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<mods:title id="463ACE463954675C6586C55556919496">The phylogeny of pholcid spiders: a critical evaluation of relationships suggested by molecular data (Araneae, Pholcidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Huber, Bernhard A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Eberle, Jonas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Dimitrov, Dimitar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="148671575" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C6A08DB4D12751A58C844D35E7C10F5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C6A08DB4D12751A58C844D35E7C10F5" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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<treatment id="2C6A08DB4D12751A58C844D35E7C10F5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148671575" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2C6A08DB4D12751A58C844D35E7C10F5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C6A08DB4D12751A58C844D35E7C10F5" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" scope_family="Pholcidae" scope_order="Araneae">
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<subSubSection id="9D55B24EE4831384C0A1B2D6A5B2CBB5" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E3CB491F65D6CA2B6C944B03CF77636D" pageId="9" pageNumber="60">
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||||
Subfamily
|
||||
<taxonomicName authority="Simon, 1893" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" family="Pholcidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae Simon, 1893</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C66548ABA39B23A654DDF5FC615DD4D1" authority="Simon, 1893" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae Simon, 1893</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Figure 6
|
||||
</paragraph>
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||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="61" type="reference_group">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Smeringopodeae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Modisimeae" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="family">
|
||||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="61" start="start">Smeringopodeae</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="0775F9891EDD695B5E78FA7DBDB60983" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" type="reference_group">
|
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<paragraph id="16F37E53AA31D704A474D24B5F215ABC" pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="EF82E63D93E9BC2FE05C82A64448E4BD" class="Arachnida" family="Smeringopodeae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Modisimeae" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||||
<pageBreakToken id="D83DFDEE41EB8FC5ECA83BF74046CD51" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" start="start">Smeringopodeae</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
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Simon, 1893: 474. Type genus
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="974D2E71F6A576A26EC35C88CD76F9F9" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
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Simon, 1890, by subsequent designation (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="211 - 222" title="Phylogeny and classification of Pholcidae (Araneae): an update." url="https://doi.org/10.1636/CA10-57.1" volume="39" year="2011 b">Huber 2011b</bibRefCitation>
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||||
<bibRefCitation id="8EF831E545BC4E47B69CF389A6F294FC" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="211 - 222" title="Phylogeny and classification of Pholcidae (Araneae): an update." url="https://doi.org/10.1636/CA10-57.1" volume="39" year="2011 b">Huber 2011b</bibRefCitation>
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||||
).
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||||
</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
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||||
<taxonomicName family="Pholcidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<paragraph id="1F0FE0ACFDF14D6E2F4B8A78D1D4306A" pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7B372341292BFCC2D42548433281D91F" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
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Simon;
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<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="211 - 222" title="Phylogeny and classification of Pholcidae (Araneae): an update." url="https://doi.org/10.1636/CA10-57.1" volume="39" year="2011 b">Huber 2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="69823C4780431BF5CC84E4620BA89A00" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="211 - 222" title="Phylogeny and classification of Pholcidae (Araneae): an update." url="https://doi.org/10.1636/CA10-57.1" volume="39" year="2011 b">Huber 2011b</bibRefCitation>
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||||
: 217.
