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<document id="AE62606A79D954F63781B6EA955D200E" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15262507" ID-ZooBank="B85E0A5A-E44B-4752-B7FF-26202D039517" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1745332078051" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Slavenko, Alex, Shea, Glenn M. & Oliver, Paul M." docDate="2025" docId="5D3F14502463FF82FF5DC7D0FB70DB8E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5621.2.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5621 (2)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5621.2.3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Prasinohaema scurrula Slavenko, Shea & Oliver, 2025, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="222" masterDocId="A1066C282466FF8EFFCAC747FFEFDB5B" masterDocTitle="A new species of montane Prasinohaema (Sphenomorphini: Scincidae) from the South-fold Mountains of New Guinea" masterLastPageNumber="230" masterPageNumber="211" pageNumber="216" updateTime="1745519949637" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="55C896CC596622D43BD99E236008189C">
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<mods:title id="B5EEE3DC18C9C2CEDEF7AE36BC8FBC11">A new species of montane Prasinohaema (Sphenomorphini: Scincidae) from the South-fold Mountains of New Guinea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C3A407E931246CDD9AEAC258343FB31A">Slavenko, Alex</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="907CFAD1822385DD84F4D7ECA5B527FE">Cesar Australia, Brunswick, Victoria 3056, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7E81782321D98B4949A3FD5A775DF286">Shea, Glenn M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="542EAFAD7578D6AE329A49AC6BF04CD1">Sydney School of Veterinary Science, B 01, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia & Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 10 William St, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia & Herpetology Department, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="643C8849C6CE992972F9FDF508064187">Oliver, Paul M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1E24B22C7AB4AD29AD3FB80809EF8732">School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia, and Biodiversity and Geosciences, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 3300, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="BA41A2095BA2DAB4DB365D67FADD3898">2025</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="764C27A3D85734E871F91E707AFF5C5E">2025-04-15</mods:number>
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<taxonomicName id="1296DEC52463FF8BFF5DC7D0FE59DBE9" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[151,438,151,178]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="E7E279542463FF8BFF5DC7D0FE59DBE9" bold="true" box="[151,438,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Prasinohaema scurrula</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F2463FF8BFE77C7D0FDF5DBEA" box="[445,538,151,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<paragraph id="D529A5462463FF8BFF5DC798FF10DBA2" blockId="5.[151,962,151,249]" box="[151,255,223,249]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
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<figureCitation id="4DADB9C32463FF8BFF5DC798FF10DBA2" box="[151,255,223,249]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStart-4="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="4.[152,253,1856,1880]" captionStartId-1="6.[152,255,1982,2006]" captionStartId-2="7.[152,255,1827,1851]" captionStartId-3="8.[152,255,838,862]" captionStartId-4="8.[152,255,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,453,1832]" captionTargetBox-1="[180,1407,273,1958]" captionTargetBox-2="[169,1435,206,1803]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,181,814]" captionTargetBox-4="[162,1425,1036,1812]" captionTargetId-0="figure-127@4.[151,1436,453,1832]" captionTargetId-1="figure-71@6.[179,1408,272,1958]" captionTargetId-2="figure-19@7.[151,1435,198,1803]" captionTargetId-3="figure-30@8.[151,1436,181,814]" captionTargetId-4="figure-107@8.[158,1430,1030,1818]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Prasinohaema scurrula sp. nov. holotype (SAMA R65176; A–C) and paratype (PNGNM 24992; D–F) line drawings of head in A) & D) dorsal view; B) & E) left lateral view; and C) & F) ventral view. Numbers signifying scale definitions are inside the labelled scales where possible (i.e., the label fits fully inside the scale without crossing over to adjascent scales). If not possible, labels are outside the drawing adjacent to the labelled scale (e.g., supralabials in the dorsal view). If both conditions are not met, scales are unlabelled but still coloured. All individual scales are labelled where possible, apart from the palpebral scales." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Prasinohaema scurrula sp. nov. holotype (SAMA R65176). A) Dorsal view; B) Ventral view; C) Left front foot (ventral view); D) Left hind foot (ventral view); E) Head (left lateral view); F) Head (dorsal view); G) Head (ventral view)." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Prasinohaema scurrula sp. nov. paratype (PNGNM 24992). A) Dorsal view; B) Ventral view." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. A) Prasinohaema scurrula sp. nov. from Gigira Ridge, specimen not collected. B) Close up of the mouth of the Gigira Ridge specimen, showing the distinctive blue mouth lining. C) Prasinohaema scurrula sp. nov. holotype (SAMA R65176). D) & E) The type locality at Apalu Reke, Hela Province. F) Habitat at Tari Gap ~2,700 m a.s.l., approximate location of the collection locality of the paratype. All photographs by SJR." captionText-4="FIGURE 6. Map of New Guinea, with elevation above sea level in greyscale. Localities for examined material for different species of Prasinohaema sensu stricto (see text) are marked by different colours. Holotypes are marked by squares, paratypes by triangles, and photos by diamonds. Half-filled circles represent more than one species sampled at that locality. The coordinates for the holotype of P. parkeri are approximate." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262511" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262513" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262515" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262517" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262519" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/15262511/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/15262513/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/15262515/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/15262517/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/15262519/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Figs. 2–6</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<materialsCitation id="65FEAF1B2463FF8BFF5DC666FB65DA04" collectingDate="2009-09-21" collectionCode="SAMA" collectorName="Stephen Richards" country="Papua New Guinea" elevation="2875" latitude="-5.4862" location="Apalu Reke" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="142.3019" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" specimenCode="R65176" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Hela Province" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFF5DC666FEEBDA60" box="[151,260,289,315]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="B3873D832463FF8BFEC0C666FEB6DA60" box="[266,345,289,315]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34982" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34982" name="South Australia Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="Museum">SAMA</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode id="85300D3D2463FF8BFE94C667FE58DA60" box="[350,439,288,315]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">R65176</specimenCode>
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||||
(Field number SJR12137),
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<location id="D049F39D2463FF8BFD22C667FC84DA61" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5D3F14502463FF82FF5DC7D0FB70DB8E:D049F39D2463FF8BFD22C667FC84DA61" box="[744,875,288,314]" country="Papua New Guinea" latitude="-5.4862" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="142.3019" name="Apalu Reke" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" stateProvince="Hela Province">Apalu Reke</location>
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(
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,
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),
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a.s.l.
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</elevation>
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,
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<location id="D049F39D2463FF8BFB36C667FA77DA60" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5D3F14502463FF82FF5DC7D0FB70DB8E:D049F39D2463FF8BFB36C667FA77DA60" box="[1276,1432,288,315]" country="Papua New Guinea" latitude="-5.4862" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="142.3019" name="Muller Range" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" stateProvince="Hela Province">Muller Range</location>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="17526BA42463FF8BFF5DC603FED6DA05" box="[151,313,324,350]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Hela" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Hela Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="AD81E5D62463FF8BFE8FC602FDCFDA05" box="[325,544,324,351]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
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, collected by
|
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<collectorName id="7863C0902463FF8BFD70C603FC90DA05" box="[698,895,324,350]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Stephen Richards</collectorName>
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on
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<collectingDate id="B16C7A6E2463FF8BFC63C602FB69DA04" box="[937,1158,324,351]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" value="2009-09-21">21 September 2009</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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<paragraph id="D529A5462463FF8BFF0DC62EFB6DDAB4" blockId="5.[151,1437,288,2043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
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<materialsCitation id="65FEAF1B2463FF8BFF0DC62EFB91DAB4" collectingDate="1988-12-24" collectingDateMax="1989-01-30" collectingDateMin="1988-12-24" collectionCode="PNGNM" collectorName="Clifford Frith" country="Papua New Guinea" elevation="2700" latitude="-5.9515" location="Tari Gap" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="143.1463" municipality="Tari" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" specimenCode="PNGNM 24992" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Hela Province" typeStatus="paratype">
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<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFF0DC62EFED9DAD8" box="[199,310,361,387]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
|
||||
<specimenCode id="85300D3D2463FF8BFE8EC62EFE16DAD8" box="[324,505,361,387]" collectionCode="PNGNM" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">PNGNM 24992</specimenCode>
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<location id="D049F39D2463FF8BFDC8C62FFD88DAD8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5D3F14502463FF82FF5DC7D0FB70DB8E:D049F39D2463FF8BFDC8C62FFD88DAD8" box="[514,615,360,387]" country="Papua New Guinea" latitude="-5.9515" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="143.1463" municipality="Tari" name="Tari Gap" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" stateProvince="Hela Province">Tari Gap</location>
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(nearest town Tari),
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a.s.l.
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</elevation>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="17526BA42463FF8BFBCCC62FFB45DAD9" box="[1030,1194,360,386]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Hela" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Hela Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="AD81E5D62463FF8BFB72C62EFA77DAD9" box="[1208,1432,360,387]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
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, collected by
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<collectorName id="7863C0902463FF8BFEE2C6CBFE50DAFD" box="[296,447,396,422]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Clifford Frith</collectorName>
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between
|
||||
<date id="A12883862463FF8BFDE7C6CAFCECDAFC" box="[557,771,396,423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" value="1988-12-24">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="B16C7A6E2463FF8BFDE7C6CAFCECDAFC" box="[557,771,396,423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" value="1988-12-24">24 December 1988</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<date id="A12883862463FF8BFCE3C6CAFC09DAFC" box="[809,998,397,423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" value="1989-01-30">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="B16C7A6E2463FF8BFCE3C6CAFC09DAFC" box="[809,998,397,423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" value="1989-01-30">30 January 1989</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
. Approximate coordinates are
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="B0A2C3812463FF8BFAF5C6CBFA78DAFC" box="[1343,1431,396,423]" degrees="5.9515" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" precision="5" value="-5.9515">-5.9515</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="B0A2C3812463FF8BFF5DC6F7FEECDA91" box="[151,259,432,458]" degrees="143.1463" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" precision="5" value="143.1463">143.1463</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
, georeferenced based on aerial photo in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72463FF8BFD12C6F7FC2ADA90" author="Frith, C. B. & Frith, D. W." box="[728,965,432,459]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" pagination="160 - 164" refId="ref12043" refString="Frith, C. B. & Frith, D. W. (1990) Discovery of the King of Saxony Bird of Paradise Pteridophora alberti nest, egg and nestling, with notes on parental care. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 110, 160-164." type="journal article" year="1990">Frith & Frith (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, detailing the location of a
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC52463FF8BFACFC6F7FE98DAB4" authority="Meyer, 1894" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1894" class="Aves" family="Paradisaeidae" genus="Pteridophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alberti">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542463FF8BFACFC6F7FF0DDAB5" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Pteridophora alberti</emphasis>
|
||||
Meyer, 1894
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
nest next to which the paratype was collected (C. Frith pers. comm.)
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="9D8CF6CD2463FF8BFF0DC6BFFE34D9B0" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A5462463FF8BFF0DC6BFFE34D9B0" blockId="5.[151,1437,288,2043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542463FF8BFF0DC6BFFEADD949" bold="true" box="[199,322,504,530]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC52463FF8BFE80C6BFFDBAD949" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[330,597,504,530]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542463FF8BFE80C6BFFDBAD949" box="[330,597,504,530]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Prasinohaema scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542463FF8BFD94C6BEFD56D948" bold="true" box="[606,697,505,531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F2463FF8BFD94C6BEFD56D948" box="[606,697,505,531]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
can be differentiated from all other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC52463FF8BFB91C6BFFB5DD949" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[1115,1202,504,530]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Lobulia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542463FF8BFB91C6BFFB5DD949" box="[1115,1202,504,530]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Lobulia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group skinks by the combination of adult SVL up to at least
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A32463FF8BFD9DC55AFD48D96C" box="[599,679,541,567]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, snout short and relatively blunt; prefrontals not in contact, primary temporal not divided, parietals fully separated by interparietal, lower eyelid with two enlarged opaque scales centrally, more than two chin shields in medial contact, posterior chin shields separated from infralabials by a short row of 2–3 genials, subdigital lamellae only moderately expanded (distal lamellae typically around double width of proximal lamellae), lining of mouth blue in life, dorsal pattern of dark-brown crossbands, and venter with dark brown chequerboard pattern.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="9D8CF6CD2463FF87FF0DC5B3FC2DDCD5" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="220" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A5462463FF8BFF0DC5B3FC10DF08" blockId="5.[151,1437,288,2043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542463FF8BFF0DC5B3FEB6D855" bold="true" box="[199,345,756,782]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Description.</emphasis>
|
||||
Snout short, dorsal margin convex in lateral profile; rostral wider than tall, in contact posteriorly with first supralabial, nasals and frontonasal, median lobe slightly rounded; frontonasal wider than long, in contact posteriorly with prefrontals and frontal, suture with frontal narrower than that with rostral and narrower than width of frontal at level of suture between second supraocular and frontoparietal; prefrontals moderately separated, in contact posteriorly with frontal, first supraocular and first supraciliary; frontal kite-shaped, longer than wide (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFAC8C4C2FA8BD8C4" box="[1282,1380,901,927]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
with anterior angle hived off as a small azygous scale, and posterior angle partially cleft longitudinally); one pair of frontoparietals, left overlapping right; supraoculars four, second extending most medially, third narrowest, first two contacting frontal, last three contacting frontoparietals; interparietal kite-shaped, shorter and narrower than frontal (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFF55C352FEEEDF74" box="[159,257,1045,1071]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
with anterior lobe of interparietal hived off as an azygous scale between frontoparietals), posteriorly completely separating parietals (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="4DADB9C32463FF8BFDC9C37FFDA8DF08" box="[515,583,1080,1107]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,253,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,453,1832]" captionTargetId="figure-127@4.[151,1436,453,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Prasinohaema scurrula sp. nov. holotype (SAMA R65176; A–C) and paratype (PNGNM 24992; D–F) line drawings of head in A) & D) dorsal view; B) & E) left lateral view; and C) & F) ventral view. Numbers signifying scale definitions are inside the labelled scales where possible (i.e., the label fits fully inside the scale without crossing over to adjascent scales). If not possible, labels are outside the drawing adjacent to the labelled scale (e.g., supralabials in the dorsal view). If both conditions are not met, scales are unlabelled but still coloured. All individual scales are labelled where possible, apart from the palpebral scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262511/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
); parietal eye spot absent (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="4DADB9C32463FF8BFCB9C37FFC1CDF08" box="[883,1011,1080,1107]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[152,255,1982,2006]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,273,1958]" captionTargetId="figure-71@6.[179,1408,272,1958]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Prasinohaema scurrula sp. nov. holotype (SAMA R65176). A) Dorsal view; B) Ventral view; C) Left front foot (ventral view); D) Left hind foot (ventral view); E) Head (left lateral view); F) Head (dorsal view); G) Head (ventral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262513/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">Fig. 3A&F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A5462463FF88FF0DC31BFD7BDBA3" blockId="5.[151,1437,288,2043]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="217" pageId="5" pageNumber="216">
|
||||
Nasal oblique, anteroventral to posterodorsal length shorter than anterodorsal to posteroventral length, contacting frontonasal dorsally and anterior loreal posteriorly; nostril central in nasal; a weak postnarial groove beginning ventral to nostril, arcing around posterior margin to posterodorsal side; no supranasal or postnasal; anterior loreal taller than long, partially (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFE0DC38FFDC3DFB9" box="[455,556,1224,1250]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) or completely (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFD27C38EFCBEDFB8" box="[749,849,1225,1251]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) divided into smaller upper scale and larger lower scale, and dorsally contacting frontonasal and prefrontal, posteriorly contacting posterior loreal; posterior loreal squarish, but narrower ventrally, contacting prefrontal and first supraciliary dorsally, and first preocular and first presubocular posteriorly; on right side of
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFDAAC272FD2CDE14" box="[608,707,1333,1359]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, posterior loreal divided into smaller upper and larger lower scale, together slightly taller than wide; supraciliaries nine (eight on R side of
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFC10C21EFBD0DE28" box="[986,1087,1369,1395]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
), first four (three on R side of
