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<mods:title id="A1067DD84842752F818B534A7AB4C9A6">Discovery and formal description of the female of Microphotina Beier, 1935 (Mantodea: Photinaidae), with an updated key to species and remarks on the role of Citizen Science in advancing Mantodea biodiversity studies</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="DB864BAE9385FB820BBC1C5CFAB901BE">Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montreal, QC, Canada H 1 X 2 B 2 &amp; Montreal Insectarium, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montreal, Quebec, H 1 X 2 B 2, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44255D155FF15FB3F09DF509E" ID-CoL="433CX" authority="(Chopard, 1912)" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[151,671,1182,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
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<emphasis id="76BE0F654255D155FF15FB3F0A8B509F" bold="true" box="[151,459,1182,1209]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Microphotina viridescens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864255D155FE58FB3F09D7509E" author="Chopard, L." box="[474,663,1182,1208]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" pagination="315 - 350" refId="ref10836" refString="Chopard, L. (1912) Contribution a la faune des Orthopteres de la Guyane francaise. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 80, 315-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/21686351.1911.12279533" type="journal article" year="1912">Chopard, 1912</bibRefCitation>
)
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<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24255D155FF15FB620BA350FB" box="[151,227,1219,1245]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1720,1744]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,319,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[154,1433,306,1694]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Microphotina viridescens. A) Dorsal habitus of a living specimen. B) Captive individual showing the vivid coloration of the metathoracic wing and abdominal terga. C) Dorsal habitus of the specimen shown in A, but with wing coloration slightly faded after preservation. D) Dorsal habitus of a pinned specimen with a distended abdomen (notice yellowish coloration of abdomen acquired after preservations). E) Head, frontal view. F) Pronotum, dorsal view. G) Forefemur, anteroventral aspect.H) Forefemur, posteroventral aspect, highlighting supernumerary PvS; I) Female genitalia. J) Gonapophysis 8 (gp8) in lateral view. Abbreviations: AG (accessory gland sclerite), agsl (accessory gland supporting lobe), al (aulax), CX8 (coxae 8), cxvl (ventrolateral coxal lobelet), DS (discoidal spines), gp8 (gonapophysis 8), gp9 (gonapophysis 9), gpal8 (apical lobe of gonapophysis 8), gl9 (gonoplac 9), GPm9 (mesal gonapophyseal sclerite 9), PvS (posteroventral spine), job (juxtaocular bulge). Scale bars (mm): C–D = 5 mm, E–H = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262554/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24255D155FF73FB620A7950FB" box="[241,313,1219,1245]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1221,1245]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,184,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-18@6.[151,1435,179,1195]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Oothecae of M. viridescens and relatives (Cardiopterinae + Photinainae). A) Right lateral view (specimen 1). B) Left lateral view (specimen 2) showing the mode of attachment to the substrate. C) Dorsal view. D) Frontal view (notice ridged emergence area). E) Ootheca diversity in Photinainae and its sister group, Cardiopterinae (evolutionary affinities sensu Rivera &amp; Svenson, 2016). Overall, the oothecae of Photinainae can be distinguished from those of Cardiopterinae by their caramel brown coloration, compact and globular shape, thick and hard outer wall, and raised emergence area (except in Hicetia). Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262556/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">2A–D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24255D155FEC6FB620ACB50FB" box="[324,395,1219,1245]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1646,1670]" captionTargetBox="[225,1353,179,1620]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[224,1363,179,1620]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A) male holotype of Photina viridescens (now Microphotina viridescens) (deposited at MNHN) [additional images, including labels, available at: https://ento360.com/mantid/specimen/148]. B) Dorsal habitus of a male specimen of M. viridescens (notice the lack of opaque regions on the wings). C) Ventral phallomere + left phallomere complex, dorsal view. D) Distal portion of left phallomere, slightly tilted forward relative to C (bounding box), and ventral view of the paa of three different specimens to highlight variation along the distal margin. E) Ventral phallomere, ventral view. F) Right phallomere, lateral view. G) Right phallomere, laterovental view (arrow points to a patch of spiniform setae). H) Genital complex of Microphotina viridula (paratype) deposited at MNHN (genital preparation NM0302; photo by N. Moulin) from Mitaraka, FG [Note: DNA barcoding sequences for this specimen are available at BOLD accession no. GFMAN18-213]. Abbreviations: afa (apofisi falloide), bl (basal lobe), L4A (sclerite extending over the ventral wall), L4B (sclerite extending over the dorsal wall), LP (left phallomere), paa (processo apicale), pia (piastra ventrale), pva (processo ventrale sclerificato), RP (right phallomere), VP (ventral phallomere). Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262558/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">3A–G</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24255D155FE14FB620AFB50FB" box="[406,443,1219,1245]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,810,834]" captionTargetBox="[221,1361,183,779]" captionTargetId="figure-18@8.[215,1371,179,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Microphotina spp. A) Microphotina vitripennis, detail of the elongated ventral patch of setae (ventral view). B) Microphotina vitripennis, detail of apophysi phalloid (afa). C) Microphotina panguanensis, detail of apophysi phalloid (afa). D) Microphotina viridescens, subgenital plate (dorsal view), slightly asymmetrical styli can be observed in some specimens. E) Microphotina viridula, subgenital plate (dorsal view). F) Microphotina cristalino, subgenital plate (dorsal view). Abbreviations: VP (ventral phallomere). Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262562" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262562/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">4D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24255D155FE45FB63096E50FB" box="[455,558,1218,1245]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1412,1436]" captionTargetBox="[314,1274,179,1387]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[314,1274,179,1387]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. A) Female of Microphotina viridescens under a leaf, adopting the typical cryptic posture of the Photinaidae (photo by N. Hausherr). B) A different female specimen, showing the extent of the whitish strip between the proximal section of the costal area and the base of the metazona (photo by N. Hausherr). C) Chromatophotina awajun Rivera, 2010 (from Tarapoto, Peru), showing a more extensive and intensely expressed white stripe on the pronotum and mesothoracic wing (iNatObs: 187846650, photo by Diego Deza, license CC-BY-NC). D) Female of M. viridescens guarding her ootheca (photo by N. Hausherr). E) Chromatophotina cofan Rivera, 2010 (from Pastaza, Ecuador) guarding her ootheca (iNatObs: 53791526, photo by Ferhat Gundogdu, license CC0)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262566" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262566/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">5A–B, D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24255D155FDB8FB62093E50FB" box="[570,638,1219,1245]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[349,1237,558,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-175@11.[347,1240,558,1831]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Nymphal development in Microphotina viridescens. A) Hatching batch of protonymphs soon after their first molt (an emerging pronymph can be observed in the far back of the ootheca). B) Protonymph (nymph 1). C) Deuteronymph 1 (nymph 2). D) Deuteronymph 2 (nymph 3). E) Deuteronymph 3 (nymph 4, female). F) Deuteronymph 6 (nymph 7, subadult female). G) Deuteronymph 5 (nymph 6, subadult male)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262570/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">6A–G</figureCitation>
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<emphasis id="76BE0F654255D155FF15FAA60A245139" bold="true" box="[151,356,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Photina viridescens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864255D155FEE8FAA609745139" author="Chopard, L." box="[362,564,1287,1311]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" pagination="315 - 350" refId="ref10836" refString="Chopard, L. (1912) Contribution a la faune des Orthopteres de la Guyane francaise. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 80, 315-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/21686351.1911.12279533" type="journal article" year="1912">Chopard, 1912: 324</bibRefCitation>
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[original description, m].
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<emphasis id="76BE0F654255D155FF15FA840ADF511B" bold="true" box="[151,415,1317,1341]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Microphotina viridescens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864255D155FE29FA8709065118" author="Chopard, L." box="[427,582,1318,1342]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" pagination="315 - 350" refId="ref10836" refString="Chopard, L. (1912) Contribution a la faune des Orthopteres de la Guyane francaise. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 80, 315-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/21686351.1911.12279533" type="journal article" year="1912">Chopard, 1912</bibRefCitation>
)
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:
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[rescued from synonymy with
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<emphasis id="76BE0F654255D155FB18FA860E67511B" box="[1178,1319,1318,1342]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">M. vitripennis</emphasis>
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, taxonomy, morphology, distribution, photo of
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, male genitalia];
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[checklist, taxonomy];
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[checklist, DNA barcoding data];
<treatmentCitation id="C56BF5664255D155FD5FFAC2089B515D" author="Schwarz, C. J. &amp; Ehrmann, R. &amp; Stiewe, M. B. &amp; Moertter, R. &amp; Falkenberg, M." box="[733,987,1379,1403]" page="31" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" year="2020">
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864255D155FD5FFAC2089B515D" author="Schwarz, C. J. &amp; Ehrmann, R. &amp; Stiewe, M. B. &amp; Moertter, R. &amp; Falkenberg, M." box="[733,987,1379,1403]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref13389" refString="Schwarz, C. J., Ehrmann, R., Stiewe, M. B., Moertter, R. &amp; Falkenberg, M. (2020) Mantodea of Panguana (Insecta: Dictyoptera). Zootaxa, 4824 (1), 1-66. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4824.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
Schwarz
<emphasis id="76BE0F654255D155FCBFFAC5082B515D" box="[829,875,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">et al</emphasis>
., 2020: 31
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
[comparison to
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44255D155FB05FAC50BBC51BC" ID-CoL="8QPTY" authority="Schwarz, 2020" authorityName="Schwarz" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panguanensis">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654255D155FB05FAC50E76515D" box="[1159,1334,1380,1403]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">M. panguanensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864255D155FABDFAC20BBC51BC" author="Schwarz, C. J. &amp; Ehrmann, R. &amp; Stiewe, M. B. &amp; Moertter, R. &amp; Falkenberg, M." pageId="2" pageNumber="233" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref13389" refString="Schwarz, C. J., Ehrmann, R., Stiewe, M. B., Moertter, R. &amp; Falkenberg, M. (2020) Mantodea of Panguana (Insecta: Dictyoptera). Zootaxa, 4824 (1), 1-66. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4824.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Schwarz, 2020</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, in key to species];
<treatmentCitation id="C56BF5664255D155FE48FA2309ED51BC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963630" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7963630" author="Lanna, L. M. &amp; Fiat, L. L. &amp; Herculano, J. F. &amp; Rivera, J. &amp; Peloso, P." box="[458,685,1410,1434]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C36878CFFB63B23FF7CA6F7D680F990" page="88" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" year="2023">
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864255D155FE48FA2309ED51BC" author="Lanna, L. M. &amp; Fiat, L. L. &amp; Herculano, J. F. &amp; Rivera, J. &amp; Peloso, P." box="[458,685,1410,1434]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" pagination="87 - 106" refId="ref11943" refString="Lanna, L. M., Fiat, L. L., Herculano, J. F., Rivera, J. &amp; Peloso, P. (2023) A new species of Microphotina Beier, 1935 from the southernmost region of Amazonia (Mantodea: Photinaidae). European Journal of Taxonomy, 870, 87-106. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.870.2121" type="journal article" year="2023">
Lanna
<emphasis id="76BE0F654255D155FD93FA22097F51BC" box="[529,575,1410,1434]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">et al</emphasis>
., 2023: 88
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
[checklist, taxonomy, in key to species, distribution];
<treatmentCitation id="C56BF5664255D155FB5EFA230EDC51BC" author="Moulin, N." box="[1244,1436,1410,1434]" page="160" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" year="2025">
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864255D155FB5EFA230EDC51BC" author="Moulin, N." box="[1244,1436,1410,1434]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" refId="ref12394" refString="Moulin, N. (2025) Les Mantodea de Guyane. Insecta, Polyneoptera. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 328 pp." type="book" year="2025">Moulin, 2025: 160</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
[checklist, taxonomy, male genitalia, in key to FG species].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0CD080FC4255D155FF15FA470F4552DB" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="4475D3774255D155FF15FA470F4552DB" blockId="2.[151,1437,1510,2041]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654255D155FF15FA470AC25226" bold="true" box="[151,386,1510,1536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Material examined.</emphasis>
All material from
<collectingCountry id="3CDD93E74255D155FDDBFA4608445227" box="[601,772,1511,1537]" name="French Guiana" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
.
<materialsCitation id="F4A2D92A4255D155FC92FA460FC45203" collectingDate="2022-11-25" collectionCode="AEMG" collectorName="N. Hausherr" county="Tresor" elevation="250" latitude="4.61042" location="Roura" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-52.279" municipality="Reserve" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1">
<specimenCount id="52CC18FE4255D155FC92FA4608205227" box="[784,864,1511,1537]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="52CC18FE4255D155FCEFFA46088F5227" box="[877,975,1511,1537]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
with egg case,
<location id="411585AC4255D155FB01FA460F8A5227" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CC6362614255D15FFF15FB3F089150A0:411585AC4255D155FB01FA460F8A5227" box="[1155,1226,1511,1537]" county="Tresor" latitude="4.61042" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-52.279" municipality="Reserve" name="Roura" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Roura</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="A411490D4255D155FB55FA460E715227" box="[1239,1329,1511,1537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Réserve</collectingMunicipality>
naturelle régionale
<collectingCounty id="AD14ABFB4255D155FE85F9AA0A115203" box="[263,337,1547,1573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Trésor</collectingCounty>
,
<geoCoordinate id="21FEB5B04255D155FEDFF9AA0AF85203" box="[349,440,1547,1573]" degrees="4.61042" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="1" value="4.61042">4.61042</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="21FEB5B04255D155FE42F9AB09675203" box="[448,551,1546,1573]" degrees="52.2790" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="5" value="-52.279">-52.2790</geoCoordinate>
, elev.
<quantity id="83327E924255D155FDEDF9AB09F15203" box="[623,689,1546,1573]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="250.0">
<elevation id="CFE734444255D155FDEDF9AB09F15203" box="[623,689,1546,1573]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="250.0">250m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="3074F5B74255D155FD3FF9AB087D5203" box="[701,829,1546,1573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" value="2022-11-25">
<collectingDate id="20300C5F4255D155FD3FF9AB087D5203" box="[701,829,1546,1573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" value="2022-11-25">25.XI.2022</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode id="22DB4BB24255D155FCCFF9AA08E35203" box="[845,931,1547,1573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">AEMG</collectionCode>
—
<collectorName id="E93FB6A14255D155FC42F9AA0F075203" box="[960,1095,1547,1573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">N. Hausherr</collectorName>
leg.)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="F4A2D92A4255D155FB13F9AA0B8D524B" collectingDate="2022-11-26" collectionCode="AEMG" collectorName="N. Hausherr" county="Tresor" elevation="250" latitude="4.61042" location="Roura" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-52.279" municipality="Reserve" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<specimenCount id="52CC18FE4255D155FB13F9AA0FB35203" box="[1169,1267,1547,1573]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
with egg case,
<location id="411585AC4255D155FF15F98E0B9E526F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CC6362614255D15FFF15FB3F089150A0:411585AC4255D155FF15F98E0B9E526F" box="[151,222,1583,1609]" county="Tresor" latitude="4.61042" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-52.279" municipality="Reserve" name="Roura" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Roura</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="A411490D4255D155FF6DF98E0A09526F" box="[239,329,1583,1609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Réserve</collectingMunicipality>
naturelle régionale
<collectingCounty id="AD14ABFB4255D155FDB8F98E09C4526F" box="[570,644,1583,1609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Trésor</collectingCounty>
,
<geoCoordinate id="21FEB5B04255D155FD17F98E09B0526F" box="[661,752,1583,1609]" degrees="4.61042" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="1" value="4.61042">4.61042</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="21FEB5B04255D155FD7FF98F0824526F" box="[765,868,1582,1609]" degrees="52.2790" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="5" value="-52.279">-52.2790</geoCoordinate>
, elev.
<quantity id="83327E924255D155FC34F98F08B8526F" box="[950,1016,1582,1609]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="250.0">
<elevation id="CFE734444255D155FC34F98F08B8526F" box="[950,1016,1582,1609]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="250.0">250m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="3074F5B74255D155FB8BF98E0FC9526F" box="[1033,1161,1583,1609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" value="2022-11-26">
<collectingDate id="20300C5F4255D155FB8BF98E0FC9526F" box="[1033,1161,1583,1609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" value="2022-11-26">26.XI.2022</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectionCode id="22DB4BB24255D155FB1FF98E0FB3526F" box="[1181,1267,1583,1609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">AEMG</collectionCode>
—
<collectorName id="E93FB6A14255D155FA93F98E0EDD526F" box="[1297,1437,1583,1609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">N. Hausherr</collectorName>
leg.)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="F4A2D92A4255D155FF58F9F20A8F52B7" collectingDate="2022-11-25" collectorName="E. Serres" county="Tresor" elevation="114" latitude="4.6379" location="Roura" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-52.3021" municipality="Fourgassier" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
<specimenCount id="52CC18FE4255D155FF58F9F20A6A524B" box="[218,298,1619,1645]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
,
<location id="411585AC4255D155FEB5F9F20A3E524B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CC6362614255D15FFF15FB3F089150A0:411585AC4255D155FEB5F9F20A3E524B" box="[311,382,1619,1645]" county="Tresor" latitude="4.6379" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-52.3021" municipality="Fourgassier" name="Roura" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Roura</location>
, near
<collectingMunicipality id="A411490D4255D155FE46F9F20908524B" box="[452,584,1619,1645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Fourgassier</collectingMunicipality>
, ca.
<locationDeviation id="55C7CA554255D155FDFCF9F20812524B" box="[638,850,1619,1645]" location="Reserve" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">
<quantity id="83327E924255D155FDFCF9F209F8524B" box="[638,696,1619,1645]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
NW Réserve
</locationDeviation>
naturelle régionale
<collectingCounty id="AD14ABFB4255D155FBB4F9F20FC0524B" box="[1078,1152,1619,1645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Trésor</collectingCounty>
,
<geoCoordinate id="21FEB5B04255D155FB0FF9F20F9A524B" box="[1165,1242,1619,1645]" degrees="4.6379" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="5" value="4.6379">4.6379</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="21FEB5B04255D155FB60F9F30E09524B" box="[1250,1353,1618,1645]" degrees="52.3021" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="5" value="-52.3021">-52.3021</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="83327E924255D155FAD5F9F20ED8524B" box="[1367,1432,1619,1645]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="114.0">
<elevation id="CFE734444255D155FAD5F9F20ED8524B" box="[1367,1432,1619,1645]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="114.0">114m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="3074F5B74255D155FF15F9D70A5752B7" box="[151,279,1654,1681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" value="2022-11-25">
<collectingDate id="20300C5F4255D155FF15F9D70A5752B7" box="[151,279,1654,1681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" value="2022-11-25">25.XI.2022</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectorName id="E93FB6A14255D155FEABF9D60AD052B7" box="[297,400,1655,1681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">E. Serres</collectorName>
leg.)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="F4A2D92A4255D155FE5FF9D609D25293" collectingDate="2022-11-26" collectorName="E. Serres" county="Tresor" elevation="114" latitude="4.6379" location="Roura" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-52.3021" municipality="Fourgassier" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
<specimenCount id="52CC18FE4255D155FE5FF9D6096D52B7" box="[477,557,1655,1681]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
,
<location id="411585AC4255D155FDB9F9D609C252B7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CC6362614255D15FFF15FB3F089150A0:411585AC4255D155FDB9F9D609C252B7" box="[571,642,1655,1681]" county="Tresor" latitude="4.6379" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-52.3021" municipality="Fourgassier" name="Roura" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Roura</location>
, nr.