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||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" type="remarks">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">Remarks.</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
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||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="44D4C455DA911464A732D622F0E7D9CD" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" type="remarks">
|
||||
<paragraph id="7ACCECDF47E6B1948B0698A32E53B869" pageId="10" pageNumber="61">Remarks.</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph id="BDE91078EDF9A5667D25885B9AEEE538" pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F70842AD1CB436611BE37DB1D44116C3" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
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is a relatively homogeneous subfamily (with respect to body shapes, colour, webs, and microhabitats), and in this sense similar to
|
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ninetinae">Ninetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="EDB725AD1A38C25F140B69FC4F685294" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ninetinae">Ninetinae</taxonomicName>
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||||
and
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||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Arteminae">Arteminae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E372E9CE970DDE14A5F05C966165C2F7" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Arteminae">Arteminae</taxonomicName>
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||||
but very unlike
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||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0C72B58B3E0B78BCE34E5D0A8FE53C17" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Modisiminae">Modisiminae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pholcinae">Pholcinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="941C3D840470838BABF85039F60A17AA" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pholcinae">Pholcinae</taxonomicName>
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||||
. Most of the 125 known species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7187551B7D09B1DDC9A0423112DD0267" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
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||||
are medium-size to large, have long legs, elongated to cylindrical abdomens, and all have eight eyes. Another similarity to
|
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ninetinae">Ninetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="490DD40B0860DE78B8A1A50A14AF0E87" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ninetinae">Ninetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Arteminae">Arteminae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="DACF510261E195C59DCA04BF218C8B37" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Arteminae">Arteminae</taxonomicName>
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||||
is that
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7E40313E0A064505E928B0061C9F2118" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
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are often found in rather arid regions. The most obvious exception is the largely humid tropical genus
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="2AB18D230D838E8F25CDD62D689CB3B6" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopina</taxonomicName>
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Kraus, 1957, which is also the genus with the smallest and largest representatives in the subfamily (with body lengths ranging from 2.5-10 mm) and with the widest range of microhabitats used (leaf litter to large sheltered spaces) (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 160" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3713.1.1" volume="3713" year="2013">Huber 2013</bibRefCitation>
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||||
<bibRefCitation id="8CDA69DAA96D430D76A099F0272F8803" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 160" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3713.1.1" volume="3713" year="2013">Huber 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The original distribution of the subfamily is Africa, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East. Three species have attained much wider distributions, resulting from human-mediated dispersal (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="211 - 222" title="Phylogeny and classification of Pholcidae (Araneae): an update." url="https://doi.org/10.1636/CA10-57.1" volume="39" year="2011 b">Huber 2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="1F339847B1ADD5E2E012DD12E5CA0D11" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="211 - 222" title="Phylogeny and classification of Pholcidae (Araneae): an update." url="https://doi.org/10.1636/CA10-57.1" volume="39" year="2011 b">Huber 2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
<paragraph id="A964C7E64C657FAC4021995A75602FD1" pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
As in previous molecular analyses (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Bruvo-Mađaric, B" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="661 - 673" title="Phylogeny of pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): combined analysis using morphology and molecules." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.08.016" volume="37" year="2005">
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bruvo-Mađarić">Bruvo-Mađaric</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="54ADD98449B96B2F5BFB8D69D563ED93" author="Bruvo-Mađaric, B" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="661 - 673" title="Phylogeny of pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): combined analysis using morphology and molecules." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.08.016" volume="37" year="2005">
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="7F347596D21C071E35977F97A8ED1600" originalValue="Bruvo-Mađarić">Bruvo-Mađaric</normalizedToken>
|
||||
et al. 2005
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Astrin, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="17 - 30" title="The pitfalls of exaggeration: molecular and morphological evidence suggests Kaliana is a synonym of Mesabolivar (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="1646" year="2007">Astrin et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="8C7306BF74C371637F366A962501BA4C" author="Astrin, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="17 - 30" title="The pitfalls of exaggeration: molecular and morphological evidence suggests Kaliana is a synonym of Mesabolivar (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="1646" year="2007">Astrin et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Dimitrov, D" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="132 - 146" title="Pholcid spider molecular systematics revisited, with new insights into the biogeography and the evolution of the group." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00419.x" volume="29" year="2013">Dimitrov et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="BD7544C6B196B396F0FE9F3A9CC030DD" author="Dimitrov, D" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="132 - 146" title="Pholcid spider molecular systematics revisited, with new insights into the biogeography and the evolution of the group." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00419.x" volume="29" year="2013">Dimitrov et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
),
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="86301D70EBBE3D214CF48DD17316A973" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is sister to
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pholcinae">Pholcinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7451282CDD9A8D0F0F6B540E3B412C93" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pholcinae">Pholcinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Figure 1) with reasonable to high support. This relationship is also supported by morphology: the two taxa share tarsus IV comb-hairs spread over the entire length of the tarsus (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="232 - 240" title="Comb-hairs on the fourth tarsi in pholcid spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1636/CSh07-71.1" volume="36" year="2008">Huber and Fleckenstein 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="98A9CAEB4ECB42C7D76C3B04282A1FC2" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="232 - 240" title="Comb-hairs on the fourth tarsi in pholcid spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1636/CSh07-71.1" volume="36" year="2008">Huber and Fleckenstein 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
<paragraph id="DC03B30A36C7767C8AC0DED63F22F3C4" pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
The monophyly of
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7CAAE9036E26CE8E6B593DF760E85057" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
receives reasonable to high support in all our analyses. Previous molecular analyses have partly supported
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="61F431C14409AB8E7EE89B9133708664" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but also suggested rather obscure relationships [e.g., the position of
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holocnemus pluchei" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pluchei">Holocnemus pluchei</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="BFE102063E81811197F190BC3BF8D332" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holocnemus pluchei" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pluchei">Holocnemus pluchei</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Scopoli, 1763) among
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ninetinae">Ninetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C580DC4ECCC0C96818D4B9E4A54A1C5" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ninetinae">Ninetinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Astrin, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="17 - 30" title="The pitfalls of exaggeration: molecular and morphological evidence suggests Kaliana is a synonym of Mesabolivar (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="1646" year="2007">Astrin et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2B216E65EF2FE38A1A10A720004D0E6D" author="Astrin, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="17 - 30" title="The pitfalls of exaggeration: molecular and morphological evidence suggests Kaliana is a synonym of Mesabolivar (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="1646" year="2007">Astrin et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
].