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFF5DC23AFF16DECC" box="[151,249,1405,1431]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) contacting first supraocular (fourth only narrowly so), first longer than the rest, narrowly separated from frontal, last two progressively arcing medially behind fourth supraocular, last overlapping parietal; a large anterior preocular wedged between first supraciliary and first presubocular, reaching posterior loreal anteriorly, followed by small second preocular that subtends both upper and lower palpebral rows; presuboculars three; postsuboculars four, first (lowermost) interdigitating between fifth and sixth supralabials, uppermost overlapped by last supraciliary, overlapping corner of parietal; upper palpebrals in contact with supraciliary row along most of its length, anterior part of row separated from supraciliaries by one (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFD04C113FCDCDD35" box="[718,819,1620,1646]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) or 2L/3R (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFC76C112FBCFDD34" box="[956,1056,1621,1647]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) oblique scales; lower palpebrals shallow; the two central subpalpebrals enlarged, equivalent to a “window” but opaque; primary temporal single, overlapped by upper three postsuboculars and penultimate supralabial; secondary temporals two, upper longer than tall, overlapped by parietal, uppermost postsubocular and primary temporal; lower secondary temporal overlapped by upper secondary, primary and last supralabial; supralabials seven, first four squarish, last two pentagonal, first dorsally contacting nasal and narrowly anterior loreal (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFD3DC04FFCB3DC79" box="[759,860,1800,1826]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) or just nasal (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFC34C04EFB8BDC78" box="[1022,1124,1801,1827]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
), second contacting anterior loreal broadly and posterior loreal more narrowly, without (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFC87C06BFC5DDC1D" box="[845,946,1836,1862]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) or narrowly with (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFB53C06AFB12DC1C" box="[1177,1277,1837,1863]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) contact with nasal as well, third narrowly contacting posterior loreal, broadly contacting first presubocular, and very narrowly contacting second presubocular, fourth contacting second and third presuboculars, fifth below centre of eye, separating pre- and postsubocular series, contacting 6L/5R (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFCFAC0DFFC7ADCE9" box="[816,917,1944,1970]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) or 3L/2R (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFBDCC0DEFB95DCE8" box="[1046,1146,1945,1971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) granules of lower eyelid; postsupralabials two; nuchals irregularly and asymmetrically differentiated,
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFBCEC0FBFB89DC8D" box="[1028,1126,1980,2006]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
with first pair of enlarged nuchals extending laterally to reach upper secondary temporals followed by 2L/1R narrower nuchals,
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42463FF8BFACEC0A6FA8BDCA0" box="[1284,1380,2017,2043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="216" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
with two scales between paravertebral scales and upper secondary temporals bilaterally, and first few paravertebrals of irregular width; ear ovoid, taller than long, height about equal to height of lower eyelid, with two (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42460FF88FB1EC7FDFAD6DB8F" box="[1236,1337,186,212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) or three (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE42460FF88FF55C799FEECDBA3" box="[159,259,222,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) low lobules along anterior margin.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="81E9F5CE2460FF88FF52C0F9FA95DCA1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262513" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15262513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262513/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" startId="6.[152,255,1982,2006]" targetBox="[180,1407,273,1958]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A5462460FF88FF52C0F9FA95DCA1" blockId="6.[151,1436,1982,2042]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542460FF88FF52C0F9FEF6DC8D" bold="true" box="[152,281,1982,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC52460FF88FEEAC0F9FDFEDC8D" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[288,529,1982,2006]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542460FF88FEEAC0F9FDFEDC8D" box="[288,529,1982,2006]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">Prasinohaema scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542460FF88FDD2C0F9FD85DC8D" bold="true" box="[536,618,1982,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F2460FF88FDD2C0F9FD85DC8D" box="[536,618,1982,2006]" pageId="6" pageNumber="217" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
holotype (SAMA R65176). A) Dorsal view; B) Ventral view; C) Left front foot (ventral view); D) Left hind foot (ventral view); E) Head (left lateral view); F) Head (dorsal view); G) Head (ventral view).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="81E9F5CE2461FF89FF52C064FB39DC60" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262515" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15262515" box="[152,1238,1827,1852]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262515/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="218" startId="7.[152,255,1827,1851]" targetBox="[169,1435,206,1803]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A5462461FF89FF52C064FB39DC60" blockId="7.[152,1238,1827,1852]" box="[152,1238,1827,1852]" pageId="7" pageNumber="218">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542461FF89FF52C064FEF7DC60" bold="true" box="[152,280,1827,1851]" pageId="7" pageNumber="218">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC52461FF89FED5C064FDE0DC60" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[287,527,1827,1851]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542461FF89FED5C064FDE0DC60" box="[287,527,1827,1851]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="218">Prasinohaema scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542461FF89FDDFC064FD89DC60" bold="true" box="[533,614,1827,1851]" pageId="7" pageNumber="218">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F2461FF89FDDFC064FD89DC60" box="[533,614,1827,1851]" pageId="7" pageNumber="218" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
paratype (PNGNM 24992). A) Dorsal view; B) Ventral view.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="81E9F5CE246EFF86FF52C401FCDDD891" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262517" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15262517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262517/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="219" startId="8.[152,255,838,862]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,814]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246EFF86FF52C401FCDDD891" blockId="8.[151,1437,838,970]" pageId="8" pageNumber="219">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246EFF86FF52C401FEF4D805" bold="true" box="[152,283,838,862]" pageId="8" pageNumber="219">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||||
A)
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246EFF86FE8DC401FDD5D805" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[327,570,838,862]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="219" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246EFF86FE8DC401FDD5D805" box="[327,570,838,862]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="219">Prasinohaema scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246EFF86FD89C401FD78D805" bold="true" box="[579,663,838,862]" pageId="8" pageNumber="219">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246EFF86FD89C401FD78D805" box="[579,663,838,862]" pageId="8" pageNumber="219" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
from Gigira Ridge, specimen not collected. B) Close up of the mouth of the Gigira Ridge specimen, showing the distinctive blue mouth lining. C)
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246EFF86FC5DC42DFB66D8D9" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[919,1161,874,898]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="219" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246EFF86FC5DC42DFB66D8D9" box="[919,1161,874,898]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="219">Prasinohaema scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246EFF86FB5BC42DFB0CD8D9" bold="true" box="[1169,1251,874,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="219">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246EFF86FB5BC42DFB0CD8D9" box="[1169,1251,874,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="219" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
holotype (SAMA R65176). D) & E) The type locality at Apalu Reke, Hela Province. F) Habitat at Tari Gap ~2,700 m a.s.l., approximate location of the collection locality of the paratype. All photographs by SJR.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="81E9F5CE246EFF86FF52C075FD9FDCED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262519" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15262519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262519/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="219" startId="8.[152,255,1842,1866]" targetBox="[162,1425,1036,1812]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246EFF86FF52C075FD9FDCED" blockId="8.[151,1436,1842,1974]" pageId="8" pageNumber="219">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246EFF86FF52C075FEF5DC11" bold="true" box="[152,282,1842,1866]" pageId="8" pageNumber="219">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||||
Map of New Guinea, with elevation above sea level in greyscale. Localities for examined material for different species of
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246EFF86FECAC011FDF8DC35" box="[256,535,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="219">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246EFF86FECAC011FE7BDC35" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[256,404,1878,1902]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="219" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Prasinohaema</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246EFF86FE53C010FDF8DC35" box="[409,535,1879,1902]" pageId="8" pageNumber="219" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(see text) are marked by different colours. Holotypes are marked by squares, paratypes by triangles, and photos by diamonds. Half-filled circles represent more than one species sampled at that locality. The coordinates for the holotype of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246EFF86FE91C0D8FE50DCED" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[347,447,1950,1974]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="219" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246EFF86FE91C0D8FE50DCED" box="[347,447,1950,1974]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="219">P. parkeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are approximate.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246FFF87FF0DC7D0FC4BDAF6" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,753]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
|
||||
Mental similar width to rostral, but shallower on midline; postmental slightly narrower than mental; infralabials seven (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FF2EC7FCFEA6DB8E" box="[228,329,187,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) or 8L/7
|
||||
<collectionCode id="B3873D83246FFF87FE6DC7FCFE54DB8E" box="[423,443,187,213]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">R</collectionCode>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FE02C7FCFDC1DB8E" box="[456,558,187,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
), first two contacting postmental, second to third (L on
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FB41C7FCFB1FDB8E" box="[1163,1264,187,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectionCode id="B3873D83246FFF87FB33C7FCFAE3DB8E" box="[1273,1292,187,213]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">R</collectionCode>
|
||||
on
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FAF9C7FCFA7ADB8E" box="[1331,1429,187,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) or second to fourth contacting chin shields, remainder separated by one or more rows of intervening scales;
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FAF6C798FA73DBA2" box="[1340,1436,223,249]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
with first two pairs of chin shields in median contact, third pair of chin shields medially separated by two scales; fourth pair of chin shields separated medially by three scales;
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FC80C660FC43DA1A" box="[842,940,295,321]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
with asymmetrical chin shields, first two on left contacting first on right, second on right narrowly separated from its partner on the left by a single scale, third pair separated by two scales, but right scale laterally shortened to allow contact between second and fourth chin shield of that side, fourth pair separated by three/four irregular scales.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246FFF87FF0DC6F0FA6CD93A" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,753]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
|
||||
Body scales glossy, in 32 (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FDC5C6F0FD9BDA8A" box="[527,628,439,465]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) or 34 (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FD15C6F0FCACDA8A" box="[735,835,439,465]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) longitudinal rows at midbody; dorsals irregularly longitudinally grooved (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FE6FC69CFDE5DAAE" box="[421,522,475,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) or smooth (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FD52C69CFD11DAAE" box="[664,766,475,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
), slightly wider than long, paravertebral series not enlarged, 62 to level of anterior margin of hindlimb (both specimens), 65 (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FC4DC6B8FC03D942" box="[903,1004,511,537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) or 66 (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FB86C6B8FB5FD942" box="[1100,1200,511,537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) to posterior margin of hindlimb; medial precloacals enlarged and laterally overlapping the adjacent precloacals; median subcaudals slightly wider than laterally adjoining subcaudals; tip of tail rounded with slight development of a ventral “pad”.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246FFF87FF0DC52CFAACD9AA" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,753]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
|
||||
Limbs pentadactyle, third and fourth fingers of similar length; fourth toe longest. On toes, basal subdigital lamellae only slightly wider than distal subdigital lamellae, and width gradually diminishes distally.Fourth toe slightly dorsally arched at second interphalangeal joint; fifth toes slightly arched at first interphalangeal joint. Lamellae under fourth toe 16L/19R (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FE0FC590FDC5D9AA" box="[453,554,727,753]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
) or 20/20 (
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FD6CC590FCE2D9AA" box="[678,781,727,753]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
); terminal three scales above fourth toe undivided.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246FFF87FF5DC404FDCED807" blockId="9.[151,545,834,861]" box="[151,545,834,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
|
||||
<heading id="8E61122A246FFF87FF5DC404FDCED807" bold="true" box="[151,545,834,861]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246FFF87FF5DC404FDCED807" bold="true" box="[151,545,834,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Measurements and proportions</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246FFF87FF5DC4C3FE3FD8BD" blockId="9.[151,1437,900,2042]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FF5DC4C3FEEBD8C5" box="[151,260,900,926]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
: SVL
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246FFF87FE83C4C3FE75D8C4" box="[329,410,900,927]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, AGL
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246FFF87FE2EC4C3FDDCD8C4" box="[484,563,900,927]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" unit="mm" value="37.0">37 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(52.9% of SVL); tail autotomised at base; FLL
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246FFF87FB87C4C3FB73D8C4" box="[1101,1180,900,927]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(25.7% of SVL); HLL
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246FFF87FF5DC4EFFF09D898" box="[151,230,936,963]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" unit="mm" value="27.0">27 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(38.6% of SVL); (FLL + HLL)/AGL 121.6%; HL
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246FFF87FCEAC4EFFC6BD898" box="[800,900,936,963]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" unit="mm" value="13.4">13.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(19.1% of SVL); HW 10.0 mm (74.6% of HL); HD
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246FFF87FF0DC48BFEF2D8BC" box="[199,285,972,999]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" unit="mm" value="7.4">7.4 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(55.2% of HL).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246FFF87FF0DC4B6FD6ADF09" blockId="9.[151,1437,900,2042]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FF0DC4B6FEC2DF50" box="[199,301,1009,1035]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
: SVL
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246FFF87FEBDC4B7FE24DF50" box="[375,459,1008,1035]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" unit="mm" value="64.0">64 mm</quantity>
|
||||
; AGL
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246FFF87FDD2C4B7FD91DF50" box="[536,638,1008,1035]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" unit="mm" value="31.5">31.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(49.2% of SVL); TL
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246FFF87FCB0C4B7FC24DF50" box="[890,971,1008,1035]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" unit="mm" value="93.0">93 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(145% of SVL); FLL
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246FFF87FB1BC4B7FACDDF50" box="[1233,1314,1008,1035]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(28.1% of SVL); HLL
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246FFF87FEEFC353FE99DF74" box="[293,374,1044,1071]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" unit="mm" value="27.0">27 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(42.2% of SVL); (FLL + HLL)/AGL 142.9%; HL
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246FFF87FC0FC353FBC4DF74" box="[965,1067,1044,1071]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3599999999999999" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" unit="mm" value="13.6">13.6 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(21.3% of SVL); HW
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246FFF87FAFCC353FA72DF74" box="[1334,1437,1044,1071]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.01" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" unit="mm" value="10.1">10.1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(74.3% of HL); HD 8.0 mm (58.8% of HL).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246FFF87FF0DC31BFB67DE71" blockId="9.[151,1437,900,2042]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246FFF87FF0DC31BFDC4DF2D" bold="true" box="[199,555,1116,1142]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Colouration (in preservative).</emphasis>
|
||||
Description based on
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FCE2C31BFC65DF2D" box="[808,906,1116,1142]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FC08C31AFBC9DF2C" box="[962,1062,1117,1143]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
. Dorsal ground colour light olive brown (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="4DADB9C3246FFF87FF26C3C7FED8DFC1" box="[236,311,1152,1178]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[152,255,1982,2006]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,273,1958]" captionTargetId="figure-71@6.[179,1408,272,1958]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Prasinohaema scurrula sp. nov. holotype (SAMA R65176). A) Dorsal view; B) Ventral view; C) Left front foot (ventral view); D) Left hind foot (ventral view); E) Head (left lateral view); F) Head (dorsal view); G) Head (ventral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262513" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262513/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
&
|
||||
<figureCitation id="4DADB9C3246FFF87FE9DC3C7FE87DFC1" box="[343,360,1152,1178]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[169,1435,206,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[151,1435,198,1803]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Prasinohaema scurrula sp. nov. paratype (PNGNM 24992). A) Dorsal view; B) Ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262515/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Dorsal head shields with small irregular dark brown spots along some scale margins, particularly medially. Neck and body dorsum with irregular darker brown transversely oriented macules, only weakly aligned to become broken bands, giving appearance of a “chequerboard” pattern of light and dark patches. Dark macules and pale interspaces both about 2–3 scales long from anterior to posterior. Tail dorsum with similar rectangular markings, but less contrasting (mid brown) and more transversely aligned to create bands.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246FFF87FF0DC273FE40DD59" blockId="9.[151,1437,900,2042]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Laterally, ground colour transitioning from light brown dorsally to light yellow-grey ventrally. An irregularly edged dark brown stripe beginning over loreal region (where narrowest), along upper and lower edges of orbit, over upper temporal region (containing a few paler spots), then along upper flanks, where it broadens and breaks up into a coarse dark brown reticulum (containing some spots of pale ground colour) blending with the lateral parts of the dorsal pattern, and extending more ventrally as mid-brown barring. Lateral surface of tail with extensions of the mid-brown dorsal bands.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246FFF87FF0DC14AFCFEDD11" blockId="9.[151,1437,900,2042]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
|
||||
