diff --git a/data/06/1F/EE/061FEED6A74C4E4757592BD237B89B92.xml b/data/06/1F/EE/061FEED6A74C4E4757592BD237B89B92.xml index e76a14665a1..036a7a753ca 100644 --- a/data/06/1F/EE/061FEED6A74C4E4757592BD237B89B92.xml +++ b/data/06/1F/EE/061FEED6A74C4E4757592BD237B89B92.xml @@ -1,113 +1,112 @@ - - - -Contribution to the knowledge of seed-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Xinjiang, China + + + +Contribution to the knowledge of seed-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Xinjiang, China - - -Author + + +Author -Li, You +Li, You - - -Author + + +Author -Wang, Zhiliang +Wang, Zhiliang - - -Author + + +Author -Guo, Jianjun +Guo, Jianjun - - -Author + + +Author -Napoles, Jesus Romero +Napoles, Jesus Romero - - -Author + + +Author -Ji, Yingchao +Ji, Yingchao - - -Author + + +Author -Jiang, Chunyan +Jiang, Chunyan - - -Author + + +Author -Zhang, Runzhi +Zhang, Runzhi -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2014 - -466 + +2014 + +466 - -13 -28 + +13 +28 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 -1313-2970-466-13 -3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 -3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 +1313-2970-466-13 +3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 - - -Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae + + +Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae - - -Kytorhinus karasini Fischer, 1809 + + +Kytorhinus karasini Fischer, 1809 Figs 31-32 - - -Material + + +Material . - + 1♀, Tianshan Mountain, Fukang, Changji, Xinjiang, -43.95°N +43.95°N , -88.15°E +88.15°E , alt. ca 2150 m, 1957.VII.14, G. Wang leg., IOZ(E)115178; 1♀, Tianshan Mountain, Fukang, Changji, Xinjiang, -43.95°N +43.95°N , -88.40°E +88.40°E , alt. ca 2250 m, 1957.VII.14, G. Wang leg., IOZ(E)107522; 1♀, Zhao Su Xian, Yili, Xinjiang, -42.66°N +42.66°N , -80.18°E +80.18°E , alt. ca 2200 m, 1978.VIII.7, Y.H. Han leg., IOZ(E)1045574; 1♀, Takeshikenzhen, Qinggil, Altay, Xinjiang, -46.18°N +46.18°N , -90.81°E +90.81°E , alt. ca 1110 m, 2013.VII.28, Y. Li leg. - -Distribution. -China, Russia. + +Distribution. +China, Russia. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/14/53/19/1453194F42E23B738FD3095FFC12654F.xml b/data/14/53/19/1453194F42E23B738FD3095FFC12654F.xml index 0f43a17124d..632d155f181 100644 --- a/data/14/53/19/1453194F42E23B738FD3095FFC12654F.xml +++ b/data/14/53/19/1453194F42E23B738FD3095FFC12654F.xml @@ -1,98 +1,97 @@ - - - -Contribution to the knowledge of seed-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Xinjiang, China + + + +Contribution to the knowledge of seed-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Xinjiang, China - - -Author + + +Author -Li, You +Li, You - - -Author + + +Author -Wang, Zhiliang +Wang, Zhiliang - - -Author + + +Author -Guo, Jianjun +Guo, Jianjun - - -Author + + +Author -Napoles, Jesus Romero +Napoles, Jesus Romero - - -Author + + +Author -Ji, Yingchao +Ji, Yingchao - - -Author + + +Author -Jiang, Chunyan +Jiang, Chunyan - - -Author + + +Author -Zhang, Runzhi +Zhang, Runzhi -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2014 - -466 + +2014 + +466 - -13 -28 + +13 +28 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 -1313-2970-466-13 -3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 -3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 +1313-2970-466-13 +3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 - - -Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae + + +Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae - - -Kytorhinus thermopsis Motschulsky, 1874 + + +Kytorhinus thermopsis Motschulsky, 1874 Figs 33-34, 39, 40 - -Material. - + +Material. + 1♀, Xinjiang, IOZ(E)115177; 1♀, 6 km northwest of Fuyun, Altay, Xinjiang, -47.14°N +47.14°N , -87.55°E +87.55°E , alt. ca 650 m, 2009.VII.13, X.L. Huang leg. - -Distribution. -China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia. + +Distribution. +China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/24/68/E8/2468E84A0FDF2E78F45821F72A2DC106.xml b/data/24/68/E8/2468E84A0FDF2E78F45821F72A2DC106.xml index 74d3e77e3ac..2c36078dac6 100644 --- a/data/24/68/E8/2468E84A0FDF2E78F45821F72A2DC106.xml +++ b/data/24/68/E8/2468E84A0FDF2E78F45821F72A2DC106.xml @@ -1,105 +1,104 @@ - - - -Contribution to the knowledge of seed-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Xinjiang, China + + + +Contribution to the knowledge of seed-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Xinjiang, China - - -Author + + +Author -Li, You +Li, You - - -Author + + +Author -Wang, Zhiliang +Wang, Zhiliang - - -Author + + +Author -Guo, Jianjun +Guo, Jianjun - - -Author + + +Author -Napoles, Jesus Romero +Napoles, Jesus Romero - - -Author + + +Author -Ji, Yingchao +Ji, Yingchao - - -Author + + +Author -Jiang, Chunyan +Jiang, Chunyan - - -Author + + +Author -Zhang, Runzhi +Zhang, Runzhi -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2014 - -466 + +2014 + +466 - -13 -28 + +13 +28 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 -1313-2970-466-13 -3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 -3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 +1313-2970-466-13 +3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 - - -Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae + + +Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae - - -Rhaebus solskyi Kraatz, 1879 + + +Rhaebus solskyi Kraatz, 1879 Figs 37-38, 47-48 - - -Material + + +Material . - + 2♀1♂, Haiziwan Reservo, Shawan, Qoqek, Xinjiang, -44.56°N +44.56°N , -85.78°E +85.78°E , alt. ca 390 m, 1957.VI.9, C.P. Hong leg., IOZ(E)107501-107503; 1♀, Takeshikenzhen, Qinggil, Altay, Xinjiang, -46.18°N +46.18°N , -90.81°E +90.81°E , alt.1110 m, 2013.VII.28, Y. Li leg. - -Distribution. -China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia. + +Distribution. +China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/28/5A/01/285A0164DC475E0E155B4866F6DCC205.xml b/data/28/5A/01/285A0164DC475E0E155B4866F6DCC205.xml index 95dcabc9957..71eb7c03c5e 100644 --- a/data/28/5A/01/285A0164DC475E0E155B4866F6DCC205.xml +++ b/data/28/5A/01/285A0164DC475E0E155B4866F6DCC205.xml @@ -1,192 +1,191 @@ - - - -The phylogeny of pholcid spiders: a critical evaluation of relationships suggested by molecular data (Araneae, Pholcidae) + + + +The phylogeny of pholcid spiders: a critical evaluation of