<collectingMunicipality id="A411490D4255D155FD37F9D6087952B7" box="[693,825,1655,1681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Fourgassier</collectingMunicipality>
,
<locationDeviation id="55C7CA554255D155FCC5F9D60F5352B7" box="[839,1043,1655,1681]" location="Reserve" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">
<quantity id="83327E924255D155FCC5F9D6083952B7" box="[839,889,1655,1681]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" unit="km" value="4.0">4km</quantity>
NW Réserve
</locationDeviation>
naturelle régionale
<collectingCounty id="AD14ABFB4255D155FB7AF9D60E0252B7" box="[1272,1346,1655,1681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Trésor</collectingCounty>
,
<geoCoordinate id="21FEB5B04255D155FACDF9D60EDC52B7" box="[1359,1436,1655,1681]" degrees="4.6379" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="5" value="4.6379">4.6379</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="21FEB5B04255D155FF15F93B0BBE5293" box="[151,254,1690,1717]" degrees="52.3021" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="5" value="-52.3021">-52.3021</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="83327E924255D155FE8EF93A0A0D5293" box="[268,333,1691,1717]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="114.0">
<elevation id="CFE734444255D155FE8EF93A0A0D5293" box="[268,333,1691,1717]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="114.0">114m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="3074F5B74255D155FED8F93A0A9A5293" box="[346,474,1691,1717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" value="2022-11-26">
<collectingDate id="20300C5F4255D155FED8F93A0A9A5293" box="[346,474,1691,1717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" value="2022-11-26">26.XI.2022</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectorName id="E93FB6A14255D155FE6EF93A09135293" box="[492,595,1691,1717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">E. Serres</collectorName>
leg.)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="F4A2D92A4255D155FD22F93A097452FF" collectingDate="2022-07-25" collectorName="E. Loeb" elevation="9" latitude="5.0143" location="Kourou" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-52.6989" municipality="Degrad Saramaka" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<specimenCount id="52CC18FE4255D155FD22F93A08465293" box="[672,774,1691,1717]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
,
<location id="411585AC4255D155FC91F93A082B5293" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CC6362614255D15FFF15FB3F089150A0:411585AC4255D155FC91F93A082B5293" box="[787,875,1691,1717]" latitude="5.0143" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-52.6989" municipality="Degrad Saramaka" name="Kourou" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Kourou</location>
, end of
<collectingMunicipality id="A411490D4255D155FC48F93A0FD35293" box="[970,1171,1691,1717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Dégrad Saramaka</collectingMunicipality>
road, elev.
<quantity id="83327E924255D155FA99F93A0E015293" box="[1307,1345,1691,1717]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="9.0">
<elevation id="CFE734444255D155FA99F93A0E015293" box="[1307,1345,1691,1717]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" unit="m" value="9.0">9m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<geoCoordinate id="21FEB5B04255D155FACDF93B0EDC5293" box="[1359,1436,1690,1717]" degrees="5.0143" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="5" value="5.0143">5.0143</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="21FEB5B04255D155FF15F91F0BBF52FF" box="[151,255,1726,1753]" degrees="52.6989" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" precision="5" value="-52.6989">-52.6989</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="3074F5B74255D155FE88F91F0AD252FF" box="[266,402,1726,1753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" value="2022-07-25">
<collectingDate id="20300C5F4255D155FE88F91F0AD252FF" box="[266,402,1726,1753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" value="2022-07-25">25.VII.2022</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectorName id="E93FB6A14255D155FE21F91E0ABD52FF" box="[419,509,1727,1753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">E. Loeb</collectorName>
leg)
</materialsCitation>
.
<location id="411585AC4255D155FDBCF91E092352FF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CC6362614255D15FFF15FB3F089150A0:411585AC4255D155FDBCF91E092352FF" box="[574,611,1727,1753]" name="We" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">We</location>
also examined
<specimenCount id="52CC18FE4255D155FC91F91E083852FF" box="[787,888,1727,1753]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="52CC18FE4255D155FC32F91E0F6C52FF" box="[944,1068,1727,1753]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
reared from each of the
<specimenCount id="52CC18FE4255D155FAC0F91E0EDC52FF" box="[1346,1436,1727,1753]" count="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="egg">two egg</specimenCount>
cases collected. They are labeled as the progenitor females as indicated above.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0CD080FC4255D155FF45F8A70F275363" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4475D3774255D155FF45F8A70F275363" blockId="2.[151,1437,1510,2041]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654255D155FF45F8A70A215306" bold="true" box="[199,353,1798,1824]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Distribution.</emphasis>
Widespread in FG, with records from Cacao, Kourou, Mana, Maripasoula, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande,
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44255D155FEB5F88A09CA5363" authority=", Roura, Saint-Georges" authorityName="Roura, Saint-Georges" box="[311,650,1835,1861]" class="Trilobita" family="Ptychopariidae" genus="Regina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ptychopariida" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Regina, Roura, Saint-Georges</taxonomicName>
, and Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni communes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0CD080FC4255D152FF45F8EF089757EF" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="236" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" type="description">
<paragraph id="4475D3774255D155FF45F8EF081053DF" blockId="2.[151,1437,1510,2041]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654255D155FF45F8EF0AF7534F" bold="true" box="[199,439,1870,1897]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Description, Female</emphasis>
. Coloration (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24255D155FDCCF8EE0989534F" box="[590,713,1871,1897]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1720,1744]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,319,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[154,1433,306,1694]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Microphotina viridescens. A) Dorsal habitus of a living specimen. B) Captive individual showing the vivid coloration of the metathoracic wing and abdominal terga. C) Dorsal habitus of the specimen shown in A, but with wing coloration slightly faded after preservation. D) Dorsal habitus of a pinned specimen with a distended abdomen (notice yellowish coloration of abdomen acquired after preservations). E) Head, frontal view. F) Pronotum, dorsal view. G) Forefemur, anteroventral aspect.H) Forefemur, posteroventral aspect, highlighting supernumerary PvS; I) Female genitalia. J) Gonapophysis 8 (gp8) in lateral view. Abbreviations: AG (accessory gland sclerite), agsl (accessory gland supporting lobe), al (aulax), CX8 (coxae 8), cxvl (ventrolateral coxal lobelet), DS (discoidal spines), gp8 (gonapophysis 8), gp9 (gonapophysis 9), gpal8 (apical lobe of gonapophysis 8), gl9 (gonoplac 9), GPm9 (mesal gonapophyseal sclerite 9), PvS (posteroventral spine), job (juxtaocular bulge). Scale bars (mm): C–D = 5 mm, E–H = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262554/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Fig. 1A–D</figureCitation>
) of living individuals uniformly leaf green, except for a whitish strip extending between the proximal half of the forewing’s costal area and the base of the pronotal metazona, and a large yellowish-orange region over abdominal terga 1–4 (concealed by the wings when at rest). In drypreserved specimens, body coloration, including the abdomen, fading to pale green to yellowish, with whitish regions becoming less conspicuous. Measurements in
<tableCitation id="0948E6CC4255D155FD74F87E080A53DF" box="[758,842,2015,2041]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,152,176]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of studied females (mm)." pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="10B583FF4254D154FF15FF3909805497" box="[151,704,152,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234" startId="3.[151,239,152,176]" targetBox="[163,1382,191,1168]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="4475D3774254D154FF15FF3909805497" blockId="3.[151,704,152,177]" box="[151,704,152,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654254D154FF15FF390A4A5496" bold="true" box="[151,266,152,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Measurements of studied females (mm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="4475D3774254D154FF21FF610E7050B6" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<table id="36CA21D742542EA8FF21FF1E0E2650B6" box="[163,1382,191,1168]" gridcols="6" gridrows="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FF1E0E2654FE" box="[163,1382,191,216]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FF1E096354FE" box="[163,547,191,216]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654254D154FF21FF610A4B54FE" bold="true" box="[163,267,192,216]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Specimen</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FF1E09EF54FE" box="[582,687,191,216]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654254D154FDC4FF6109E854FE" bold="true" box="[582,680,192,216]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Female 1</emphasis>
c
</th>
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFF1E082654FE" box="[765,870,191,216]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654254D154FD7FFF61081F54FE" bold="true" box="[765,863,192,216]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Female 2</emphasis>
d
</th>
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFF1E0F4E54FE" box="[940,1038,191,216]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654254D154FC2EFF610F4E54FE" bold="true" box="[940,1038,192,216]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Female 3</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFF1E0FFB54FE" box="[1113,1211,191,216]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654254D154FBDBFF610FFB54FE" bold="true" box="[1113,1211,192,216]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Female 4</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FF1E0E2654FE" box="[1284,1382,191,216]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654254D154FA86FF610E2654FE" bold="true" box="[1284,1382,192,216]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Female 5</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FF460E265526" box="[163,1382,231,256]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FF4609635526" box="[163,547,231,256]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Body lengtha</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FF4609EF5526" box="[582,687,231,256]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">29</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFF4608265526" box="[765,870,231,256]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">34</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFF460F4E5526" box="[940,1038,231,256]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">32</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFF460FFB5526" box="[1113,1211,231,256]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">31</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FF460E265526" box="[1284,1382,231,256]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">29</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FEAE0E265501" box="[163,1382,271,295]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FEAE09635501" box="[163,547,271,295]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Head Length</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FEAE09EF5501" box="[582,687,271,295]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">3.63</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFEAE08265501" box="[765,870,271,295]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">3.75</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFEAE0F4E5501" box="[940,1038,271,295]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">3.71</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFEAE0FFB5501" box="[1113,1211,271,295]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">3.74</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FEAE0E265501" box="[1284,1382,271,295]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">3.45</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FE960E265569" box="[163,1382,311,335]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FE9609635569" box="[163,547,311,335]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Head Width</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FE9609EF5569" box="[582,687,311,335]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">5.56</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFE9608265569" box="[765,870,311,335]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">5.7</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFE960F4E5569" box="[940,1038,311,335]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">5.77</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFE960FFB5569" box="[1113,1211,311,335]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">5.69</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FE960E265569" box="[1284,1382,311,335]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">5.35</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FEFF0E265550" box="[163,1382,350,374]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FEFF09635550" box="[163,547,350,374]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Lower Frons width</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FEFF09EF5550" box="[582,687,350,374]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.24</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFEFF08265550" box="[765,870,350,374]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.25</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFEFF0F4E5550" box="[940,1038,350,374]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.28</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFEFF0FFB5550" box="[1113,1211,350,374]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.36</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FEFF0E265550" box="[1284,1382,350,374]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.07</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FE270E2655B8" box="[163,1382,390,414]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FE27096355B8" box="[163,547,390,414]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Lower Frons length</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FE2709EF55B8" box="[582,687,390,414]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">0.41</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFE27082655B8" box="[765,870,390,414]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">0.41</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFE270F4E55B8" box="[940,1038,390,414]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">0.41</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFE270FFB55B8" box="[1113,1211,390,414]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">0.4</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FE270E2655B8" box="[1284,1382,390,414]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">0.39</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FE0C0E2655E3" box="[163,1382,429,453]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FE0C096355E3" box="[163,547,429,453]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Pronotal length (prozona + metazona)</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FE0C09EF55E3" box="[582,687,429,453]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">9.69</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFE0C082655E3" box="[765,870,429,453]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">10.10</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFE0C0F4E55E3" box="[940,1038,429,453]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">10.33</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFE0C0FFB55E3" box="[1113,1211,429,453]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">10.51</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FE0C0E2655E3" box="[1284,1382,429,453]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">9.37</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FE740E2655CB" box="[163,1382,469,493]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FE74096355CB" box="[163,547,469,493]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Prozona</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FE7409EF55CB" box="[582,687,469,493]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.79</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFE74082655CB" box="[765,870,469,493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.89</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFE740F4E55CB" box="[940,1038,469,493]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.92</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFE740FFB55CB" box="[1113,1211,469,493]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.98</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FE740E2655CB" box="[1284,1382,469,493]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.65</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FE5D0E265632" box="[163,1382,508,532]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FE5D09635632" box="[163,547,508,532]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Metazona</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FE5D09EF5632" box="[582,687,508,532]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">6.9</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFE5D08265632" box="[765,870,508,532]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">7.21</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFE5D0F4E5632" box="[940,1038,508,532]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">7.41</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFE5D0FFB5632" box="[1113,1211,508,532]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">7.53</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FE5D0E265632" box="[1284,1382,508,532]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">6.72</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FD820E26561A" box="[163,1382,547,572]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FD820963561A" box="[163,547,547,572]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Pronotal width</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FD8209EF561A" box="[582,687,547,572]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.73</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFD820826561A" box="[765,870,547,572]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.77</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFD820F4E561A" box="[940,1038,547,572]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.82</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFD820FFB561A" box="[1113,1211,547,572]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.8</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FD820E26561A" box="[1284,1382,547,572]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.54</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FDEA0E265645" box="[163,1382,587,611]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FDEA09635645" box="[163,547,587,611]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Ratio metazona/prozona</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FDEA09EF5645" box="[582,687,587,611]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.47</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFDEA08265645" box="[765,870,587,611]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.49</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFDEA0F4E5645" box="[940,1038,587,611]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.53</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFDEA0FFB5645" box="[1113,1211,587,611]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.53</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FDEA0E265645" box="[1284,1382,587,611]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.54</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FDD30E2656AD" box="[163,1382,626,651]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FDD3096356AD" box="[163,547,626,651]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Forewing Length</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FDD309EF56AD" box="[582,687,626,651]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">14.37</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFDD3082656AD" box="[765,870,626,651]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">14.6</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFDD30F4E56AD" box="[940,1038,626,651]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">15.24</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFDD30FFB56AD" box="[1113,1211,626,651]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">15.34</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FDD30E2656AD" box="[1284,1382,626,651]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">13.99</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FD3B0E265694" box="[163,1382,666,690]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FD3B09635694" box="[163,547,666,690]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Hindwing Length</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FD3B09EF5694" box="[582,687,666,690]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">12.29</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFD3B08265694" box="[765,870,666,690]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">-</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFD3B0F4E5694" box="[940,1038,666,690]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">-</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFD3B0FFB5694" box="[1113,1211,666,690]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">-</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FD3B0E265694" box="[1284,1382,666,690]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FD630E2656FC" box="[163,1382,706,730]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FD63096356FC" box="[163,547,706,730]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Hindwig Width</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FD6309EF56FC" box="[582,687,706,730]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">8.11</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFD63082656FC" box="[765,870,706,730]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">-</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFD630F4E56FC" box="[940,1038,706,730]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">-</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFD630FFB56FC" box="[1113,1211,706,730]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">-</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FD630E2656FC" box="[1284,1382,706,730]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FD480E265727" box="[163,1382,745,769]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FD4809635727" box="[163,547,745,769]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Forecoxal Length</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FD4809EF5727" box="[582,687,745,769]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">6.58</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFD4808265727" box="[765,870,745,769]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">6.96</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFD480F4E5727" box="[940,1038,745,769]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">6.92</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFD480FFB5727" box="[1113,1211,745,769]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">7.08</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FD480E265727" box="[1284,1382,745,769]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">6.