Venter yellow-grey, throat immaculate, body and tail with mid-brown extensions of the lateral pattern of blotches towards the midline (but not reaching it in the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FD55C177FCEADD11" box="[671,773,1584,1610]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246FFF87FF0DC113FB55DDED" blockId="9.[151,1437,900,2042]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Forelimbs light brown above with weakly defined and coarse brown reticulum above, yellow-grey below; palms yellowish-grey. Hindlimbs light brown above, anteriorly and posteriorly with a coarse dark brown reticulum, yellow-grey below with weak extensions of the dark reticulum encroaching; soles pale yellow.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246FFF87FF0DC187FC9BDD81" blockId="9.[151,1437,900,2042]" box="[199,884,1728,1754]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Parietal peritoneum black, visceral peritoneum unpigmented.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246FFF87FF0DC1A3FDEBDC1D" blockId="9.[151,1437,900,2042]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246FFF87FF0DC1A3FE54DDA5" bold="true" box="[199,443,1764,1790]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Colouration (in life).</emphasis>
|
||||
Description based on
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FD7FC1A3FCF8DDA5" box="[693,791,1764,1790]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
and unvouchered photographed specimen. Dorsal ground colour light olive brown to golden brown (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="4DADB9C3246FFF87FDBEC04FFD1FDC78" box="[628,752,1800,1827]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[152,255,838,862]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,814]" captionTargetId="figure-30@8.[151,1436,181,814]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. A) Prasinohaema scurrula sp. nov. from Gigira Ridge, specimen not collected. B) Close up of the mouth of the Gigira Ridge specimen, showing the distinctive blue mouth lining. C) Prasinohaema scurrula sp. nov. holotype (SAMA R65176). D) & E) The type locality at Apalu Reke, Hela Province. F) Habitat at Tari Gap ~2,700 m a.s.l., approximate location of the collection locality of the paratype. All photographs by SJR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262517/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Fig. 5A–C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Irregular spotting on dorsal head shields and macules along the dorsum dark brown to black.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246FFF87FF0DC017FC2DDCD5" blockId="9.[151,1437,900,2042]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Dorsal surface of head sometimes with light greenish tint. Laterally, ground colour transitioning from light brown dorsally to pale ventrally. Venter pale grey. Lining of mouth blue.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="9D8CF6CD246FFF87FF0DC0DFFF0CDCA1" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246FFF87FF0DC0DFFF0CDCA1" blockId="9.[151,1437,900,2042]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246FFF87FF0DC0DFFE9CDCE9" bold="true" box="[199,371,1944,1970]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Reproduction.</emphasis>
|
||||
Both specimens are female. The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FD2FC0DFFCA8DCE9" box="[741,839,1944,1970]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
has 1L/2
|
||||
<collectionCode id="B3873D83246FFF87FC67C0DFFC2EDCE9" box="[941,961,1944,1970]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">R</collectionCode>
|
||||
thin-shelled eggs in the oviduct indicating viviparity, while the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246FFF87FE45C0FAFE00DC8C" box="[399,495,1981,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
is non-reproductive but mature (oviduct well-developed with obliquely pleated walls).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="9D8CF6CD246CFF84FF0DC7D0FC73DB8E" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" type="etymology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246CFF84FF0DC7D0FC73DB8E" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FF0DC7D0FEA1DBEA" bold="true" box="[199,334,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||||
From the Latin masculine noun scurrula, a small clown, in reference to the bright chequerboard pattern, resembling that often used in the dress of clowns and jesters.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="9D8CF6CD246CFF84FF0DC799FD80DA3E" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246CFF84FF0DC799FD80DA3E" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FF0DC799FE8EDBA3" bold="true" box="[199,353,222,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FEA0C798FD9ADBA2" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[362,629,223,249]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FEA0C798FD9ADBA2" box="[362,629,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Prasinohaema scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FDB4C798FD35DBA2" bold="true" box="[638,730,223,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246CFF84FDB4C798FD35DBA2" box="[638,730,223,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
is known from three locations spanning approximately
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246CFF84FA97C798FF54DA46" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" unit="km" value="1000.0">1,000 km</quantity>
|
||||
<superScript id="22E3080E246CFF84FF71C645FF2CDA4B" attach="left" box="[187,195,258,272]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">2</superScript>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="17526BA4246CFF84FF2CC644FE6ADA46" box="[230,389,259,285]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Hela" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Hela Province</collectingRegion>
|
||||
between the Muller Range in the northwest and the Tari area and Gigira Ridge in the southeast (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="4DADB9C3246CFF84FF55C660FF0CDA1A" box="[159,227,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[152,255,1842,1866]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,1036,1812]" captionTargetId="figure-107@8.[158,1430,1030,1818]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Map of New Guinea, with elevation above sea level in greyscale. Localities for examined material for different species of Prasinohaema sensu stricto (see text) are marked by different colours. Holotypes are marked by squares, paratypes by triangles, and photos by diamonds. Half-filled circles represent more than one species sampled at that locality. The coordinates for the holotype of P. parkeri are approximate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262519/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The Gigira Ridge (
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="B0A2C381246CFF84FE03C661FDF9DA1A" box="[457,534,294,321]" degrees="5.972" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" precision="55" value="-5.972">-5.972</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="B0A2C381246CFF84FDEAC661FD91DA1A" box="[544,638,294,321]" degrees="142.753" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" precision="55" value="142.753">142.753</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246CFF84FD43C661FD0BDA1A" box="[649,740,294,321]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.175" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" unit="m" value="2175.0">2,175 m</quantity>
|
||||
a.s.l.) record is based on an unvouchered photograph taken by S. Richards on
|
||||
<date id="A1288386246CFF84FE88C60CFE37DA3E" box="[322,472,330,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" value="2015-06-24">24 June 2015</date>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="4DADB9C3246CFF84FE2DC60CFDB0DA3E" box="[487,607,330,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[152,255,838,862]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,814]" captionTargetId="figure-30@8.[151,1436,181,814]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. A) Prasinohaema scurrula sp. nov. from Gigira Ridge, specimen not collected. B) Close up of the mouth of the Gigira Ridge specimen, showing the distinctive blue mouth lining. C) Prasinohaema scurrula sp. nov. holotype (SAMA R65176). D) & E) The type locality at Apalu Reke, Hela Province. F) Habitat at Tari Gap ~2,700 m a.s.l., approximate location of the collection locality of the paratype. All photographs by SJR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262517/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Fig. 5A–B</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="9D8CF6CD246CFF84FF0DC628FED1D9F2" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246CFF84FF0DC628FED1D9F2" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FF0DC628FEC3DAD2" bold="true" box="[199,300,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FEFFC628FDADDAD2" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[309,578,367,393]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FEFFC628FDADDAD2" box="[309,578,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Prasinohaema scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FD86C628FD47DAD2" bold="true" box="[588,680,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246CFF84FD86C628FD47DAD2" box="[588,680,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
is a montane species. All specimens were found in mid-montane habitats at elevations between
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246CFF84FE3CC6D5FD4DDAF6" box="[502,674,402,429]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5375" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.175" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" unit="m" value="2537.5" valueMax="2900.0" valueMin="2175.0">
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="B0A2C381246CFF84FE3CC6D5FDDBDAF6" box="[502,564,402,429]" degrees="2,175" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" precision="55" value="2.175">2,175</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="B0A2C381246CFF84FDFFC6D5FD6DDAF6" box="[565,642,402,429]" degrees="2,900" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" precision="55" value="-2.9">–2,900</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
m
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
a.s.l. The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246CFF84FCD6C6D4FC91DAF6" box="[796,894,403,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
was found on a log in a patch of sun in a fern meadow (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="4DADB9C3246CFF84FEC2C6F0FE6EDA8A" box="[264,385,438,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[152,255,838,862]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,814]" captionTargetId="figure-30@8.[151,1436,181,814]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. A) Prasinohaema scurrula sp. nov. from Gigira Ridge, specimen not collected. B) Close up of the mouth of the Gigira Ridge specimen, showing the distinctive blue mouth lining. C) Prasinohaema scurrula sp. nov. holotype (SAMA R65176). D) & E) The type locality at Apalu Reke, Hela Province. F) Habitat at Tari Gap ~2,700 m a.s.l., approximate location of the collection locality of the paratype. All photographs by SJR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262517/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Fig. 5D–E</figureCitation>
|
||||
) at Apalu Reke in the Muller Range (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246CFF84FCADC6F0FBE1DA8A" author="Takeuchi, W." box="[871,1038,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" pagination="19 - 27" refId="ref15319" refString="Takeuchi, W. (2011) Additional notes of Psychotria (Rubiaceae) from the southern karst of Papua New Guinea: P. defretesiana comb. et stat. nov., P. dieniensis var. nov., and P. stevedarwiniana sp. nov. Phytotaxa, 24, 19-27. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.24.1.3" type="journal article" year="2011">Takeuchi 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
for a detailed habitat description). The specimen from Gigira Ridge was found on the ground in sunny conditions on an artificially created limestone scree slope at the edge of a road in dense mid-montane forest. Later surveys at the Gigira Ridge location in 2017, 2019, and 2024 did not detect this species. The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246CFF84FD0BC564FCCED966" box="[705,801,547,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
was found 40’ (roughly
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246CFF84FB8BC564FB92D966" box="[1089,1149,547,573]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" unit="m" value="12.0">12 m</quantity>
|
||||
) high in a pandanus tree (see detailed habitat information in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246CFF84FDE2C500FCF7D93A" author="Frith, C. B. & Frith, D. W." box="[552,792,583,609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" pagination="160 - 164" refId="ref12043" refString="Frith, C. B. & Frith, D. W. (1990) Discovery of the King of Saxony Bird of Paradise Pteridophora alberti nest, egg and nestling, with notes on parental care. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 110, 160-164." type="journal article" year="1990">Frith & Frith (1990))</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. This suggests arboreal habits for the species, which may explain why observations are rare despite intensive surveys at Apalu Reke and Gigira Ridge, where
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FB3BC52CFA8ED9DE" box="[1265,1377,619,645]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FB3BC52CFA8ED9DE" box="[1265,1377,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Pandanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
trees were common.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="9D8CF6CD246CFF84FF0DC5F4FBC6DF4A" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246CFF84FF0DC5F4FDCFD84E" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FF0DC5F4FE36D996" box="[199,473,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FF0DC5F4FE3BD996" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[199,468,691,717]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula">Prasinohaema scurrula</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FE2AC5F4FDD5D996" bold="true" box="[480,570,691,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||||
was not observed during a survey at
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246CFF84FC15C5F5FBC8D996" box="[991,1063,690,717]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||||
a.s.l. in the Muller Range, nor at surveys between
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246CFF84FE9DC590FE10D9AA" box="[343,511,727,753]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.78" metricValueMax="2.2199999999999998" metricValueMin="1.34" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" unit="m" value="1780.0" valueMax="2220.0" valueMin="1340.0">
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="B0A2C381246CFF84FE9DC590FE7AD9AA" box="[343,405,727,753]" degrees="1,340" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" precision="55" value="1.34">1,340</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="B0A2C381246CFF84FE5FC590FE0CD9AA" box="[405,483,727,753]" degrees="2,220" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" precision="55" value="-2.22">–2,220</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
m
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
a.s.l. elsewhere in that range (F. Kraus pers. comm.); altitudes below
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246CFF84FACCC591FA8DD9AA" box="[1286,1378,726,753]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.175" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" unit="m" value="2175.0">2,175 m</quantity>
|
||||
a.s.l. on Gigira Ridge were not sampled.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246CFF84FF0DC458FBC6DF4A" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
Relatively few other skink species have been observed in sympatry with the new species. An undescribed species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FEC4C404FE45D807" authorityName="Allison & Greer" authorityYear="1986" box="[270,426,835,860]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Papuascincus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FEC4C404FE45D807" box="[270,426,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Papuascincus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(most likely lineage III from
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246CFF84FD30C404FC0CD806" author="Slavenko, A. & Tamar, K. & Tallowin, O. J. S. & Allison, A. & Kraus, F. & Carranza, S. & Meiri, S." box="[762,995,835,861]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" pagination="106749" refId="ref15086" refString="Slavenko, A., Tamar, K., Tallowin, O. J. S., Allison, A., Kraus, F., Carranza, S. & Meiri, S. (2020) Cryptic diversity and nonadaptive radiation of montane New Guinea skinks (Papuascincus; Scincidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 146, 106749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106749" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||||
Slavenko
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FCA3C404FC4DD806" box="[873,930,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2020
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) was abundant at both Apalu Reke and Gigira Ridge. A single unidentified
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FDFBC420FCEDD8DA" authority="Gray, 1845" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1845" box="[561,770,870,897]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Emoia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FDFBC420FD95D8DB" box="[561,634,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Emoia</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246CFF84FD4EC420FCEDD8DA" author="Gray, J. E." box="[644,770,870,897]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" refId="ref12095" refString="Gray, J. E. (1845) Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum. Printed by order of the Trustees, London, xxvii + 289 pp." type="book" year="1845">Gray, 1845</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was observed but not captured at Gigira Ridge and a few specimens of an unidentified species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FD96C4CCFD5CD8FE" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[604,691,907,933]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Lobulia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FD96C4CCFD5CD8FE" box="[604,691,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Lobulia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were also recorded there. This
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FBD2C4CCFB80D8FE" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[1048,1135,907,933]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Lobulia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FBD2C4CCFB80D8FE" box="[1048,1135,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Lobulia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
possibly belongs to an asyet-undescribed species that occurs in the Muller Range, and that is genetically divergent from other species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FF5DC494FF01D8B6" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[151,238,979,1005]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Lobulia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FF5DC494FF01D8B6" box="[151,238,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Lobulia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
present in the Central Cordillera (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FDB4C494FBE6D8B6" authority="(Loveridge, 1945)" baseAuthorityName="Loveridge" baseAuthorityYear="1945" box="[638,1033,978,1005]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Lobulia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lobulus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FDB4C494FCDED8B6" box="[638,817,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Lobulia lobulus</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246CFF84FC88C494FBEED8B6" author="Loveridge, A." box="[834,1025,978,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" pagination="47 - 52" refId="ref13265" refString="Loveridge, A. (1945) New scincid lizards of the genera Tropidophorus and Lygosoma from New Guinea. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 58, 47-52." type="journal article" year="1945">Loveridge, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FB8FC494FCF5DF4A" authority="Slavenko, Tamar, Tallowin, Kraus, Allison, Carranza & Meiri, 2021" authorityName="Slavenko, Tamar, Tallowin, Kraus, Allison, Carranza & Meiri" authorityYear="2021" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Lobulia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmorata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FB8FC494FACCD8B7" box="[1093,1315,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Lobulia marmorata</emphasis>
|
||||
Slavenko, Tamar, Tallowin, Kraus, Allison, Carranza & Meiri, 2021
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246CFF84FCFBC4B0FBF2DF4A" author="Slavenko, A. & Tamar, K. & Tallowin, O. J. S. & Kraus, F. & Allison, A. & Carranza, S. & Meiri, S." box="[817,1053,1015,1041]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" pagination="220 - 278" refId="ref15166" refString="Slavenko, A., Tamar, K., Tallowin, O. J. S., Kraus, F., Allison, A., Carranza, S. & Meiri, S. (2022) Revision of the montane New Guinean skink genus Lobulia (Squamata: Scincidae), with the description of four new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 195 (1), 220-278. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab052" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||||
Slavenko
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FC6BC4B0FC35DF4A" box="[929,986,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2022
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="9D8CF6CD246CFF84FF0DC35DFDDADD0A" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" type="conservation">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246CFF84FF0DC35DFDDADD0A" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FF0DC35DFD93DF6E" bold="true" box="[199,636,1050,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Suggested IUCN conservation status.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FD4BC35CFC67DF6E" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[641,904,1051,1077]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FD4BC35CFC67DF6E" box="[641,904,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Prasinohaema scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FC44C35CFC0ADF6E" bold="true" box="[910,997,1051,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246CFF84FC44C35CFC0ADF6E" box="[910,997,1051,1077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
is known from three locations spanning approximately
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246CFF84FE8AC378FE44DF02" box="[320,427,1087,1113]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.233" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" unit="km" value="1233.0">1,233 km</quantity>
|
||||
<superScript id="22E3080E246CFF84FE61C379FE5CDF17" attach="left" box="[427,435,1086,1100]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">2</superScript>
|
||||
of
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="17526BA4246CFF84FE10C378FDF1DF02" box="[474,542,1087,1113]" country="Indonesia" name="Papua Barat" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Papua</collectingRegion>
|
||||