relationships suggested by molecular data (Araneae, Pholcidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Huber, Bernhard A. +Huber, Bernhard A. - - -Author + + +Author -Eberle, Jonas +Eberle, Jonas - - -Author + + +Author -Dimitrov, Dimitar +Dimitrov, Dimitar -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2018 - -789 + +2018 + +789 - -51 -101 + +51 +101 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 -1313-2970-789-51 -496949FCA96A4489A0940182520DAB6C -496949FCA96A4489A0940182520DAB6C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 +1313-2970-789-51 +496949FCA96A4489A0940182520DAB6C - - - + + + Subfamily -Ninetinae Simon, 1890 +Ninetinae Simon, 1890 Figure 2 - - -Ninetinae + + +Ninetinae Simon, 1890: 95. Type genus -Ninetis +Ninetis Simon, 1890, by monotypy. -Huber 2011b +Huber 2011b : 212. - -Remarks. - -Ninetinae + +Remarks. + +Ninetinae are small to tiny ground-dwelling spiders that are largely restricted to arid environments ( -Huber and Brescovit 2003 +Huber and Brescovit 2003 ; BA Huber, unpublished data). With only 31 described extant species, the subfamily is by far the smallest of the five currently recognized subfamilies in -Pholcidae +Pholcidae . -Ninetinae +Ninetinae seem to be diverse in the New World (ten named genera + about four unnamed genera; BA Huber, unpublished data) where they represent the most southern (Argentina) and most northern (Canada) autochthonous pholcid records worldwide. Only two genera ( -Ninetis +Ninetis Simon, 1890 and one unnamed; BA Huber, unpublished data) are known from the Old World. - + Their short legs make them superficially strikingly different from -'typical' +'typical' long-legged pholcids. This distinctness was recognized as early as 1893, when -Eugene +Eugene Simon classified the only ninetine species available to him in a separate subfamily " -Ninetidinae +Ninetidinae ", as opposed to all other pholcids classified in -Pholcinae +Pholcinae ( -Simon 1893 +Simon 1893 ). Subsequent morphological and molecular phylogenies have partly supported this view ( -Huber 2000 +Huber 2000 , -Dimitrov et al. 2013 +Dimitrov et al. 2013 ) but never convincingly with strong support. - + Our present analyses include 15 species representing eight of the eleven described genera, originating from both the New World and the Old World (Figure 2). A sister-group relationship between -Ninetinae +Ninetinae and all other pholcids is not supported by our analyses. Instead, all four analyses put -Ninetinae +Ninetinae as sister to -Artema +Artema Walckenaer, 1837, and this clade is in turn sister to all other pholcids. For reasons discussed below (under -Arteminae +Arteminae ), we consider this relationship between -Artema +Artema and -Ninetinae +Ninetinae dubious. The conclusion here is that -Ninetinae +Ninetinae are -'basal' +'basal' , either with -Artema +Artema or without, but in any case the external relationships of -Ninetinae +Ninetinae remain unsatisfactorily resolved and need further study. - - + + Figure 2. -Ninetinae +Ninetinae and -Arteminae +Arteminae a -Artema +Artema sp. n. -"Om14" +"Om14" (Oman) b Gen. n. (Ninetinae) sp. n. -"Om6" +"Om6" (Oman) c -Chisosa diluta +Chisosa diluta (USA) d Gen. n. (Arteminae) sp. n. -"Ind82" +"Ind82" (Sulawesi). - -The + +The monophyly of the subfamily receives high to full support in all analyses but the composition is slightly different from previous concepts: the North American -Chisosa +Chisosa Huber, 2000, originally thought to be a representative of -Ninetinae +Ninetinae ( -Huber 2000 +Huber 2000 ), is moved to -Arteminae +Arteminae . This move is also supported by male genitalic characters (massive palpal femur; procursus with dorsal apophysis and ventral pocket) and by somatic characters (exposed tarsal organ; reduction of epiandrous spigots; -Huber 2000 +Huber 2000 ). Another genus that was previously ( -Huber and El Hennawy 2007 +Huber and El Hennawy 2007 , -Huber 2011b +Huber 2011b ) thought to be a member of -Ninetinae +Ninetinae is -Nita +Nita Huber & El Hennawy, 2007. As already suggested in a previous analysis ( -Dimitrov et al. 2013 +Dimitrov et al. 2013 ), -Nita +Nita is not a member of -Ninetinae +Ninetinae but of -Arteminae +Arteminae . - + The internal relationships of -Ninetinae +Ninetinae suggested by the molecular data are difficult to evaluate: they are mostly neither supported nor contradicted by morphological data. Two details are remarkable because they suggest that South America may not only be the most diverse region as far as -Ninetinae +Ninetinae are concerned but also the ancestral region of the subfamily. First, the analyses fully support a monophyletic North and Central American/Caribbean clade ( -Pholcophora +Pholcophora Banks, 1896; -Papiamenta +Papiamenta Huber, 2000; and unidentified taxa from Cuba and Puerto Rico; "clade 2e" in -Huber 2011b +Huber 2011b ) that is either nested among South American ancestors or is sister to the South American -Ibotyporanga -Mello-Leitao +Ibotyporanga +Mello-Leitao , 1944 (with reasonable support in the 4+ genes tree only). Based on its geographic distribution, we predict that the Mexican -Tolteca +Tolteca is also a member of this clade. Second, the two Old World genera ( -Ninetis +Ninetis and an undescribed genus from Oman) are also sister taxa (with low to modest support) and in all analyses (except for the 4+ genes analysis where -Ninetis +Ninetis is missing) nested among South American taxa. diff --git a/data/2C/6A/08/2C6A08DB4D12751A58C844D35E7C10F5.xml b/data/2C/6A/08/2C6A08DB4D12751A58C844D35E7C10F5.xml index 02be3c9bc10..9c46ca63ee6 100644 --- a/data/2C/6A/08/2C6A08DB4D12751A58C844D35E7C10F5.xml +++ b/data/2C/6A/08/2C6A08DB4D12751A58C844D35E7C10F5.xml @@ -1,275 +1,274 @@ - - - -The phylogeny of pholcid spiders: a critical evaluation of relationships suggested by molecular data (Araneae, Pholcidae) + + + +The phylogeny of pholcid spiders: a critical evaluation of relationships suggested by molecular data (Araneae, Pholcidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Huber, Bernhard A. +Huber, Bernhard A. - - -Author + + +Author -Eberle, Jonas +Eberle, Jonas - - -Author + + +Author -Dimitrov, Dimitar +Dimitrov, Dimitar -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2018 - -789 + +2018 + +789 - -51 -101 + +51 +101 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 -1313-2970-789-51 -496949FCA96A4489A0940182520DAB6C -496949FCA96A4489A0940182520DAB6C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 +1313-2970-789-51 +496949FCA96A4489A0940182520DAB6C - - - + + + Subfamily -Smeringopinae Simon, 1893 +Smeringopinae Simon, 1893 Figure 6 - - - -Smeringopodeae + + + +Smeringopodeae Simon, 1893: 474. Type genus -Smeringopus +Smeringopus Simon, 1890, by subsequent designation ( -Huber 2011b +Huber 2011b ). - -Smeringopinae + +Smeringopinae Simon; -Huber 2011b +Huber 2011b : 217. - -Remarks. - -Smeringopinae + +Remarks. + +Smeringopinae is a relatively homogeneous subfamily (with respect to body shapes, colour, webs, and microhabitats), and in this sense similar to -Ninetinae +Ninetinae and -Arteminae +Arteminae but very unlike -Modisiminae +Modisiminae and -Pholcinae +Pholcinae . Most of the 125 known species of -Smeringopinae +Smeringopinae are medium-size to large, have long legs, elongated to cylindrical abdomens, and all have eight eyes. Another similarity to -Ninetinae +Ninetinae and -Arteminae +Arteminae is that -Smeringopinae +Smeringopinae are often found in rather arid regions. The most obvious exception is the largely humid tropical genus -Smeringopina +Smeringopina Kraus, 1957, which is also the genus with the smallest and largest representatives in the subfamily (with body lengths ranging from 2.5-10 mm) and with the widest range of microhabitats used (leaf litter to large sheltered spaces) ( -Huber 2013 +Huber 2013 ). The original distribution of the subfamily is Africa, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East. Three species have attained much wider distributions, resulting from human-mediated dispersal ( -Huber 2011b +Huber 2011b ). - + As in previous molecular analyses ( - -Bruvo-Mađaric + +Bruvo-Mađaric et al. 2005 , -Astrin et al. 2007 +Astrin et al. 2007 , -Dimitrov et al. 2013 +Dimitrov et al. 2013 ), -Smeringopinae +Smeringopinae is sister to -Pholcinae +Pholcinae (Figure 1) with reasonable to high support. This relationship is also supported by morphology: the two taxa share tarsus IV comb-hairs spread over the entire length of the tarsus ( -Huber and Fleckenstein 2008 +Huber and Fleckenstein 2008 ). - + The monophyly of -Smeringopinae +Smeringopinae receives reasonable to high support in all our analyses. Previous molecular analyses have partly supported -Smeringopinae +Smeringopinae , but also suggested rather obscure relationships [e.g., the position of -Holocnemus pluchei +Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli, 1763) among -Ninetinae +Ninetinae in -Astrin et al. 2007 +Astrin et al. 2007 ]. -Holocnemus pluchei +Holocnemus pluchei was included in preliminary analyses of the present data but its position was drastically unstable, so we decided to exclude it from the final analyses. -Smeringopinae +Smeringopinae monophyly is rather weakly supported by morphology, i.e., by the presence of a large thoracic pit on the carapace (rather than a narrow furrow or an evenly domed carapace; cf. -Huber 2011b +Huber 2011b ). - -Within -Smeringopinae + +Within +Smeringopinae , our data strongly support a basal split between a northern clade (Mediterranean, northern Africa, Middle East, Central Asia) and a southern clade (Sub-Sahara) (Figure 6). This basal split was also recovered in a morphological cladistic analysis ( -Huber 2012 +Huber 2012 ). Within the northern clade, -Hoplopholcus +Hoplopholcus Kulczynski, 1908 is sister to all other genera and not close to -Stygopholcus +Stygopholcus Kratochvil, 1932 as repeatedly claimed by -Brignoli (1971 +Brignoli (1971 , -1976 +1976 , -1979 +1979 ) but contested by -Senglet (1971 +Senglet (1971 , -2001 +2001 ). The genera -Hoplopholcus +Hoplopholcus , -Stygopholcus +Stygopholcus , and -Crossopriza +Crossopriza Simon, 1893 all receive full support, but the small Mediterranean genus -Holocnemus +Holocnemus Simon, 1873 (only three described species) continues to be problematic even after the exclusion of -H. pluchei +H. pluchei . The two species of -Holocnemus +Holocnemus included in our analyses never group together, and no morphological synapomorphy is known to suggest their sister-group relationship (in fact, -Holocnemus +Holocnemus has never been revised). - - + + Figure 6. Smeringopinae a -Hoplopholcus +Hoplopholcus sp. n. -"Mar66" +"Mar66" (Turkey) b -Stygopholcus absoloni +Stygopholcus absoloni ? (Bosnia and Herzegovina) c -Crossopriza +Crossopriza sp. n. -"Om11" +"Om11" (Oman) d -Smeringopus pallidus +Smeringopus pallidus (Philippines) e -Smeringopina pulchra +Smeringopina pulchra (Ghana) f -Smeringopina ankasa +Smeringopina ankasa (Ghana). - -The + +The southern (Sub-Saharan) clade includes -Smeringopus +Smeringopus Simon, 1890 and -Smeringopina +Smeringopina , and is also supported by a unique number of epiandrous spigots (two) ( -Huber 2012 +Huber 2012 ). The paraphyly of -Smeringopus +Smeringopus has been suggested before ( -Dimitrov et al. 2013 +Dimitrov et al. 2013 ), and our larger data set supports this view, but with low support values. Two of the species groups of -Smeringopus +Smeringopus proposed in -Huber (2012) +Huber (2012) appear closer to -Smeringopina +Smeringopina than to other -Smeringopus +Smeringopus : the -chogoria +chogoria group and the rubrotinctus group. Morphological data do not support this view but they neither strongly contradict it: the two species groups lack the distinctive arrangement of pores on the pore plates (in groups or -'islands' +'islands' ) and the retrolateral furrow on the male palpal femur present in all other species of -Smeringopus +Smeringopus ( -Huber 2012 +Huber 2012 ). Remarkably, -Smeringopus +Smeringopus and -Smeringopina +Smeringopina are largely separated geographically, with -Smeringopus +Smeringopus being most diverse in southern and eastern Africa, and -Smeringopina +Smeringopina in western and central Africa ( -Huber 2012 +Huber 2012 , -2013 +2013 ). The -chogoria +chogoria and rubrotinctus groups are geographically restricted to an area where Central Africa (the Guineo-Congolian center of endemism) meets East Africa ( -Huber 2012 +Huber 2012 ). Other than that, our sampling in -Smeringopus +Smeringopus is not dense enough to test the species groups proposed in -Huber (2012) +Huber (2012) . Remarkably, though, the isolated -'basal' +'basal' position of -S. ngangao +S. ngangao