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holocnemus pluchei" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pluchei">Holocnemus pluchei</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="34E339EBF6E3B9273EEF647731813524" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holocnemus pluchei" order="Araneae" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pluchei">Holocnemus pluchei</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was included in preliminary analyses of the present data but its position was drastically unstable, so we decided to exclude it from the final analyses.
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="94BFCF4183A1C1C480AB46DE10D96CF2" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
monophyly is rather weakly supported by morphology, i.e., by the presence of a large thoracic pit on the carapace (rather than a narrow furrow or an evenly domed carapace; cf.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="211 - 222" title="Phylogeny and classification of Pholcidae (Araneae): an update." url="https://doi.org/10.1636/CA10-57.1" volume="39" year="2011 b">Huber 2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="54775CE24A3B9972E0229B371A53AEE5" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="211 - 222" title="Phylogeny and classification of Pholcidae (Araneae): an update." url="https://doi.org/10.1636/CA10-57.1" volume="39" year="2011 b">Huber 2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="62">
|
||||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="62" start="start">Within</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<paragraph id="6DB13A210DE6AF8DC1FD4A52F1A8145B" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">
|
||||
<pageBreakToken id="D9ADE29C3865CE92FB52A429E77AF559" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" start="start">Within</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="36D551D341021E937BC7E82023D5D021" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smeringopinae">Smeringopinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, our data strongly support a basal split between a northern clade (Mediterranean, northern Africa, Middle East, Central Asia) and a southern clade (Sub-Sahara) (Figure 6). This basal split was also recovered in a morphological cladistic analysis (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 138" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="3461" year="2012">Huber 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="5BC192C5EBEA3A0237382E170B1D33AF" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 138" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="3461" year="2012">Huber 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Within the northern clade,
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Hoplopholcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hoplopholcus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hoplopholcus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="160962F756293188DF39C3C5C7F49BDC" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Hoplopholcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hoplopholcus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hoplopholcus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Kulczynski, 1908 is sister to all other genera and not close to
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stygopholcus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stygopholcus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9D2220A952B8D3590AB4B0A8EA2A9347" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stygopholcus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stygopholcus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Kratochvil, 1932 as repeatedly claimed by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Brignoli, PM" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen des Zoologischen Museums Berlin" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="255 - 267" title="Beitrag zur Kenntnis der mediterranen Pholcidae (Arachnida, Araneae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.19710470203" volume="47" year="1971">Brignoli (1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="28B363C60D128104A4FF384DA0A85EE1" author="Brignoli, PM" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen des Zoologischen Museums Berlin" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="255 - 267" title="Beitrag zur Kenntnis der mediterranen Pholcidae (Arachnida, Araneae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.19710470203" volume="47" year="1971">Brignoli (1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Brignoli, PM" journalOrPublisher="Revue suisse de Zoologie" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="539 - 578" title="Ragni di Grecia IX. Specie nuove o interessanti delle famiglie Leptonetidae, Dysderidae, Pholcidae ed Agelenidae (Araneae)." volume="83" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="8896A977635055C9B79F28BB97AE899E" author="Brignoli, PM" journalOrPublisher="Revue suisse de Zoologie" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="539 - 578" title="Ragni di Grecia IX. Specie nuove o interessanti delle famiglie Leptonetidae, Dysderidae, Pholcidae ed Agelenidae (Araneae)." volume="83" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Brignoli, PM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British arachnological Society" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="350 - 352" title="Spiders from Lebanon, V. On Hoplopholcuscecconii Kulczynski, 1908 (Pholcidae)." volume="4" year="1979">1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EC995F8CBDC307937A5BC2A8E14EAE8D" author="Brignoli, PM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British arachnological Society" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="350 - 352" title="Spiders from Lebanon, V. On Hoplopholcuscecconii Kulczynski, 1908 (Pholcidae)." volume="4" year="1979">1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) but contested by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="62">Senglet (1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="7BB1261862A500B95B1DE85C033104A8" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">Senglet (1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Senglet, A" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" pagination="43 - 67" title="Copulatory mechanisms in Hoplopholcus, Stygopholcus (revalidated), Pholcus, Spermophora and Spermophorides (Araneae, Pholcidae), with additional faunistic and taxonomic data." volume="74" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A488C4AD39F62966C1E7BD7637D0563C" author="Senglet, A" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="43" pageNumber="94" pagination="43 - 67" title="Copulatory mechanisms in Hoplopholcus, Stygopholcus (revalidated), Pholcus, Spermophora and Spermophorides (Araneae, Pholcidae), with additional faunistic and taxonomic data." volume="74" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The genera