New Guinea’s Central Cordillera. The Tari Gap and Gigira Ridge locations are respectively about 107 and
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246CFF84FE04C324FDF9DF26" box="[462,534,1123,1149]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" unit="km" value="73.0">73 km</quantity>
|
||||
east from the Muller Range locality, and separated from each other by ~
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246CFF84FA87C324FA77DF26" box="[1357,1432,1123,1149]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" unit="km" value="44.0">44 km</quantity>
|
||||
. However, these two most proximate localities are separated by the much lower (down to ~
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246CFF84FB5AC3C0FB02DFFA" box="[1168,1261,1159,1185]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" unit="m" value="1200.0">1,200 m</quantity>
|
||||
a.s.l.) valley of the Tagari River which may represent a significant barrier to dispersal. In contrast, bands of unbroken terrain above
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246CFF84FF5DC388FF1BDFB2" box="[151,244,1231,1257]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" unit="m" value="1600.0">1,600 m</quantity>
|
||||
a.s.l. connect the Muller Range locality with both Tari Gap and Gigira Ridge. Whether these intervening areas of montane forest and meadow support additional populations of this species is unknown. There are relatively large areas of apparently suitable habitat in the region, and the species has a moderately broad elevational range— suggesting that it is not at imminent risk from climate change. Nonetheless, its distribution, habitat requirements and potential threats remain poorly understood. One striking feature of this species is that at two of the known locations (Apalu Reke and Gigira Ridge), only single individuals were encountered despite intensive surveys lasting at least several days and (at Gigira Ridge) up to a month over several years. In contrast, other montane skinks (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FACBC2E0FF29DEBE" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Papuascincus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FACBC2E0FA72DE9B" box="[1281,1437,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Papuascincus</emphasis>
|
||||
spp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) were abundant at these sites. However, if
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FD6BC28CFCF4DEBE" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[673,795,1483,1509]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FD6BC28CFCF4DEBE" box="[673,795,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">P. scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FCEBC28CFC95DEBE" bold="true" box="[801,890,1483,1509]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246CFF84FCEBC28CFC95DEBE" box="[801,890,1483,1509]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
is arboreal, as suggested by the collection details of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246CFF84FF2BC2A8FEABDD52" box="[225,324,1519,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, it would be difficult to detect using terrestrial surveys. Given the moderately broad known range and apparent extensive availability of suitable habitat without major known threats, we recommend that this species should be considered Least Concern.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="9D8CF6CD246CFF82FF0DC11DFB70DB8E" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="223" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246CFF84FF0DC11DFC7BDDE6" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FF0DC11DFDD0DD2F" bold="true" box="[199,575,1626,1653]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Comparisons with other species.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FD88C11CFCA7DD2E" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[578,840,1627,1653]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FD88C11CFCA7DD2E" box="[578,840,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Prasinohaema scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FC86C11CFC4DDD2E" bold="true" box="[844,930,1627,1653]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246CFF84FC86C11CFC4DDD2E" box="[844,930,1627,1653]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
differs from all other species of
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FB33C11CFECCDDC3" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FB33C11CFA73DD2E" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[1273,1436,1627,1653]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Prasinohaema</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246CFF84FF5DC138FECCDDC3" box="[151,291,1663,1688]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
in the short blunt snout (vs long, slender and pointed). This is most obvious in lateral profile.Additional features distinguishing it from individual species are covered below.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246CFF85FF0DC180FC96DA3E" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="222" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FF0DC180FE25DDBA" baseAuthorityName="Parker" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[199,458,1735,1761]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FF0DC180FE25DDBA" box="[199,458,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Prasinohaema flavipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246CFF84FDD2C180FDA7DDBA" box="[536,584,1735,1761]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
species of the genus and is widely distributed along the Central Cordillera and in the Huon Peninsula.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FE2AC1ACFD02DC5E" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[480,749,1771,1797]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FE2AC1ACFD02DC5E" box="[480,749,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Prasinohaema scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FD32C1ACFCB9DC5E" bold="true" box="[760,854,1771,1797]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246CFF84FD32C1ACFCB9DC5E" box="[760,854,1771,1797]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
additionally differs from it in the combination of smaller size (mature individuals
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246CFF84FDC3C048FD6BDC72" box="[521,644,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" unit="mm" value="67.0" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="64.0">64–70 mm</quantity>
|
||||
vs
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246CFF84FD66C049FCA1DC72" box="[684,846,1806,1833]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.925" metricValueMax="10.4" metricValueMin="7.45" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" unit="mm" value="89.25" valueMax="104.0" valueMin="74.5">74.5–104 mm</quantity>
|
||||
), fewer supralabials (seven vs eight or more); lower eyelid with two enlarged opaque scales centrally (vs modally with an opaque to translucent window covering the same area, although some individuals have the window divided into two scales as in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246CFF84FBA2C010FB0BDC2A" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[1128,1252,1879,1905]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FBA2C010FB0BDC2A" box="[1128,1252,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">P. scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246CFF84FB27C010FAA6DC2A" bold="true" box="[1261,1353,1879,1905]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246CFF84FB27C010FAA6DC2A" box="[1261,1353,1879,1905]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
); basal subdigital lamellae not abruptly broader than distal lamellae (vs basal 7–11 lamellae change abruptly to 7–10 narrow distal lamellae) and with rounded distal edges (vs flat distal edges); temporal scalation without any fragmentation (primary temporal single, upper and lower secondary temporal undivided, last two supralabials undivided) rather than with irregular fragmentation (with at least the primary temporals and last supralabial divided, often with the homologies of the fragmented scales not apparent); parietal scales fully separated by interparietal (vs usually in contact); dorsal colour pattern of alternating dark brown and light brown rectangular regions of roughly equal width in a chequerboard pattern (vs completely banded with dark and light brown regions, or with a broad dorsal stripe or unpatterned;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246DFF85FE80C660FDACDA1A" author="Greer, A. E. & Raizes, G." box="[330,579,295,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" pagination="392 - 393" refId="ref12371" refString="Greer, A. E. & Raizes, G. (1969) Green blood pigment in lizards. Science, 166 (3903), 392-393. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.34.1982.242" type="journal article" year="1969">Greer & Raizes, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246DFF85FD85C660FD32DA1A" author="Kraus, F." box="[591,733,295,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" pagination="30 - 36" refId="ref13038" refString="Kraus, F. (2010) Colour-pattern polymorphism in lizards of the genus Prasinohaema (Squamata: Scincidae). Herpetofauna, 40, 30-36." type="journal article" year="2010">Kraus, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
); and ventral surface with extensive dark-brown chequerboard pattern (vs plain, or with at most scattered light brown blotching).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246DFF85FF0DC628FC96D8FE" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FF0DC628FDBBDAD3" baseAuthorityName="Brongersma" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[199,596,367,393]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="flavipes" subSpecies="paniaiensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FF0DC628FDBBDAD3" box="[199,596,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">Prasinohaema flavipes paniaiensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a subspecies from the Wissel Lakes region of Indonesian New
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="AD81E5D6246DFF85FA81C628FA73DAD2" box="[1355,1436,367,393]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||||
that has been largely ignored in the literature since it was described. Geographically isolated from nominate
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FA42C6D4FF01DA8A" baseAuthorityName="Parker" baseAuthorityYear="1936" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FA42C6D4FF01DA8A" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">P. flavipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="AD81E5D6246DFF85FEDBC6F0FE03DA8A" box="[273,492,439,465]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, no evidence was provided at the time of description that it is more closely related to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FF5DC69CFEE5DAAE" baseAuthorityName="Parker" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[151,266,475,501]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FF5DC69CFEE5DAAE" box="[151,266,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">P. flavipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
than to any of the other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FDD7C69CFD2FDAAE" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[541,704,475,501]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FDD7C69CFD2FDAAE" box="[541,704,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">Prasinohaema</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and it has yet to be included in any genetic analyses. It probably warrants recognition at the species level. We provide a comparison based on its original description in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246DFF85FAD9C6B8FF0AD966" author="Brongersma, L. D." pageId="11" pageNumber="222" pagination="272 - 283" refId="ref11090" refString="Brongersma, L. D. (1949) Zoological results of the Dutch New Guinea expedition, 1939. No. 1. A new scincid lizard. Nova Guinea, New Series, 5, 272-283, pl. I." type="journal article" year="1949">Brongersma (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FF3AC564FE15D966" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[240,506,547,573]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FF3AC564FE15D966" box="[240,506,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">Prasinohaema scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FDC8C564FDB3D966" bold="true" box="[514,604,547,573]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246DFF85FDC8C564FDB3D966" box="[514,604,547,573]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
shares with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FD21C564FC09D967" baseAuthorityName="Brongersma" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[747,998,547,573]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="flavipes" subSpecies="paniaiensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FD21C564FC09D967" box="[747,998,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">P. flavipes paniaiensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
the separation of the parietal scales by the interparietal, but it differs from it in having the dorsal scales smooth or bluntly grooved (vs with a texture of numerous fine grooves), fewer supralabials (seven vs modally eight), fewer supraciliaries (modally nine vs 9–12, usually 10 or 11), no fragmentation of scales in the temporal region (vs irregular fragmentation), lower eyelid with two large central opaque scales (vs usually a transparent disk, sometimes divided into two or three transparent scales), ear with 2–3 low lobules along anterior margin (vs lacking lobules), basal subdigital lamellae only slightly and gradually diminishing in width distally (vs basally broad, more abruptly transitioning to narrow distal scales), fewer paravertebral scales (65–66 to posterior edge of hindlimbs vs 79–88) and dorsal colour pattern of alternating dark brown and light brown rectangular regions of roughly equal width (vs unbanded, or, if banded, with dark brown and light brown regions of greatly differing width); and ventral surface with extensive dark-brown chequerboard pattern (vs plain, or with at most scattered light brown blotching).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246DFF85FF0DC4E8FBF9DE9A" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FF0DC4E8FDF9D892" baseAuthorityName="Loveridge" baseAuthorityYear="1945" box="[199,534,943,969]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prehensicauda">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FF0DC4E8FDF9D892" box="[199,534,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">Prasinohaema prehensicauda</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is widely distributed along the Central Cordillera.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FB98C4E8FB23D892" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[1106,1228,943,969]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FB98C4E8FB23D892" box="[1106,1228,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">P. scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FB1EC4E8FAC2D892" bold="true" box="[1236,1325,943,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246DFF85FB1EC4E8FAC2D892" box="[1236,1325,943,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
is similar to it in body size (mature-sized individuals
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246DFF85FD4EC494FD11D8B6" box="[644,766,979,1005]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.4" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" unit="mm" value="67.0" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="64.0">64–70 mm</quantity>
|
||||
vs
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246DFF85FCEDC495FC4DD8B6" box="[807,930,978,1005]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.55" metricValueMax="7.2" metricValueMin="5.9" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" unit="mm" value="65.5" valueMax="72.0" valueMin="59.0">59–72 mm</quantity>
|
||||
) and in the separation of the parietals by the interparietal.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FEE6C4B0FDDADF4A" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[300,565,1015,1041]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FEE6C4B0FDDADF4A" box="[300,565,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">Prasinohaema scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FDF1C4B0FD7ADF4A" bold="true" box="[571,661,1015,1041]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246DFF85FDF1C4B0FD7ADF4A" box="[571,661,1015,1041]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FCEDC4B0FC09DF4A" baseAuthorityName="Loveridge" baseAuthorityYear="1945" box="[807,998,1015,1041]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prehensicauda">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FCEDC4B0FC09DF4A" box="[807,998,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">P. prehensicauda</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in having prefrontals not in contact (vs in contact), fewer supraoculars (4 vs modally 5), fewer supraciliaries (modally nine vs 9–12, usually 10 or more), fewer postsuboculars (4 vs 5–7), fewer supralabials (7 vs 8–10), lower eyelid with two enlarged opaque subpalpebral scales centrally (vs a transparent window formed by a single scale covering the same region), no fragmentation of the temporal region (vs fragmentation), dorsal scales smooth and polished (vs finely shagreened, giving a dull appearance), fewer paravertebrals (65–66 to posterior edge of hindlimbs vs 70–85), longer limbs (FLL/SVL 25.7– 28.1% vs 20.4–25.6%; HLL/SVL 38.6–42.2% vs 25.2–32.3%), more subdigital lamellae (16–20 vs 11–16) and the basal subdigital lamellae only slightly diminishing distally (vs basally broad, more abruptly transitioning to narrow distal scales) and with rounded distal edges (vs flat distal edges).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FC9AC250FB74DE6A" baseAuthorityName="Loveridge" baseAuthorityYear="1945" box="[848,1179,1303,1329]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prehensicauda">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FC9AC250FB74DE6A" box="[848,1179,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">Prasinohaema prehensicauda</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is sexually dichromatic (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246DFF85FF55C27CFE79DE0E" author="Greer, A. E. & Raizes, G." box="[159,406,1339,1365]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" pagination="392 - 393" refId="ref12371" refString="Greer, A. E. & Raizes, G. (1969) Green blood pigment in lizards. Science, 166 (3903), 392-393. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.34.1982.242" type="journal article" year="1969">Greer & Raizes 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246DFF85FE69C27CFDBCDE0E" author="Woodruff, D. S." box="[419,595,1339,1365]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" pagination="57 - 64" refId="ref16095" refString="Woodruff, D. S. (1972) Amphibians and reptiles from Simbai, Bismark-Schrader Range, New Guinea. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 33, 57-64. https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1972.33.08" type="journal article" year="1972">Woodruff 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246DFF85FDAAC27CFD06DE0E" author="Kraus, F." box="[608,745,1339,1365]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" pagination="30 - 36" refId="ref13038" refString="Kraus, F. (2010) Colour-pattern polymorphism in lizards of the genus Prasinohaema (Squamata: Scincidae). Herpetofauna, 40, 30-36." type="journal article" year="2010">Kraus 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In the absence of male
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FBC3C27CFB69DE0E" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[1033,1158,1339,1365]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FBC3C27CFB69DE0E" box="[1033,1158,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">P. scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FB44C27CFB05DE0E" bold="true" box="[1166,1258,1339,1365]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246DFF85FB44C27CFB05DE0E" box="[1166,1258,1339,1365]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
, comparison of colouration can only be made with females, but female
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FD34C218FC98DE22" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[766,887,1375,1401]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FD34C218FC98DE22" box="[766,887,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">P. scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FCB7C218FC39DE22" bold="true" box="[893,982,1375,1401]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246DFF85FCB7C218FC39DE22" box="[893,982,1375,1401]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
differ from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FB97C218FAF4DE22" baseAuthorityName="Loveridge" baseAuthorityYear="1945" box="[1117,1307,1375,1401]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prehensicauda">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FB97C218FAF4DE22" box="[1117,1307,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">P. prehensicauda</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in having a dorsal pattern of alternating dark brown and light brown rectangular regions of roughly equal anteroposterior width (vs narrow dark bands separated by wider pale intervals containing paler spots).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246DFF82FF0DC28CFB70DB8E" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="223" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FF0DC28CFE2ADEBE" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[199,453,1483,1509]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FF0DC28CFE2ADEBE" box="[199,453,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">Prasinohaema parkeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is only known from the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246DFF85FD29C28CFCA7DEBE" box="[739,840,1483,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
, from the Utakwa River in Indonesian New
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="AD81E5D6246DFF85FA8EC28CFA77DEBE" box="[1348,1432,1483,1509]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, approximately
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246DFF85FE8BC2A9FE78DD52" box="[321,407,1518,1545]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" unit="km" value="500.0">500 km</quantity>
|
||||
to the west of the known distribution of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FCADC2A8FC0DDD52" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[871,994,1519,1545]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FCADC2A8FC0DDD52" box="[871,994,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">P. scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FC20C2A8FBABDD52" bold="true" box="[1002,1092,1519,1545]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246DFF85FC20C2A8FBABDD52" box="[1002,1092,1519,1545]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and has not yet been included in any phylogenetic analysis. Like