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FCB00E26570F" box="[163,1382,785,809]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FCB00963570F" box="[163,547,785,809]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Forecoxal Width</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FCB009EF570F" box="[582,687,785,809]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">1.02</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFCB00826570F" box="[765,870,785,809]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">1.34</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFCB00F4E570F" box="[940,1038,785,809]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">1.04</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFCB00FFB570F" box="[1113,1211,785,809]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">1.12</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FCB00E26570F" box="[1284,1382,785,809]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FC990E265776" box="[163,1382,824,848]" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FC9909635776" box="[163,547,824,848]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Forefemoral Length</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FC9909EF5776" box="[582,687,824,848]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">8.42</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFC9908265776" box="[765,870,824,848]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">8.73</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFC990F4E5776" box="[940,1038,824,848]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">8.47</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFC990FFB5776" box="[1113,1211,824,848]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">8.9</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FC990E265776" box="[1284,1382,824,848]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">7.89</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FCFE0E26575E" box="[163,1382,863,888]" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FCFE0963575E" box="[163,547,863,888]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Forefemoral Width</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FCFE09EF575E" box="[582,687,863,888]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">1.83</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFCFE0826575E" box="[765,870,863,888]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">2.00</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFCFE0F4E575E" box="[940,1038,863,888]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">1.97</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFCFE0FFB575E" box="[1113,1211,863,888]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">1.66</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FCFE0E26575E" box="[1284,1382,863,888]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">1.51</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FC260E2657B9" box="[163,1382,903,927]" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FC26096357B9" box="[163,547,903,927]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Foretibia Lengthb</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FC2609EF57B9" box="[582,687,903,927]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">3.89</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFC26082657B9" box="[765,870,903,927]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">4.07</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFC260F4E57B9" box="[940,1038,903,927]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">4.15</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFC260FFB57B9" box="[1113,1211,903,927]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">4.26</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FC260E2657B9" box="[1284,1382,903,927]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">4.14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FC0F0E2657E1" box="[163,1382,942,967]" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FC0F096357E1" box="[163,547,942,967]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Foretibia Length (with tibial spur)</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FC0F09EF57E1" box="[582,687,942,967]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">5.1</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFC0F082657E1" box="[765,870,942,967]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">5.35</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFC0F0F4E57E1" box="[940,1038,942,967]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">5.67</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFC0F0FFB57E1" box="[1113,1211,942,967]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">5.79</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FC0F0E2657E1" box="[1284,1382,942,967]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">5.02</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FC770E2657C8" box="[163,1382,982,1006]" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FC77096357C8" box="[163,547,982,1006]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Mesofemur Length</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FC7709EF57C8" box="[582,687,982,1006]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">8.3</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFC77082657C8" box="[765,870,982,1006]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">8.47</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFC770F4E57C8" box="[940,1038,982,1006]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">8.44</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFC770FFB57C8" box="[1113,1211,982,1006]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">8.96</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FC770E2657C8" box="[1284,1382,982,1006]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">7.67</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FC5C0E265030" box="[163,1382,1021,1046]" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FC5C09635030" box="[163,547,1021,1046]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Mesotibia Length</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FC5C09EF5030" box="[582,687,1021,1046]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">6.24</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFC5C08265030" box="[765,870,1021,1046]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">6.79</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFC5C0F4E5030" box="[940,1038,1021,1046]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">6.94</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFC5C0FFB5030" box="[1113,1211,1021,1046]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">7.24</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FC5C0E265030" box="[1284,1382,1021,1046]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">6.38</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FB840E26501B" box="[163,1382,1061,1085]" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FB840963501B" box="[163,547,1061,1085]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Mesotarsus Length</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FB8409EF501B" box="[582,687,1061,1085]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">3.96</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFB840826501B" box="[765,870,1061,1085]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">-</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFB840F4E501B" box="[940,1038,1061,1085]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">-</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFB840FFB501B" box="[1113,1211,1061,1085]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">-</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FB840E26501B" box="[1284,1382,1061,1085]" gridcol="5" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FBED0E265043" box="[163,1382,1100,1125]" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FBED09635043" box="[163,547,1100,1125]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Metafemur Length</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FBED09EF5043" box="[582,687,1100,1125]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">-</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFBED08265043" box="[765,870,1100,1125]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">9.18</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFBED0F4E5043" box="[940,1038,1100,1125]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">9.19</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFBED0FFB5043" box="[1113,1211,1100,1125]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">9.45</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FBED0E265043" box="[1284,1382,1100,1125]" gridcol="5" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">8.52</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FAFAD13542542EA8FF21FBD90E2650B6" box="[163,1382,1144,1168]" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<th id="B92BB84942542EA8FF21FBD9096350B6" box="[163,547,1144,1168]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Metatibia Length</th>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FDC4FBD909EF50B6" box="[582,687,1144,1168]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">9.91</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FD7FFBD9082650B6" box="[765,870,1144,1168]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">10.51</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FC2EFBD90F4E50B6" box="[940,1038,1144,1168]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">10.32</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FBDBFBD90FFB50B6" box="[1113,1211,1144,1168]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">10.89</td>
<td id="B92BB84942542EA8FA86FBD90E2650B6" box="[1284,1382,1144,1168]" gridcol="5" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">9.66</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<tableNote id="B92CD2F94254D154FF21FB020AA3510E" pageId="3" pageNumber="234" targetBox="[163,1382,191,1168]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="4475D3774254D154FF21FB020F3E509A" blockId="3.[163,1150,1187,1320]" box="[163,1150,1187,1212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<superScript id="B3BF7E3F4254D154FF21FB020A7F509A" attach="right" box="[163,319,1187,1212]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">aApproximated</superScript>
; body length measurements may vary due to the non-rigid nature of the abdomen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D3774254D154FF21FB6908EC50C6" blockId="3.[163,1150,1187,1320]" box="[163,940,1224,1248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<superScript id="B3BF7E3F4254D154FF21FB690B8650C6" attach="right" box="[163,198,1224,1248]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">bAs</superScript>
measured from the proximal bend of the tibia to the metatarsal insertion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D3774254D154FF21FB4A0AA15122" blockId="3.[163,1150,1187,1320]" box="[163,481,1259,1284]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<superScript id="B3BF7E3F4254D154FF21FB4A0A4D5122" attach="right" box="[163,269,1259,1284]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">cSpecimen</superScript>
portrayed in Fig. 1C
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D3774254D154FF21FAB10AA3510E" blockId="3.[163,1150,1187,1320]" box="[163,483,1296,1320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<superScript id="B3BF7E3F4254D154FF21FAB10A4E510E" attach="right" box="[163,270,1296,1320]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">dSpecimen</superScript>
portrayed in Fig. 1D
</paragraph>
</tableNote>
<paragraph id="4475D3774254D154FF45FAD70F765206" blockId="3.[151,1437,1398,2037]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
Head (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24254D154FE91FAD70A2751B7" box="[275,359,1398,1425]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1720,1744]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,319,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[154,1433,306,1694]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Microphotina viridescens. A) Dorsal habitus of a living specimen. B) Captive individual showing the vivid coloration of the metathoracic wing and abdominal terga. C) Dorsal habitus of the specimen shown in A, but with wing coloration slightly faded after preservation. D) Dorsal habitus of a pinned specimen with a distended abdomen (notice yellowish coloration of abdomen acquired after preservations). E) Head, frontal view. F) Pronotum, dorsal view. G) Forefemur, anteroventral aspect.H) Forefemur, posteroventral aspect, highlighting supernumerary PvS; I) Female genitalia. J) Gonapophysis 8 (gp8) in lateral view. Abbreviations: AG (accessory gland sclerite), agsl (accessory gland supporting lobe), al (aulax), CX8 (coxae 8), cxvl (ventrolateral coxal lobelet), DS (discoidal spines), gp8 (gonapophysis 8), gp9 (gonapophysis 9), gpal8 (apical lobe of gonapophysis 8), gl9 (gonoplac 9), GPm9 (mesal gonapophyseal sclerite 9), PvS (posteroventral spine), job (juxtaocular bulge). Scale bars (mm): C–D = 5 mm, E–H = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262554/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
) distinctly wider than long, pentagonal in shape. Juxtaocular bulges moderately developed and elevated as much as the vertex, extending above an imaginary line connecting the top of the compound eyes. Compound eyes kidney-shaped with rounded lateral margins, ocelli minute. Lower frons narrow, approximately 5.5–6 times wider than long. Antennae filiform and slightly longer than the pronotum, flagellomeres of the basal third green but darkening towards the distal third, becoming primarily dark brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D3774254D154FF45F98A09FD5296" blockId="3.[151,1437,1398,2037]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
Pronotum (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24254D154FEC8F98B0AE05263" box="[330,416,1578,1605]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1720,1744]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,319,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[154,1433,306,1694]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Microphotina viridescens. A) Dorsal habitus of a living specimen. B) Captive individual showing the vivid coloration of the metathoracic wing and abdominal terga. C) Dorsal habitus of the specimen shown in A, but with wing coloration slightly faded after preservation. D) Dorsal habitus of a pinned specimen with a distended abdomen (notice yellowish coloration of abdomen acquired after preservations). E) Head, frontal view. F) Pronotum, dorsal view. G) Forefemur, anteroventral aspect.H) Forefemur, posteroventral aspect, highlighting supernumerary PvS; I) Female genitalia. J) Gonapophysis 8 (gp8) in lateral view. Abbreviations: AG (accessory gland sclerite), agsl (accessory gland supporting lobe), al (aulax), CX8 (coxae 8), cxvl (ventrolateral coxal lobelet), DS (discoidal spines), gp8 (gonapophysis 8), gp9 (gonapophysis 9), gpal8 (apical lobe of gonapophysis 8), gl9 (gonoplac 9), GPm9 (mesal gonapophyseal sclerite 9), PvS (posteroventral spine), job (juxtaocular bulge). Scale bars (mm): C–D = 5 mm, E–H = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262554/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
) moderately robust, its surface smooth, longitudinal carina inconspicuous, only faintly indicated across the supracoxal sulcus. Lateral margins of the pronotum bearing small triangular denticles, the same absent along the supracoxal dilation. Ratio metazona/prozona = 2.47–2.54 (average ≈ 2.5). Anterior margin of prozona rounded, lateral margins almost parallel.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D3774254D154FF45F91B0F5253D2" blockId="3.[151,1437,1398,2037]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
Prothoracic legs relatively robust. Forecoxae surface smooth, inner aspect with short and scattered pilosity (especially concentrated on the basal third), anterior and posterior margins with small serrulations, apical lobes strongly divergent. Foreleg spination formula: F=4DS/14AvS/5–6PvS; T=14–16AvS/19PvS. Forefemora (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24254D154FABAF8A30BEC5367" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1720,1744]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,319,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[154,1433,306,1694]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Microphotina viridescens. A) Dorsal habitus of a living specimen. B) Captive individual showing the vivid coloration of the metathoracic wing and abdominal terga. C) Dorsal habitus of the specimen shown in A, but with wing coloration slightly faded after preservation. D) Dorsal habitus of a pinned specimen with a distended abdomen (notice yellowish coloration of abdomen acquired after preservations). E) Head, frontal view. F) Pronotum, dorsal view. G) Forefemur, anteroventral aspect.H) Forefemur, posteroventral aspect, highlighting supernumerary PvS; I) Female genitalia. J) Gonapophysis 8 (gp8) in lateral view. Abbreviations: AG (accessory gland sclerite), agsl (accessory gland supporting lobe), al (aulax), CX8 (coxae 8), cxvl (ventrolateral coxal lobelet), DS (discoidal spines), gp8 (gonapophysis 8), gp9 (gonapophysis 9), gpal8 (apical lobe of gonapophysis 8), gl9 (gonoplac 9), GPm9 (mesal gonapophyseal sclerite 9), PvS (posteroventral spine), job (juxtaocular bulge). Scale bars (mm): C–D = 5 mm, E–H = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262554/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Fig. 1G– H</figureCitation>
) with tibial spur groove at its proximal third. The third DS the longest, second DS slightly longer than the fourth, and first DS very small, almost indistinct. Forefemoral AvS equidistant, similar in size, except for the shorter 11th and 13th, and four basalmost AvS arranged in two rows. Forefemoral typically with 5 PvS, exceptionally 6 (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24254D154FAEDF8CF0BFC538B" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1720,1744]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,319,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[154,1433,306,1694]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Microphotina viridescens. A) Dorsal habitus of a living specimen. B) Captive individual showing the vivid coloration of the metathoracic wing and abdominal terga. C) Dorsal habitus of the specimen shown in A, but with wing coloration slightly faded after preservation. D) Dorsal habitus of a pinned specimen with a distended abdomen (notice yellowish coloration of abdomen acquired after preservations). E) Head, frontal view. F) Pronotum, dorsal view. G) Forefemur, anteroventral aspect.H) Forefemur, posteroventral aspect, highlighting supernumerary PvS; I) Female genitalia. J) Gonapophysis 8 (gp8) in lateral view. Abbreviations: AG (accessory gland sclerite), agsl (accessory gland supporting lobe), al (aulax), CX8 (coxae 8), cxvl (ventrolateral coxal lobelet), DS (discoidal spines), gp8 (gonapophysis 8), gp9 (gonapophysis 9), gpal8 (apical lobe of gonapophysis 8), gl9 (gonoplac 9), GPm9 (mesal gonapophyseal sclerite 9), PvS (posteroventral spine), job (juxtaocular bulge). Scale bars (mm): C–D = 5 mm, E–H = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262554/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Fig. 1H</figureCitation>
). Distance between 1st and 2nd PvS is shortest among any other contiguous pair within the same series. Each genicular lobe bearing a small spine. Foretibiae dorsal margin mostly straight, PvS and AvS declined, increasing in size distally, PvS smaller than AvS. All foreleg spines pale green with dark tips.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D3774253D153FF45FF360FB95497" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,285]" box="[199,1273,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
Meso- and metathoracic legs narrow (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24253D153FDEDFF3609AA5497" box="[623,746,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1720,1744]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,319,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[154,1433,306,1694]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Microphotina viridescens. A) Dorsal habitus of a living specimen. B) Captive individual showing the vivid coloration of the metathoracic wing and abdominal terga. C) Dorsal habitus of the specimen shown in A, but with wing coloration slightly faded after preservation. D) Dorsal habitus of a pinned specimen with a distended abdomen (notice yellowish coloration of abdomen acquired after preservations). E) Head, frontal view. F) Pronotum, dorsal view. G) Forefemur, anteroventral aspect.H) Forefemur, posteroventral aspect, highlighting supernumerary PvS; I) Female genitalia. J) Gonapophysis 8 (gp8) in lateral view. Abbreviations: AG (accessory gland sclerite), agsl (accessory gland supporting lobe), al (aulax), CX8 (coxae 8), cxvl (ventrolateral coxal lobelet), DS (discoidal spines), gp8 (gonapophysis 8), gp9 (gonapophysis 9), gpal8 (apical lobe of gonapophysis 8), gl9 (gonoplac 9), GPm9 (mesal gonapophyseal sclerite 9), PvS (posteroventral spine), job (juxtaocular bulge). Scale bars (mm): C–D = 5 mm, E–H = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262554/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">Fig. 1C–D</figureCitation>
), midtibiae shorter than corresponding femora.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D3774253D152FF45FF1A098C54DF" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,285]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="236" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
Mesothoracic wing membrane green and opaque, veins slightly darker than surrounding membrane, creating a contrasting reticulated pattern. Stigma elongated and green, matching the color (=concolorous) of the veins. Costal area whitish proximally, progressively turning green distally, bearing irregular reticulation. Metathoracic wings opaque, costal area yellowish green, discoidal area yellow except for a narrow green distal portion, anal area orange (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24252D152FF1DFF1A0A6B54F3" box="[159,299,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1720,1744]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,319,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[154,1433,306,1694]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Microphotina viridescens. A) Dorsal habitus of a living specimen. B) Captive individual showing the vivid coloration of the metathoracic wing and abdominal terga. C) Dorsal habitus of the specimen shown in A, but with wing coloration slightly faded after preservation. D) Dorsal habitus of a pinned specimen with a distended abdomen (notice yellowish coloration of abdomen acquired after preservations). E) Head, frontal view. F) Pronotum, dorsal view. G) Forefemur, anteroventral aspect.H) Forefemur, posteroventral aspect, highlighting supernumerary PvS; I) Female genitalia. J) Gonapophysis 8 (gp8) in lateral view. Abbreviations: AG (accessory gland sclerite), agsl (accessory gland supporting lobe), al (aulax), CX8 (coxae 8), cxvl (ventrolateral coxal lobelet), DS (discoidal spines), gp8 (gonapophysis 8), gp9 (gonapophysis 9), gpal8 (apical lobe of gonapophysis 8), gl9 (gonoplac 9), GPm9 (mesal gonapophyseal sclerite 9), PvS (posteroventral spine), job (juxtaocular bulge). Scale bars (mm): C–D = 5 mm, E–H = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262554/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">Figs. 1A‒D</figureCitation>
). Wings typically reaching just beyond the distal margin of tergum 5 In resting position (variable depending on the degree of abdominal distention).
</paragraph>
<caption id="10B583FF4253D153FF15F91909F553C9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262554" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15262554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262554/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" startId="4.[151,250,1720,1744]" targetBox="[167,1420,319,1681]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="4475D3774253D153FF15F91909F553C9" blockId="4.[151,1437,1720,2032]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654253D153FF15F9190A5152F6" bold="true" box="[151,273,1720,1744]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
. Female of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44253D153FE17F91909DB52F6" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[405,667,1720,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654253D153FE17F91909DB52F6" box="[405,667,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">Microphotina viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A) Dorsal habitus of a living specimen. B) Captive individual showing the vivid coloration of the metathoracic wing and abdominal terga. C) Dorsal habitus of the specimen shown in A, but with wing coloration slightly faded after preservation. D) Dorsal habitus of a pinned specimen with a distended abdomen (notice yellowish coloration of abdomen acquired after preservations). E) Head, frontal view. F) Pronotum, dorsal view. G) Forefemur, anteroventral aspect. H) Forefemur, posteroventral aspect, highlighting supernumerary PvS; I) Female genitalia. J) Gonapophysis 8 (gp8) in lateral view. Abbreviations: AG (accessory gland sclerite), agsl (accessory gland supporting lobe), al (aulax), CX8 (coxae 8), cxvl (ventrolateral coxal lobelet), DS (discoidal spines), gp8 (gonapophysis 8), gp9 (gonapophysis 9), gpal8 (apical lobe of gonapophysis 8), gl9 (gonoplac 9), GPm9 (mesal gonapophyseal sclerite 9), PvS (posteroventral spine), job (juxtaocular bulge). Scale bars (mm): C–D = 5 mm, E–H = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="4475D3774252D152FF45FEA20F0C5647" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">
Abdomen fusiform, lacking lobes or projections. Supraanal plate triangular with a rounded apex. Cerci setulose, longer than the supraanal and subgenital plates, comprising 11 visible cercomeres (first visible cercomere consisting of a few fused segments), last cercomere conical with rounded tip, longer than wide. Genitalia (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24252D152FB47FEEA0E505543" box="[1221,1296,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1720,1744]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,319,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[154,1433,306,1694]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Microphotina viridescens. A) Dorsal habitus of a living specimen. B) Captive individual showing the vivid coloration of the metathoracic wing and abdominal terga. C) Dorsal habitus of the specimen shown in A, but with wing coloration slightly faded after preservation. D) Dorsal habitus of a pinned specimen with a distended abdomen (notice yellowish coloration of abdomen acquired after preservations). E) Head, frontal view. F) Pronotum, dorsal view. G) Forefemur, anteroventral aspect.H) Forefemur, posteroventral aspect, highlighting supernumerary PvS; I) Female genitalia. J) Gonapophysis 8 (gp8) in lateral view. Abbreviations: AG (accessory gland sclerite), agsl (accessory gland supporting lobe), al (aulax), CX8 (coxae 8), cxvl (ventrolateral coxal lobelet), DS (discoidal spines), gp8 (gonapophysis 8), gp9 (gonapophysis 9), gpal8 (apical lobe of gonapophysis 8), gl9 (gonoplac 9), GPm9 (mesal gonapophyseal sclerite 9), PvS (posteroventral spine), job (juxtaocular bulge). Scale bars (mm): C–D = 5 mm, E–H = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262554/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">Fig. 1I</figureCitation>
) with apical lobe (gpal8) of gonapophysis 8 (gp8) bearing long setae. The aulax (al), a longitudinal dorsal groove located in the middle of gp8 accommodating the rachis of gp9, elongated, its internal ridge extending forward to form a trapezoidal protrusion ending in a narrow, curved lobe; in lateral view, the tip of gp8 appearing wrench-like (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24252D152FAEDFE160BF255D3" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1720,1744]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,319,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-71@4.[154,1433,306,1694]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Female of Microphotina viridescens. A) Dorsal habitus of a living specimen. B) Captive individual showing the vivid coloration of the metathoracic wing and abdominal terga. C) Dorsal habitus of the specimen shown in A, but with wing coloration slightly faded after preservation. D) Dorsal habitus of a pinned specimen with a distended abdomen (notice yellowish coloration of abdomen acquired after preservations). E) Head, frontal view. F) Pronotum, dorsal view. G) Forefemur, anteroventral aspect.H) Forefemur, posteroventral aspect, highlighting supernumerary PvS; I) Female genitalia. J) Gonapophysis 8 (gp8) in lateral view. Abbreviations: AG (accessory gland sclerite), agsl (accessory gland supporting lobe), al (aulax), CX8 (coxae 8), cxvl (ventrolateral coxal lobelet), DS (discoidal spines), gp8 (gonapophysis 8), gp9 (gonapophysis 9), gpal8 (apical lobe of gonapophysis 8), gl9 (gonoplac 9), GPm9 (mesal gonapophyseal sclerite 9), PvS (posteroventral spine), job (juxtaocular bulge). Scale bars (mm): C–D = 5 mm, E–H = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262554/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">Fig. 1J</figureCitation>
). Apex of gonoplac 9 (gl9) truncated and shallowly notched. Gonapophysis 9 (gp9) pointy, with the rachis and mesal gonapophyseal sclerite 9 (GPm9) well-sclerotized, the latter being narrow and straight. The accessory gland supporting lobe (agsl) membranous, accessory gland sclerite (AG) moderately sclerotized. Coxae 8 (CX8) elongated. The ventrolateral coxal lobelet (cxvl) well-developed, laterally projected and forked.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D3774252D152FF45FDCA089757EF" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">