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Hoplopholcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hoplopholcus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hoplopholcus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B2FD9428E4FEC2311039DE01F5D841C" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Hoplopholcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hoplopholcus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hoplopholcus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stygopholcus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stygopholcus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="3C0015FCD155B9D323D801256AA83A3F" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stygopholcus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stygopholcus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crossopriza" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crossopriza</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5BE6ECE44AE88217301A930F98FF93B0" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crossopriza" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crossopriza</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Simon, 1893 all receive full support, but the small Mediterranean genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holocnemus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holocnemus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="EEF75DCCAA894500D909A8608B36D5E5" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holocnemus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holocnemus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Simon, 1873 (only three described species) continues to be problematic even after the exclusion of
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. pluchei" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" rank="species" species="pluchei">H. pluchei</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="BA2B5E51E9388095AA72E997436E82A5" lsidName="H. pluchei" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" rank="species" species="pluchei">H. pluchei</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The two species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holocnemus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holocnemus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="A1E94F8071A3764958252A828E6E2246" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holocnemus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holocnemus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
included in our analyses never group together, and no morphological synapomorphy is known to suggest their sister-group relationship (in fact,
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holocnemus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holocnemus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="3D4B803280A9E59C080C1F9AF637FED1" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Holocnemus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holocnemus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Holocnemus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has never been revised).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="62">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="62">
|
||||
<caption id="8AC6A2CB8C949436D712B6F9EA9CEB8E" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">
|
||||
<paragraph id="1CA11D671F79380F63F39D8213F82811" pageId="11" pageNumber="62">
|
||||
Figure 6. Smeringopinae a
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Hoplopholcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hoplopholcus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hoplopholcus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7F4076C1890911210728981ED2D151C0" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Hoplopholcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hoplopholcus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hoplopholcus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
sp. n.
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Mar66”">"Mar66"</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="846B189F0410A83C0E8F47474CAE55DE" originalValue="“Mar66”">"Mar66"</normalizedToken>
|
||||
(Turkey) b
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stygopholcus absoloni" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">Stygopholcus absoloni</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C2D9ED0603F050FDF90320D339FF7377" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Stygopholcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stygopholcus absoloni" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="absoloni">Stygopholcus absoloni</taxonomicName>
|
||||
? (Bosnia and Herzegovina) c
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crossopriza" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crossopriza</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B73E060FD67EAE6C593C7F333E1F837F" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Crossopriza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crossopriza" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crossopriza</taxonomicName>
|
||||
sp. n.