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FDE2C154FD7ADD77" baseAuthorityName="Oudemans" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[552,661,1555,1580]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FDE2C154FD7ADD77" box="[552,661,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">P. semoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FD1AC154FCDEDD77" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[720,817,1555,1580]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="virens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FD1AC154FCDEDD77" box="[720,817,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">P. virens</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, it may not be part of a monophyletic
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FB38C154FA7ADD76" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[1266,1429,1555,1581]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FB38C154FA7ADD76" box="[1266,1429,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">Prasinohaema</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. However, because it has not yet been excluded from
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FD28C170FBF6DD0B" box="[738,1049,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FD28C170FC6ADD0A" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[738,901,1591,1617]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Prasinohaema</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246DFF85FC46C170FBF6DD0B" box="[908,1049,1591,1616]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
, we include a comparison with the new species, based on the description in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246DFF85FDA9C11CFD17DD2E" author="Smith, M. A." box="[611,760,1627,1653]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" pagination="213 - 234" refId="ref15263" refString="Smith, M. A. (1937) A review of the genus Lygosoma (Scincidae: Reptilia) and its allies. Records of the Indian Museum, 39, 213-234. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v39/i3/1937/162283" type="journal article" year="1937">Smith (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and our examination of the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246DFF85FBFDC11CFB72DD2E" box="[1079,1181,1627,1653]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
. The
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246DFF85FB10C11CFAD3DD2E" box="[1242,1340,1627,1653]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
exhibits a number of unusual scalation features, and it is not known whether these are individual anomalies (part of an apparent pattern in many
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FE75C1E4FD53DDE6" box="[447,700,1699,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FE75C1E4FD8DDDE6" box="[447,610,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">Prasinohaema</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
that exhibit fragmentation or asymmetrical scalation anomalies,
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FF5DC180FF50DDBB" box="[151,191,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246DFF85FF1AC180FE73DDBA" author="Brongersma, L. D." box="[208,412,1735,1761]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" pagination="272 - 283" refId="ref11090" refString="Brongersma, L. D. (1949) Zoological results of the Dutch New Guinea expedition, 1939. No. 1. A new scincid lizard. Nova Guinea, New Series, 5, 272-283, pl. I." type="journal article" year="1949">Brongersma 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) or are character states of the species. We treat these peculiarities as if they characterise the species.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FEECC1ACFDDCDC5E" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[294,563,1771,1797]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FEECC1ACFDDCDC5E" box="[294,563,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">Prasinohaema scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FDF4C1ACFD74DC5E" bold="true" box="[574,667,1771,1797]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246DFF85FDF4C1ACFD74DC5E" box="[574,667,1771,1797]" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246DFF85FCF3C1ACFC45DC5E" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[825,938,1771,1797]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246DFF85FCF3C1ACFC45DC5E" box="[825,938,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">P. parkeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in having the anterior loreals distinct, and with partial or complete separation of an upper anterior loreal (vs anterior loreals fused to frontonasals), fewer supralabials (7 vs 8), frontal posteriorly entire, and contacting first two supraoculars, with the frontal overlapping the second supraocular over the entire sutural contact (vs posterior part of frontal partially separated, and this posterior hemiscale contacting (right) or only just separated from (left) the third supraocular, and overlapped by second supraocular); supraoculars unfragmented (vs with fragmentation of the lateral extremities of the second and third supraoculars), supraciliaries 8–9 (vs 13L/12
|
||||
<collectionCode id="B3873D83246DFF85FD0BC084FD39DC86" box="[705,726,1987,2013]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="11" pageNumber="222">R</collectionCode>
|
||||
), interparietal separating parietals (vs parietals in broad contact posteriorly), temporal region not fragmented (vs fragmented, including division of at least primary temporal and last supralabial), and ventral surface with extensive dark-brown chequerboard pattern (vs plain).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
632
data/5D/3F/14/5D3F1450246AFF80FF5DC629FD49DFFA.xml
Normal file
632
data/5D/3F/14/5D3F1450246AFF80FF5DC629FD49DFFA.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,632 @@
|
|||
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<mods:titleInfo id="4293D164208D717C0D9EC6C54E8C8BB6">
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<mods:title id="FBB6E4A56430A9C238DB72F7F9345D00">A new species of montane Prasinohaema (Sphenomorphini: Scincidae) from the South-fold Mountains of New Guinea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="098E6A3FA368E25040801EAE8122AB56">Shea, Glenn M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9A02E625546FDFFE0BBD6832889184D8">Sydney School of Veterinary Science, B 01, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia & Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 10 William St, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia & Herpetology Department, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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|
||||
Biogeography and evolution of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FDD4C629FD21DAD2" ID-CoL="63Q2Z" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[542,718,366,393]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FDD4C629FD21DAD2" bold="true" box="[542,718,366,393]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Prasinohaema</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="9D8CF6CD246AFF82FF5DC6F0FCBEDE56" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246AFF82FF5DC6F0FABDD8DA" blockId="12.[151,1437,439,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FF5DC6F0FE4FDA8A" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[151,416,439,465]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FF5DC6F0FE4FDA8A" box="[151,416,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Prasinohaema scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FE6CC6F0FE10DA8A" bold="true" box="[422,511,439,465]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246AFF82FE6CC6F0FE10DA8A" box="[422,511,439,465]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
is thus far only known from montane areas of the South-fold Mountains in western
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="AD81E5D6246AFF82FF5DC69CFE96DAAE" box="[151,377,475,501]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. While herpetofaunal surveys in these mountains over the last 20 years have resulted in the description of many new montane frog species (e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FD31C6B8FBFBD942" author="Richards, S. J. & Oliver, P. M." box="[763,1044,511,537]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="555 - 562" refId="ref14203" refString="Richards, S. J. & Oliver, P. M. (2010) A new scansorial species of Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae) from the Kikori Rivan Basin, Papua New Guinea. Journal of Herpetology, 44 (4), 555-562. https://doi.org/10.1670/09-044.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Richards & Oliver 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; Oliver
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FBB8C6B8FB43D942" box="[1138,1196,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2012;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FB34C6B8FF3CD966" author="Iannella, A. & Richards, S. & Oliver, P." pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="483 - 493" refId="ref12850" refString="Iannella, A., Richards, S. & Oliver, P. (2014) A new species of Choerophryne (Anura, Microhylidae) from the central cordillera of Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa, 3753 (5), 483-493. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3753.5.6" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||||
Iannella
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FAA8C6B8FA72D942" box="[1378,1437,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2014
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FF2BC564FE14D966" author="Oliver, P. M. & Richards, S. J." box="[225,507,547,573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="469 - 484" refId="ref13694" refString="Oliver, P. M. & Richards, S. J. (2019) Two new species of treefrog (Pelodrydidae: Litoria) from southern New Guinea elucidated by DNA barcoding. Zootaxa, 4609 (3), 469-484. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4609.3.4" type="journal article" year="2019">Oliver & Richards 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FDC0C564FCD5D966" author="Gunther, R. & Richards, S." box="[522,826,547,573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="355 - 382" refId="ref12641" refString="Gunther, R. & Richards, S. (2021) Description of six new species of Xenorhina Peters, 1863 from southern Papua New Guinea (Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution, 97 (2), 355-382. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.59696" type="journal article" year="2021">Günther & Richards 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FC9AC564FC21D966" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[848,974,547,573]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FC9AC564FC21D966" box="[848,974,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">P. scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FC12C564FBDAD966" bold="true" box="[984,1077,547,573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246AFF82FC12C564FBDAD966" box="[984,1077,547,573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
is only the fourth new species of montane lizard recognised from this area over the same time period, with the other three being
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FB35C500FD5DD9DE" authority="Oliver, Richards & Sistrom, 2012" authorityName="Oliver, Richards & Sistrom" authorityYear="2012" class="Squamata" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cyrtodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medioclivus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FB35C500FEF2D9DE" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Cyrtodactylus medioclivus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FEE2C52CFD5DD9DE" author="Oliver, P. M. & Richards, S. J. & Sistrom, M." box="[296,690,619,645]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="437 - 454" refId="ref13752" refString="Oliver, P. M., Richards, S. J. & Sistrom, M. (2012 a) Phylogeny and systematics of Melanesia's most diverse gecko lineage (Cyrtodactylus, Gekkonidae, Squamata). Zoologica Scripta, 41 (5), 437-454. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00545.x" type="journal article" year="2012">Oliver, Richards & Sistrom, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FD0AC52CFE45D9F2" authority="Slavenko, Tamar, Tallowin, Kraus, Allison, Carranza & Meiri, 2021" authorityName="Slavenko, Tamar, Tallowin, Kraus, Allison, Carranza & Meiri" authorityYear="2021" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Lobulia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmorata">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FD0AC52CFC4FD9DF" box="[704,928,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Lobulia marmorata</emphasis>
|
||||
Slavenko, Tamar, Tallowin, Kraus, Allison, Carranza & Meiri, 2021
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FE2FC5C8FA9CD9F2" authority="Slavenko, Richards, Donnellan, Allison & Oliver, 2024" authorityName="Slavenko, Richards, Donnellan, Allison & Oliver" authorityYear="2024" box="[485,1395,655,681]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Papuascincus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eldorado">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FE2FC5C8FD01D9F2" box="[485,750,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Papuascincus eldorado</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FD3DC5C8FA9CD9F2" author="Slavenko, A. & Richards, S. J. & Donnellan, S. C. & Allison, A. & Oliver, P. M." box="[759,1395,655,681]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="133 - 149" refId="ref15010" refString="Slavenko, A., Richards, S. J., Donnellan, S. C., Allison, A. & Oliver, P. M. (2024) Gold in the mountains: striking new species of Papuascincus (Sphenomorphini: Scincidae) from New Guinea. Vertebrate Zoology, 74, 133-149. https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.74.e112782" type="journal article" year="2024">Slavenko, Richards, Donnellan, Allison & Oliver, 2024</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Of these, three belong to the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FE02C5F4FDF0D996" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[456,543,691,717]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Lobulia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FE02C5F4FDF0D996" box="[456,543,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Lobulia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group. This contrasting number of frog versus lizard descriptions is likely a cumulative outcome of lower lizard diversity at high elevations (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FCBBC590FBB5D9AA" author="Tallowin, O. & Allison, A. & Algar, A. C. & Kraus, F. & Meiri, S." box="[881,1114,727,753]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="1734 - 1744" refId="ref15389" refString="Tallowin, O., Allison, A., Algar, A. C., Kraus, F. & Meiri, S. (2017) Papua New Guinea terrestrial-vertebrate richness: elevation matters most for all except reptiles. Journal of Biogeography, 44, 1734-1744. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12949" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Tallowin
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FC17C590FBF9D9AA" box="[989,1046,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), a greater research focus on frogs, and potentially more difficulty finding often ecologically cryptic lizard taxa. Two of the three afore-mentioned species (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FF33C458FE4FD862" authorityName="Oliver, Richards & Sistrom" authorityYear="2012" box="[249,416,799,825]" class="Squamata" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cyrtodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medioclivus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FF33C458FE4FD862" box="[249,416,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">C. medioclivus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FE12C458FDB6D862" authorityName="Slavenko, Richards, Donnellan, Allison & Oliver" authorityYear="2024" box="[472,601,799,825]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Papuascincus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eldorado">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FE12C458FDB6D862" box="[472,601,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">P. eldorado</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) have wide distributions that span several degrees of longitude but within narrow elevational bands. This pattern of distribution emphasises that for at least some montane taxa there has been connectivity within climatically similar elevational bands spanning large areas of the South-fold Mountains.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246AFF82FF0DC4CCFCBEDE56" blockId="12.[151,1437,439,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">
|
||||
Lineage diversification and ecological divergence in skinks of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FC57C4CCFC1BD8FE" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[925,1012,907,933]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Lobulia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FC57C4CCFC1BD8FE" box="[925,1012,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Lobulia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group appears to be closely associated with mountain uplift and segregation across elevational gradients (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FC6AC4E8FB78D892" author="Slavenko, A. & Tamar, K. & Tallowin, O. J. S. & Allison, A. & Kraus, F. & Carranza, S. & Meiri, S." box="[928,1175,943,969]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="106749" refId="ref15086" refString="Slavenko, A., Tamar, K., Tallowin, O. J. S., Allison, A., Kraus, F., Carranza, S. & Meiri, S. (2020) Cryptic diversity and nonadaptive radiation of montane New Guinea skinks (Papuascincus; Scincidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 146, 106749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106749" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||||
Slavenko
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FBDFC4E8FBBED892" box="[1045,1105,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2020
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FB6CC4E8FB0CD892" author="Slavenko, A. & Tamar, K. & Tallowin, O. J. S. & Kraus, F. & Allison, A. & Carranza, S. & Meiri, S." box="[1190,1251,943,969]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="220 - 278" refId="ref15166" refString="Slavenko, A., Tamar, K., Tallowin, O. J. S., Kraus, F., Allison, A., Carranza, S. & Meiri, S. (2022) Revision of the montane New Guinean skink genus Lobulia (Squamata: Scincidae), with the description of four new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 195 (1), 220-278. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab052" type="journal article" year="2022">2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FB33C4E8FF19D8B6" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FB33C4E8FF19D8B6" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Prasinohaema scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FF37C494FEB8D8B6" bold="true" box="[253,343,979,1005]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246AFF82FF37C494FEB8D8B6" box="[253,343,979,1005]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
does not appear to be a truly ‘alpine’ species, with no records above 3,000 metres a.s.l. However, it is clearly a montane species and occurs at the highest elevations at which
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FC32C4B0FADDDF4B" box="[1016,1330,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FC32C4B0FB74DF4A" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[1016,1179,1015,1041]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Prasinohaema</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246AFF82FB6EC4B0FADDDF4B" box="[1188,1330,1015,1040]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
has been recorded. The sister genus to
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FE20C35CFCC9DF6F" box="[490,806,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FE20C35CFD62DF6E" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[490,653,1051,1077]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Prasinohaema</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246AFF82FD5DC35CFCC9DF6F" box="[663,806,1051,1076]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FCFFC35CFC3EDF6E" authorityName="Slavenko, Tamar, Tallowin, Kraus, Allison, Carranza & Meiri" authorityYear="2021" box="[821,977,1051,1077]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Nubeoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FCFFC35CFC3EDF6E" box="[821,977,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Nubeoscincus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, contains two species, with some of the highest elevational records (~
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246AFF82FE2CC378FD7ADF02" box="[486,661,1087,1113]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" unit="m" value="3500.0" valueMax="4000.0" valueMin="3000.0">
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="B0A2C381246AFF82FE2CC378FDC9DF02" box="[486,550,1087,1113]" degrees="3,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" precision="55" value="3.0">3,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="B0A2C381246AFF82FDECC378FD99DF02" box="[550,630,1087,1113]" degrees="4,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" precision="55" value="-4.0">–4,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
m
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
a.s.l.) of any skink in New
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="AD81E5D6246AFF82FC13C378FBC2DF02" box="[985,1069,1087,1113]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, and indeed the world (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FAF7C378FF18DF26" author="Greer, A. E. & Allison, A. & Cogger, H. G." pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="153 - 179" refId="ref12295" refString="Greer, A. E., Allison, A. & Cogger, H. G. (2005) Four new species of Lobulia (Lacertilia: Scincidae) from high altitude in New Guinea. Herpetological Monographs, 19 (1), 153-179. https://doi.org/10.1655/0733-1347(2005)019[0153:FNSOLL]2.0.CO;2" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||||
Greer
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FA42C378FF5BDF26" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2005
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FECEC324FE1DDF26" author="Slavenko, A. & Tamar, K. & Tallowin, O. J. S. & Kraus, F. & Allison, A. & Carranza, S. & Meiri, S." box="[260,498,1123,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="220 - 278" refId="ref15166" refString="Slavenko, A., Tamar, K., Tallowin, O. J. S., Kraus, F., Allison, A., Carranza, S. & Meiri, S. (2022) Revision of the montane New Guinean skink genus Lobulia (Squamata: Scincidae), with the description of four new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 195 (1), 220-278. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab052" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||||
Slavenko
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FEBEC324FE42DF26" box="[372,429,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2022