Ootheca (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24252D152FEB1FDCA0AED56A3" box="[307,429,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1221,1245]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,184,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-18@6.[151,1435,179,1195]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Oothecae of M. viridescens and relatives (Cardiopterinae + Photinainae). A) Right lateral view (specimen 1). B) Left lateral view (specimen 2) showing the mode of attachment to the substrate. C) Dorsal view. D) Frontal view (notice ridged emergence area). E) Ootheca diversity in Photinainae and its sister group, Cardiopterinae (evolutionary affinities sensu Rivera &amp; Svenson, 2016). Overall, the oothecae of Photinainae can be distinguished from those of Cardiopterinae by their caramel brown coloration, compact and globular shape, thick and hard outer wall, and raised emergence area (except in Hicetia). Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262556/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">Fig. 2A–D</figureCitation>
) semi-spherical, outer wall thin and smooth, caramel brown in color (unhatched egg cases may have a greenish tinge); no visible traces of external coating on the outer wall. The proximal end of the ootheca fully or partially encircling the attaching substrate; in this case, the petiole of a leaf or its midvein. At the fixation point, the emergence area forming an angle of 100–120 degrees relative to the substrate; as a result, the ventral surface of the ootheca exposed. The emergence area itself convex and distally raised (better observed in the lateral view), forming a ridge with a slightly curved apex. The emergence area encompassing 18–20 openings (the same are sealed with a whitish, spongious material in freshly laid specimens). Inside the ootheca, approximately 62–
<specimenCount id="52CC18FE4252D152FA03FCE30B8A57A7" count="75" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" type="egg">75 eggs</specimenCount>
observed, the eggs in contact with the inner wall, as indicated by the rounded scars left at their point of contact. Measurements (mm): length (from tip to fixation point): 10.98–11.13; width: 7.18–7.2; length of emergence area: 11.11–11.33; max. girth: 23.17–24.2; width of emergence area: 1.42–1.62.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0CD080FC4252D15FFF45FC72089150A0" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="239" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="4475D3774252D152FF45FC7209B9507F" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654252D152FF45FC72097B57CB" bold="true" box="[199,571,979,1005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">Remarks on male morphology.</emphasis>
The examined males of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44252D152FCD7FC7208BA57CB" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[853,1018,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654252D152FCD7FC7208BA57CB" box="[853,1018,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
match the redescription provided by
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864252D152FF15FC560ADC5037" author="Francois, A. &amp; Roy, R." box="[151,412,1014,1041]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="389 - 396" refId="ref11398" refString="Francois, A. &amp; Roy, R. (2015) Le genre Microphotina Beier, 1935: Deux especes, ou une seule? (Mantodea, Photinaidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 120 (3), 389-396. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsef_0037-928x_2015_ num _ 120 _ 3 _ 2258] https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.2015.2258" type="journal article" year="2015">François &amp; Roy (2015)</bibRefCitation>
. However, we find it pertinent to clarify two aspects that we consider ambiguous in
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864252D152FABEFC560A075013" author="Francois, A. &amp; Roy, R." pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="389 - 396" refId="ref11398" refString="Francois, A. &amp; Roy, R. (2015) Le genre Microphotina Beier, 1935: Deux especes, ou une seule? (Mantodea, Photinaidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 120 (3), 389-396. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsef_0037-928x_2015_ num _ 120 _ 3 _ 2258] https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.2015.2258" type="journal article" year="2015">François &amp; Roy’s (2015)</bibRefCitation>
treatment of this species: (i) the chromatic characteristics of the male wings and (ii) the anatomical details of the left phallomere’s posterior process (paa).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D3774252D152FF45FBC2097A51C3" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">
The male
<typeStatus id="9B716DD54252D152FEB1FBC20AD5505B" box="[307,405,1123,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44252D152FE34FBC20917505B" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[438,599,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654252D152FE34FBC20917505B" box="[438,599,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24252D152FDE6FBC209FA505B" box="[612,698,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1646,1670]" captionTargetBox="[225,1353,179,1620]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[224,1363,179,1620]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A) male holotype of Photina viridescens (now Microphotina viridescens) (deposited at MNHN) [additional images, including labels, available at: https://ento360.com/mantid/specimen/148]. B) Dorsal habitus of a male specimen of M. viridescens (notice the lack of opaque regions on the wings). C) Ventral phallomere + left phallomere complex, dorsal view. D) Distal portion of left phallomere, slightly tilted forward relative to C (bounding box), and ventral view of the paa of three different specimens to highlight variation along the distal margin. E) Ventral phallomere, ventral view. F) Right phallomere, lateral view. G) Right phallomere, laterovental view (arrow points to a patch of spiniform setae). H) Genital complex of Microphotina viridula (paratype) deposited at MNHN (genital preparation NM0302; photo by N. Moulin) from Mitaraka, FG [Note: DNA barcoding sequences for this specimen are available at BOLD accession no. GFMAN18-213]. Abbreviations: afa (apofisi falloide), bl (basal lobe), L4A (sclerite extending over the ventral wall), L4B (sclerite extending over the dorsal wall), LP (left phallomere), paa (processo apicale), pia (piastra ventrale), pva (processo ventrale sclerificato), RP (right phallomere), VP (ventral phallomere). Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262558/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
) is peculiar because its wings possess a yellowish green, tessellated pattern, a unique feature not observed in males of any other member of the
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44252D152FC69FB260F335087" box="[1003,1139,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Photinainae">Photinainae</taxonomicName>
. Concerning this attribute,
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, p. 394) wrote (translated from French): i) “Wide elytra [...] more or less translucent with pale green veins, the costal and radial veins of the same color as the apex,
<emphasis id="76BE0F654252D152FC16FB6F0E4E50CF" bold="true" box="[916,1294,1230,1257]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">which is of a deeper green shade</emphasis>
”; ii) “Wings [...] with a
<emphasis id="76BE0F654252D152FE94FB530F51512A" bold="true" box="[278,1041,1266,1293]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">similar coloration pattern, the apex being more or less greenish</emphasis>
, as observed in the
<typeStatus id="9B716DD54252D152FB77FB520E1D512B" box="[1269,1373,1267,1293]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
”; and iii) “The male
<typeStatus id="9B716DD54252D152FEBEFAB60ADE5117" box="[316,414,1303,1329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is distinguished from all others by
<emphasis id="76BE0F654252D152FCAEFAB70A175173" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">its less translucent flight organs with more extensive opaque borders</emphasis>
…” Based on our analysis of specimens, we find that the text by
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864252D152FBE9FA9A0E3E5173" author="Francois, A. &amp; Roy, R." box="[1131,1406,1338,1365]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="389 - 396" refId="ref11398" refString="Francois, A. &amp; Roy, R. (2015) Le genre Microphotina Beier, 1935: Deux especes, ou une seule? (Mantodea, Photinaidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 120 (3), 389-396. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsef_0037-928x_2015_ num _ 120 _ 3 _ 2258] https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.2015.2258" type="journal article" year="2015">François &amp; Roy (2015)</bibRefCitation>
is ambiguous in characterizing the wing pigmentation, as it suggests that this characteristic is
<emphasis id="76BE0F654252D152FB11FAFE0F8C515E" box="[1171,1228,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">more</emphasis>
accentuated in the
<typeStatus id="9B716DD54252D152FF15FA220BBC51BB" box="[151,252,1411,1437]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, thus implying that the same trait is present in other males but to a lesser extent. Unfortunately,
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864252D152FAA2FA220A5851E7" author="Francois, A. &amp; Roy, R." pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="389 - 396" refId="ref11398" refString="Francois, A. &amp; Roy, R. (2015) Le genre Microphotina Beier, 1935: Deux especes, ou une seule? (Mantodea, Photinaidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 120 (3), 389-396. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsef_0037-928x_2015_ num _ 120 _ 3 _ 2258] https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.2015.2258" type="journal article" year="2015">François &amp; Roy (2015)</bibRefCitation>
only portrayed the male
<typeStatus id="9B716DD54252D152FDB2FA0609D551E7" box="[560,661,1447,1473]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, and thus this character could not be corroborated in other specimens reported within the same publication.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D3774252D152FF45FA4E08D1539F" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">
To clarify this issue, we consulted with N. Moulin, who informed us that male specimens of this species reported by
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864252D152FE9EF9B2095D520B" author="Francois, A. &amp; Roy, R." box="[284,541,1554,1581]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="389 - 396" refId="ref11398" refString="Francois, A. &amp; Roy, R. (2015) Le genre Microphotina Beier, 1935: Deux especes, ou une seule? (Mantodea, Photinaidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 120 (3), 389-396. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsef_0037-928x_2015_ num _ 120 _ 3 _ 2258] https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.2015.2258" type="journal article" year="2015">François &amp; Roy (2015)</bibRefCitation>
and deposited at the MNHN have, like the specimens we examined, typical male
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44252D152FF15F9960A705277" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[151,304,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654252D152FF15F9960A705277" box="[151,304,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
wings, i.e., hyaline and unpigmented (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24252D152FD70F996080C5277" box="[754,844,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1646,1670]" captionTargetBox="[225,1353,179,1620]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[224,1363,179,1620]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A) male holotype of Photina viridescens (now Microphotina viridescens) (deposited at MNHN) [additional images, including labels, available at: https://ento360.com/mantid/specimen/148]. B) Dorsal habitus of a male specimen of M. viridescens (notice the lack of opaque regions on the wings). C) Ventral phallomere + left phallomere complex, dorsal view. D) Distal portion of left phallomere, slightly tilted forward relative to C (bounding box), and ventral view of the paa of three different specimens to highlight variation along the distal margin. E) Ventral phallomere, ventral view. F) Right phallomere, lateral view. G) Right phallomere, laterovental view (arrow points to a patch of spiniform setae). H) Genital complex of Microphotina viridula (paratype) deposited at MNHN (genital preparation NM0302; photo by N. Moulin) from Mitaraka, FG [Note: DNA barcoding sequences for this specimen are available at BOLD accession no. GFMAN18-213]. Abbreviations: afa (apofisi falloide), bl (basal lobe), L4A (sclerite extending over the ventral wall), L4B (sclerite extending over the dorsal wall), LP (left phallomere), paa (processo apicale), pia (piastra ventrale), pva (processo ventrale sclerificato), RP (right phallomere), VP (ventral phallomere). Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262558/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). This confirms that the
<typeStatus id="9B716DD54252D152FBE8F9960F8C5277" box="[1130,1228,1591,1617]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44252D152FB74F9960EDC5277" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1270,1436,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654252D152FB74F9960EDC5277" box="[1270,1436,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
corresponds to an anomalous individual in which wing pigmentation attributes, commonly observed in females, may have been expressed, possibly in response to the activity of an internal parasite, as speculated by
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864252D152FB65F9DE0BA5529B" author="Francois, A. &amp; Roy, R." pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="389 - 396" refId="ref11398" refString="Francois, A. &amp; Roy, R. (2015) Le genre Microphotina Beier, 1935: Deux especes, ou une seule? (Mantodea, Photinaidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 120 (3), 389-396. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsef_0037-928x_2015_ num _ 120 _ 3 _ 2258] https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.2015.2258" type="journal article" year="2015">François &amp; Roy (2015)</bibRefCitation>
. There are other reported cases of intersexual specimens designated as
<typeStatus id="9B716DD54252D152FC79F9020F28529B" box="[1019,1128,1699,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
in the taxonomic history of Neotropical
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44252D152FEA1F9660AD752C7" baseAuthorityName="Svenson &amp; Rodrigues" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[291,407,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
. For example,
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864252D152FDBFF96608D852C7" author="Lombardo, F. &amp; Umbriaco, R." box="[573,920,1735,1761]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="31 - 34" refId="ref12019" refString="Lombardo, F. &amp; Umbriaco, R. (2011) Taxonomic re-evaluation of Parastagmatoptera abnormis Beier, 1963 (Dictyoptera, Mantidae: Stagmatopterinae): An unusual case of &quot; parasite-induced &quot; synonymy. Zootaxa, 2735 (1), 31-34. https://doi.org/0.11646/zootaxa.2735.1.4" type="journal article" year="2011">Lombardo &amp; Umbriaco (2011)</bibRefCitation>
discovered that
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44252D152FBD3F9660A5B5323" authority="Beier, 1963" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1963" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Parastagmatoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abnormis">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654252D152FBD3F9660EDC52C7" box="[1105,1436,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">Parastagmatoptera abnormis</emphasis>
Beier, 1963
</taxonomicName>
was a parasite-induced intersexual individual of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44252D152FCCFF94A0E505323" authority="(Audinet-Serville, 1839)" baseAuthorityName="Audinet-Serville" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[845,1296,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Parastagmatoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavoguttata">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654252D152FCCFF94A08B25323" box="[845,1010,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">P. flavoguttata</emphasis>
(Audinet-Serville, 1839)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44252D152FAA3F94A0ED15323" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1313,1425,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mantidae</taxonomicName>
), while
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864252D152FF59F8AE0ACD530F" author="Agudelo, A. A." box="[219,397,1807,1833]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="408 - 411" refId="ref10399" refString="Agudelo, A. A. (2014) Intersexuality in the holotype of Photina gracilis (Mantodea: Mantidae: Photininae) and its taxonomic implications. Zoologia, Curitiba, 31, 408-411. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702014000400014" type="journal article" year="2014">Agudelo (2014)</bibRefCitation>
reported a similar case in the “female”
<typeStatus id="9B716DD54252D152FCCAF8AE08EA530F" box="[840,938,1807,1833]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44252D152FC4DF8AE0E0D530F" authority="Giglio-Tos, 1915" authorityName="Giglio-Tos" authorityYear="1915" box="[975,1357,1806,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Photina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654252D152FC4DF8AE0FC5530F" box="[975,1157,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">Photina gracilis</emphasis>
Giglio-Tos, 1915
</taxonomicName>
, which turned out to be a remarkable case of a fully feminized male of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44252D152FCDCF8920F99536B" authority="(Burmeister, 1838)" baseAuthorityName="Burmeister" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[862,1241,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Photina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitrea">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654252D152FCDCF89208BE536A" box="[862,1022,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">Photina vitrea</emphasis>
(Burmeister, 1838)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44252D152FB6AF8920E33536B" authorityName="Giglio-Tos" authorityYear="1915" box="[1256,1395,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Photinaidae</taxonomicName>
). In the previous cases, the presence of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) inside the abdominal cavities of the examined type specimens was confirmed through direct observation or dissections. The presence of such a parasite inside the abdomen of the
<typeStatus id="9B716DD54252D152FECEF83E0AEE539F" box="[332,430,1951,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44252D152FE56F83E0937539F" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[468,631,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654252D152FE56F83E0937539F" box="[468,631,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is pending confirmation.
</paragraph>
<caption id="10B583FF4251D151FF15FB640ED95148" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262556" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15262556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262556/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" startId="6.[151,250,1221,1245]" targetBox="[155,1434,184,1186]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="4475D3774251D151FF15FB640ED95148" blockId="6.[151,1437,1221,1390]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654251D151FF15FB640A4E50FB" bold="true" box="[151,270,1221,1245]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. Oothecae of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44251D151FE22FB67097550F8" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[416,565,1222,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654251D151FE22FB67097550F8" box="[416,565,1222,1246]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and relatives (
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44251D151FD4EFB67082450F8" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[716,868,1222,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cardiopterinae">Cardiopterinae</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44251D151FC00FB6708BF50F8" box="[898,1023,1222,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Photinainae">Photinainae</taxonomicName>
). A) Right lateral view (specimen 1). B) Left lateral view (specimen 2) showing the mode of attachment to the substrate. C) Dorsal view. D) Frontal view (notice ridged emergence area). E) Ootheca diversity in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44251D151FDB7FAAF09ED5100" box="[565,685,1294,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Photinainae">Photinainae</taxonomicName>
and its sister group,
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44251D151FCF8FAAF0F515100" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[890,1041,1294,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cardiopterinae">Cardiopterinae</taxonomicName>
(evolutionary affinities
<emphasis id="76BE0F654251D151FA80FAAF0E7A5103" box="[1282,1338,1294,1317]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864251D151FAC2FAAF0A70516C" author="Rivera, J. &amp; Svenson, G. J." pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="607 - 649" refId="ref12781" refString="Rivera, J. &amp; Svenson, G. J. (2016) The Neotropical &quot; Polymorphic Earless Praying Mantises &quot; - Part I: molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level systematics (Insecta: Mantodea, Acanthopoidea). Systematic Entomology, 41 (3), 607-649. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12178" type="journal article" year="2016">Rivera &amp; Svenson, 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Overall, the oothecae of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44251D151FDBAFA9309F0516C" box="[568,688,1330,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Photinainae">Photinainae</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from those of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44251D151FB94FA930FED516C" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[1046,1197,1330,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cardiopterinae">Cardiopterinae</taxonomicName>
by their caramel brown coloration, compact and globular shape, thick and hard outer wall, and raised emergence area (except in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44251D151FB3BFAF70E44514B" authorityName="Saussure &amp; Zehntner" authorityYear="1894" box="[1209,1284,1366,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Hicetia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654251D151FB3BFAF70E44514B" box="[1209,1284,1366,1389]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Hicetia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Not to scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="4475D3774251D151FF45FA610A325340" blockId="6.[151,1437,1472,2038]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
The conformation of the phallomeres of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44251D151FD0BFA60086C51FC" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[649,812,1472,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654251D151FD0BFA60086C51FC" box="[649,812,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the features of the distal margin of the subgenital plate, and the slight asymmetry of the styli (observed in some specimens), are all recognizable in our examined material. The left phallomere’s posterior process (paa) was not clearly represented in
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864251D151FC5DF9A90E535204" author="Francois, A. &amp; Roy, R." box="[991,1299,1544,1571]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="389 - 396" refId="ref11398" refString="Francois, A. &amp; Roy, R. (2015) Le genre Microphotina Beier, 1935: Deux especes, ou une seule? (Mantodea, Photinaidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 120 (3), 389-396. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsef_0037-928x_2015_ num _ 120 _ 3 _ 2258] https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.2015.2258" type="journal article" year="2015">François &amp; Roy (2015: 394</bibRefCitation>
, Fig 10) and thus we picture and describe it here in greater detail (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24251D151FD71F98D083B5260" box="[755,891,1580,1606]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1646,1670]" captionTargetBox="[225,1353,179,1620]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[224,1363,179,1620]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A) male holotype of Photina viridescens (now Microphotina viridescens) (deposited at MNHN) [additional images, including labels, available at: https://ento360.com/mantid/specimen/148]. B) Dorsal habitus of a male specimen of M. viridescens (notice the lack of opaque regions on the wings). C) Ventral phallomere + left phallomere complex, dorsal view. D) Distal portion of left phallomere, slightly tilted forward relative to C (bounding box), and ventral view of the paa of three different specimens to highlight variation along the distal margin. E) Ventral phallomere, ventral view. F) Right phallomere, lateral view. G) Right phallomere, laterovental view (arrow points to a patch of spiniform setae). H) Genital complex of Microphotina viridula (paratype) deposited at MNHN (genital preparation NM0302; photo by N. Moulin) from Mitaraka, FG [Note: DNA barcoding sequences for this specimen are available at BOLD accession no. GFMAN18-213]. Abbreviations: afa (apofisi falloide), bl (basal lobe), L4A (sclerite extending over the ventral wall), L4B (sclerite extending over the dorsal wall), LP (left phallomere), paa (processo apicale), pia (piastra ventrale), pva (processo ventrale sclerificato), RP (right phallomere), VP (ventral phallomere). Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262558/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Figs. 3C–D</figureCitation>
). Overall, the genital complex of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44251D151FB7AF98C0EDC5260" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1272,1436,1580,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654251D151FB7AF98C0EDC5260" box="[1272,1436,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
conforms with the “
<typeStatus id="9B716DD54251D151FEFEF9F10AF6524C" box="[380,438,1616,1642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Type</typeStatus>
3” morphology of
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864251D151FD1AF9F10883524C" author="Rivera, J. &amp; Svenson, G. J." box="[664,963,1616,1642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" refId="ref12845" refString="Rivera, J. &amp; Svenson, G. J. (2020) The Neotropical &quot; Polymorphic Earless Praying Mantises &quot; - Part II: Taxonomic Review of the Genera and Checklist of Species (Insecta: Mantodea, Acanthopoidea). Thomas Say Publications in Entomology. Monograph 37. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, Maryland, 236 pp. https://doi.org/10.4182/QQHU9127" type="book" year="2020">Rivera &amp; Svenson (2020)</bibRefCitation>