Huber, 2012 is supported by the present analyses. - + Our analyses include 30 of the 44 described species of -Smeringopina +Smeringopina (68%), and all species groups proposed in -Huber (2013) +Huber (2013) except two monotypic -'groups' +'groups' ( -S. fon +S. fon Huber, 2013; -S. ngungu +S. ngungu Huber, 2013). Even though for some species only one gene (CO1) was sequenced, our analyses support several species groups and deeper relationships proposed previously ( -Huber 2013 +Huber 2013 ), based on cladistic analysis of morphological characters. Morphology placed the West African guineensis group as sister to all other -Smeringopina +Smeringopina ; all our analyses support both the monophyly of the guineensis group and its sister-group relationship with all other congeners. The next two branches are composed of representatives of the lekoni group, which is thus here considered paraphyletic rather than monophyletic. The -ankasa +ankasa and cornigera groups are both supported, as is their sister group relationship to each other. The attuleh group is supported, but not as sister to the -ankasa +ankasa + cornigera groups but as sister to the following group. The last clade is composed of representatives of the simplex and beninensis groups, but the clear dichotomy in the molecular trees is not equivalent to these groups. Instead, the simplex group includes all -'basal' +'basal' representatives originally assigned to the beninensis group; the beninensis group includes only those species that have a light transversal element ventrally on the abdomen (character 9 in -Huber 2013 +Huber 2013 , which is thus less homoplastic than previously thought). diff --git a/data/5D/D1/C2/5DD1C2FF260EEDE1DC1AE7A02B15C6F3.xml b/data/5D/D1/C2/5DD1C2FF260EEDE1DC1AE7A02B15C6F3.xml index 5a332c7f9ab..a9d93ad8193 100644 --- a/data/5D/D1/C2/5DD1C2FF260EEDE1DC1AE7A02B15C6F3.xml +++ b/data/5D/D1/C2/5DD1C2FF260EEDE1DC1AE7A02B15C6F3.xml @@ -1,125 +1,124 @@ - - - -Contribution to the knowledge of seed-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Xinjiang, China + + + +Contribution to the knowledge of seed-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Xinjiang, China - - -Author + + +Author -Li, You +Li, You - - -Author + + +Author -Wang, Zhiliang +Wang, Zhiliang - - -Author + + +Author -Guo, Jianjun +Guo, Jianjun - - -Author + + +Author -Napoles, Jesus Romero +Napoles, Jesus Romero - - -Author + + +Author -Ji, Yingchao +Ji, Yingchao - - -Author + + +Author -Jiang, Chunyan +Jiang, Chunyan - - -Author + + +Author -Zhang, Runzhi +Zhang, Runzhi -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2014 - -466 + +2014 + +466 - -13 -28 + +13 +28 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 -1313-2970-466-13 -3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 -3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 +1313-2970-466-13 +3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 - - -Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae + + +Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae - - -Kytorhinus kergoati Delobel & Legalov, 2009 + + +Kytorhinus kergoati Delobel & Legalov, 2009 Figs 35-36, 41-42, 68 - -Material. - + +Material. + 1♀, Pochengzi, Wensu, Aksu, Xinjiang, -41.77°N +41.77°N , -80.91°E +80.91°E , alt. ca 1930 m, 1978.VI.3, X.Z. Zhang leg., IOZ(E)1045598; 1♀1♂, Tomur peak, Wensu, Aksu, Xinjiang, -41.74°N +41.74°N , -80.58°E +80.58°E , alt. ca 2400 m, 1977.VI.19, C.J. Li leg., IOZ(E)632265-632266; 1♂, Tomur peak, Wensu, Aksu, Xinjiang, -41.81°N +41.81°N , -80.59°E +80.59°E , alt. ca 3200 m, 1977.VII.11, Y.H. Han leg., IOZ(E)632264; 1♂, Tomur peak, Wensu, Aksu, Xinjiang, -41.81°N +41.81°N , -80.59°E +80.59°E , alt. ca 3200 m, 1977.VII.14, C.J. Li leg., IOZ(E)632263; 1♂, Yangbajingzhen, Damxung, Lhasa, Tibet, China, -30.02°N +30.02°N , -90.39°E +90.39°E , alt. ca 4310 m, 1960.VI.2, C.G. Wang leg., IOZ(E)1016165. - -Distribution. -New record for China, Tajikistan (Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous province). + +Distribution. +New record for China, Tajikistan (Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous province). - -Host. -Unknown. + +Host. +Unknown. - -Remarks. - -Delobel and Legalov (2009) + +Remarks. + +Delobel and Legalov (2009) described this species based on a single male. We examined a female specimen and found that its antennae are serrated and are slightly longer than half of the body length (Fig. 35, 41, 42). Additionally, the elytra of the female are almost yellow, with the exception of a black, elongate triangular area, which extends from the base to one-third of the elytral suture (Fig. 35) corresponding to main distinguishing characters of a single known male of -Kytorhinus kergoati +Kytorhinus kergoati . diff --git a/data/84/7C/DF/847CDF36DB80C5418CFE8EE4582BE08F.xml b/data/84/7C/DF/847CDF36DB80C5418CFE8EE4582BE08F.xml index a095d837c62..1642c379494 100644 --- a/data/84/7C/DF/847CDF36DB80C5418CFE8EE4582BE08F.xml +++ b/data/84/7C/DF/847CDF36DB80C5418CFE8EE4582BE08F.xml @@ -1,126 +1,125 @@ - - - -Contribution to the knowledge of seed-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Xinjiang, China + + + +Contribution to the knowledge of seed-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Xinjiang, China - - -Author + + +Author -Li, You +Li, You - - -Author + + +Author -Wang, Zhiliang +Wang, Zhiliang - - -Author + + +Author -Guo, Jianjun +Guo, Jianjun - - -Author + + +Author -Napoles, Jesus Romero +Napoles, Jesus Romero - - -Author + + +Author -Ji, Yingchao +Ji, Yingchao - - -Author + + +Author -Jiang, Chunyan +Jiang, Chunyan - - -Author + + +Author -Zhang, Runzhi +Zhang, Runzhi -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2014 - -466 + +2014 + +466 - -13 -28 + +13 +28 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 -1313-2970-466-13 -3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 -3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 +1313-2970-466-13 +3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 - - -Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae + + +Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae - - -Kytorhinus immixtus Motschulsky, 1874 + + +Kytorhinus immixtus Motschulsky, 1874 Figs 29-30, 43 - -Material. - + +Material. + 1♂, Pochengzi, Wensu, Aksu, Xinjiang, -41.77°N +41.77°N , -80.99°E +80.99°E , alt. ca 2000 m, 1978.VI.15. - -Distribution. -China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia. - - + +Distribution. +China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia. + + Figures 39-42. Antennae. 