphasis> <emphasis id="69F2642F552F904D45D6FB171478F137" box="[968,1091,1272,1293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Aublysodon</emphasis>
(Molnar and (Molnar and
<bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552F904D42F4FB1715A7F137" author="R. E. Molnar &amp; K. Carpenter" box="[1258,1436,1272,1293]" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref4699" refString=", and K. Carpenter. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Carpenter, 1989</bibRefCitation> <bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552F904D42F4FB1715A7F137" author="R. E. Molnar &amp; K. Carpenter" box="[1258,1436,1272,1293]" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref4699" refString=", and K. Carpenter. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Carpenter, 1989</bibRefCitation>
@ -463,7 +464,7 @@ are approximate, as there is no ossified floor for these structures in dinosaurs
; ;
<bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552F904D45CAF98214E3F2B8" author="Butler, A. &amp; W. Hodos" bookContentInfo="514 pp." box="[980,1240,1645,1666]" journalOrPublisher="John Wiley and Sons, New York" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref3803" refString="Butler, A., and W. Hodos. 1996. Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 514 pp." title="Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation" type="book" year="1996">Butler and Hodos, 1996</bibRefCitation> <bibRefCitation id="3F17C5CC552F904D45CAF98214E3F2B8" author="Butler, A. &amp; W. Hodos" bookContentInfo="514 pp." box="[980,1240,1645,1666]" journalOrPublisher="John Wiley and Sons, New York" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref3803" refString="Butler, A., and W. Hodos. 1996. Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 514 pp." title="Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation" type="book" year="1996">Butler and Hodos, 1996</bibRefCitation>
), ),
<taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552F904D42F2F98115B1F2B9" baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[1260,1418,1646,1667]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552F904D42F2F98115B1F2B9" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1260,1418,1646,1667]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="69F2642F552F904D42F2F98115B1F2B9" box="[1260,1418,1646,1667]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis> <emphasis id="69F2642F552F904D42F2F98115B1F2B9" box="[1260,1418,1646,1667]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName> </taxonomicName>
lacked a vomeronasal organ. lacked a vomeronasal organ.
@ -506,7 +507,7 @@ FIGURE 4.
, line interpretation of endocast of , line interpretation of endocast of
<materialsCitation id="EBEEB260552E904C4445FDC012D4F678" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2592156248" box="[603,751,559,578]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation> <materialsCitation id="EBEEB260552E904C4445FDC012D4F678" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2592156248" box="[603,751,559,578]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
( (
<taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552E904C44E0FDC01123F660" authority="Osborn, 1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex"> <taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552E904C44E0FDC01123F660" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis id="69F2642F552E904C44E0FDC01123F660" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis> <emphasis id="69F2642F552E904C44E0FDC01123F660" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName> </taxonomicName>
) in dorsal view, showing full estimated extent of olfactory bulbs; ) in dorsal view, showing full estimated extent of olfactory bulbs;
@ -543,7 +544,7 @@ It is premature to draw ecological conclusions from this observation. Although s
</emphasis> </emphasis>
) is available, we cannot rule out an allometric explanation for the large size of the olfactory bulbs in ) is available, we cannot rule out an allometric explanation for the large size of the olfactory bulbs in
<emphasis id="69F2642F552E904C47E5FBDC127AF072" box="[507,577,1075,1096]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5"> <emphasis id="69F2642F552E904C47E5FBDC127AF072" box="[507,577,1075,1096]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552E904C47E5FBDC1205F072" authority="Osborn, 1905" box="[507,574,1075,1096]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName> <taxonomicName id="9C86C3BE552E904C47E5FBDC1205F072" authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[507,574,1075,1096]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
. .
</emphasis> </emphasis>
</paragraph> </paragraph>