. The left phallomere has the afa reduced to a narrow, sclerotized region that is wider in its distal half and is anteriorly accompanied by a well-developed, membranous lobe. The paa is well-developed and robust, hammerhead-like, with an irregular distal margin (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24251D151FAEDF9390BFD52F0" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1646,1670]" captionTargetBox="[225,1353,179,1620]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[224,1363,179,1620]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A) male holotype of Photina viridescens (now Microphotina viridescens) (deposited at MNHN) [additional images, including labels, available at: https://ento360.com/mantid/specimen/148]. B) Dorsal habitus of a male specimen of M. viridescens (notice the lack of opaque regions on the wings). C) Ventral phallomere + left phallomere complex, dorsal view. D) Distal portion of left phallomere, slightly tilted forward relative to C (bounding box), and ventral view of the paa of three different specimens to highlight variation along the distal margin. E) Ventral phallomere, ventral view. F) Right phallomere, lateral view. G) Right phallomere, laterovental view (arrow points to a patch of spiniform setae). H) Genital complex of Microphotina viridula (paratype) deposited at MNHN (genital preparation NM0302; photo by N. Moulin) from Mitaraka, FG [Note: DNA barcoding sequences for this specimen are available at BOLD accession no. GFMAN18-213]. Abbreviations: afa (apofisi falloide), bl (basal lobe), L4A (sclerite extending over the ventral wall), L4B (sclerite extending over the dorsal wall), LP (left phallomere), paa (processo apicale), pia (piastra ventrale), pva (processo ventrale sclerificato), RP (right phallomere), VP (ventral phallomere). Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262558/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
). The ventral phallomere is guttiform with elongated and narrow bl, its tip curved and strongly sclerotized, and right lateral margin with a small, sclerotized region (better observed in the ventral view) (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24251D151FB44F9410E5F52DC" box="[1222,1311,1760,1786]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1646,1670]" captionTargetBox="[225,1353,179,1620]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[224,1363,179,1620]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A) male holotype of Photina viridescens (now Microphotina viridescens) (deposited at MNHN) [additional images, including labels, available at: https://ento360.com/mantid/specimen/148]. B) Dorsal habitus of a male specimen of M. viridescens (notice the lack of opaque regions on the wings). C) Ventral phallomere + left phallomere complex, dorsal view. D) Distal portion of left phallomere, slightly tilted forward relative to C (bounding box), and ventral view of the paa of three different specimens to highlight variation along the distal margin. E) Ventral phallomere, ventral view. F) Right phallomere, lateral view. G) Right phallomere, laterovental view (arrow points to a patch of spiniform setae). H) Genital complex of Microphotina viridula (paratype) deposited at MNHN (genital preparation NM0302; photo by N. Moulin) from Mitaraka, FG [Note: DNA barcoding sequences for this specimen are available at BOLD accession no. GFMAN18-213]. Abbreviations: afa (apofisi falloide), bl (basal lobe), L4A (sclerite extending over the ventral wall), L4B (sclerite extending over the dorsal wall), LP (left phallomere), paa (processo apicale), pia (piastra ventrale), pva (processo ventrale sclerificato), RP (right phallomere), VP (ventral phallomere). Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262558/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
). The right phallomere has a large patch of setiform spines (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF24251D151FD2EF8A5086E5338" box="[684,814,1796,1822]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1646,1670]" captionTargetBox="[225,1353,179,1620]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[224,1363,179,1620]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A) male holotype of Photina viridescens (now Microphotina viridescens) (deposited at MNHN) [additional images, including labels, available at: https://ento360.com/mantid/specimen/148]. B) Dorsal habitus of a male specimen of M. viridescens (notice the lack of opaque regions on the wings). C) Ventral phallomere + left phallomere complex, dorsal view. D) Distal portion of left phallomere, slightly tilted forward relative to C (bounding box), and ventral view of the paa of three different specimens to highlight variation along the distal margin. E) Ventral phallomere, ventral view. F) Right phallomere, lateral view. G) Right phallomere, laterovental view (arrow points to a patch of spiniform setae). H) Genital complex of Microphotina viridula (paratype) deposited at MNHN (genital preparation NM0302; photo by N. Moulin) from Mitaraka, FG [Note: DNA barcoding sequences for this specimen are available at BOLD accession no. GFMAN18-213]. Abbreviations: afa (apofisi falloide), bl (basal lobe), L4A (sclerite extending over the ventral wall), L4B (sclerite extending over the dorsal wall), LP (left phallomere), paa (processo apicale), pia (piastra ventrale), pva (processo ventrale sclerificato), RP (right phallomere), VP (ventral phallomere). Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262558/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Figs. 3F–G</figureCitation>
). Consistent with
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864251D151FC76F8A50FB75339" author="Francois, A. &amp; Roy, R." box="[1012,1271,1796,1823]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="389 - 396" refId="ref11398" refString="Francois, A. &amp; Roy, R. (2015) Le genre Microphotina Beier, 1935: Deux especes, ou une seule? (Mantodea, Photinaidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 120 (3), 389-396. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/bsef_0037-928x_2015_ num _ 120 _ 3 _ 2258] https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.2015.2258" type="journal article" year="2015">François &amp; Roy (2015)</bibRefCitation>
, the subgenital plate is even (not notched) in between the styli; the latter may be slightly asymmetrical in terms of size and shape in some specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D3774251D15FFF45F8D1089150A0" blockId="6.[151,1437,1472,2038]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,1060,1159]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="239" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
Our observations confirmed that the ventral phallomere’s paa of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44251D151FC24F8D00F0A53AC" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[934,1098,1904,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654251D151FC24F8D00F0A53AC" box="[934,1098,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is hammerhead-like, as in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44251D151FAFCF8D009645388" authority="Schwarz et al., 2020" authorityName="Schwarz" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panguanensis">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654251D151FAFCF8D00A715388" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">M. panguanensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864251D151FEB8F83509645388" author="Schwarz, C. J. &amp; Ehrmann, R. &amp; Stiewe, M. B. &amp; Moertter, R. &amp; Falkenberg, M." box="[314,548,1940,1966]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref13389" refString="Schwarz, C. J., Ehrmann, R., Stiewe, M. B., Moertter, R. &amp; Falkenberg, M. (2020) Mantodea of Panguana (Insecta: Dictyoptera). Zootaxa, 4824 (1), 1-66. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4824.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
Schwarz
<emphasis id="76BE0F654251D151FE21F8340A955388" box="[419,469,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">et al</emphasis>
., 2020
</bibRefCitation>
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and
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44251D151FDDFF834088A5388" authority="Lanna et al., 2023" authorityName="Lanna" authorityYear="2023" box="[605,970,1940,1966]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cristalino">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654251D151FDDFF83409AF5388" box="[605,751,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">M. cristalino</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE864251D151FD7AF835088A5388" author="Lanna, L. M. &amp; Fiat, L. L. &amp; Herculano, J. F. &amp; Rivera, J. &amp; Peloso, P." box="[760,970,1940,1966]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="87 - 106" refId="ref11943" refString="Lanna, L. M., Fiat, L. L., Herculano, J. F., Rivera, J. &amp; Peloso, P. (2023) A new species of Microphotina Beier, 1935 from the southernmost region of Amazonia (Mantodea: Photinaidae). European Journal of Taxonomy, 870, 87-106. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.870.2121" type="journal article" year="2023">
Lanna
<emphasis id="76BE0F654251D151FCC4F83408395388" box="[838,889,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">et al</emphasis>
., 2023
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, sharing more similarities with the latter. In
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44251D151FF35F8180A1C53F4" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[183,348,1976,2002]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654251D151FF35F8180A1C53F4" box="[183,348,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the paa ventral margin is also irregular but to a lesser extent than the condition observed in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F44251D151FAFCF8180AA653D0" authority="(Lanna et al., 2023)" baseAuthorityName="Lanna" baseAuthorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cristalino">
<emphasis id="76BE0F654251D151FAFCF8180A4253D0" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">M. cristalino</emphasis>
(
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Lanna
<emphasis id="76BE0F654251D151FEDCF87C0ACE53D0" box="[350,398,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">et al</emphasis>
., 2023
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)
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, while the afa lacks the proximal swelling observed in the latter species. Furthermore, the paa of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425FD15FFE93FB84094C5018" authority="Roy, 2019" authorityName="Roy" authorityYear="2019" box="[273,524,1060,1087]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFE93FB840AD05018" box="[273,400,1060,1086]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">M. viridula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425FD15FFE1AFB84094C5018" author="Roy, R." box="[408,524,1060,1087]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" pagination="59 - 70" refId="ref12971" refString="Roy, R. (2019) Les mantes (Dictyoptera, Mantodea) du massif du Mitaraka (Guyane). Zoosystema, 40 (1), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.5252/zoosystema2019v41a5" type="journal article" year="2019">Roy, 2019</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is also hammerhead-like (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF2425FD15FFCB8FB8508D25018" box="[826,914,1060,1086]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1646,1670]" captionTargetBox="[225,1353,179,1620]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[224,1363,179,1620]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A) male holotype of Photina viridescens (now Microphotina viridescens) (deposited at MNHN) [additional images, including labels, available at: https://ento360.com/mantid/specimen/148]. B) Dorsal habitus of a male specimen of M. viridescens (notice the lack of opaque regions on the wings). C) Ventral phallomere + left phallomere complex, dorsal view. D) Distal portion of left phallomere, slightly tilted forward relative to C (bounding box), and ventral view of the paa of three different specimens to highlight variation along the distal margin. E) Ventral phallomere, ventral view. F) Right phallomere, lateral view. G) Right phallomere, laterovental view (arrow points to a patch of spiniform setae). H) Genital complex of Microphotina viridula (paratype) deposited at MNHN (genital preparation NM0302; photo by N. Moulin) from Mitaraka, FG [Note: DNA barcoding sequences for this specimen are available at BOLD accession no. GFMAN18-213]. Abbreviations: afa (apofisi falloide), bl (basal lobe), L4A (sclerite extending over the ventral wall), L4B (sclerite extending over the dorsal wall), LP (left phallomere), paa (processo apicale), pia (piastra ventrale), pva (processo ventrale sclerificato), RP (right phallomere), VP (ventral phallomere). Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262558" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262558/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
) and not simple as originally depicted in
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425FD15FFAECFB840A485044" author="Roy, R." pageId="8" pageNumber="239" pagination="59 - 70" refId="ref12971" refString="Roy, R. (2019) Les mantes (Dictyoptera, Mantodea) du massif du Mitaraka (Guyane). Zoosystema, 40 (1), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.5252/zoosystema2019v41a5" type="journal article" year="2019">Roy (2019: 64</bibRefCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF2425FD15FFE95FBE90AD45044" box="[279,404,1096,1122]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,810,834]" captionTargetBox="[221,1361,183,779]" captionTargetId="figure-18@8.[215,1371,179,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Microphotina spp. A) Microphotina vitripennis, detail of the elongated ventral patch of setae (ventral view). B) Microphotina vitripennis, detail of apophysi phalloid (afa). C) Microphotina panguanensis, detail of apophysi phalloid (afa). D) Microphotina viridescens, subgenital plate (dorsal view), slightly asymmetrical styli can be observed in some specimens. E) Microphotina viridula, subgenital plate (dorsal view). F) Microphotina cristalino, subgenital plate (dorsal view). Abbreviations: VP (ventral phallomere). Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262562" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262562/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Fig. 4B–D</figureCitation>
), thus evidencing its close affinities with the aforementioned species. In light of the new information, we updated the key to
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<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFDA4FBCD09FF50A0" box="[550,703,1132,1158]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Microphotina</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
(males) as follows:
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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Citizen Science and
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Biodiversity Research
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<paragraph id="4475D377425BD15BFF15FB260FE951C3" blockId="12.[151,1437,1159,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">
The elusive nature of praying mantises presents many challenges in studying their biodiversity.One primary limitation is obtaining sufficient specimens for accurate taxonomic characterization, understanding geographical distribution, and uncovering biological patterns (
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFDA4FB6E098350CF" author="Rivera, J." box="[550,707,1231,1257]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="44 - 64" refId="ref12724" refString="Rivera, J. (2010 b) A historical review of praying mantid taxonomy and systematics in the Neotropical Region: State of knowledge and recent advances (Insecta: Mantodea). Zootaxa, 2638 (1), 44-64. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2638.1.3" type="journal article" year="2010">Rivera 2010b</bibRefCitation>
). This scarcity is compounded by sex biases in collections and the rarity of certain lineages found in difficult-to-survey habitats. Additionally, academic researchers face increasingly complex regulations and bureaucratic hurdles that restrict access to and movement of specimens for study (Welch
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425BD15BFF15FA9A0B8A5173" box="[151,202,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">et al</emphasis>
. 2019). Extended fieldwork utilizing various trapping methods can alleviate some of these challenges (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFF15FAFE0A37515F" author="Schwarz, C. J. &amp; Ehrmann, R. &amp; Stiewe, M. B. &amp; Moertter, R. &amp; Falkenberg, M." box="[151,375,1375,1401]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref13389" refString="Schwarz, C. J., Ehrmann, R., Stiewe, M. B., Moertter, R. &amp; Falkenberg, M. (2020) Mantodea of Panguana (Insecta: Dictyoptera). Zootaxa, 4824 (1), 1-66. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4824.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
Schwarz
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425BD15BFF7CFAFE0A6E515F" box="[254,302,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFE03FAFE0907515F" author="Lanna, L. M. &amp; Fiat, L. L. &amp; Herculano, J. F. &amp; Rivera, J. &amp; Peloso, P." box="[385,583,1375,1401]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="87 - 106" refId="ref11943" refString="Lanna, L. M., Fiat, L. L., Herculano, J. F., Rivera, J. &amp; Peloso, P. (2023) A new species of Microphotina Beier, 1935 from the southernmost region of Amazonia (Mantodea: Photinaidae). European Journal of Taxonomy, 870, 87-106. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.870.2121" type="journal article" year="2023">
Lanna
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425BD15BFE4FFAFE0ABE515F" box="[461,510,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
), but time and resource constraints often make this impractical for individual researchers in the long run. Despite the dedicated efforts of a handful of scattered specialists worldwide, a persistent shortage of expertise hampers research into
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, necessitating complementary approaches to expedite the global inventory of praying mantis diversity amid the current biodiversity crisis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D377425BD15BFF45FA4E0A2B53B3" blockId="12.[151,1437,1159,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">
Citizen science, a collaborative research approach involving public participation, significantly enhances scientific knowledge through collective data contributions that extend beyond the capabilities of professional researchers (
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFF1DF9960A1D5277" author="Silvertown, J." box="[159,349,1591,1617]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="467 - 471" refId="ref13557" refString="Silvertown, J. (2009) A new dawn for citizen science. Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution, 24 (9), 467-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.017" type="journal article" year="2009">Silvertown 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFEEAF996097F5277" author="Bonney, R. &amp; Phillips, T. B. &amp; Ballard, H. L." box="[360,575,1591,1617]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="2 - 16" refId="ref10646" refString="Bonney, R., Phillips, T. B., Ballard, H. L. &amp; Enck, J. W. (2016) Can citizen science enhance public understanding of science? Public Understanding of Science, 25 (1), 2-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662515607406" type="journal article" year="2016">
Bonney
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425BD15BFE47F9960AB55277" box="[453,501,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFDCBF99609B45277" author="Sun, C. C. &amp; Hurst, J. E. &amp; Fuller, A. K." box="[585,756,1591,1617]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="682124" refId="ref13696" refString="Sun, C. C., Hurst, J. E. &amp; Fuller, A. K. (2021) Citizen science data collection for integrated wildlife population analyses. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 682124. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.682124" type="journal article" year="2021">
Sun
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425BD15BFDF8F99609EB5277" box="[634,683,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
). Data gathered by the public can be accessed by researchers, validated, and integrated into various projects to enhance our understanding of nature and its processes. Citizen Science-driven research has helped map threatened species (
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFCD7F9DE0F0052BF" author="Zapponi, L. &amp; Cini, A. &amp; Bardiani, M. &amp; Hardersen, S. &amp; Maura, M. &amp; Maurizi, E. &amp; Redolfi De Zan, L. &amp; Audisio, P. &amp; Bologna, M. A. &amp; Carpaneto, G. M. &amp; Roversi, P. F. &amp; Sabbatini Peverieri, G. &amp; Mason, F. &amp; Campanaro, A." box="[853,1088,1663,1689]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="139 - 145" refId="ref14023" refString="Zapponi, L., Cini, A., Bardiani, M., Hardersen, S., Maura, M., Maurizi, E., Redolfi De Zan, L., Audisio, P., Bologna, M. A., Carpaneto, G. M., Roversi, P. F., Sabbatini Peverieri, G., Mason, F. &amp; Campanaro, A. (2017) Citizen science data as an efficient tool for mapping protected saproxylic beetles. Biological Conservation, 208, 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.10.003" type="journal article" year="2017">
Zapponi
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; Wilson
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. 2017), monitor invasive and pestiferous organisms (
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFDBBF9020862529B" author="Vendetti, J. E. &amp; Lee, C. &amp; LaFollette, P." box="[569,802,1699,1725]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="232 - 247" refId="ref13869" refString="Vendetti, J. E., Lee, C. &amp; LaFollette, P. (2018) Five new records of introduced terrestrial gastropods in southern California discovered by citizen science. American Malacological Bulletin, 36 (2), 232-247. https://doi.org/10.4003/006.036.0207" type="journal article" year="2018">
Vendetti
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<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFB98F9020FAF529B" author="Streito, J. C. &amp; Chartois, M. &amp; Pierre, E. &amp; Dusoulier, F. &amp; Armand, J. M. &amp; Gaudin, J. &amp; Rossi, J. P." box="[1050,1263,1699,1725]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref13600" refString="Streito, J. C., Chartois, M., Pierre, E., Dusoulier, F., Armand, J. M., Gaudin, J. &amp; Rossi, J. P. (2021) Citizen science and niche modeling to track and forecast the expansion of the brown marmorated stinkbug Halyomorpha halys (Stal, 1855). Scientific Reports, 11 (1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90378-1" type="journal article" year="2021">
Streito
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), discover new species or uncharted populations (Kasalo
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425BD15BFDECF96609E052C7" box="[622,672,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">et al</emphasis>
. 2020;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFD74F96608A252C7" author="Mesaglio, T. &amp; Soh, A. &amp; Kurniawidjaja, S. &amp; Sexton, C." box="[758,994,1735,1761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="905 - 911" refId="ref12196" refString="Mesaglio, T., Soh, A., Kurniawidjaja, S. &amp; Sexton, C. (2021) First known photographs of living specimens: the power of iNaturalist for recording rare tropical butterflies. Journal of Insect Conservation, 25 (5), 905-911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-021-00350-7" type="journal article" year="2021">
Mesaglio
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), and track population range expansion (
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFF1DF94A0A295323" author="Jones, C. D. &amp; Glon, M. G. &amp; Cedar, K. &amp; Paiero, S. M. &amp; Pratt, P. D. &amp; Preney, T. J." box="[159,361,1771,1797]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="160 - 166" refId="ref11734" refString="Jones, C. D., Glon, M. G., Cedar, K., Paiero, S. M., Pratt, P. D. &amp; Preney, T. J. (2019) First record of Paintedhand Mudbug (Lacunicambarus polychromatus) in Ontario and Canada and the significance of iNaturalist in making new discoveries. The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 133 (2), 160-166. https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v133i2.2223" type="journal article" year="2019">
Jones
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). Citizen science has proven instrumental in advancing our understanding of biodiversity and conservation and highlighted the importance of charismatic species as focal points for public awareness and action (
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFF1DF8920AC8536B" author="Ducarme, F. &amp; Luque, G. M. &amp; Courchamp, F." box="[159,392,1843,1869]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref11216" refString="Ducarme, F., Luque, G. M. &amp; Courchamp, F. (2013) What are &quot; charismatic species &quot; for conservation biologists? BioSciences Master Reviews, 10, 1-8. [https://biologie.ens-lyon.fr/ressources/bibliographies/pdf/m1-11-12-biosci-reviews-ducarme-f-2c-m.pdf?lang=fr]" type="journal article" year="2013">
Ducarme
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;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFE11F892091C536B" author="Albert, C. &amp; Luque, G. M. &amp; Courchamp, F." box="[403,604,1843,1869]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="0199149" refId="ref10450" refString="Albert, C., Luque, G. M. &amp; Courchamp, F. (2018) The twenty most charismatic species. PLoS One, 13 (7), e 0199149. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199149" type="journal article" year="2018">
Albert
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;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFDE5F89208E2536B" author="Castillo-Huitron, N. M. &amp; Naranjo, E. J. &amp; Santos-Fita, D. &amp; Estrada-Lugo, E." box="[615,930,1843,1869]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="1277" refId="ref10781" refString="Castillo-Huitron, N. M., Naranjo, E. J., Santos-Fita, D. &amp; Estrada-Lugo, E. (2020) The importance of human emotions for wildlife conservation. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1277. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01277" type="journal article" year="2020">
Castillo-Huitrón
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). The charismatic appeal of praying mantises could potentially be harnessed to engage the public in advancing the study of their biodiversity through Citizen Science initiatives.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D377425BD15BFF45F83E0E0453FB" blockId="12.[151,1437,1159,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">
In the context of
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studies, at least two strategies can be employed depending on the level of public involvement in the scientific processes and the desired outcome (adapted from
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFBFAF8620E7953FB" author="Shirk, J. L. &amp; Ballard, H. L. &amp; Wilderman, C. C. &amp; Phillips, T. &amp; Wiggins, A. &amp; Jordan, R. &amp; McCallie, E. &amp; Minarchek, M. &amp; Lewenstein, B. V. &amp; Krasny, M. E. &amp; Bonney, R." box="[1144,1337,1987,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref13452" refString="Shirk, J. L., Ballard, H. L., Wilderman, C. C., Phillips, T., Wiggins, A., Jordan, R., McCallie, E., Minarchek, M., Lewenstein, B. V., Krasny, M. E. &amp; Bonney, R. (2012) Public participation in scientific research: A framework for deliberate design. Ecology and Society, 17 (2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04705-170229" type="journal article" year="2012">