39 -Kytorhinus thermopsis +Kytorhinus thermopsis male 40 -Kytorhinus thermopsis +Kytorhinus thermopsis female 41 -Kytorhinus kergoati +Kytorhinus kergoati male 42 -Kytorhinus kergoati +Kytorhinus kergoati female 43-44 Head 43 -Kytorhinus immixtus +Kytorhinus immixtus 44 -Kytorhinus thermopsis +Kytorhinus thermopsis 45-46 Lateral pronotal margin. 45 -Bruchus affinis +Bruchus affinis 46 -Bruchus rufimanus +Bruchus rufimanus 47 Hind trochanters 47 -Rhaebus solskyi +Rhaebus solskyi 48-51 Hind femur. 48 -Rhaebus solskyi +Rhaebus solskyi male 49 -Acanthoscelides pallidipennis +Acanthoscelides pallidipennis 50 -Callosobruchus maculatus +Callosobruchus maculatus outside view 51 -Callosobruchus maculates +Callosobruchus maculates inside view. diff --git a/data/97/E4/2A/97E42AD1380B24FC2AC9E01C4EE71753.xml b/data/97/E4/2A/97E42AD1380B24FC2AC9E01C4EE71753.xml index 6b837631f87..66d3a2b6a2c 100644 --- a/data/97/E4/2A/97E42AD1380B24FC2AC9E01C4EE71753.xml +++ b/data/97/E4/2A/97E42AD1380B24FC2AC9E01C4EE71753.xml @@ -1,154 +1,153 @@ - - - -Contribution to the knowledge of seed-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Xinjiang, China + + + +Contribution to the knowledge of seed-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Xinjiang, China - - -Author + + +Author -Li, You +Li, You - - -Author + + +Author -Wang, Zhiliang +Wang, Zhiliang - - -Author + + +Author -Guo, Jianjun +Guo, Jianjun - - -Author + + +Author -Napoles, Jesus Romero +Napoles, Jesus Romero - - -Author + + +Author -Ji, Yingchao +Ji, Yingchao - - -Author + + +Author -Jiang, Chunyan +Jiang, Chunyan - - -Author + + +Author -Zhang, Runzhi +Zhang, Runzhi -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2014 - -466 + +2014 + +466 - -13 -28 + +13 +28 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 -1313-2970-466-13 -3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 -3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 +1313-2970-466-13 +3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 - - -Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae + + +Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae - - -Spermophagus sericeus (Geoffroy, 1785) + + +Spermophagus sericeus (Geoffroy, 1785) Figs 1-2 - -Material. - + +Material. + 2♂, Akqi, Kizilsu, Xinjiang, -40.98°N +40.98°N , -78.70°E +78.70°E , alt. ca 1970 m, 2005.VI.14, H.Y. Hu leg.; 1♀6♂, Aksu, Xinjiang, -40.94°N +40.94°N , -80.11°E +80.11°E , alt. ca 1180 m, 1978.VI.19, Y.H. Han leg.; IOZ(E)1016347-1016583; 1♀, Qinggil, Altay, Xinjiang, -46.69°N +46.69°N , -90.39°E +90.39°E , alt. ca 1390 m, 1956.VIII.1, W.Y. Yang leg., IOZ(E)632314; 1♀1♂, Turpan, Xinjiang, -42.93°N +42.93°N , -89.27°E +89.27°E , alt. ca 140 m, 1958.V.20, C.Q. Li and G. Wang leg., IOZ(E)632431, IOZ(E)632433; 3♀3♂, Baicheng, Aksu, -41.78°N +41.78°N , -81.92°E +81.92°E , alt. ca 1310 m, 1959.VII.22, A.F. Tian leg., IOZ(E)115170-115176; 1♀3♂, Yuli, Mila, Bayingol, Xinjiang, -41.77°N +41.77°N , -84.24°E +84.24°E , alt. ca 1000 m, 1958.VII.13, C.Q. Li leg., IOZ(E)115143-115146; 1♀1♂, Urumqi, Xinjiang, -43.83°N +43.83°N , -87.55°E +87.55°E , alt. ca 820 m, 1955.VII.25, S.J. Ma, K.L. Xia and Y.L.Chen leg., IOZ(E)115133-115134; 2♀2♂, Usu, Qoqek, Xinjiang, -45.02°N +45.02°N , -84.78°E +84.78°E , alt. ca 290 m, 1957.VI.16, G. Wang leg., IOZ(E)115106-115109; 10♀16♂, Shihezi, Xinjiang, -44.28°N +44.28°N , -86.27°E +86.27°E , alt. ca 500 m, 1957.VI.7, G. Wang and C.P. Hong leg., IOZ(E)115080-115106; 1♀6♂, Shawan, Qoqek, Xinjiang, -44.46°N +44.46°N , -85.66°E +85.66°E , alt. ca 420 m, 1957.VI.11, G. Wang and C.P. Hong leg., IOZ(E)115063-115169; 1♀, Jeminay, Altay, Xinjiang, -47.43°N +47.43°N , -85.87°E +85.87°E , alt. ca 970 m, 1956.IX.17, W.Y. Yang leg., IOZ(E)115054. - -Distribution. -Widely distributed around the Palaearctic region. - - + +Distribution. +Widely distributed around the Palaearctic region. + + Figures 1-12. -Bruchinae +Bruchinae in Xinjiang, dorsal and lateral view. 1-2 -Spermophagus sericeus +Spermophagus sericeus 3-4 -Acanthoscelides pallidipennis +Acanthoscelides pallidipennis 5-6 -Bruchidius apicipennis +Bruchidius apicipennis 7-8 -Bruchidius tuberculicauda +Bruchidius tuberculicauda 9-10 -Callosobruchus chinensis +Callosobruchus chinensis 11-12 -Callosobruchus maculatus +Callosobruchus maculatus ; black bar = 1 mm. diff --git a/data/A5/C0/04/A5C0043E023580B1361627D7DA18FD28.xml b/data/A5/C0/04/A5C0043E023580B1361627D7DA18FD28.xml index 85b7bc971d9..55d849c9020 100644 --- a/data/A5/C0/04/A5C0043E023580B1361627D7DA18FD28.xml +++ b/data/A5/C0/04/A5C0043E023580B1361627D7DA18FD28.xml @@ -1,116 +1,115 @@ - - - -Contribution to the knowledge of seed-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Xinjiang, China + + + +Contribution to the knowledge of seed-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in Xinjiang, China - - -Author + + +Author -Li, You +Li, You - - -Author + + +Author -Wang, Zhiliang +Wang, Zhiliang - - -Author + + +Author -Guo, Jianjun +Guo, Jianjun - - -Author + + +Author -Napoles, Jesus Romero +Napoles, Jesus Romero - - -Author + + +Author -Ji, Yingchao +Ji, Yingchao - - -Author + + +Author -Jiang, Chunyan +Jiang, Chunyan - - -Author + + +Author -Zhang, Runzhi +Zhang, Runzhi -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2014 - -466 + +2014 + +466 - -13 -28 + +13 +28 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 -1313-2970-466-13 -3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 -3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.466.7283 +1313-2970-466-13 +3B768ACB238443FABD2FB41328052FC8 - - -Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae + + +Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Chrysomelidae - - -Megabruchidius dorsalis (Fabraeus, 1839) + + +Megabruchidius dorsalis (Fabraeus, 1839) Figs 13-14, 66-67 - -Material. - + +Material. + 10♀5♂, Ili Forestry Science Research Institute, Gulja, Ili, Xinjiang, -43.94°N +43.94°N , -81.33°E +81.33°E , alt. ca 660 m, 1973.VII.5, IOZ(E)109814-109818, 632556-632565. - -Distribution. -Bulgaria, China, France, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, Switzerland, Turkmenistan. - - + +Distribution. +Bulgaria, China, France, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, Switzerland, Turkmenistan. + + Figures 