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). This emphasises the overall close association between the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FB50C324FB1EDF26" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[1178,1265,1123,1149]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Lobulia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FB50C324FB1EDF26" box="[1178,1265,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Lobulia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group, and the
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FF5DC3C0FE0FDFFA" box="[151,480,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FF5DC3C0FED5DFFA" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[151,314,1159,1185]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Prasinohaema</taxonomicName>
|
||||
-
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FE8EC3C0FE0FDFFA" authorityName="Slavenko, Tamar, Tallowin, Kraus, Allison, Carranza & Meiri" authorityYear="2021" box="[324,480,1159,1185]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Nubeoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nubeoscincus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
lineage in particular, and mountains. Our divergence dates for
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FB78C3C0FF30DF9F" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FB78C3C0FABADFFA" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[1202,1365,1159,1185]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Prasinohaema</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246AFF82FA94C3C0FF30DF9F" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(~16 Mya) also support models and analyses suggesting that extensive uplift in at least some parts of what is now New Guinea’s Central Cordillera date back well into the Miocene (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FC7BC388FAC0DFB2" author="Quarles van Ufford, A. & Cloos, M." box="[945,1327,1230,1257]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="119 - 140" refId="ref14161" refString="Quarles van Ufford, A. & Cloos, M. (2005) Cenozoic tectonics of New Guinea. AAPG bulletin, 89 (1), 119-140. https://doi.org/10.1306/08300403073" type="journal article" year="2005">Quarles van Ufford & Cloos 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FAF3C388FEFEDE56" author="Tallowin, O. J. S. & Tamar, K. & Meiri, S. & Allison, A. & Kraus, F. & Richards, S. J. & Oliver, P. M." pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="29 - 39" refId="ref15454" refString="Tallowin, O. J. S., Tamar, K., Meiri, S., Allison, A., Kraus, F., Richards, S. J. & Oliver, P. M. (2018) Early insularity and subsequent mountain uplift were complementary drivers of diversification in a Melanesian lizard radiation (Gekkonidae: Cyrtodactylus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 125, 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.020" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||||
Tallowin
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FF5DC3B4FF20DE56" box="[151,207,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2018
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FED7C3B4FDE9DE56" author="Slavenko, A. & Tamar, K. & Tallowin, O. J. S. & Allison, A. & Kraus, F. & Carranza, S. & Meiri, S." box="[285,518,1267,1293]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="106749" refId="ref15086" refString="Slavenko, A., Tamar, K., Tallowin, O. J. S., Allison, A., Kraus, F., Carranza, S. & Meiri, S. (2020) Cryptic diversity and nonadaptive radiation of montane New Guinea skinks (Papuascincus; Scincidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 146, 106749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106749" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||||
Slavenko
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FE46C3B4FE2BDE56" box="[396,452,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2020
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FDDBC3B4FDA2DE56" author="Slavenko, A. & Tamar, K. & Tallowin, O. J. S. & Kraus, F. & Allison, A. & Carranza, S. & Meiri, S." box="[529,589,1267,1293]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="220 - 278" refId="ref15166" refString="Slavenko, A., Tamar, K., Tallowin, O. J. S., Kraus, F., Allison, A., Carranza, S. & Meiri, S. (2022) Revision of the montane New Guinean skink genus Lobulia (Squamata: Scincidae), with the description of four new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 195 (1), 220-278. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab052" type="journal article" year="2022">2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FD9DC3B4FCABDE56" author="Toussaint, E. F. A. & White, L. T. & Shaverdo, H. & Lam, A. & Surbakti, S. & Panjaitan, R. & Sumoked, B. & von Rintelen, T. & Sagata, K. & Balke, M." box="[599,836,1267,1293]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref15810" refString="Toussaint, E. F. A., White, L. T., Shaverdo, H., Lam, A., Surbakti, S., Panjaitan, R., Sumoked, B., von Rintelen, T., Sagata, K. & Balke, M. (2021) New Guinean orogenic dynamics and biota evolution revealed using a custom geospatial analysis pipeline. BMC Ecology and Evolution, 21 (1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-021-01764-2" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||||
Toussaint
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FD03C3B4FCEDDE56" box="[713,770,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2021
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="9D8CF6CD246AFF80FF0DC250FD49DFFA" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="225" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" type="multiple">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246AFF82FF0DC250FC39DEBE" blockId="12.[151,1437,439,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">
|
||||
When compared against its congeners
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FD43C250FCE8DE6A" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[649,775,1303,1329]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FD43C250FCE8DE6A" box="[649,775,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">P. scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FCD8C250FC80DE6A" bold="true" box="[786,879,1303,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246AFF82FCD8C250FC80DE6A" box="[786,879,1303,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
has a relatively robust build and less extensive lamellae on the digits, suggesting more terrestrial habits. However, the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="0A2D1BE4246AFF82FC6FC27CFBEADE0E" box="[933,1029,1339,1365]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||||
was collected high up in a
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FAE6C27CFA73DE0E" box="[1324,1436,1339,1365]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FAE6C27CFA73DE0E" box="[1324,1436,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Pandanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
tree, suggesting arboreality. The two other observations we have of this species in the wild were of lizards on or close to the ground, but at forest edges or clearings. The morphology of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FC7CC2C4FBDFDEC6" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[950,1072,1411,1437]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FC7CC2C4FBDFDEC6" box="[950,1072,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">P. scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FBFCC2C4FB60DEC6" bold="true" box="[1078,1167,1411,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246AFF82FBFCC2C4FB60DEC6" box="[1078,1167,1411,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
is therefore reminiscent of arboreal lizards such as the ‘twig anole’ ecomorph, which is characterised by short limbs and tails and small lamellae (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FECEC28CFE41DEBE" author="Williams, E. E." box="[260,430,1483,1509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="326 - 370" refId="ref15967" refString="Williams, E. E. (1983) Ecomorphs, faunas, island size, and diverse end points in island radiation of Anolis. In: Huey, R. B., Pianka, E. R. & Schoener, T. W. (Eds.), Lizard ecology: studies of a model organism. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 326-370. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674183384.c18" type="book chapter" year="1983">Williams 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FE70C28CFDAFDEBE" author="Losos, J. B." box="[442,576,1483,1509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" refId="ref13219" refString="Losos, J. B. (2009) Lizards in an evolutionary tree: ecology and adaptive radiation of anoles. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 528 pp. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520255913.001.0001" type="book" year="2009">Losos 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), rather than trunk dwelling species.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246AFF83FF0DC2A8FD91DAF6" blockId="12.[151,1437,439,2013]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,1113]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="224" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">
|
||||
In New Guinea’s higher mountains (>
|
||||
<quantity id="126E08A3246AFF82FDA3C2A9FD28DD52" box="[617,711,1518,1545]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" unit="m" value="2500.0">2,500 m</quantity>
|
||||
a.s.l.) largely terrestrial skink lineages such as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FB1BC2A8FF27DD76" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Carlia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FB1BC2A8FAF5DD52" box="[1233,1306,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Carlia</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FAEBC2A8FA73DD52" author="Gray, J. E." box="[1313,1436,1518,1545]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" refId="ref12095" refString="Gray, J. E. (1845) Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum. Printed by order of the Trustees, London, xxvii + 289 pp." type="book" year="1845">Gray, 1845</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
spp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FF1CC154FEB8DD76" box="[214,343,1555,1581]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Emoia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FF1CC154FEF0DD77" box="[214,287,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Emoia</emphasis>
|
||||
spp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and other radiations of sphenomorphin skinks currently assigned to the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FB22C154FEACDD0A" authority="Fitzinger, 1843" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Sphenomorphus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FB22C154FA73DD76" box="[1256,1436,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Sphenomorphus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FF5DC170FEACDD0A" author="Fitzinger, L." box="[151,323,1591,1617]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" refId="ref12003" refString="Fitzinger, L. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus Primus, Amblyglossae. Apud Braumuller & Seidel Bibliopolas, Vienna, 106 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4694" type="book" year="1843">Fitzinger, 1843</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are relatively rare or absent. In contrast arboreal and semi-arboreal species such as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FACDC170FA77DD0A" box="[1287,1432,1591,1617]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Lobulia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FACDC170FAB1DD0A" box="[1287,1374,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Lobulia</emphasis>
|
||||
spp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FF5DC11CFE24DD2F" box="[151,459,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FF5DC11CFED5DD2E" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[151,314,1627,1653]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Prasinohaema</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246AFF82FE8AC11CFE24DD2F" box="[320,459,1627,1652]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
spp. (including the new species described here), and some members of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FB13C11CFA73DD2E" box="[1241,1436,1627,1653]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Ornithuroscincus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FB13C11CFA73DD2E" box="[1241,1436,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Ornithuroscincus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
dominate. The elevational distributions of these different skink radiations may provide evidence to support the argument that vertebrate lineages in the tropics will often show increasing arboreality as elevation increases (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FAFBC1E4FEFCDDBA" author="Scheffers, B. R. & Phillips, B. L. & Laurance, W. F. & Sodhi, N. S. & Diesmos, A. & Williams, S. E." pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="20131581" refId="ref14322" refString="Scheffers, B. R., Phillips, B. L., Laurance, W. F., Sodhi, N. S., Diesmos, A. & Williams, S. E. (2013) Increasing arboreality with altitude: a novel biogeographic dimension. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280 (1770), 20131581. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1581" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||||
Scheffers
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FF5DC180FF20DDBA" box="[151,207,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2013
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The basis of this argument is that there is generally little overlap in temperature regimes between low- and high-elevation ground and soil microhabitats (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FD11C1ACFBF5DC5E" author="Scheffers, B. R. & Williams, S. E." box="[731,1050,1771,1797]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="101 - 108" refId="ref14501" refString="Scheffers, B. R. & Williams, S. E. (2018) Tropical mountain passes are out of reach - but not for arboreal species. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 16 (2), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1764" type="journal article" year="2018">Scheffers & Williams 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), meaning that lowland terrestrial species are unlikely to be able to extend to high elevations in the tropics (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FC0AC048FB43DC72" author="Scheffers, B. R. & Phillips, B. L. & Laurance, W. F. & Sodhi, N. S. & Diesmos, A. & Williams, S. E." box="[960,1196,1807,1833]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="20131581" refId="ref14322" refString="Scheffers, B. R., Phillips, B. L., Laurance, W. F., Sodhi, N. S., Diesmos, A. & Williams, S. E. (2013) Increasing arboreality with altitude: a novel biogeographic dimension. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280 (1770), 20131581. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1581" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||||
Scheffers
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FBFBC048FB86DC72" box="[1073,1129,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2013
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In contrast, arboreal tropical species are likely to have broader physiological tolerances and wider distributions (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FB6BC074FAD2DC16" author="Withers, P. C." box="[1185,1341,1843,1869]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="197 - 204" refId="ref16058" refString="Withers, P. C. (1981) Physiological correlates of limblessness and fossoriality in scincid lizards. Copeia, 1981, 197-204. https://doi.org/10.2307/1444055" type="journal article" year="1981">Withers 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FA82C074FF3DDC2A" author="Adolph, S. C." pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="315 - 327" refId="ref10679" refString="Adolph, S. C. (1990) Influence of behavioral thermoregulation on microhabitat use by two Sceloporus lizards. Ecology, 71, 315-327. https://doi.org/10.2307/1940271" type="journal article" year="1990">Adolph 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FF14C010FDA0DC2A" author="Wikramanayake, E. D. & Dryden, G. L." box="[222,591,1879,1905]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="709 - 714" refId="ref15915" refString="Wikramanayake, E. D. & Dryden, G. L. (1993) Thermal ecology of habitat and microhabitat use by sympatric Varanus bengalensis and V salvator in Sri Lanka. Copeia, 1993, 709-714. https://doi.org/10.2307/1447231" type="journal article" year="1993">Wikramanayake & Dryden 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Based on these observations,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FC67C010FB1EDC2A" author="Scheffers, B. R. & Williams, S. E." box="[941,1265,1879,1905]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="101 - 108" refId="ref14501" refString="Scheffers, B. R. & Williams, S. E. (2018) Tropical mountain passes are out of reach - but not for arboreal species. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 16 (2), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1764" type="journal article" year="2018">Scheffers & Williams (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
concluded that arboreal lineages are more likely to have broader niches, higher dispersal capabilities (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FBB9C03CFA8BDCCE" author="Scheffers, B. R. & Shoo, L. & Phillips, B. & Macdonald, S. L. & Anderson, A. & VanDerWal, J. & Storlie, C. & Gourret, A. & Williams, S. E." box="[1139,1380,1915,1941]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="787 - 798" refId="ref14403" refString="Scheffers, B. R., Shoo, L., Phillips, B., Macdonald, S. L., Anderson, A., VanDerWal, J., Storlie, C., Gourret, A. & Williams, S. E. (2017) Vertical (arboreality) and horizontal (dispersal) movement increase the resilience of vertebrates to climatic instability. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 26 (7), 787-798. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12585" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Scheffers
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FB2DC03CFACEDCCE" box="[1255,1313,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and increased diversification rates (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246AFF82FE3EC0D8FD0BDCE2" author="Moen, D. S. & Wiens, J. J." box="[500,740,1951,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" pagination="29 - 44" refId="ref13464" refString="Moen, D. S. & Wiens, J. J. (2017) Microhabitat and climatic niche change explain patterns of diversification among frog families. American Naturalist, 190, 29-44. https://doi.org/10.1086.692065" type="journal article" year="2017">Moen & Wiens 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Greater physiological tolerance in the more arboreal
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246AFF82FA8FC0D8FA73DCE2" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[1349,1436,1951,1977]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Lobulia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="223" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246AFF82FA8FC0D8FA73DCE2" box="[1349,1436,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="223">Lobulia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group is one potential explanation for the greater success of this lineage in montane habitat. In turn, ecological release could have allowed members of the more arboreal
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FCE1C7D0FC6DDBEA" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[811,898,151,177]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Lobulia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FCE1C7D0FC6DDBEA" box="[811,898,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Lobulia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group to diversify and exploit vacant terrestrial niches once they colonised montane areas. We suspect this may be the case both for the true ‘alpine’ species—such as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FF72C798FE62DBA2" box="[184,397,223,249]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Alpinoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FF72C798FEBADBA2" box="[184,341,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Alpinoscincus</emphasis>
|
||||
spp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FE02C798FD71DBA2" box="[456,670,223,249]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Nubeoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FE02C798FD8BDBA2" box="[456,612,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Nubeoscincus</emphasis>
|
||||
spp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which occupy rocky outcrops, clearings and grasslands above the tree line (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FECAC644FE50DA46" author="Greer, A. E. & Allison, A. & Cogger, H. G." box="[256,447,258,285]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="153 - 179" refId="ref12295" refString="Greer, A. E., Allison, A. & Cogger, H. G. (2005) Four new species of Lobulia (Lacertilia: Scincidae) from high altitude in New Guinea. Herpetological Monographs, 19 (1), 153-179. https://doi.org/10.1655/0733-1347(2005)019[0153:FNSOLL]2.0.CO;2" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||||
Greer
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FE82C644FE6EDA46" box="[328,385,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2005
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)—and in the heliothermic and basking
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FCB0C644FBA4DA46" box="[890,1099,259,285]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Papuascincus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FCB0C644FBF9DA47" box="[890,1046,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Papuascincus</emphasis>
|
||||
spp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
To test this hypothesis further a more formal analysis of the evolutionary trajectory, historical biogeography and correlates of major ecological shifts in the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FEEFC60CFE93DA3E" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[293,380,331,357]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Lobulia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FEEFC60CFE93DA3E" box="[293,380,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Lobulia</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group would be needed, combined with more rigorous studies on the ecophysiology of New Guinea’s montane skinks. By better documenting the species diversity of this radiation we are hopefully improving the framework needed for such an analysis.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246BFF83FF0DC6F0FE38DF02" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1113]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
|
||||
