From aee939f37faeff6c7278b023da6831f8a8226219 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Fri, 10 Jan 2025 12:37:58 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-01-10 12:31:54 --- .../09/D32F092B552A904C4689FD6C127AF072.xml | 87 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) diff --git a/data/D3/2F/09/D32F092B552A904C4689FD6C127AF072.xml b/data/D3/2F/09/D32F092B552A904C4689FD6C127AF072.xml index 02bb6d2e566..ee62882aed6 100644 --- a/data/D3/2F/09/D32F092B552A904C4689FD6C127AF072.xml +++ b/data/D3/2F/09/D32F092B552A904C4689FD6C127AF072.xml @@ -1,49 +1,50 @@ - - - -A digitally-rendered endocast for Tyrannosaurus rex + + + +A digitally-rendered endocast for Tyrannosaurus rex - - -Author + + +Author -Brochu, Christopher A. +Brochu, Christopher A. -text - - -Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology +text + + +Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology - -2000 - -2000-04-17 + +2000 + +2000-04-17 - -20 + +20 - -1 + +1 - -1 -6 + +1 +6 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0001:adreft]2.0.co;2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0001:adreft]2.0.co;2 -journal article -10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0001:adreft]2.0.co;2 -4112942b-2fea-4116-a681-d9bc71938c18 -3731080 +journal article +23313 +10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0001:adreft]2.0.co;2 +4112942b-2fea-4116-a681-d9bc71938c18 +3731080 The skull of a mature specimen of - + Tyrannosaurus rex @@ -53,14 +54,14 @@ The skull of a mature specimen of in the Field Museum of Natural History ( FMNH PR2081, ‘‘Sue’’ ) was recently subjected to high­resolution computed tomographic (CT) analysis, and an endocast was generated without physical damage to the skull. It improves upon endocasts made through hemisection for the tyrannosaurids - + Tyrannosaurus ( Osborn, 1912 ) and - + Tarbosaurus ( Maleev, 1965 @@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ by adding details of the inner ear and nerve and vascular pathways not visible t The endocranial cavity is 28.2 cm long from the foramen magnum to the anterior margin of the orbitosphenoids. This is 8 cm longer than the endocast described by Osborn (1912) , but Osborn was using the braincase of a small and, presumably, immature - + T. rex ( @@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ Endocranial volume in nonmaniraptoran theropods—includ­ing tyrannosaurids—f ). The forebrain of T. rex is large relative to its counterpart in non­coelurosaurian theropods, but is relatively small compared with those of closer relatives of birds, such as - + Troodon ( Russell, 1969 @@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ All twelve cranial nerves are visible, though not always on both sides ( ) exits the forebrain dorsal to the oculomotor ( III ), and both exit foramina lie within a shallow fossa on the orbitosphenoid­laterosphenoid suture, as in - + Daspletosaurus ( Russell, 1970 @@ -171,7 +172,7 @@ FIGURE 1. Digital endocast for FMNH PR2081 , -Tyrannosaurus rex +Tyrannosaurus rex . A @@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ FIGURE 2. Digital endocast for FMNH PR2081 , -Tyrannosaurus rex +Tyrannosaurus rex . Detail of left otic region in dorsolateral view. Image at right highlights region of endocast illustrated using both digital imagery ( @@ -343,7 +344,7 @@ FIGURE 3. Horizontal slices through the endocranial cavity of FMNH PR2081 , -Tyrannosaurus rex +Tyrannosaurus rex . Each slice is 0.5 mm thick, synthetically generated from 2 mm thick coronal slices by VoxBlast, ver. 2.2; spacing between slices is 5 mm, with the dorsalmost slice at @@ -422,7 +423,7 @@ If the ophthalmic foramen is widely separated from its maxillary­mandibular cou ). The anteriormost of these two foramina is for the maxillary­mandibular nerves, and the posteriormost opens into the sinus. This sinus may be pneumatic in nature, and it is confluent anteroventrally with the tympanic cavity. Carr and Williamson (1999) described the prootic of a new species of - + Daspletosaurus as ‘‘inflated’’; this may relate to the sinus seen in the prootic of @@ -440,7 +441,7 @@ as ‘‘inflated’’; this may relate to the sinus seen in the prootic of )—that the tyrannosaurid olfactory tract was very large compared with other theropods, judging from the large diameter of its canal in the orbitosphenoids and sphenethmoid. But the braincase Osborn hemisected does not preserve the frontals, and so the endocast he described lacked the olfactory bulbs. The impressions for the olfactory tracts and bulbs are large, but incompletely preserved, in a partial endocranial mold made from the frontals and parietals of a small tyrannosaurid from the Hell Creek Formation ( Molnar, 1978 ) considered by some to represent - + Aublysodon (Molnar and Carpenter, 1989 @@ -463,7 +464,7 @@ are approximate, as there is no ossified floor for these structures in dinosaurs ; Butler and Hodos, 1996 ), - + Tyrannosaurus lacked a vomeronasal organ. @@ -506,7 +507,7 @@ FIGURE 4. , line interpretation of endocast of FMNH PR2081 ( - + Tyrannosaurus rex ) in dorsal view, showing full estimated extent of olfactory bulbs; @@ -543,7 +544,7 @@ It is premature to draw ecological conclusions from this observation. Although s ) is available, we cannot rule out an allometric explanation for the large size of the olfactory bulbs in -T. rex +T. rex .