13-26. -Bruchinae +Bruchinae in Xinjiang, dorsal and lateral view. 13-14 -Megabruchidius dorsalis +Megabruchidius dorsalis 15-16 -Bruchus affinis +Bruchus affinis 17-18 -Bruchus atomarius +Bruchus atomarius 19-20 -Bruchus dentipes +Bruchus dentipes 21-22 -Bruchus loti +Bruchus loti 23-24 -Bruchus pisorum +Bruchus pisorum 25-26 -Bruchus rufimanus +Bruchus rufimanus ; black bar = 1 mm. diff --git a/data/ED/7A/28/ED7A28A8921CB02C09F787A55533E70A.xml b/data/ED/7A/28/ED7A28A8921CB02C09F787A55533E70A.xml index 4bef1b0bc57..28580ac8a19 100644 --- a/data/ED/7A/28/ED7A28A8921CB02C09F787A55533E70A.xml +++ b/data/ED/7A/28/ED7A28A8921CB02C09F787A55533E70A.xml @@ -1,223 +1,222 @@ - - - -The phylogeny of pholcid spiders: a critical evaluation of relationships suggested by molecular data (Araneae, Pholcidae) + + + +The phylogeny of pholcid spiders: a critical evaluation of relationships suggested by molecular data (Araneae, Pholcidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Huber, Bernhard A. +Huber, Bernhard A. - - -Author + + +Author -Eberle, Jonas +Eberle, Jonas - - -Author + + +Author -Dimitrov, Dimitar +Dimitrov, Dimitar -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2018 - -789 + +2018 + +789 - -51 -101 + +51 +101 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 -1313-2970-789-51 -496949FCA96A4489A0940182520DAB6C -496949FCA96A4489A0940182520DAB6C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 +1313-2970-789-51 +496949FCA96A4489A0940182520DAB6C - - - + + + Subfamily -Arteminae Simon, 1893 +Arteminae Simon, 1893 Figure 2 - - - -Artemeae + + + +Artemeae Simon, 1893: 463. Type genus -Artema +Artema Walckenaer, 1837, by monotypy. - -Arteminae + +Arteminae Simon; -Huber 2011b +Huber 2011b : 212. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + All our analyses exclude the name-giving genus -Artema +Artema from the clade containing all other -Arteminae +Arteminae and invariably place -Artema +Artema as sister to -Ninetinae +Ninetinae (Figure 2), formally precluding the use of the name -Arteminae +Arteminae for this clade. We do not propose a new subfamily name for this clade but treat it as 'other -Arteminae +Arteminae ' because we consider the position of -Artema +Artema dubious. -Artema +Artema shares with 'other -Arteminae +Arteminae ' a unique pair of structures on the procursus: a ventral pocket and a dorsal apophysis. These structures are associated with asymmetric palp insertion in both species studied with respect to this detail [ -Physocyclus globosus +Physocyclus globosus (Taczanowski, 1874), -Artema nephilit +Artema nephilit Aharon et al., 2017: -Huber and Eberhard 1997 +Huber and Eberhard 1997 , -Aharon et al. 2017 +Aharon et al. 2017 ]. The structures are present in all -Arteminae +Arteminae , even in taxa that were previously thought to be representatives -of +of other subfamilies, such as -Chisosa +Chisosa and -Nita +Nita (previously in -Ninetinae +Ninetinae ; see above), and -Wugigarra +Wugigarra Huber, 2001 (previously in -Modisiminae +Modisiminae ; see below) ( -Huber 2000 +Huber 2000 , -2001 +2001 , -Huber and El Hennawy 2007 +Huber and El Hennawy 2007 ). By contrast, these structures are apparently absent in all other -Pholcidae +Pholcidae . Curiously and unexplainable to us, previous molecular analyses have supported a position of -Artema +Artema among 'other -Arteminae +Arteminae ' ( -Astrin et al. 2007 +Astrin et al. 2007 : fig. 1, -Dimitrov et al. 2013 +Dimitrov et al. 2013 ). - + Some of the 99 currently known species of -Arteminae +Arteminae are relatively large spiders with long, strong legs and high globose abdomens. The genus -Artema +Artema , in particular, includes probably the largest pholcids in terms of body mass ( -Aharon et al. 2017 +Aharon et al. 2017 ). However, tiny species that were previously assigned to -Ninetinae +Ninetinae partly because of their size ( -Chisosa +Chisosa , -Nita +Nita ) are now included in -Arteminae +Arteminae , and their -'basal' +'basal' position in the cladogram suggests that ancestral -Arteminae +Arteminae may in fact have been tiny. Just like -Ninetinae +Ninetinae , -Arteminae +Arteminae often occur in rather dry regions, sometimes even in deserts like the Australian -Trichocyclus +Trichocyclus Simon, 1908. They have a wide distribution, but are apparently absent from Sub-Saharan Africa and from South America (except for -"Geneve59" +"Geneve59" , a tiny undescribed species representing a new undescribed genus on -Curacao +Curacao and Aruba). - + The monophyly of 'other -Arteminae +Arteminae ' is supported in all our analysis, even though with low support (possibly because of the dubious position of -Artema +Artema , see above). Similar to our previous analysis (i.e. except for the position of -Artema +Artema ; -Dimitrov et al. 2013 +Dimitrov et al. 2013 ), 'other -Arteminae +Arteminae ' is sister to -Modisiminae +Modisiminae , with variable support (reasonable support only in the RogueNaRok tree; in other trees, bootstrap support is low but SH values range from 82 to 99). This sister group relationship is weakly supported by morphology: 'other -Arteminae +Arteminae ' and -Modisiminae +Modisiminae lack epiandrous spigots. However, epiandrous spigots have been lost several times convergently in -Pholcidae +Pholcidae ( -Huber 2000 +Huber 2000 , BA Huber, unpubl. data). - + Internal relationships in 'other -Arteminae +Arteminae ' are partly resolved with reasonable support. The data suggest a large Indomalayan-Australasian clade, including the genera -Trichocyclus +Trichocyclus and -Wugigarra +Wugigarra (Australia), -Holocneminus +Holocneminus Berland, 1942 (SE Asia and Pacific; excluding the misplaced and highly isolated -H. huangdi +H. huangdi Tong & Li, 2009), and a new undescribed genus (without any described species; ranging from Eastern Indonesia to the Pacific). Sister to this clade is either the New World genus -Physocyclus +Physocyclus Simon, 1893 alone or -Physocyclus +Physocyclus together with the Middle-Eastern monotypic -Nita +Nita . However, support values for any of these options are low and morphological data do not favour (nor contradict) any of them. Finally, the -'basal' +'basal' branches, i.e., those leading to the taxa outside the Indomalayan-Australasian