Shirk
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):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D377425AD15AFF45FF360E715567" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244">a) Participatory (or Contributory) Citizen Science (PCS) involves research projects led by professional scientists, with the public typically restricted to quantitative or qualitative data collection with minimal to no input into research design or data analysis. Tasks are usually simple, requiring little time, logistics, and resource investment, facilitating broad public participation. PCS projects are also ideal for accompanying research initiatives that aim to raise awareness or educate the public on focal topics such as environmental issues or conservation needs.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D377425AD15AFF45FEEA09FF563F" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244">b) Collaborative Citizen Science (CCS) encourages active collaboration with engaged citizen scientists to set research goals, refine methodological approaches, and interpret findings, while professional scientists maintain leadership in research design and data analysis. Tasks are typically designed to foster stronger engagement and leverage available expertise and capabilities, leading to a deeper understanding of the scientific process. CCS projects require a greater investment in time and resources from engaged citizens, as well as training and coordination; as a result, CCS typically involves fewer participants.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D377425AD15AFF45FD820ADE51BB" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244">
PCS as a method in praying mantis biodiversity studies has gained traction in recent years. This trend is greatly facilitated by citizen science platforms like iNaturalist, which use artificial intelligence-powered computer vision models to help users identify organisms. Citizen scientists enabled the initial application of iNaturalist to
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studies to detect and track invasive species. The global trade in praying mantises as popular arthropod pets, combined with their egg cases’ natural dispersal abilities, has led to many species spreading far beyond their native ranges (
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425AD15AFEFFFD7609F556D7" author="Schwarz, C. J. &amp; Ehrmann, R." box="[381,693,727,753]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244" pagination="73 - 90" refId="ref13284" refString="Schwarz, C. J. &amp; Ehrmann, R. (2018) Invasive Mantodea species in Europe. Articulata, 33, 73-90. [https://dgfo-articulata.de/articulata/inhalt/33]" type="journal article" year="2018">Schwarz &amp; Ehrmann 2018</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425AD15AFD46FD7608F456D7" author="Battiston, R. &amp; Di Pietro, W. &amp; Anderson, K." box="[708,948,727,753]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244" pagination="63 - 68" refId="ref10582" refString="Battiston, R., Di Pietro, W. &amp; Anderson, K. (2022) The pet mantis market: A first overview of the praying mantis international trade (Insecta, Mantodea). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 31 (1), 63-68. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.31.71458" type="journal article" year="2022">
Battiston
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). iNaturalist has proven invaluable for the detection of these invaders, especially in Europe (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425AD15AFC82FD5A08BB5733" author="Cianferoni, F. &amp; Mochi, O. &amp; Ceccolini, F." box="[768,1019,763,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244" pagination="299 - 308" refId="ref10878" refString="Cianferoni, F., Mochi, O. &amp; Ceccolini, F. (2018) New records of Hierodula Burmeister, 1838 (Mantodea: Mantidae) in Europe. Revista Gaditana de Entomologia, 9 (1), 299-308. [https://www.biotaxa.org/RGDE/article/view/42225]" type="journal article" year="2018">
Cianferoni
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;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425AD15AFB85FD5A0FC95733" author="Fearn, S." box="[1031,1161,763,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244" pagination="42 - 45" refId="ref11355" refString="Fearn, S. (2018) An established population of the mainland Australian false garden mantis Pseudomantis albofimbriata (Stal, 1860) (Mantodea: Mantidae) in northern Tasmania. The Tasmanian Naturalist, 140, 42-45." type="journal article" year="2018">Fearn 2018</bibRefCitation>
; Moulin 2020;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425AD15AFAB5FD5A0A56571F" author="Battiston, R. &amp; Amerini, R. &amp; Di Pietro, W. &amp; Guariento, L. A. &amp; Bolognin, L. &amp; Moretto, E." pageId="13" pageNumber="244" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref10500" refString="Battiston, R., Amerini, R., Di Pietro, W., Guariento, L. A., Bolognin, L. &amp; Moretto, E. (2020) A new alien mantis in Italy: Is the Indochina mantis Hierodula patellifera chasing the train for Europe? Biodiversity Data Journal, 8 (24), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e50779" type="journal article" year="2020">
Battiston
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;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425AD15AFEA0FCBE095C571F" author="Pintilioaie, A. M. &amp; Spaseni, P. &amp; Jurjescu, A. &amp; Radac, I. A." box="[290,540,799,825]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244" refId="ref12461" refString="Pintilioaie, A. M., Spaseni, P., Jurjescu, A. &amp; Radac, I. A. (2021) First record of the alien mantid Hierodula tenuidentata (Insecta: Mantodea) in Romania. Travaux du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle &quot; Grigore Antipa &quot;, 64, 37. https://doi.org/10.3897/travaux.64.e65489" type="journal volume" year="2021">
Pintilioaie
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;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425AD15AFDABFCBE08E9571F" author="van der Heyden, T. &amp; Schwarz, C. J." box="[553,937,799,825]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244" pagination="6 - 12" refId="ref13816" refString="van der Heyden, T. &amp; Schwarz, C. J. (2021) New data on the presence of Hierodula transcaucasica Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 on Crete / Greece (Mantodea: Mantidae). BV news Publicaciones Cientificas, 10 (118), 6-12." type="journal article" year="2021">van der Heyden &amp; Schwarz 2021</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425AD15AFC35FCBE0FB7571F" author="Fasano, A. &amp; De Martino, A." box="[951,1271,799,825]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244" pagination="143 - 147" refId="ref11288" refString="Fasano, A. &amp; De Martino, A. (2023) Alien mantids in a tropical paradise: First record of the giant mantis Sphodromantis viridis (Insecta, Mantodea) for the Canary Islands (Spain). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 32 (2), 143-147. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.32.96183" type="journal article" year="2023">Fasano &amp; De Martino 2023</bibRefCitation>
). Additionally, georeferenced records from iNaturalist have significantly contributed to our understanding of species distribution, habitats, ecological preferences, phenology and community composition in different regions (
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425AD15AFB47FCC60ED757A7" author="de la Fuente, T. R." box="[1221,1431,871,897]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244" pagination="5 - 10" refId="ref11156" refString="de la Fuente, T. R. (2023) Notas sobre las mantis (Insecta: Mantodea) de Chile: Sintesis basada en la literatura y en la plataforma iNaturalist. Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 49 (1), 5-10. https://doi.org/10.35249/rche.49.1.23.02" type="journal article" year="2023">de la Fuente 2023</bibRefCitation>
; Connors 2023;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425AD15AFEC6FC2A09645783" author="Connors, M. G. &amp; Chen, H. &amp; Li, H. &amp; Edmonds, A. &amp; Smith, K. A. &amp; Gell, C. &amp; Clitheroe, K. &amp; Miller, I. M. &amp; Walker, K. L. &amp; Nunn, J. S. &amp; Nguyen, L." box="[324,548,907,933]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244" pagination="69 - 82" refId="ref10991" refString="Connors, M. G., Chen, H., Li, H., Edmonds, A., Smith, K. A., Gell, C., Clitheroe, K., Miller, I. M., Walker, K. L., Nunn, J. S. &amp; Nguyen, L. (2022) Citizen scientists track a charismatic carnivore. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 31 (1), 69-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.31.79332" type="journal article" year="2022">
Connors
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;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425AD15AFDADFC2A084E5783" author="Connors, M. G. &amp; Yeeles, P. &amp; Lach, L. &amp; Rentz, D. C." box="[559,782,907,933]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244" pagination="333 - 361" refId="ref11091" refString="Connors, M. G., Yeeles, P., Lach, L. &amp; Rentz, D. C. (2023) Revision of the genus Calofulcinia Giglio-Tos (Mantodea: Nanomantidae: Fulciniinae) in Australia. Zootaxa, 5296 (3), 333-361. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.2" type="journal article" year="2023">
Connors
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;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425AD15AFC98FC2A0F705783" author="Greyvenstein, B. &amp; van den Berg, J. &amp; du Plessis, H." box="[794,1072,907,933]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244" pagination="102637" refId="ref11541" refString="Greyvenstein, B., van den Berg, J. &amp; du Plessis, H. (2023) Documenting Mantodea species in South African museum collections and an updated species list. Biodiversity Data Journal, 11, e 102637. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e102637" type="journal article" year="2023">
Greyvenstein
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;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425AD15AFBBEFC2A0E595783" author="Mirzaee, Z. &amp; Simoes, M. V. &amp; Battiston, R. &amp; Sadeghi, S. &amp; Wiemers, M. &amp; Schmitt, T." box="[1084,1305,907,933]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244" pagination="16814" refId="ref12266" refString="Mirzaee, Z., Simoes, M. V., Battiston, R., Sadeghi, S., Wiemers, M. &amp; Schmitt, T. (2024) Biology, ecology, and biogeography of eremic praying mantis Blepharopsis mendica (Insecta: Mantodea). PeerJ, 12, e 16814. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16814" type="journal article" year="2024">
Mirzaee
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425AD15AFB1CFC2A0F905783" box="[1182,1232,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="244">et al</emphasis>
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;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425AD15AFAA6FC2A0B9457EF" author="Luna, M. de &amp; Hernandez-Baltazar, E. &amp; Cubillos-Macias, I. &amp; Garcia-Barrios, R." pageId="13" pageNumber="244" pagination="5 - 11" refId="ref12125" refString="Luna, M. de, Hernandez-Baltazar, E., Cubillos-Macias, I. &amp; Garcia-Barrios, R. (2024) New northernmost records of the shield mantis Choeradodis rhombicollis (Latreille, 1833) (Mantidae: Choeradodinae) in Mexico. Revista Chilena de Entomologia, 50 (1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.35249/rche.50.1.24.01" type="journal article" year="2024">
Luna
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). The use of iNaturalist in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425AD15AFE75FC0E092757EF" box="[503,615,943,969]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="13" pageNumber="244" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
studies is still in its nascent stages, and we anticipate numerous additional applications. For example, taxonomy could also greatly benefit from PCS projects supported by this platform. iNaturalist records can inform taxonomy by revealing undocumented sexually dimorphic traits, discovering new species, and filling gaps in our knowledge of species’ geographic distribution, thereby providing insights into the geographic boundaries between species and species groups. Additionally, iNaturalist records may uncover taxonomically informative color traits observable only in live specimens, further shedding light on how chromatic patterns and morphological traits are integrated into specific habitats for cryptic purposes. Virtual surveys of
<typeStatus id="9B716DD5425AD15AFAEEFB260EDC5087" box="[1388,1436,1159,1185]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244">type</typeStatus>
localities via iNaturalist can also offer valuable insights into the traits of a given species when physical examination of primary
<typeStatus id="9B716DD5425AD15AFE98FB6E0A0A50CF" box="[282,330,1231,1257]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244">type</typeStatus>
(or topotypical) specimens is not possible. Similarly, data retrieved from iNaturalist can further be used to identify ecological trends across different scales, including impacts of climate change, niche modeling, and biogeographic patterns, all aspects rarely explored in
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studies due to data limitations, but otherwise requiring urgent attention. Overall, PCS projects are ideal for gathering data encompassing broad geographic areas and temporal scales, valuable for circumscribing species, and understanding biodiversity patterns and ecological dynamics in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425AD15AFEA4FA220ADA51BB" box="[294,410,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="13" pageNumber="244" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D377425AD15AFF45FA0608DB529B" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="244">
CCS projects in
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studies have received less emphasis compared to PCS initiatives. CCS projects are particularly suited for focused efforts requiring accurate and detailed data. Unlike PCS, CCS projects foster scientific collaboration and capacity-building within communities and organizations. Examples include monitoring target species or populations, conducting surveys to map species distribution, tracking seasonal shifts in local species abundance, or long-term observation of biological trends. These initiatives benefit from direct partnerships with individuals and organizations actively engaged in fieldwork in accessible praying mantis habitats. The present study, resulting from the active engagement of the Association d’Étude des
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de
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(
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), illustrates how CCS projects can enhance praying mantis biodiversity research.
</paragraph>
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Based in
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,
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was founded by Citizen Scientist Nicolas Hausherr (a co-author) and Emma Loeb with the goal of expanding our knowledge of the local praying mantis fauna through structured surveys and scientific observation of breeding colonies of local species. Since its beginnings in 2017,
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has made significant progress in species identification and data validation thanks to the support of local entomologists and praying mantis taxonomists. For instance,
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has documented the complete life cycles of 10 species and discovered the egg cases of 25 species in
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, including regionally rare species like
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<emphasis id="76BE0F65425AD15AFC46F8DA0FC853B2" box="[964,1160,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="244">Paratithrone royi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
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<emphasis id="76BE0F65425AD15AFB3DF8DA0E2353B3" box="[1215,1379,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="244">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The association obtained legal status in 2022 and now conducts praying mantis inventories in two reserves, including the Trésor Regional Nature Reserve where work on
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<emphasis id="76BE0F65425AD15AFD59F862083E53FB" box="[731,894,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="244">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other species has been conducted (
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Hausherr
<emphasis id="76BE0F654259D159FF15FF360B8A5497" box="[151,202,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="245">et al</emphasis>
. 2024
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).
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also promotes public outreach by fostering a network of naturalists in
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. The collaboration between
<collectionCode id="22DB4BB24259D159FF79FF1A0A1054F3" box="[251,336,187,213]" pageId="14" pageNumber="245">AEMG</collectionCode>
, mantis specialists and the local naturalist network exemplifies the critical role that CCS projects and engaged local individuals and organizations can play in advancing
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studies in the Guianian region and supporting local conservation initiatives.
</paragraph>
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Key to genera of
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(females)
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1. Metazona/prozona ratio ≤ 2.6. Whitish stripe on the sides of the pronotum subtly visible near the base. Forewings with contrasting reticulation (veins stand out against the membrane). Abdominal pleural membranes pale pink. Cerci about twice as long as supraanal plate, conical, fully green or yellowish............................................
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- Metazona/prozona ratio ≥ 3. Whitish stripe on the sides of the pronotum reaching as far as the supracoxal dilatation. Forewings with concolorous membrane and veins. Abdominal pleural membranes strikingly white. Cercus length about three times that of supraanal plate, flattened, largely pigmented in a dark purplish...................................
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<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFB70FD770EDC56CD" box="[1266,1436,726,747]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Chromatophotina</emphasis>
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The current evidence suggests that
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<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFDD6FC9E09AD577F" box="[596,749,831,857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Microphotina</emphasis>
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is paraphyletic (
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425DD15DFC2AFC9E0FFB577F" author="Rivera, J. &amp; Svenson, G. J." box="[936,1211,831,857]" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" pagination="607 - 649" refId="ref12781" refString="Rivera, J. &amp; Svenson, G. J. (2016) The Neotropical &quot; Polymorphic Earless Praying Mantises &quot; - Part I: molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level systematics (Insecta: Mantodea, Acanthopoidea). Systematic Entomology, 41 (3), 607-649. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12178" type="journal article" year="2016">Rivera &amp; Svenson 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425DD15DFB45FC9E0ED1577F" author="Lanna, L. M. &amp; Fiat, L. L. &amp; Herculano, J. F. &amp; Rivera, J. &amp; Peloso, P." box="[1223,1425,831,857]" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" pagination="87 - 106" refId="ref11943" refString="Lanna, L. M., Fiat, L. L., Herculano, J. F., Rivera, J. &amp; Peloso, P. (2023) A new species of Microphotina Beier, 1935 from the southernmost region of Amazonia (Mantodea: Photinaidae). European Journal of Taxonomy, 870, 87-106. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.870.2121" type="journal article" year="2023">
Lanna
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFA96FC9E0E06577F" box="[1300,1350,831,857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
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). Our analysis of
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<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFED2FCC20AB6575B" box="[336,502,867,893]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">M. viridescens</emphasis>
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revealed it possesses a reduced afa (left phallomere) and a hammerhead-like paa (ventral phallomere), traits shared with
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<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFDE0FC2609A45787" box="[610,740,903,929]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">M. viridula</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFD77FC2608F75786" box="[757,951,903,928]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">M. panguanensis</emphasis>
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, and
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<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFC79FC260FCF5787" box="[1019,1167,903,929]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">M. cristalino</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, evidencing their close relationship (
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425DD15DFEABFC0A0AB057E3" author="Lanna, L. M. &amp; Fiat, L. L. &amp; Herculano, J. F. &amp; Rivera, J. &amp; Peloso, P." box="[297,496,939,965]" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" pagination="87 - 106" refId="ref11943" refString="Lanna, L. M., Fiat, L. L., Herculano, J. F., Rivera, J. &amp; Peloso, P. (2023) A new species of Microphotina Beier, 1935 from the southernmost region of Amazonia (Mantodea: Photinaidae). European Journal of Taxonomy, 870, 87-106. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.870.2121" type="journal article" year="2023">
Lanna
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFEF5FC0A0AE757E3" box="[375,423,939,965]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
). Identified as
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFD10FC0A08E157E3" box="[658,929,939,965]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFD10FC0A086B57E3" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[658,811,939,965]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Microphotina</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6D8DB21E425DD15DFCB3FC0A08E157E3" box="[817,929,939,965]" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
in
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425DD15DFC40FC0A0FD857E3" author="Lanna, L. M. &amp; Fiat, L. L. &amp; Herculano, J. F. &amp; Rivera, J. &amp; Peloso, P." box="[962,1176,939,965]" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" pagination="87 - 106" refId="ref11943" refString="Lanna, L. M., Fiat, L. L., Herculano, J. F., Rivera, J. &amp; Peloso, P. (2023) A new species of Microphotina Beier, 1935 from the southernmost region of Amazonia (Mantodea: Photinaidae). European Journal of Taxonomy, 870, 87-106. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.870.2121" type="journal article" year="2023">
Lanna
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFB8CFC0A0F7E57E3" box="[1038,1086,939,965]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">et al</emphasis>
. (2023)
</bibRefCitation>
, this group stands apart from its sister clade
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFEF7FC6E095157CE" baseAuthorityName="Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[373,529,975,1000]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitripennis">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFEF7FC6E095157CE" box="[373,529,975,1000]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">M. vitripennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFDA2FC6E09EC57CE" box="[544,684,975,1000]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">sensu stricto</emphasis>
) +
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFD52FC6E088C57CF" box="[720,972,975,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFD52FC6E08D657CF" box="[720,918,975,1001]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Chromatophotina</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
, as revealed by
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425DD15DFBF8FC6E0ED857CF" author="Rivera, J. &amp; Svenson, G. J." box="[1146,1432,975,1001]" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" pagination="607 - 649" refId="ref12781" refString="Rivera, J. &amp; Svenson, G. J. (2016) The Neotropical &quot; Polymorphic Earless Praying Mantises &quot; - Part I: molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level systematics (Insecta: Mantodea, Acanthopoidea). Systematic Entomology, 41 (3), 607-649. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12178" type="journal article" year="2016">Rivera &amp; Svenson (2016)</bibRefCitation>
, and provides additional support to the hypothesis the species sharing reduced afa and hammerhead-like paa may warrant reclassification under a new genus, distinct from
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFC9FFBB608B95016" box="[797,1017,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFC9FFBB608F65017" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[797,950,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Microphotina</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6D8DB21E425DD15DFC3CFBB608B95016" box="[958,1017,1047,1072]" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A detailed morphological analysis of the female of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFEADFB9A0A8C5072" baseAuthorityName="Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[303,460,1083,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitripennis">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFEADFB9A0A8C5072" box="[303,460,1083,1108]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">M. vitripennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will be necessary to resolve the paraphyly of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFC47FB9A0F1E5073" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[965,1118,1083,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFC47FB9A0F1E5073" box="[965,1118,1083,1109]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for further refinement of the systematic of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFEB1FBFE0AA0505F" authorityName="Rivera &amp; Svenson" authorityYear="2016" box="[307,480,1119,1145]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Microphotinini">Microphotinini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0CD080FC425DD15CFF45FB220F605567" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="242" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="4475D377425DD15DFF45FB220E0B5223" blockId="10.[151,1437,831,2009]" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFF45FB220ACD50BA" bold="true" box="[199,397,1154,1181]" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Natural History.</emphasis>
In Roura, specimens were captured in two different sites.