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Om11”">"Om11"</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="6F7CA0A04560A142B61DE6C85FB514A9" originalValue="“Om11”">"Om11"</normalizedToken>
|
||||
(Oman) d
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus pallidus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">Smeringopus pallidus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="CDB3BFC6EBB194325ECBD7D9D8B0BD0C" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus pallidus" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">Smeringopus pallidus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Philippines) e
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina pulchra" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">Smeringopina pulchra</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C1C2CD6B7687F2DEE11AAEC1F57F05EC" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina pulchra" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">Smeringopina pulchra</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Ghana) f
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina ankasa" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ankasa">Smeringopina ankasa</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F37D43AAD6672FF9D447543A18488596" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina ankasa" order="Araneae" pageId="11" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ankasa">Smeringopina ankasa</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Ghana).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="63">
|
||||
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="63" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
<paragraph id="EBC31628DEDC8795EE2D7859350AFCC6" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">
|
||||
<pageBreakToken id="4766D9B613C35BB7588B4CA9FCD3B253" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
southern (Sub-Saharan) clade includes
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C7E82FDE349F36B0243E0A5C64AC2C5F" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Simon, 1890 and
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6090F4BBAC5FD6082A54AEF492C0989A" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and is also supported by a unique number of epiandrous spigots (two) (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 138" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="3461" year="2012">Huber 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EA323C12432C6D263FA3F71F654E3F51" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 138" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="3461" year="2012">Huber 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The paraphyly of
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="80F943C7B1875391AAE071867B081B6D" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has been suggested before (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Dimitrov, D" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="132 - 146" title="Pholcid spider molecular systematics revisited, with new insights into the biogeography and the evolution of the group." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00419.x" volume="29" year="2013">Dimitrov et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="C0C46BBE00097303A5CB8F9275A5119E" author="Dimitrov, D" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="39" pageNumber="90" pagination="132 - 146" title="Pholcid spider molecular systematics revisited, with new insights into the biogeography and the evolution of the group." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00419.x" volume="29" year="2013">Dimitrov et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), and our larger data set supports this view, but with low support values. Two of the species groups of
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F27FEA9F68A26B88D4B84F4C1CF86461" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
proposed in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 138" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="3461" year="2012">Huber (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="017AA2E502E57AB66FC0DD7967E0351A" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 138" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="3461" year="2012">Huber (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
appear closer to
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="5C784C0AEA3530BBCB15C362897D2462" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
than to other
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4A36A050996784AFC3EB5E2EFD9A7149" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
: the
|
||||
<taxonomicName genus="Modisimeae" lsidName="Modisimeae chogoria" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="chogoria">chogoria</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="86134A9D132261370D2E67B6C5D270F9" genus="Modisimeae" lsidName="Modisimeae chogoria" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="chogoria">chogoria</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group and the rubrotinctus group. Morphological data do not support this view but they neither strongly contradict it: the two species groups lack the distinctive arrangement of pores on the pore plates (in groups or
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘islands’">'islands'</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="C0B4DDFD3B6880ADD7ED4E4343F35952" originalValue="‘islands’">'islands'</normalizedToken>
|
||||
) and the retrolateral furrow on the male palpal femur present in all other species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8ABDEE4BE794171B1B491CF595CDABA6" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 138" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="3461" year="2012">Huber 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="4A2A6054D72BD8511856AF32FC0739C9" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 138" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="3461" year="2012">Huber 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Remarkably,
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="913F52556FDA480991EB902E7C063E69" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="051B622A0F4AFB0004B5E7E35F699D33" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are largely separated geographically, with
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="DD9E257488189A4BAF18EFA467384575" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
being most diverse in southern and eastern Africa, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6C85C0B2A014A5E2E885F67A08ED1CCD" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in western and central Africa (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 138" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="3461" year="2012">Huber 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="5CA029195EF1DA4D2C87CC735D0F1C24" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 138" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="3461" year="2012">Huber 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 160" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3713.1.1" volume="3713" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E9F964BD43CD475EF6E69C2FA265A31" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 160" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3713.1.1" volume="3713" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The
|
||||