clade and -Physocyclus +Physocyclus (and -Nita +Nita in the case of the IQ-TREE analysis) lead to a group of North American and Caribbean taxa (the North American genus -Chisosa +Chisosa being sister to a tiny undescribed species representing a new undescribed genus on -Curacao +Curacao and Aruba: -"Geneve59" +"Geneve59" ), and to the SE-Asian -Holocneminus huangdi +Holocneminus huangdi , an isolated species that appears misplaced also by morphological criteria (A -Valdez-Mondragon +Valdez-Mondragon , pers. comm., Nov. 2015). diff --git a/data/EE/63/F8/EE63F84511929B3C0CEF1E7BA1408A0A.xml b/data/EE/63/F8/EE63F84511929B3C0CEF1E7BA1408A0A.xml index a030afe0ef5..a2d2b07106d 100644 --- a/data/EE/63/F8/EE63F84511929B3C0CEF1E7BA1408A0A.xml +++ b/data/EE/63/F8/EE63F84511929B3C0CEF1E7BA1408A0A.xml @@ -1,296 +1,295 @@ - - - -The phylogeny of pholcid spiders: a critical evaluation of relationships suggested by molecular data (Araneae, Pholcidae) + + + +The phylogeny of pholcid spiders: a critical evaluation of relationships suggested by molecular data (Araneae, Pholcidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Huber, Bernhard A. +Huber, Bernhard A. - - -Author + + +Author -Eberle, Jonas +Eberle, Jonas - - -Author + + +Author -Dimitrov, Dimitar +Dimitrov, Dimitar -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2018 - -789 + +2018 + +789 - -51 -101 + +51 +101 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 -1313-2970-789-51 -496949FCA96A4489A0940182520DAB6C -496949FCA96A4489A0940182520DAB6C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 +1313-2970-789-51 +496949FCA96A4489A0940182520DAB6C - - - + + + Subfamily -Pholcinae C.L. Koch, 1850 +Pholcinae C.L. Koch, 1850 Figs 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 - - -Pholcidae + + +Pholcidae CL Koch, 1850: 31. Type genus -Pholcus +Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805, by monotypy. - -Pholcinae + +Pholcinae CL Koch; -Simon 1893 +Simon 1893 : 461; -Huber 2011b +Huber 2011b : 218. - -Remarks. - -Pholcinae + +Remarks. + +Pholcinae resemble -Modisiminae +Modisiminae in several respects. Their highest diversity is in the humid tropics and subtropics, and a large variety of body forms reflect adaptations to different microhabitats. With currently 922 species in 26 genera, -Pholcinae +Pholcinae is also similar to -Modisiminae +Modisiminae in diversity. In contrast to -Modisiminae +Modisiminae , -Pholcinae +Pholcinae is largely restricted to the Old World, with the notable exception of the New World endemic genus -Metagonia +Metagonia Simon, 1893 and a few possibly relict species in -Pholcus +Pholcus and -Micropholcus +Micropholcus ( -Huber 2011a +Huber 2011a , -Huber et al. 2014 +Huber et al. 2014 ). While only a single species of -Modisiminae +Modisiminae has followed humans around the globe [ -Modisimus culicinus +Modisimus culicinus (Simon, 1893)] and one further species has spread widely in Europe and neighboring regions [ -Psilochorus simoni +Psilochorus simoni (Berland, 1911)], several synanthropic species in -Pholcinae +Pholcinae have attained worldwide distributions or extended their ranges to another continent [most notably -Pholcus phalangioides +Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775); -Spermophora senoculata +Spermophora senoculata ( -Duges +Duges , 1836); -Micropholcus fauroti +Micropholcus fauroti (Simon, 1887); -Pholcus manueli +Pholcus manueli Gertsch, 1937]. - + The sister-group relationship between -Pholcinae +Pholcinae and -Smeringopinae +Smeringopinae is well established (see above). The same is true for the monophyly of -Pholcinae +Pholcinae . All our analyses support this subfamily (reasonable to high support), and morphological data have also supported this group (presence of male lateral proximal cheliceral apophyses, -Huber 1995 +Huber 1995 , -2000 +2000 ; tarsus IV comb hairs in a single row, -Huber and Fleckenstein 2008 +Huber and Fleckenstein 2008 ). - + Even though -Pholcinae +Pholcinae are well represented in our analyses (317 of 597 species, i.e., 53%) internal relationships in this subfamily continue to be problematic. Several -'basal' +'basal' nodes are poorly supported (Figure 1); in part the topology is highly sensitive to different algorithms of analysis; and some details appear dubious from the perspective of morphology. However, many details are strongly supported by morphology, including some deep nodes (e.g., the -Pholcus +Pholcus group of genera); and some nodes, even though weakly supported or in conflict with morphology, provide reasonable and testable predictions for further research (e.g., the polyphyly of -Spermophora +Spermophora Hentz, 1841; the close relationship of certain Sri Lankan taxa with African rather than Southeast Asian taxa; the monophyly of African -Pholcus +Pholcus ). - + The subfamily is here divided into three operational groups, more for the sake of convenience than as a reflection of the support values they receive. Actually, support is low for all of them, but much of this division is consistent among different analyses and may well reflect real major groups. 'Group 1' (Figs 7, 8) is entirely composed of small six-eyed taxa, and is roughly equivalent to what was originally subsumed under the name -Spermophora +Spermophora . 'Group 2' (Figure 9 part) is also entirely composed of six-eyed taxa and is remarkable because it places the exclusively New World genus -Metagonia +Metagonia close to African and Madagascan taxa. 