The description of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FE56C6F0FDF9DA8A" authorityName="Slavenko & Shea & Oliver" authorityYear="2025" box="[412,534,439,465]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scurrula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FE56C6F0FDF9DA8A" box="[412,534,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">P. scurrula</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FDD7C6F0FD98DA8A" bold="true" box="[541,631,439,465]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246BFF83FDD7C6F0FD98DA8A" box="[541,631,439,465]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
also emphasises the many residual issues associated with the taxonomy of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FF7CC69CFEB6DAAE" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[182,345,475,501]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FF7CC69CFEB6DAAE" box="[182,345,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Prasinohaema</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FEADC69CFE16DAAE" author="Greer, A. E." box="[359,505,475,501]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref12132" refString="Greer, A. E. (1974) The generic relationships of the scincid lizard genus Leiolopisma and its relatives. Australian Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series, 22 (31), 1-67. https://doi.org/10.1071/AJZS031" type="journal article" year="1974">Greer (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
originally defined the genus largely based on the presence of a prehensile tail with a glandular tip and green blood plasma due to extremely high concentrations of biliverdin (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FB68C6B8FA78D942" author="Greer, A. E. & Raizes, G." box="[1186,1431,511,537]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="392 - 393" refId="ref12371" refString="Greer, A. E. & Raizes, G. (1969) Green blood pigment in lizards. Science, 166 (3903), 392-393. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.34.1982.242" type="journal article" year="1969">Greer & Raizes 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FF5DC564FE49D966" author="Austin, C. C. & Jessing, K. W." box="[151,422,547,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="619 - 626" refId="ref10876" refString="Austin, C. C. & Jessing, K. W. (1994) Green-blood pigmentation in lizards. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A: Physiology, 109 (3), 619-626. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(94)90201-1" type="journal article" year="1994">Austin & Jessing 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). However, Greer recognised that the genus shows variation in reproductive mode and the condition of the secondary palate. With the advent of molecular phylogenetics, it has become evident that the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FF28C52CFE6AD9DE" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[226,389,619,645]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FF28C52CFE6AD9DE" box="[226,389,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Prasinohaema</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is not monophyletic and that key traits—including green blood plasma—probably evolved several times independently (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FE16C5C8FD3FD9F2" author="Rodriguez, Z. B. & Perkins, S. L. & Austin, C. C." box="[476,720,655,681]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="5" refId="ref14265" refString="Rodriguez, Z. B., Perkins, S. L. & Austin, C. C. (2018) Multiple origins of green blood in New Guinea lizards. Science Advances, 4 (5), eaao 5017. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao5017" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||||
Rodriguez
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FD92C5C8FD7FD9F2" box="[600,656,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2018
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FD11C5C8FC2CD9F2" author="Slavenko, A. & Tamar, K. & Tallowin, O. J. S. & Kraus, F. & Allison, A. & Carranza, S. & Meiri, S." box="[731,963,655,681]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="220 - 278" refId="ref15166" refString="Slavenko, A., Tamar, K., Tallowin, O. J. S., Kraus, F., Allison, A., Carranza, S. & Meiri, S. (2022) Revision of the montane New Guinean skink genus Lobulia (Squamata: Scincidae), with the description of four new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 195 (1), 220-278. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab052" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||||
Slavenko
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FC80C5C8FC6ED9F2" box="[842,897,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2022
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), meaning a revised diagnosis of the major lineages of so-called “green-blooded” skinks is needed. Additionally, Rodriquez
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FBD5C5F4FBB7D996" box="[1055,1112,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
(2018) provided evidence of unrecognised taxa in both
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FE74C590FD1AD9AB" box="[446,757,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FE74C590FD8ED9AA" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[446,609,727,753]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Prasinohaema</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246BFF83FDA2C590FD1AD9AB" box="[616,757,727,752]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FCE0C590FB61D9AB" box="[810,1166,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FCE0C590FC22D9AA" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[810,973,727,753]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Prasinohaema</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246BFF83FC1EC590FBAAD9AA" box="[980,1093,727,753]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FB81C590FB61D9AB" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[1099,1166,727,752]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="virens">virens</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
. It has also been known for decades that
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FE9BC5BCFD2CD84F" box="[337,707,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FE9BC5BCFE1BD84E" authorityName="Greer" authorityYear="1974" box="[337,500,763,789]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Prasinohaema</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FCD1C42F246BFF83FE36C5BCFD82D84E" box="[508,621,763,789]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FDBEC5BCFD2CD84F" baseAuthorityName="Oudemans" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[628,707,763,788]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semoni">semoni</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
likely comprises a species complex (G. Shea pers. obs.), and we are aware of additional morphologically distinctive populations of named species that have as yet not been subject to genetic analysis. As noted above the status of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FD7CC404FC5FD807" baseAuthorityName="Brongersma" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[694,944,835,861]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="flavipes" subSpecies="paniaiensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FD7CC404FC5FD807" box="[694,944,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">P. flavipes paniaiensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
remains unresolved, but it seems likely that this form is not conspecific with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FDCCC420FD97D8DA" baseAuthorityName="Parker" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[518,632,871,897]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FDCCC420FD97D8DA" box="[518,632,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">P. flavipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; indeed it shares several similarities with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FB86C420FAE3D8DA" baseAuthorityName="Loveridge" baseAuthorityYear="1945" box="[1100,1292,871,897]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prehensicauda">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FB86C420FAE3D8DA" box="[1100,1292,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">P. prehensicauda</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Our genetic data build on this background by further emphasising deep genetic divergences between populations ascribed to the nominal taxa
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FEE4C4E8FE70D892" baseAuthorityName="Parker" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[302,415,943,969]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavipes">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FEE4C4E8FE70D892" box="[302,415,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">P. flavipes</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FE1EC4E8FD7DD892" baseAuthorityName="Loveridge" baseAuthorityYear="1945" box="[468,658,943,969]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Prasinohaema" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prehensicauda">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FE1EC4E8FD7DD892" box="[468,658,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">P. prehensicauda</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and highlighting a need for detailed taxonomic investigations of these taxa. This in turn highlights the broader pattern that skinks are both the most diverse, and the most poorly known, of Melanesia’s major reptile radiations (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FDABC4B0FCBADF4A" author="Slavenko, A. & Allison, A. & Austin, C. C. & Bauer, A. M. & Brown, R. M. & Fisher, R. N. & Ineich, I. & Iova, B. & Karin, B. R. & Kraus, F. & Mecke, S. & Meiri, S. & Morrison, C. & Oliver, P. M. & O'Shea, M. & Richmond, J. Q. & Shea, G. M. & Tallowin, O. J. S. & Chapple, D. G." box="[609,853,1015,1041]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" refId="ref14860" refString="Slavenko, A., Allison, A., Austin, C. C., Bauer, A. M., Brown, R. M., Fisher, R. N., Ineich, I., Iova, B., Karin, B. R., Kraus, F., Mecke, S., Meiri, S., Morrison, C., Oliver, P. M., O'Shea, M., Richmond, J. Q., Shea, G. M., Tallowin, O. J. S. & Chapple, D. G. (2023) Skinks of Oceania, New Guinea, and Eastern Wallacea: an underexplored biodiversity hotspot. Pacific Conservation Biology. https://doi.org/10.1071/PC22034" type="book" year="2023">
|
||||
Slavenko
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FD1FC4B0FCE0DF4A" box="[725,783,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2023
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Addressing these knowledge gaps is important to improve our understanding of Melanesian biogeographic history, and to better elucidate centres of diversity and endemism across the region.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246BFF83FF5DC3ECFDECDF9E" blockId="13.[151,515,1194,1221]" box="[151,515,1194,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
|
||||
<heading id="8E61122A246BFF83FF5DC3ECFDECDF9E" bold="true" box="[151,515,1194,1221]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FF5DC3ECFDECDF9E" bold="true" box="[151,515,1194,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Nomenclature of skink scales</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246BFF83FF5DC3B4FC35DE22" blockId="13.[151,1437,1267,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
|
||||
The large variation in definitions of skink scales, particularly on the head and around the eyes, has created issues when comparing states across different publications. We provide here a thorough overview of different scale definitions used in skinks, particularly in the Australasian region, and stabilise the nomenclature. An accompanying labelled diagram of the scale definitions we used can be found in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="4DADB9C3246BFF83FCBFC218FC39DE22" box="[885,982,1375,1401]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,253,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,453,1832]" captionTargetId="figure-127@4.[151,1436,453,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Prasinohaema scurrula sp. nov. holotype (SAMA R65176; A–C) and paratype (PNGNM 24992; D–F) line drawings of head in A) & D) dorsal view; B) & E) left lateral view; and C) & F) ventral view. Numbers signifying scale definitions are inside the labelled scales where possible (i.e., the label fits fully inside the scale without crossing over to adjascent scales). If not possible, labels are outside the drawing adjacent to the labelled scale (e.g., supralabials in the dorsal view). If both conditions are not met, scales are unlabelled but still coloured. All individual scales are labelled where possible, apart from the palpebral scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15262511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15262511/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246BFF83FF0DC2C4FEA5DDE6" blockId="13.[151,1437,1267,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FF0DC2C4FE8BDEC6" author="Taylor, E. H." box="[199,356,1411,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 643" refId="ref15600" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1936) A taxonomic study of the cosmopolitan scincoid lizards of the genus Eumeces with an account of the distribution and relationships of its species. University of Kansas Bulletin, 23, 1-643." type="journal article" year="1936">Taylor (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
defines the supraciliaries as being the line of small scales bordering the lateral margin of the supraocular scales, from the first scale contacting the prefrontal to the last scale wedging between the last supraocular and parietal, and overlapping the uppermost postsubocular, and this definition was followed by us and, among others,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FF21C2A8FE34DD52" author="Shea, G. & Greer, A. E." box="[235,475,1519,1545]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="148 - 156" refId="ref14559" refString="Shea, G. & Greer, A. E. (2002) From Spehnomorphus to Lipinia: generic reassignment of two poorly known New Guinea skinks. Journal of Herpetology, 36 (2), 148-156. https://doi.org/10.2307/1565985" type="journal article" year="2002">Shea & Greer (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FE22C2A8FD85DD52" author="Zug, G. R." box="[488,618,1519,1545]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 83" refId="ref16144" refString="Zug, G. R. (2004) Systematics of the Carlia ' fusca' lizards (Squamata: Scincidae) of New Guinea and nearby islands. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Zoology, 5, 1-83." type="journal article" year="2004">Zug (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FDBCC2A8FC89DD52" author="Das, I. & Austin, C. C." box="[630,870,1519,1545]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="61 - 71" refId="ref11761" refString="Das, I. & Austin, C. C. (2007) New species of Lipinia (Squamata: Scincidae) from Borneo, revealed by molecular and morphological data. Journal of Herpetology, 41 (1), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[61:NSOLSS]2.0.CO;2" type="journal article" year="2007">Das & Austin (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FCB8C2A8FBEEDD52" author="Kraus, F." box="[882,1025,1519,1545]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="410 - 423" refId="ref12976" refString="Kraus, F. (2007) Taxonomic partitioning within Papuan members of the Carlia novaeguineae complex (Squamata: Scincidae). Journal of Herpetology, 41 (3), 410-423. https://doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[410:TPWPMO]2.0.CO;2" type="journal article" year="2007">Kraus (2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, 2018, 2020),
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FB6EC2A8FAC1DD52" author="Shea, G. M." box="[1188,1326,1519,1545]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="35 - 48" refId="ref14611" refString="Shea, G. M. (2017) A new species of Sphenomorphus (Squamata: Scincidae) from the Doberai Peninsula of New Guinea, with a redescription of Sphenomorphus consobrinus (Peters et Doria, 1878). In: Telnov, D., Barclay, M. V. L. & Pauwels, O. S. G. (Eds.), Biodiversity, biogeography and nature conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Vol. III The Entomological Society of Latvia, Riga, pp. 35-48." type="book chapter" year="2017">Shea (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FAACC2A8FEB5DD76" author="Shea, G. M. & Allison, A." pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="49 - 60" refId="ref14710" refString="Shea, G. M. & Allison, A. (2021) A new species of Sphenomorphus (Squamata: Scincidae) from Mount Kaindi, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. In: Telnov, D., Barclay, M. V. L. & Pauwels, O. S. G. (Eds.), Biodiversity, biogeography and nature conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Vol. VI The Entomological Society of Latvia, Riga, pp. 49-60." type="book chapter" year="2021">Shea & Allison (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
in the Indopapuan region. Others (
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FD26C154FCFBDD77" box="[748,788,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FCEEC154FC42DD76" author="Hardy, G. S." box="[804,941,1555,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="221 - 325" refId="ref12701" refString="Hardy, G. S. (1977) The New Zealand Scincidae (Reptilia: Lacertilia); a taxonomic and zoogeographic study. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 4, 221-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1977.9517956" type="journal article" year="1977">Hardy 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FC70C154FBA2DD76" author="Horner, P." box="[954,1101,1555,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="21 - 198" refId="ref12802" refString="Horner, P. (2007) Systematics of the snake-eyed skinks, Cryptoblepharus Wiegmann (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) - an Australian-based review. The Beagle: Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, 3, 21-198." type="journal article" year="2007">Horner 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FB91C154FAD4DD76" author="Grismer, L. L. & Huatt, E. Q. S. & Siler, C. D. & Chan, K. O. & Wood, P. L. & Grismer, J. L. & Sah, S. A. M. & Ahmad, N." box="[1115,1339,1555,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="29 - 40" refId="ref12530" refString="Grismer, L. L., Huatt, E. Q. S., Siler, C. D., Chan, K. O., Wood, P. L., Grismer, J. L., Sah, S. A. M. & Ahmad, N. (2011) Peninsular Malaysia's first limbless lizard: a new species of skink of the genus Larutia (Bohme) from Pulau Pinang with a phylogeny of the genus. Zootaxa, 2799 (1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2799.1.3" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||||
Grismer
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FB75C154FB16DD76" box="[1215,1273,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2011
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FA82C154FEDEDD0A" author="Hedges, S. B. & Conn, C. E." pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 244" refId="ref12748" refString="Hedges, S. B. & Conn, C. E. (2012) A new skink fauna from Caribbean islands (Squamata, Mabuyidae, Mabuyinae). Zootaxa, 3288 (1), 1-244. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3288.1.1" type="journal article" year="2012">Hedges & Conn 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) exclude the posteriormost supraciliary, either leaving it unnamed (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FBE9C170FB58DD0A" author="Horner, P." box="[1059,1207,1591,1617]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="21 - 198" refId="ref12802" refString="Horner, P. (2007) Systematics of the snake-eyed skinks, Cryptoblepharus Wiegmann (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) - an Australian-based review. The Beagle: Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, 3, 21-198." type="journal article" year="2007">Horner 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), or referring to it as an anterior postocular (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FE55C11CFDC3DD2E" author="Hardy, G. S." box="[415,556,1627,1653]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="221 - 325" refId="ref12701" refString="Hardy, G. S. (1977) The New Zealand Scincidae (Reptilia: Lacertilia); a taxonomic and zoogeographic study. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 4, 221-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1977.9517956" type="journal article" year="1977">Hardy 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), an upper secondary postocular (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FC67C11CFB44DD2E" author="Hedges, S. B. & Conn, C. E." box="[941,1195,1627,1653]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 244" refId="ref12748" refString="Hedges, S. B. & Conn, C. E. (2012) A new skink fauna from Caribbean islands (Squamata, Mabuyidae, Mabuyinae). Zootaxa, 3288 (1), 1-244. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3288.1.1" type="journal article" year="2012">Hedges & Conn 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), an anterior primary temporal (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FEC0C138FE08DDC2" author="Grismer, L. L. & Huatt, E. Q. S. & Siler, C. D. & Chan, K. O. & Wood, P. L. & Grismer, J. L. & Sah, S. A. M. & Ahmad, N." box="[266,487,1663,1689]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="29 - 40" refId="ref12530" refString="Grismer, L. L., Huatt, E. Q. S., Siler, C. D., Chan, K. O., Wood, P. L., Grismer, J. L., Sah, S. A. M. & Ahmad, N. (2011) Peninsular Malaysia's first limbless lizard: a new species of skink of the genus Larutia (Bohme) from Pulau Pinang with a phylogeny of the genus. Zootaxa, 2799 (1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2799.1.3" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||||
Grismer
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FEA5C138FE48DDC2" box="[367,423,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2011
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) or an anterior pretemporal (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FCE1C138FC5FDDC2" author="Greer, A. E." box="[811,944,1663,1689]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="48 - 53" refId="ref12245" refString="Greer, A. E. (1983) A new species of Lerista from Groote Eylandt and the Sir Edward Pellew Group of northern Australia. Journal of Herpetology, 17 (1), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.2307/1563780" type="journal article" year="1983">Greer 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FC76C138FB91DDC2" author="Greer, A. E. & Allison, A. & Cogger, H. G." box="[956,1150,1662,1689]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="153 - 179" refId="ref12295" refString="Greer, A. E., Allison, A. & Cogger, H. G. (2005) Four new species of Lobulia (Lacertilia: Scincidae) from high altitude in New Guinea. Herpetological Monographs, 19 (1), 153-179. https://doi.org/10.1655/0733-1347(2005)019[0153:FNSOLL]2.0.CO;2" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||||
Greer
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FBC9C138FBD3DDC2" box="[1027,1084,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2005