<specimenCount id="52CC18FE425DD15DFBACFB220FDB50BB" box="[1070,1179,1155,1181]" count="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" type="male">One male</specimenCount>
was found in the area called the
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFE88FB060A9750E6" box="[266,471,1191,1217]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">zone basse savane</emphasis>
, in the middle of RNRT. This male specimen was attracted to our light trap in an open area (savannah), but it most likely flew in from the neighboring forest. Additional male specimens were collected in an open area surrounded by primary forest near RNRT’s reception area. Males flew to the light trap between 11:00 p.m. and 2:00 a.m. All of the female specimens obtained at RNRT were also observed or collected in the reception area, specifically in the vicinity of the parking lot and in the picnic area. The female obtained at Kourou was found on a tree at the edge of a degraded forest. All the
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFD38FAFA081D5153" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[698,861,1371,1397]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFD38FAFA081D5153" box="[698,861,1371,1397]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females were spotted well above ground level (4–6 meters high). Dislodging the females from their perches using a net equipped with a 5-meter-long pole proved to be challenging because, upon disturbance, they pressed their bodies firmly against the leaf on which they were perching to enhance crypsis (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF2425DD15DFE58FA66097451C7" box="[474,564,1478,1505]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1412,1436]" captionTargetBox="[314,1274,179,1387]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[314,1274,179,1387]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. A) Female of Microphotina viridescens under a leaf, adopting the typical cryptic posture of the Photinaidae (photo by N. Hausherr). B) A different female specimen, showing the extent of the whitish strip between the proximal section of the costal area and the base of the metazona (photo by N. Hausherr). C) Chromatophotina awajun Rivera, 2010 (from Tarapoto, Peru), showing a more extensive and intensely expressed white stripe on the pronotum and mesothoracic wing (iNatObs: 187846650, photo by Diego Deza, license CC-BY-NC). D) Female of M. viridescens guarding her ootheca (photo by N. Hausherr). E) Chromatophotina cofan Rivera, 2010 (from Pastaza, Ecuador) guarding her ootheca (iNatObs: 53791526, photo by Ferhat Gundogdu, license CC0)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262566" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262566/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
). Surprisingly, three of the
<specimenCount id="52CC18FE425DD15DFCE2FA6608AC51C7" box="[864,1004,1479,1505]" count="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" type="female">four females</specimenCount>
examined were found on the same tree at RNRT, all within a radius of about 5 meters. Furthermore,
<specimenCount id="52CC18FE425DD15DFCC1FA4A088B5223" box="[835,971,1515,1541]" count="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
were guarding
<specimenCount id="52CC18FE425DD15DFBF8FA4A0F915223" box="[1146,1233,1515,1541]" count="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" type="egg">one egg</specimenCount>
case each.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D377425DD15CFF45F9AE0F605567" blockId="10.[151,1437,831,2009]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="242" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">
While in captivity, females wandered their enclosure during the night, only to return to guard their egg cases, motionless, during the day. Hatching occurred almost simultaneously, with nymphs emerging sequentially from the proximal region toward the apex of the ootheca (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF2425DD15DFD47F9F608605257" box="[709,800,1623,1649]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[349,1237,558,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-175@11.[347,1240,558,1831]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Nymphal development in Microphotina viridescens. A) Hatching batch of protonymphs soon after their first molt (an emerging pronymph can be observed in the far back of the ootheca). B) Protonymph (nymph 1). C) Deuteronymph 1 (nymph 2). D) Deuteronymph 2 (nymph 3). E) Deuteronymph 3 (nymph 4, female). F) Deuteronymph 6 (nymph 7, subadult female). G) Deuteronymph 5 (nymph 6, subadult male)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262570/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). The nymphs emerged from the ootheca while hanging in a head-down position from a relatively short hatching thread that connects the tip of the abdomen to the ootheca (
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425DD15DFF1DF93E0A36529F" author="Kenchington, W." box="[159,374,1695,1721]" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" pagination="307 - 315" refId="ref11827" refString="Kenchington, W. (1969) The hatching thread of praying mantids: An unusual chitinous structure. Journal of Morphology, 129 (3), 307-315. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051290304" type="journal article" year="1969">Kenchington 1969</bibRefCitation>
). After descending a few millimeters, they underwent the first ecdysis, remaining suspended, as protonymphs (first instar,
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFE5BF962095752FA" box="[473,535,1731,1756]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425DD15DFD9CF962086F52FB" author="Scherrer, M. V. &amp; Aguiar, A. P." box="[542,815,1731,1757]" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" pagination="469 - 498" refId="ref13149" refString="Scherrer, M. V. &amp; Aguiar, A. P. (2022) Comparative morphology of the post-embryonic development reveals the existence of distinct nymphal semaphoronts for Mantodea (Dictyoptera). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, New Series, 58 (6), 469-498. https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2022.2142158" type="journal article" year="2022">Scherrer &amp; Aguiar 2022</bibRefCitation>
), until fully extending their legs. Soon after completing hatching, the protonymphs exhibited high mobility and acquired a distinct color pattern (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF2425DD15DFB00F9460F9C5327" box="[1154,1244,1767,1793]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[349,1237,558,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-175@11.[347,1240,558,1831]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Nymphal development in Microphotina viridescens. A) Hatching batch of protonymphs soon after their first molt (an emerging pronymph can be observed in the far back of the ootheca). B) Protonymph (nymph 1). C) Deuteronymph 1 (nymph 2). D) Deuteronymph 2 (nymph 3). E) Deuteronymph 3 (nymph 4, female). F) Deuteronymph 6 (nymph 7, subadult female). G) Deuteronymph 5 (nymph 6, subadult male)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262570/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). The head had a pale green vertex, a dark stripe crossing the ocellar region, and the rostrum is of a pale cyan color. The body was of a pale dark green shade laterally and ventrally but broadly dark along the dorsum of the thorax and abdomen. The forelegs were pale dark green, as were the mid and hindlegs, except for the apex of their metatarsi and their corresponding tarsomeres, which were very dark. Deuteronymphs (second instar onward,
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFB0AF8D60F8653B6" box="[1160,1222,1911,1936]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425DD15DFB4FF8D60B915393" author="Scherrer, M. V. &amp; Aguiar, A. P." pageId="10" pageNumber="241" pagination="469 - 498" refId="ref13149" refString="Scherrer, M. V. &amp; Aguiar, A. P. (2022) Comparative morphology of the post-embryonic development reveals the existence of distinct nymphal semaphoronts for Mantodea (Dictyoptera). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, New Series, 58 (6), 469-498. https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2022.2142158" type="journal article" year="2022">Scherrer &amp; Aguiar 2022</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF2425DD15DFF6AF83A0A2D5393" box="[232,365,1947,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[349,1237,558,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-175@11.[347,1240,558,1831]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Nymphal development in Microphotina viridescens. A) Hatching batch of protonymphs soon after their first molt (an emerging pronymph can be observed in the far back of the ootheca). B) Protonymph (nymph 1). C) Deuteronymph 1 (nymph 2). D) Deuteronymph 2 (nymph 3). E) Deuteronymph 3 (nymph 4, female). F) Deuteronymph 6 (nymph 7, subadult female). G) Deuteronymph 5 (nymph 6, subadult male)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262570/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Figs. 6C–G</figureCitation>
) became uniformly green, had reduced mobility, and adopted the cryptic strategy of the adults, pressing their bodies against the abaxial surface of leaves. Interestingly, the whitish strip on the side of the body was visible in both sexes during the last nymphal stage, but only females retained this character as adults (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF2425CD15CFA95FF360ED15497" box="[1303,1425,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[349,1237,558,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-175@11.[347,1240,558,1831]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Nymphal development in Microphotina viridescens. A) Hatching batch of protonymphs soon after their first molt (an emerging pronymph can be observed in the far back of the ootheca). B) Protonymph (nymph 1). C) Deuteronymph 1 (nymph 2). D) Deuteronymph 2 (nymph 3). E) Deuteronymph 3 (nymph 4, female). F) Deuteronymph 6 (nymph 7, subadult female). G) Deuteronymph 5 (nymph 6, subadult male)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262570/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="242">Fig. 6F–G</figureCitation>
). Rearing proved challenging, and high mortality occurred throughout development, especially during the first two instars. The observed oothecae produced 20–30 individuals (hatching success ≈ 27–48%). Full development under the provided conditions took 92 days for the first specimen (a female) and up to 120 days for the last specimen (a male), with males and females undergoing 6 and 7 nymphal instars, respectively.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0CD080FC425CD15BFF45FEEA094257CB" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="243" pageId="11" pageNumber="242" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="4475D377425CD15CFF45FEEA0F4C55D3" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="11" pageNumber="242">
Similarly, the female of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425CD15CFE57FEEA09385543" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[469,632,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="11" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425CD15CFE57FEEA09385543" box="[469,632,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="242">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fixes her oothecae to narrow and cylindrical substrates, such as petioles and leaf midveins, fern rachises, stems, and branches. The ovipositing strategy, a marked globular shape and brown coloration, are all consistent characters across
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425CD15CFD2BFE320871558B" box="[681,817,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="11" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Photinainae">Photinainae</taxonomicName>
. In their natural environment, these physical attributes give the oothecae a strong resemblance to the spheroidal galls that certain insects form on these plant structures. This resemblance likely provides a survival benefit to the developing embryos.
</paragraph>
<caption id="10B583FF425CD15CFF15F8E3091453E0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262570" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15262570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262570/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="242" startId="11.[151,250,1858,1882]" targetBox="[349,1237,558,1831]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="4475D377425CD15CFF15F8E3091453E0" blockId="11.[151,1436,1858,1990]" pageId="11" pageNumber="242">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425CD15CFF15F8E30A4D537C" bold="true" box="[151,269,1858,1882]" pageId="11" pageNumber="242">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
. Nymphal development in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425CD15CFDA1F8E30867537C" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[547,807,1858,1882]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="11" pageNumber="242" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425CD15CFDA1F8E30867537C" box="[547,807,1858,1882]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="242">Microphotina viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A) Hatching batch of protonymphs soon after their first molt (an emerging pronymph can be observed in the far back of the ootheca). B) Protonymph (nymph 1). C) Deuteronymph 1 (nymph 2). D) Deuteronymph 2 (nymph 3). E) Deuteronymph 3 (nymph 4, female). F) Deuteronymph 6 (nymph 7, subadult female). G) Deuteronymph 5 (nymph 6, subadult male).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="4475D377425BD15BFF45FF36093F56A3" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">
The discovery of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425BD15BFE13FF3609765497" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[401,566,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425BD15BFE13FF3609765497" box="[401,566,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
well above ground level supports the hypothesis of
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFB0CFF360E2A5497" author="Lanna, L. M. &amp; Fiat, L. L. &amp; Herculano, J. F. &amp; Rivera, J. &amp; Peloso, P." box="[1166,1386,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="87 - 106" refId="ref11943" refString="Lanna, L. M., Fiat, L. L., Herculano, J. F., Rivera, J. &amp; Peloso, P. (2023) A new species of Microphotina Beier, 1935 from the southernmost region of Amazonia (Mantodea: Photinaidae). European Journal of Taxonomy, 870, 87-106. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.870.2121" type="journal article" year="2023">
Lanna
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425BD15BFB5EFF360E4F5497" box="[1244,1295,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">et al</emphasis>
. (2023)
</bibRefCitation>
that the habitat of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425BD15BFEB1FF1A0A8C54F3" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[307,460,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425BD15BFEB1FF1A0A8C54F3" box="[307,460,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lies within higher levels of vegetation. Finding multiple females on a single tree, close to each other, some even guarding their egg cases, is particularly noteworthy. Assuming this is the natural behavior of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425BD15BFF3AFEA20A1D553B" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[184,349,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425BD15BFF3AFEA20A1D553B" box="[184,349,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, such aggregation could be explained by two, not mutually exclusive, scenarios: i) Individuals remain close to their natal territory throughout development, adulthood, and reproduction; ii) Individuals have a strong preference for certain tree species as ovipositing and breeding grounds, leading them to aggregate on those with suitable characteristics (e.g., foliage density, prey abundance). Our observations of captive specimens showed that individuals become markedly sedentary after reaching the second instar. However, the mechanism promoting aggregations, especially given the high risk of cannibalism under natural conditions, requires further explanation. One hypothesis is that females have adaptations enabling higher tolerance among individuals that reduce the risk of cannibalism. To support this hypothesis, we would expect to observe specific behavioral or physiological traits that mitigate such risk. In any case, our observation of the distribution and reproductive behavior of the female of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425BD15BFF15FDE60A7B5647" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[151,315,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425BD15BFF15FDE60A7B5647" box="[151,315,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
suggests a potential specialization for specific microhabitats within the forest’s upper-level foliage, both in well-conserved and disturbed areas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D377425BD15BFF45FD2E094257CB" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">
Our first observation of egg case guarding in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425BD15BFD39FD2E0814568F" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[699,852,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425BD15BFD39FD2E0814568F" box="[699,852,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sheds light on the prevalence of this behavior within the
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425BD15BFF43FD120A0556EB" authorityName="Giglio-Tos" authorityYear="1915" box="[193,325,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Photinaidae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF2425BD15BFED7FD120A9056EB" box="[341,464,690,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1412,1436]" captionTargetBox="[314,1274,179,1387]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[314,1274,179,1387]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. A) Female of Microphotina viridescens under a leaf, adopting the typical cryptic posture of the Photinaidae (photo by N. Hausherr). B) A different female specimen, showing the extent of the whitish strip between the proximal section of the costal area and the base of the metazona (photo by N. Hausherr). C) Chromatophotina awajun Rivera, 2010 (from Tarapoto, Peru), showing a more extensive and intensely expressed white stripe on the pronotum and mesothoracic wing (iNatObs: 187846650, photo by Diego Deza, license CC-BY-NC). D) Female of M. viridescens guarding her ootheca (photo by N. Hausherr). E) Chromatophotina cofan Rivera, 2010 (from Pastaza, Ecuador) guarding her ootheca (iNatObs: 53791526, photo by Ferhat Gundogdu, license CC0)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262566" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262566/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">Fig. 5D–E</figureCitation>
). Egg case guarding is characterized by the female mantis staying close to her ootheca and actively defending it from potential threats. This behavior usually persists throughout the incubation period and ends shortly before or after the eggs hatch. In some instances, the female remains near her nymphs during their initial aggregation phase (
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFE35FCBE091D571F" author="Schwarz, C. J." box="[439,605,799,825]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="19 - 39" refId="ref13214" refString="Schwarz, C. J. (2017) Update on Tagalomantis manillensis (Saussure), with description of the female and comments on its systematic placement and life history (Insecta: Mantodea: Deroplatyinae). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde A, 10 (10), 19-39. https://doi.org/10.18476/sbna.v10.a2" type="journal article" year="2017">Schwarz 2017</bibRefCitation>
). Since
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFD31FCBE0816571F" author="Polak, R. A." box="[691,854,799,825]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="508 - 509" refId="ref12533" refString="Polak, R. A. (1933) Broedzorg bij een Mantide? Entomologische Berichten, 8, 508-509. [https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/1016545]" type="journal article" year="1933">Polak’s (1933)</bibRefCitation>
first description of this behavior in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425BD15BFB66FCBE0E17571F" baseAuthorityName="Svenson &amp; Rodrigues" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[1252,1367,799,825]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
, it has been observed in various species, though inconsistently (
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFC9DFCE20887577B" author="Schwarz, C. J." box="[799,967,835,861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="19 - 39" refId="ref13214" refString="Schwarz, C. J. (2017) Update on Tagalomantis manillensis (Saussure), with description of the female and comments on its systematic placement and life history (Insecta: Mantodea: Deroplatyinae). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde A, 10 (10), 19-39. https://doi.org/10.18476/sbna.v10.a2" type="journal article" year="2017">Schwarz 2017</bibRefCitation>
). In
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, this behaviour has been reported in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425BD15BFE96FCC6092157A7" authority="Burmeister, 1838" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[276,609,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Cardioptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425BD15BFE96FCC60ADD57A7" box="[276,413,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">Cardioptera</emphasis>
Burmeister, 1838
</taxonomicName>
(
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),
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425BD15BFCA9FCC608C457A7" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[811,900,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Photina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425BD15BFCA9FCC608C457A7" box="[811,900,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">Photina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425BD15BFC34FCC60F3C57A7" authorityName="Rivera" authorityYear="2010" box="[950,1148,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425BD15BFC34FCC60F3C57A7" box="[950,1148,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="243">Chromatophotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFB0AFCC60E4457A7" author="Terra, P. S." box="[1160,1284,871,897]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="493 - 503" refId="ref13751" refString="Terra, P. S. (1992) Zelo materno em Cardioptera brachyptera (Mantodea, Vatidae, Photininae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 36, 493-503." type="journal article" year="1992">Terra 1992</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFA8FFCC60E0857A7" author="Terra, P. S." box="[1293,1352,871,897]" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="9 - 10" refId="ref13784" refString="Terra, P. S. (1996) Zelo materno em Photina amplipennis Stal (Mantodea, Vatidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 40, 9-10." type="journal article" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="205BAE86425BD15BFAD0FCC60B9D5783" author="Rivera, J." pageId="12" pageNumber="243" pagination="22 - 32" refId="ref12667" refString="Rivera, J. (2010 a) Chromatophotina, a remarkable new genus of praying mantid from the Neotropical Region and its two new species (Mantodea: Mantidae, Photinainae). Zootaxa, 2415 (1), 22-32. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2415.1.2" type="journal article" year="2010">Rivera 2010a</bibRefCitation>
) (
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425BD15BFF70FC2A0A3D5783" box="[242,381,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Photinainae">Photinainae</taxonomicName>
). The observed behavior under breeding conditions, combining daytime egg case guarding with nocturnal wandering, likely reflects a balance between parental care and foraging needs. This is the first report of this behavior in the
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425BD15BFEF4FC720ABE57CB" authorityName="Giglio-Tos" authorityYear="1915" box="[374,510,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="12" pageNumber="243" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Photinaidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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Key to males of
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(
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)
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1. Ventral phallomere bearing elongated lateral patch of setae ventrally (
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); On left phallomere, afa large, strongly hook-like (
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.). Distributed in
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and Northeastern Amazonia (
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).....