<taxonomicName genus="Modisimeae" lsidName="Modisimeae chogoria" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="chogoria">chogoria</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="AEDE51B291E7D564EF14B8FCAE2311A9" genus="Modisimeae" lsidName="Modisimeae chogoria" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="chogoria">chogoria</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and rubrotinctus groups are geographically restricted to an area where Central Africa (the Guineo-Congolian center of endemism) meets East Africa (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 138" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="3461" year="2012">Huber 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0456ED6E6C63A0075DD5A63DC494E7CA" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 138" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="3461" year="2012">Huber 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Other than that, our sampling in
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1B5089D026DDEE56C32CE27D36FF3B19" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopus" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is not dense enough to test the species groups proposed in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 138" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="3461" year="2012">Huber (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="FC863E7F5463BBCCC32975DAC2FBE80E" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 138" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)." volume="3461" year="2012">Huber (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Remarkably, though, the isolated
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘basal’">'basal'</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="DE4F10F78C6D6CA608ACDAF45CD4D335" originalValue="‘basal’">'basal'</normalizedToken>
|
||||
position of
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. ngangao" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="ngangao">S. ngangao</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="3550A94C73A15BFB99CAD03FCB2EB9AB" lsidName="S. ngangao" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="ngangao">S. ngangao</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Huber, 2012 is supported by the present analyses.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="63">
|
||||
<paragraph id="70C4F90C99BE7B1B036BD69E88797857" pageId="12" pageNumber="63">
|
||||
Our analyses include 30 of the 44 described species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6BDF6D81084D7E6DD394CC8C51DE5E36" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(68%), and all species groups proposed in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 160" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3713.1.1" volume="3713" year="2013">Huber (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="4BFC6B61594ADCF32FD3A5A9FFBD0EBD" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 160" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3713.1.1" volume="3713" year="2013">Huber (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
except two monotypic
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘groups’">'groups'</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="5B4B2D0E5F3E07C116DA7619FE818900" originalValue="‘groups’">'groups'</normalizedToken>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. fon" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="fon">S. fon</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="2BDF1E5C4AEE3C091AF185D8EF1D9C97" lsidName="S. fon" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="fon">S. fon</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Huber, 2013;
|
||||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. ngungu" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="ngungu">S. ngungu</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7B2304B50D18ADF9C9D810992D6F8E53" lsidName="S. ngungu" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="ngungu">S. ngungu</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Huber, 2013). Even though for some species only one gene (CO1) was sequenced, our analyses support several species groups and deeper relationships proposed previously (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 160" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3713.1.1" volume="3713" year="2013">Huber 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="5DB5F0D0442B792D41A5253301B028EC" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 160" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3713.1.1" volume="3713" year="2013">Huber 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), based on cladistic analysis of morphological characters. Morphology placed the West African guineensis group as sister to all other
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0EBF39B0B55B163B5F1DD6530FF41A25" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Smeringopina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smeringopina" order="Araneae" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smeringopina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; all our analyses support both the monophyly of the guineensis group and its sister-group relationship with all other congeners. The next two branches are composed of representatives of the lekoni group, which is thus here considered paraphyletic rather than monophyletic. The
|
||||
<taxonomicName genus="Modisimeae" lsidName="Modisimeae ankasa" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="ankasa">ankasa</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="36948D800054E431B00AFF02ACD33018" genus="Modisimeae" lsidName="Modisimeae ankasa" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="ankasa">ankasa</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and cornigera groups are both supported, as is their sister group relationship to each other. The attuleh group is supported, but not as sister to the
|
||||
<taxonomicName genus="Modisimeae" lsidName="Modisimeae ankasa" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="ankasa">ankasa</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E4147584E4A34649A911577B754659D9" genus="Modisimeae" lsidName="Modisimeae ankasa" pageId="12" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="ankasa">ankasa</taxonomicName>
|
||||
+ cornigera groups but as sister to the following group. The last clade is composed of representatives of the simplex and beninensis groups, but the clear dichotomy in the molecular trees is not equivalent to these groups. Instead, the simplex group includes all
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘basal’">'basal'</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="D774FABB53574554674588B4F01655B6" originalValue="‘basal’">'basal'</normalizedToken>
|
||||
representatives originally assigned to the beninensis group; the beninensis group includes only those species that have a light transversal element ventrally on the abdomen (character 9 in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 160" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3713.1.1" volume="3713" year="2013">Huber 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="C541239F0FE65C718CC57C0575C610F3" author="Huber, BA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="41" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 160" title="Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3713.1.1" volume="3713" year="2013">Huber 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, which is thus less homoplastic than previously thought).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
|
|
|
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