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; followed by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FAD2C138FF19DDE6" author="Slavenko, A. & Tamar, K. & Tallowin, O. J. S. & Kraus, F. & Allison, A. & Carranza, S. & Meiri, S." pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="220 - 278" refId="ref15166" refString="Slavenko, A., Tamar, K., Tallowin, O. J. S., Kraus, F., Allison, A., Carranza, S. & Meiri, S. (2022) Revision of the montane New Guinean skink genus Lobulia (Squamata: Scincidae), with the description of four new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 195 (1), 220-278. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab052" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||||
Slavenko
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FA42C138FF5BDDE6" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2022
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FECBC1E4FED1DDE6" author="Slavenko, A. & Richards, S. J. & Donnellan, S. C. & Allison, A. & Oliver, P. M." box="[257,318,1699,1725]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="133 - 149" refId="ref15010" refString="Slavenko, A., Richards, S. J., Donnellan, S. C., Allison, A. & Oliver, P. M. (2024) Gold in the mountains: striking new species of Papuascincus (Sphenomorphini: Scincidae) from New Guinea. Vertebrate Zoology, 74, 133-149. https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.74.e112782" type="journal article" year="2024">2024</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246BFF83FF0DC180FB8BDC16" blockId="13.[151,1437,1267,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FF0DC180FE9BDDBA" author="Greer, A. E." box="[199,372,1735,1761]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="48 - 53" refId="ref12245" refString="Greer, A. E. (1983) A new species of Lerista from Groote Eylandt and the Sir Edward Pellew Group of northern Australia. Journal of Herpetology, 17 (1), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.2307/1563780" type="journal article" year="1983">Greer’s (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
creation of the name pretemporals for the posteriormost supraciliary and posteriormost postsubocular of Taylor’s nomenclature was originally due to the combined fate of these two scales in some Australian
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1296DEC5246BFF83FED9C048FDD7DC72" box="[275,568,1807,1833]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E27954246BFF83FED9C048FE8DDC73" box="[275,354,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Lerista</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FEA3C048FE32DC72" author="Bell, T." box="[361,477,1807,1833]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="98 - 99" refId="ref10934" refString="Bell, T. (1833) Characters of two new genera of reptiles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1, 98-99." type="journal article" year="1833">Bell, 1833</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, in which they are fused into a single scale. These scales are not fused in New
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="AD81E5D6246BFF83FF5DC074FF07DC16" box="[151,232,1843,1869]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||||
skinks, making the term pretemporals superfluous in this geographical context.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246BFF83FF0DC010FAD6DCCE" blockId="13.[151,1437,1267,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
|
||||
Other definitional variation exists at the anterior end of the row of supraciliaries.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FBBAC010FAE3DC2A" author="Hardy, G. S." box="[1136,1292,1879,1905]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="221 - 325" refId="ref12701" refString="Hardy, G. S. (1977) The New Zealand Scincidae (Reptilia: Lacertilia); a taxonomic and zoogeographic study. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 4, 221-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1977.9517956" type="journal article" year="1977">Hardy (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, working on
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="AD81E5D6246BFF83FF5DC03CFEC2DCCE" box="[151,301,1915,1941]" name="New Zealand" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||||
skinks, excluded the first supraciliary from the count, identifying this as an upper preocular.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A546246BFF80FF0DC0D8FE18D9AA" blockId="13.[151,1437,1267,2013]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,1185]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="225" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B7246BFF83FF0DC0D8FE8ADCE2" author="Taylor, E. H." box="[199,357,1951,1977]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 643" refId="ref15600" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1936) A taxonomic study of the cosmopolitan scincoid lizards of the genus Eumeces with an account of the distribution and relationships of its species. University of Kansas Bulletin, 23, 1-643." type="journal article" year="1936">Taylor (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
identified as presuboculars the row of scales bordering the dorsal margins of the supralabial scales, from the first scale posterior to the second loreal, to the last scale being that which reaches the supralabial that lies under the centre of the eye (the subocular supralabial), and the preocular being the scale anterior to both the upper and lower palpebral rows that lies dorsal to the first presubocular, ventral to the supraciliaries, and posterior to the second loreal, sometimes succeeded by a smaller scale posteriorly (
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FC3AC798FBF6DBA3" box="[1008,1049,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
, Greer 1982). Others (
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FAE9C798FAA4DBA3" box="[1315,1355,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FA96C798FEDEDA46" author="Greer, A. E. & Shea, G." pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="79 - 87" refId="ref12416" refString="Greer, A. E. & Shea, G. (2004) A new character within the taxonomically difficult Sphenomorphus group of lygosomine skinks, with a description of a new species from New Guinea. Journal of Herpetology, 38 (1), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1670/78-03A" type="journal article" year="2004">Greer & Shea 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FEF7C644FDECDA46" author="Greer, A. E. & Allison, A. & Cogger, H. G." box="[317,515,258,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="153 - 179" refId="ref12295" refString="Greer, A. E., Allison, A. & Cogger, H. G. (2005) Four new species of Lobulia (Lacertilia: Scincidae) from high altitude in New Guinea. Herpetological Monographs, 19 (1), 153-179. https://doi.org/10.1655/0733-1347(2005)019[0153:FNSOLL]2.0.CO;2" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||||
Greer
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FE4CC644FE50DA46" box="[390,447,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2005
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FDDAC644FD11DA46" author="Slavenko, A. & Tamar, K. & Tallowin, O. J. S. & Kraus, F. & Allison, A. & Carranza, S. & Meiri, S." box="[528,766,259,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="220 - 278" refId="ref15166" refString="Slavenko, A., Tamar, K., Tallowin, O. J. S., Kraus, F., Allison, A., Carranza, S. & Meiri, S. (2022) Revision of the montane New Guinean skink genus Lobulia (Squamata: Scincidae), with the description of four new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 195 (1), 220-278. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab052" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||||
Slavenko
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FD4BC644FD54DA46" box="[641,699,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2022
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FCC1C644FCACDA46" author="Slavenko, A. & Richards, S. J. & Donnellan, S. C. & Allison, A. & Oliver, P. M." box="[779,835,259,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="133 - 149" refId="ref15010" refString="Slavenko, A., Richards, S. J., Donnellan, S. C., Allison, A. & Oliver, P. M. (2024) Gold in the mountains: striking new species of Papuascincus (Sphenomorphini: Scincidae) from New Guinea. Vertebrate Zoology, 74, 133-149. https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.74.e112782" type="journal article" year="2024">2024</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
working with New
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="AD81E5D62468FF80FBE0C644FB94DA46" box="[1066,1147,259,285]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||||
skinks) consider the first presubocular of Taylor’s definition to be the lower of two preoculars. To convert from Taylor’s definition to that used by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FF71C60CFE44DA3E" author="Greer, A. E. & Shea, G." box="[187,427,331,357]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="79 - 87" refId="ref12416" refString="Greer, A. E. & Shea, G. (2004) A new character within the taxonomically difficult Sphenomorphus group of lygosomine skinks, with a description of a new species from New Guinea. Journal of Herpetology, 38 (1), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1670/78-03A" type="journal article" year="2004">Greer & Shea (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, the number of preoculars needs to be increased by one, and the number of presuboculars decreased by one.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FEA9C628FE12DAD2" author="Taylor, E. H." box="[355,509,367,393]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="1 - 643" refId="ref15600" refString="Taylor, E. H. (1936) A taxonomic study of the cosmopolitan scincoid lizards of the genus Eumeces with an account of the distribution and relationships of its species. University of Kansas Bulletin, 23, 1-643." type="journal article" year="1936">Taylor (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
defines the postsuboculars as the line of scales bordering the posteroventral margin of the orbit (and overlying the anterior edge of the jugal bone), from the first scale contacting both the subocular supralabial and the supralabial behind that, up to and including the scale wedging behind the last supraciliary and parietal, while postoculars are the slightly enlarged scales immediately behind the upper and lower palpebral margins.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FEC9C6B8FE78D942" author="Greer, A. E." box="[259,407,511,537]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="48 - 53" refId="ref12245" refString="Greer, A. E. (1983) A new species of Lerista from Groote Eylandt and the Sir Edward Pellew Group of northern Australia. Journal of Herpetology, 17 (1), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.2307/1563780" type="journal article" year="1983">Greer (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
reidentified the last of Taylor’s postsuboculars as the second of his pretemporals, while
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FF5DC564FE67D966" author="Greer, A. E. & Shea, G." box="[151,392,547,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="79 - 87" refId="ref12416" refString="Greer, A. E. & Shea, G. (2004) A new character within the taxonomically difficult Sphenomorphus group of lygosomine skinks, with a description of a new species from New Guinea. Journal of Herpetology, 38 (1), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1670/78-03A" type="journal article" year="2004">Greer & Shea (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
considered only those of Taylor’s postsuboculars that contacted the penultimate supralabial as being true postsuboculars, thereby excluding some of Taylor’s scales, which Greer does not otherwise discuss in his descriptions. However, as many of the New Guinean sphenomorphins have divisions of the penultimate supralabial, using this scale to define the postsuboculars risks counts on species with varying degrees of division of the supralabial not being homologous. Here we favoured Taylor’s postsubocular definition since it is consistent with the underlying jugal bone.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="D529A5462468FF80FF0DC5BCFD49DFFA" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1185]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
|
||||
Paravertebral scales also have a wide range of definitions in the literature. While most begin their count from the first scale behind the parietals, some (
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FDB6C458FD4BD863" box="[636,676,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FD79C458FC3CD862" author="Amarasinghe, A. A. T. & Campbell, P. D. & Chandramouli, S. R. & Deuti, K. & Raha, S. & Karunarathna, D. M. S. S. & Ineich, I." box="[691,979,799,825]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="509 - 520" refId="ref10777" refString="Amarasinghe, A. A. T., Campbell, P. D., Chandramouli, S. R., Deuti, K., Raha, S., Karunarathna, D. M. S. S. & Ineich, I. (2016) Taxonomy and natural history of Eutropis beddomei (Jerdon, 1870) (Reptilia: Scincidae), including a redescription of the holotype. Zootaxa, 4132 (4), 509-520. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4132.4.3" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||||
Amarasinghe
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FC98C458FC61D862" box="[850,910,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2016
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FC2BC458FB3ED862" author="Slavenko, A. & Tamar, K. & Tallowin, O. J. S. & Kraus, F. & Allison, A. & Carranza, S. & Meiri, S." box="[993,1233,799,825]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="220 - 278" refId="ref15166" refString="Slavenko, A., Tamar, K., Tallowin, O. J. S., Kraus, F., Allison, A., Carranza, S. & Meiri, S. (2022) Revision of the montane New Guinean skink genus Lobulia (Squamata: Scincidae), with the description of four new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 195 (1), 220-278. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab052" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||||
Slavenko
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FB99C458FB61D862" box="[1107,1166,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2022
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) exclude the first nuchal scale (the primary nuchal of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FDE1C404FD26D806" author="Miralles, A." box="[555,713,835,861]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref13415" refString="Miralles, A. (2006) A new species of Mabuya (Reptilia, Squamata, Scincidae) from the Caribbean Island of San Andres, with a new interpretation of nuchal scales: character of taxonomic importance. Herpetological Journal, 16, 1-7." type="journal article" year="2006">Miralles 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) from the count, and others (
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FBC5C404FBD7D807" box="[1039,1080,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FB8CC404FF3ED8DA" author="Feria-Ortiz, M. & Garcia-Vazquez, U. O." pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="57 - 68" refId="ref11946" refString="Feria-Ortiz, M. & Garcia-Vazquez, U. O. (2012) A new species of Plestiodon (Squamata: Scincidae) from Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerreri, Mexico. Zootaxa, 3339 (1), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3339.1.4" type="journal article" year="2012">Feria-Ortiz & Garcia-Vázquez 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) exclude all nuchals from the count. The posterior extremity of the count is even less consistently defined across studies. Some authors count to the last scale anterior to the hindlimb (
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FBD3C4CCFBAED8FF" box="[1049,1089,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FB98C4CCFAD7D8FE" author="Shea, G. & Greer, A. E." box="[1106,1336,907,933]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="148 - 156" refId="ref14559" refString="Shea, G. & Greer, A. E. (2002) From Spehnomorphus to Lipinia: generic reassignment of two poorly known New Guinea skinks. Journal of Herpetology, 36 (2), 148-156. https://doi.org/10.2307/1565985" type="journal article" year="2002">Shea & Greer 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FA8CC4CCFEC4D892" author="Shea, G. M. & Allison, A." pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="49 - 60" refId="ref14710" refString="Shea, G. M. & Allison, A. (2021) A new species of Sphenomorphus (Squamata: Scincidae) from Mount Kaindi, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. In: Telnov, D., Barclay, M. V. L. & Pauwels, O. S. G. (Eds.), Biodiversity, biogeography and nature conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Vol. VI The Entomological Society of Latvia, Riga, pp. 49-60." type="book chapter" year="2021">Shea & Allison 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FEFDC4E8FDF1D892" author="Slavenko, A. & Tamar, K. & Tallowin, O. J. S. & Kraus, F. & Allison, A. & Carranza, S. & Meiri, S." box="[311,542,943,969]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="220 - 278" refId="ref15166" refString="Slavenko, A., Tamar, K., Tallowin, O. J. S., Kraus, F., Allison, A., Carranza, S. & Meiri, S. (2022) Revision of the montane New Guinean skink genus Lobulia (Squamata: Scincidae), with the description of four new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 195 (1), 220-278. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab052" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||||
Slavenko
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FE6CC4E8FE31D892" box="[422,478,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2022
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) or crossing a line at the level of the anterior margin of the hindlimbs (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FAF8C4E8FEF9D8B6" author="Slavenko, A. & Richards, S. J. & Donnellan, S. C. & Allison, A. & Oliver, P. M." pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="133 - 149" refId="ref15010" refString="Slavenko, A., Richards, S. J., Donnellan, S. C., Allison, A. & Oliver, P. M. (2024) Gold in the mountains: striking new species of Papuascincus (Sphenomorphini: Scincidae) from New Guinea. Vertebrate Zoology, 74, 133-149. https://doi.org/10.3897/vz.74.e112782" type="journal article" year="2024">
|
||||
Slavenko
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FF5DC494FF3ED8B6" box="[151,209,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2024
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), others count back to the last scale anterior to the posterior margin of the hindlimb (
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FB2CC494FAE1D8B7" box="[1254,1294,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FAD4C494FA7FD8B6" author="Zug, G. R." box="[1310,1424,979,1005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="1 - 83" refId="ref16144" refString="Zug, G. R. (2004) Systematics of the Carlia ' fusca' lizards (Squamata: Scincidae) of New Guinea and nearby islands. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Zoology, 5, 1-83." type="journal article" year="2004">Zug 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), the last scale at the midpoint between the posterior margins of the hindlimbs (
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FBE9C4B0FBA4DF4B" box="[1059,1099,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FB96C4B0FB1EDF4A" author="Horner, P." box="[1116,1265,1015,1041]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="21 - 198" refId="ref12802" refString="Horner, P. (2007) Systematics of the snake-eyed skinks, Cryptoblepharus Wiegmann (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) - an Australian-based review. The Beagle: Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, 3, 21-198." type="journal article" year="2007">Horner 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), the last scale immediately posterior to the posterior margin of the hindlimb (
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FCAFC35CFC61DF6F" box="[869,910,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FC57C35CFB8CDF6E" author="Greer, A. E. & Allison, A. & Cogger, H. G." box="[925,1123,1050,1077]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="153 - 179" refId="ref12295" refString="Greer, A. E., Allison, A. & Cogger, H. G. (2005) Four new species of Lobulia (Lacertilia: Scincidae) from high altitude in New Guinea. Herpetological Monographs, 19 (1), 153-179. https://doi.org/10.1655/0733-1347(2005)019[0153:FNSOLL]2.0.CO;2" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||||
Greer
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FC2FC35CFBF0DF6E" box="[997,1055,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2005
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), the last scale opposite the vent (
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FF1DC378FF10DF03" box="[215,255,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FEC7C378FE08DF02" author="Grismer, L. L. & Huatt, E. Q. S. & Siler, C. D. & Chan, K. O. & Wood, P. L. & Grismer, J. L. & Sah, S. A. M. & Ahmad, N." box="[269,487,1087,1113]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="29 - 40" refId="ref12530" refString="Grismer, L. L., Huatt, E. Q. S., Siler, C. D., Chan, K. O., Wood, P. L., Grismer, J. L., Sah, S. A. M. & Ahmad, N. (2011) Peninsular Malaysia's first limbless lizard: a new species of skink of the genus Larutia (Bohme) from Pulau Pinang with a phylogeny of the genus. Zootaxa, 2799 (1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2799.1.3" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||||
Grismer
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FEA5C378FE48DF02" box="[367,423,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2011
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FE38C378FD0ADF02" author="Hedges, S. B. & Conn, C. E." box="[498,741,1087,1113]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="1 - 244" refId="ref12748" refString="Hedges, S. B. & Conn, C. E. (2012) A new skink fauna from Caribbean islands (Squamata, Mabuyidae, Mabuyinae). Zootaxa, 3288 (1), 1-244. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3288.1.1" type="journal article" year="2012">Hedges & Conn 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) or “the base of the tail”, without defining that point (
|
||||
<emphasis id="E7E279542468FF80FAF1C378FA8CDF03" box="[1339,1379,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="B107D8B72468FF80FABBC378FEABDF26" author="Das, I. & Austin, C. C." pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="61 - 71" refId="ref11761" refString="Das, I. & Austin, C. C. (2007) New species of Lipinia (Squamata: Scincidae) from Borneo, revealed by molecular and morphological data. Journal of Herpetology, 41 (1), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[61:NSOLSS]2.0.CO;2" type="journal article" year="2007">Das & Austin 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). We provided two counts to cover some of this variation, which should allow future taxonomists easier comparison to at least one of our counts.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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