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<keyLead id="FF3B7042425FD15FFF15FAF90EDC51AC" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">- Ventral phallomere lacking elongated patch of setae ventrally; left phallomere with afa reduced, shaped differently from above.............................................................................................. 2</keyLead>
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<keyLead id="FF3B7042425FD15FFF15FA330EDC51E3" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
2. Left phallomere with afa distinctly unguiform (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF2425FD15FFD2AFA3309B45181" box="[680,756,1426,1448]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,810,834]" captionTargetBox="[221,1361,183,779]" captionTargetId="figure-18@8.[215,1371,179,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Microphotina spp. A) Microphotina vitripennis, detail of the elongated ventral patch of setae (ventral view). B) Microphotina vitripennis, detail of apophysi phalloid (afa). C) Microphotina panguanensis, detail of apophysi phalloid (afa). D) Microphotina viridescens, subgenital plate (dorsal view), slightly asymmetrical styli can be observed in some specimens. E) Microphotina viridula, subgenital plate (dorsal view). F) Microphotina cristalino, subgenital plate (dorsal view). Abbreviations: VP (ventral phallomere). Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262562" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262562/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
). Distributed in Western Amazonia (
<collectingCountry id="3CDD93E7425FD15FFBD3FA330FC05181" box="[1105,1152,1426,1447]" name="Peru" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Peru</collectingCountry>
)...................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425FD15FFB0DFA110EDC51E3" ID-CoL="8QPTY" box="[1167,1436,1456,1477]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panguanensis">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFB0DFA110EDC51E3" box="[1167,1436,1456,1477]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Microphotina panguanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D377425FD15FFF15FA6C0EDC51C4" blockId="8.[151,1437,1309,1682]" box="[151,1436,1485,1507]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
<keyLead id="FF3B7042425FD15FFF15FA6C0EDC51C4" box="[151,1436,1485,1507]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">- Left phallomere with afa not unguiform................................................................... 3</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="FF3ECBD2425FD15FFF15FA4B0EDC523B" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
<paragraph id="4475D377425FD15FFF15FA4B0EDC51D9" blockId="8.[151,1437,1309,1682]" box="[151,1436,1514,1536]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
<keyLead id="FF3B7042425FD15FFF15FA4B0EDC51D9" box="[151,1436,1514,1536]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
3. Subgenital plate between the styli even (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF2425FD15FFDE4FA4B09F351D9" box="[614,691,1514,1536]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,810,834]" captionTargetBox="[221,1361,183,779]" captionTargetId="figure-18@8.[215,1371,179,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Microphotina spp. A) Microphotina vitripennis, detail of the elongated ventral patch of setae (ventral view). B) Microphotina vitripennis, detail of apophysi phalloid (afa). C) Microphotina panguanensis, detail of apophysi phalloid (afa). D) Microphotina viridescens, subgenital plate (dorsal view), slightly asymmetrical styli can be observed in some specimens. E) Microphotina viridula, subgenital plate (dorsal view). F) Microphotina cristalino, subgenital plate (dorsal view). Abbreviations: VP (ventral phallomere). Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262562" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262562/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). Distributed in
<collectingCountry id="3CDD93E7425FD15FFCCDFA4B089D5226" box="[847,989,1514,1536]" name="French Guiana" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
...............
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425FD15FFB25FA4B0EDC51D9" ID-CoL="433CX" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1191,1436,1514,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFB25FA4B0EDC51D9" box="[1191,1436,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Microphotina viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D377425FD15FFF15F9A90EDC523B" blockId="8.[151,1437,1309,1682]" box="[151,1436,1544,1566]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
<keyLead id="FF3B7042425FD15FFF15F9A90EDC523B" box="[151,1436,1544,1566]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
- Subgenital plate between styli notched (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF2425FD15FFDE0F9A90984523B" box="[610,708,1544,1566]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,810,834]" captionTargetBox="[221,1361,183,779]" captionTargetId="figure-18@8.[215,1371,179,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Microphotina spp. A) Microphotina vitripennis, detail of the elongated ventral patch of setae (ventral view). B) Microphotina vitripennis, detail of apophysi phalloid (afa). C) Microphotina panguanensis, detail of apophysi phalloid (afa). D) Microphotina viridescens, subgenital plate (dorsal view), slightly asymmetrical styli can be observed in some specimens. E) Microphotina viridula, subgenital plate (dorsal view). F) Microphotina cristalino, subgenital plate (dorsal view). Abbreviations: VP (ventral phallomere). Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262562" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262562/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Fig. 4E–F</figureCitation>
).......................................................... 4
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="FF3ECBD2425FD15FFF15F9840EDC52B4" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
<paragraph id="4475D377425FD15FFF15F9840EDC5271" blockId="8.[151,1437,1309,1682]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
<keyLead id="FF3B7042425FD15FFF15F9840EDC5271" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
4. Distal notch of subgenital plate narrow, styli insertions outside of the notch (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF2425FD15FFC42F9840F4B521C" box="[960,1035,1573,1595]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,810,834]" captionTargetBox="[221,1361,183,779]" captionTargetId="figure-18@8.[215,1371,179,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Microphotina spp. A) Microphotina vitripennis, detail of the elongated ventral patch of setae (ventral view). B) Microphotina vitripennis, detail of apophysi phalloid (afa). C) Microphotina panguanensis, detail of apophysi phalloid (afa). D) Microphotina viridescens, subgenital plate (dorsal view), slightly asymmetrical styli can be observed in some specimens. E) Microphotina viridula, subgenital plate (dorsal view). F) Microphotina cristalino, subgenital plate (dorsal view). Abbreviations: VP (ventral phallomere). Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262562" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262562/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
). Distributed in
<collectingCountry id="3CDD93E7425FD15FFB24F9840E74521D" box="[1190,1332,1573,1595]" name="French Guiana" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
..........................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425FD15FFB45F9E30EDC5271" ID-CoL="C45KX" authorityName="Roy" authorityYear="2019" box="[1223,1436,1602,1623]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridula">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFB45F9E30EDC5271" box="[1223,1436,1602,1623]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Microphotina viridula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4475D377425FD15FFF15F9C10EDC52B4" blockId="8.[151,1437,1309,1682]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
<keyLead id="FF3B7042425FD15FFF15F9C10EDC52B4" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
- Distal notch of subgenital plate broad, styli insertions within the notch (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF2425FD15FFC26F9C108AF5253" box="[932,1007,1632,1654]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,810,834]" captionTargetBox="[221,1361,183,779]" captionTargetId="figure-18@8.[215,1371,179,783]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Microphotina spp. A) Microphotina vitripennis, detail of the elongated ventral patch of setae (ventral view). B) Microphotina vitripennis, detail of apophysi phalloid (afa). C) Microphotina panguanensis, detail of apophysi phalloid (afa). D) Microphotina viridescens, subgenital plate (dorsal view), slightly asymmetrical styli can be observed in some specimens. E) Microphotina viridula, subgenital plate (dorsal view). F) Microphotina cristalino, subgenital plate (dorsal view). Abbreviations: VP (ventral phallomere). Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262562" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262562/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
). Distributed in southern Amazonia (
<collectingCountry id="3CDD93E7425FD15FFAD8F9C10ED95250" box="[1370,1433,1632,1654]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Brazil</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="860E1D95425FD15FFF60F9DC0A2052B4" box="[226,352,1661,1682]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
)......................................................................
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425FD15FFB35F9DC0EDC52B4" box="[1207,1436,1661,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cristalino">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFB35F9DC0EDC52B4" box="[1207,1436,1661,1682]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Microphotina cristalino</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0CD080FC425FD15DFF45F9440ED2558B" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="241" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="4475D377425FD15DFF45F9440A1255AF" blockId="8.[151,1437,1765,2008]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="241" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFF45F944098252D9" bold="true" box="[199,706,1765,1791]" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Comparative taxonomy and systematics.</emphasis>
The female of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425FD15FFC09F9440F6452D9" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[907,1060,1765,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFC09F9440F6452D9" box="[907,1060,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
superficially resembles that of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425FD15FFF15F8A80A1D5305" authorityName="Rivera" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,349,1801,1827]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFF15F8A80A1D5305" box="[151,349,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Chromatophotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but there are some evident differences between them. Relative to
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425FD15FFBB3F8A80FB75305" authorityName="Rivera" authorityYear="2010" box="[1073,1271,1801,1827]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFBB3F8A80FB75305" box="[1073,1271,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Chromatophotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425FD15FFA81F8A80EDC5305" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[1283,1436,1801,1827]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFA81F8A80EDC5305" box="[1283,1436,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a more compact build, resulting in a relatively shorter and stouter body (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF2425FD15FFB81F88C0FC8536E" box="[1027,1160,1837,1864]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1412,1436]" captionTargetBox="[314,1274,179,1387]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[314,1274,179,1387]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. A) Female of Microphotina viridescens under a leaf, adopting the typical cryptic posture of the Photinaidae (photo by N. Hausherr). B) A different female specimen, showing the extent of the whitish strip between the proximal section of the costal area and the base of the metazona (photo by N. Hausherr). C) Chromatophotina awajun Rivera, 2010 (from Tarapoto, Peru), showing a more extensive and intensely expressed white stripe on the pronotum and mesothoracic wing (iNatObs: 187846650, photo by Diego Deza, license CC-BY-NC). D) Female of M. viridescens guarding her ootheca (photo by N. Hausherr). E) Chromatophotina cofan Rivera, 2010 (from Pastaza, Ecuador) guarding her ootheca (iNatObs: 53791526, photo by Ferhat Gundogdu, license CC0)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262566" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262566/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Figs. 5B–E</figureCitation>
). This is exemplified by pronotal proportions: the ratio metazona/prozona is ≤
<quantity id="83327E92425FD15FFD7AF8F00879534D" box="[760,825,1873,1899]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.604" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" unit="in" value="2.6">2.6 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425FD15FFCC2F8F00899534D" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[832,985,1873,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFCC2F8F00899534D" box="[832,985,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425FD15FFBC9F8F00E51534D" authorityName="Rivera" authorityYear="2010" box="[1099,1297,1873,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFBC9F8F00E51534D" box="[1099,1297,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Chromatophotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is ≥ 3. As in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425FD15FFF35F8D40A3D53A9" authorityName="Rivera" authorityYear="2010" box="[183,381,1909,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFF35F8D40A3D53A9" box="[183,381,1909,1935]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Chromatophotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425FD15FFE0FF8D4096653A9" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[397,550,1909,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFE0FF8D4096653A9" box="[397,550,1909,1935]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also exhibits a whitish pigmentation along the sides of the pronotum, which stems from the whitish costal area of the mesothoracic wings, altogether forming a continuous stripe. However, in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425FD15FFF15F81C0A7053F1" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[151,304,1981,2007]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFF15F81C0A7053F1" box="[151,304,1981,2007]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this stripe is only subtly visible near the base of the pronotum, whereas in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425FD15FFBECF81C0E7453F1" authorityName="Rivera" authorityYear="2010" box="[1134,1332,1981,2007]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="8" pageNumber="239" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425FD15FFBECF81C0E7453F1" box="[1134,1332,1981,2007]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="239">Chromatophotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the same reaches as far as the supracoxal dilatation. Moreover, the costal area of the forewings is only partially whitish in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425ED15EFF15F94A0A705323" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[151,304,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425ED15EFF15F94A0A705323" box="[151,304,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425ED15EFE3BF94A093F5323" authorityName="Rivera" authorityYear="2010" box="[441,639,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425ED15EFE3BF94A093F5323" box="[441,639,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">Chromatophotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is strikingly white throughout its entire extent.Another distinguishing feature is the strongly contrasting crossveins of the forewings of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425ED15EFC25F8AE0F00530F" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[935,1088,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425ED15EFC25F8AE0F00530F" box="[935,1088,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which stand out against the membrane. In contrast,
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425ED15EFE1FF8920923536B" authorityName="Rivera" authorityYear="2010" box="[413,611,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425ED15EFE1FF8920923536B" box="[413,611,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">Chromatophotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the forewing membrane and crossveins concolorous.Additionally, the longitudinal veins of the forewings are more tightly arranged in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425ED15EFCD5F8F608B05357" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[855,1008,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425ED15EFCD5F8F608B05357" box="[855,1008,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and subtend less complex reticulation, compared to
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425ED15EFEADF8DA0AB553B3" authorityName="Rivera" authorityYear="2010" box="[303,501,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425ED15EFEADF8DA0AB553B3" box="[303,501,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">Chromatophotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Differences observed in the abdomen include the abdominal pleural membrane, which is pale pink in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425ED15EFE0BF83E0962539F" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[393,546,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425ED15EFE0BF83E0962539F" box="[393,546,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but strikingly white in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425ED15EFCA9F83E08B1539F" authorityName="Rivera" authorityYear="2010" box="[811,1009,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425ED15EFCA9F83E08B1539F" box="[811,1009,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">Chromatophotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Lastly,
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425ED15EFBD0F83E0FAB539F" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[1106,1259,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425ED15EFBD0F83E0FAB539F" box="[1106,1259,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has shorter and conical monochromatic cerci, while in
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425ED15EFDCCF862085453FB" authorityName="Rivera" authorityYear="2010" box="[590,788,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425ED15EFDCCF862085453FB" box="[590,788,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">Chromatophotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the same are noticeably elongated, flattened, and in great part pigmented in a dark purplish color. Overall,
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFD4DFF3608285497" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[719,872,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFD4DFF3608285497" box="[719,872,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a more compact body form compared to the more elongated
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFECDFF1A095554F3" authorityName="Rivera" authorityYear="2010" box="[335,533,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFECDFF1A095554F3" box="[335,533,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Chromatophotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, akin to the difference between the sister genera
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFBC5FF1A0E2B54F3" authority="Burmeister, 1838" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[1095,1387,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Photina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFBC5FF1A0FE054F3" box="[1095,1184,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Photina</emphasis>
Burmeister, 1838
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFF15FF7E096154DF" authority="Saussure &amp; Zehntner, 1894" authorityName="Saussure &amp; Zehntner" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,545,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Hicetia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFF15FF7E0BA954DE" box="[151,233,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Hicetia</emphasis>
Saussure &amp; Zehntner, 1894
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFDADFF7E09E854DF" box="[559,680,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Photinaini">Photinaini</taxonomicName>
), where
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFC84FF7E081F54DF" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[774,863,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Photina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFC84FF7E081F54DF" box="[774,863,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Photina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the robust form and
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFBE3FF7E0FF354DE" authorityName="Saussure &amp; Zehntner" authorityYear="1894" box="[1121,1203,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Hicetia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFBE3FF7E0FF354DE" box="[1121,1203,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Hicetia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the slender one. The ootheca of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFE90FEA20AEB553B" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[274,427,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFE90FEA20AEB553B" box="[274,427,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
closely resembles that of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFD49FEA208D1553B" authorityName="Rivera" authorityYear="2010" box="[715,913,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFD49FEA208D1553B" box="[715,913,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Chromatophotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFB93FEA20E29553B" authority="Giglio-Tos, 1897" authorityName="Giglio-Tos" authorityYear="1897" box="[1041,1385,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Orthoderella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFB93FEA20FE2553B" box="[1041,1186,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Orthoderella</emphasis>
Giglio-Tos, 1897
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFF15FE860AAE5567" authority="Giglio-Tos, 1915" authorityName="Giglio-Tos" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,494,294,321]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Paraphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFF15FE860A655567" box="[151,293,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Paraphotina</emphasis>
Giglio-Tos, 1915
</taxonomicName>
, in the Orthoderellini (
<figureCitation id="DCF1CFF2425DD15DFD6CFE8608065567" box="[750,838,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1221,1245]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,184,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-18@6.[151,1435,179,1195]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Oothecae of M. viridescens and relatives (Cardiopterinae + Photinainae). A) Right lateral view (specimen 1). B) Left lateral view (specimen 2) showing the mode of attachment to the substrate. C) Dorsal view. D) Frontal view (notice ridged emergence area). E) Ootheca diversity in Photinainae and its sister group, Cardiopterinae (evolutionary affinities sensu Rivera &amp; Svenson, 2016). Overall, the oothecae of Photinainae can be distinguished from those of Cardiopterinae by their caramel brown coloration, compact and globular shape, thick and hard outer wall, and raised emergence area (except in Hicetia). Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262556" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262556/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
). They all share a similar overall shape and structure, outer wall characteristics (coloration, smooth texture), and a curved, ridged emergence area ending in a short, blunt residual process.
</paragraph>
<caption id="10B583FF425ED15EFF15FA2509405253" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262566" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15262566" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262566/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" startId="9.[151,250,1412,1436]" targetBox="[314,1274,179,1387]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="4475D377425ED15EFF15FA2509405253" blockId="9.[151,1437,1412,1653]" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425ED15EFF15FA250A4D51BB" bold="true" box="[151,269,1412,1437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
. A) Female of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425ED15EFE26FA2409E751BB" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[420,679,1413,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425ED15EFE26FA2409E751BB" box="[420,679,1413,1437]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">Microphotina viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under a leaf, adopting the typical cryptic posture of the
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425ED15EFB5EFA240E1451BB" authorityName="Giglio-Tos" authorityYear="1915" box="[1244,1364,1413,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Photinaidae</taxonomicName>
(photo by N. Hausherr). B) A different female specimen, showing the extent of the whitish strip between the proximal section of the costal area and the base of the metazona (photo by N. Hausherr). C)
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425ED15EFCE3FA6C0FB451C3" authority="Rivera, 2010" authorityName="Rivera" authorityYear="2010" box="[865,1268,1485,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="awajun">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425ED15EFCE3FA6C0F2751C2" box="[865,1127,1485,1509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">Chromatophotina awajun</emphasis>
Rivera, 2010
</taxonomicName>
(from Tarapoto, Peru), showing a more extensive and intensely expressed white stripe on the pronotum and mesothoracic wing (iNatObs: 187846650, photo by Diego Deza, license CC-BY-NC). D) Female of
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425ED15EFC0BF9B40F61520B" baseAuthorityName="Chopard" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[905,1057,1557,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridescens">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425ED15EFC0BF9B40F61520B" box="[905,1057,1557,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">M. viridescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
guarding her ootheca (photo by N. Hausherr). E)
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425ED15EFEAAF99809E55277" authority="Rivera, 2010" authorityName="Rivera" authorityYear="2010" box="[296,677,1593,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="240" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cofan">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425ED15EFEAAF998095A5277" box="[296,538,1593,1617]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="240">Chromatophotina cofan</emphasis>
Rivera, 2010
</taxonomicName>
(from Pastaza, Ecuador) guarding her ootheca (iNatObs: 53791526, photo by Ferhat Gundogdu, license CC0).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="4475D377425DD15DFF45FE320ED2558B" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,429]" box="[199,1426,403,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">
In light of the new information, we present a key to distinguish between
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFC77FE320FCE558B" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1935" box="[1013,1166,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Microphotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFC77FE320FCE558B" box="[1013,1166,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Microphotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="83CAA8F4425DD15DFB46FE320ECA558B" authorityName="Rivera" authorityYear="2010" box="[1220,1418,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Photinaidae" genus="Chromatophotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="241" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="76BE0F65425DD15DFB46FE320ECA558B" box="[1220,1418,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="241">Chromatophotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>