'Group 3' (Figure 9 part, Figs 10-12) includes the fully supported -Pholcus +Pholcus group of genera as proposed previously ( -Huber 2011a +Huber 2011a ) and its sister genus -Quamtana +Quamtana Huber, 2003, a sister-group relationship that has also been proposed before ( -Huber 2003c +Huber 2003c ). In the tree shown here (and in the RogueNaRok tree), the ' -Spermophora +Spermophora ' -dieke +dieke group has an isolated position outside of the three operational groups. In the other trees, it is part of 'group 1'. - - + + Figure 7. Pholcinae 'group 1' ( -Spermophora +Spermophora and relatives) a Gen. n., sp. n. -"Ind206" +"Ind206" (Halmahera); -b' -Spermophora +b' +Spermophora sp. n. -"Ind27" +"Ind27" (Sumatra) c -Aetana baganihan +Aetana baganihan (Philippines) d -Spermophora senoculata +Spermophora senoculata (Turkey) e -Savarna tessellata +Savarna tessellata (Thailand) f -Wanniyala agrabopath +Wanniyala agrabopath (Sri Lanka). - - + + Figure 8. -Belisana +Belisana and -Hantu +Hantu . For -Belisana +Belisana , the background colours signify microhabitat: red = ground; green = leaf. D, domed web; R, highly regular -'curtain' +'curtain' web. Photos a -Hantu niah +Hantu niah (Sarawak) b -Hantu kapit +Hantu kapit (Sarawak) c -Belisana sandakan +Belisana sandakan (Sumatra) d -Belisana sabah +Belisana sabah (Sabah) e domed web of -Belisana +Belisana sp. n. -"Mal77" +"Mal77" (Malaysia) f regular -'curtain' +'curtain' web of -Belisana bohorok +Belisana bohorok (Sarawak). - - + + Figure 9. Pholcinae 'group 2' ( -Zatavua +Zatavua and relatives, -Metagonia +Metagonia ), and -Quamtana +Quamtana (marked: non-South African species). Photos a -Metagonia taruma +Metagonia taruma (Brazil) b -Metagonia +Metagonia sp. n. -"Br07-1" +"Br07-1" (Brazil) c -Metagonia bifida +Metagonia bifida ? (Brazil) d -Quamtana +Quamtana sp. n. (cf. mabusai) (Germany). - - + + Figure 10. -Calapnita +Calapnita - -Panjange +Panjange clade a -Kintaqa satun +Kintaqa satun (Malaysia) b -Meraha narathiwat +Meraha narathiwat (Thailand) c -Calapnita vermiformis +Calapnita vermiformis (Philippines) d -Apokayana kapit +Apokayana kapit (Sarawak) e -Uthina +Uthina sp. n. -"Ind121" +"Ind121" (Indonesia) f -Panjange casaroro +Panjange casaroro (Philippines). - - + + Figure 11. -Micropholcus +Micropholcus - -Leptopholcus +Leptopholcus clade a -Micropholcus +Micropholcus sp. n. -"Br15-152" +"Br15-152" (Brazil) b -Canticus sepaku +Canticus sepaku (East Kalimantan) c -Micromerys baiteta +Micromerys baiteta (West Papua) d -Leptopholcus borneensis +Leptopholcus borneensis (Singapore). - - + + Figure 12. -Pholcus +Pholcus a -P. creticus +P. creticus (Crete) b -P. camba +P. camba (Sulawesi) c -P. mulu +P. mulu (Sarawak) d -P. baka +P. baka (Gabon) e -P. +P. sp. n. -"SL43" +"SL43" (Sri Lanka). diff --git a/data/FC/61/B8/FC61B87D65F029243FE0D0E3D581963B.xml b/data/FC/61/B8/FC61B87D65F029243FE0D0E3D581963B.xml index e9bb08e941f..e520b16efe5 100644 --- a/data/FC/61/B8/FC61B87D65F029243FE0D0E3D581963B.xml +++ b/data/FC/61/B8/FC61B87D65F029243FE0D0E3D581963B.xml @@ -1,518 +1,517 @@ - - - -The phylogeny of pholcid spiders: a critical evaluation of relationships suggested by molecular data (Araneae, Pholcidae) + + + +The phylogeny of pholcid spiders: a critical evaluation of relationships suggested by molecular data (Araneae, Pholcidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Huber, Bernhard A. +Huber, Bernhard A. - - -Author + + +Author -Eberle, Jonas +Eberle, Jonas - - -Author + + +Author -Dimitrov, Dimitar +Dimitrov, Dimitar -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2018 - -789 + +2018 + +789 - -51 -101 + +51 +101 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 -1313-2970-789-51 -496949FCA96A4489A0940182520DAB6C -496949FCA96A4489A0940182520DAB6C +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.789.22781 +1313-2970-789-51 +496949FCA96A4489A0940182520DAB6C - - - -Subfamily -Modisiminae Simon, 1893 + + + +Subfamily +Modisiminae Simon, 1893 Figs 3, 4, 5 - - -Modisimeae + + +Modisimeae Simon, 1893: 484. Type genus -Modisimus +Modisimus Simon, 1893, by subsequent designation ( -Huber 2011b +Huber 2011b ). - -Modisiminae + +Modisiminae Simon; -Huber 2011b +Huber 2011b : 216. - -Remarks. - -Modisiminae + +Remarks. + +Modisiminae are the typical pholcids of the humid Neotropics, where they occupy a wide variety of microhabitats from leaf litter to high among the vegetation. This ecological variability is paralleled by a wide range of body forms, from tiny ground-dwelling forms (e.g., -Gertsch 1982 +Gertsch 1982 , -Huber and Rheims 2011 +Huber and Rheims 2011 ) to some of the largest pholcids with leg spans of over 15 cm (e.g., -Huber and Astrin 2009 +Huber and Astrin 2009 , -Huber 2015 +Huber 2015 , -2018 +2018 ). With currently 480 species in 24 genera, -Modisiminae +Modisiminae is one of the two large subfamilies of -Pholcidae +Pholcidae , with several species-rich genera (e.g., -Anopsicus +Anopsicus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938; -Psilochorus +Psilochorus Simon, 1893; -Modisimus +Modisimus Simon, 1893; -Mesabolivar -Gonzalez-Sponga +Mesabolivar +Gonzalez-Sponga , 1998; -Carapoia -Gonzalez-Sponga +Carapoia +Gonzalez-Sponga , 1998) and many undescribed species. - + All previous analyses have supported this group ( -Huber 2000 +Huber 2000 , -2001 +2001 , - + Bruvo -Mađaric +Mađaric et al. 2005 , -Dimitrov et al. 2013 +Dimitrov et al. 2013 ), even though with minor differences in composition. The equivalent 'New World -clade' +clade' in -Huber (2001) +Huber (2001) still included the Australian -Wugigarra +Wugigarra , a genus that has since been moved to -Arteminae +Arteminae ( -Dimitrov et al. 2013 +Dimitrov et al. 2013 ). As a result, -Modisiminae +Modisiminae is now considered to be restricted to the New World. - + Our analyses all recover -Modisiminae +Modisiminae , but with very low support values. This is possibly due to the mysterious Andean genus -Priscula +Priscula Simon, 1893 (Figure 3) that is either included in -Modisiminae +Modisiminae (IQ-TREE) or not (RAxML). The position of -Priscula +Priscula has always been considered problematic. -Simon (1893) +Simon (1893) created a separate taxon -"Prisculeae" +"Prisculeae" for this genus; -Brignoli (1981) +Brignoli (1981) synonymized it with -Physocyclus +Physocyclus ; the first morphological cladistic analysis ( -Huber 2000 +Huber 2000 ) supported the position of -Priscula +Priscula near -Physocyclus +Physocyclus but this result was explicitly doubted ( -Huber 2000 +Huber 2000 : 129). In the molecular analysis of -Dimitrov et al. (2013) -Priscula +Dimitrov et al. (2013) +Priscula was excluded because the positions of the included species varied dramatically among different types of analyses. Morphologically, -Priscula +Priscula differs from (other) -Modisiminae +Modisiminae by the presence of ALS piriform gland spigots and by the absence of a retrolateral apophysis on the male palpal coxa ( -Huber 2000 +Huber 2000 ), i.e., it has retained plesiomorphic characters. A sister-group relationship between -Priscula +Priscula and other -Modisiminae +Modisiminae appears thus plausible from a morphological point of view. - - + + Figure 3. -'Basal' +'Basal' Modisiminae a Gen. n., sp. n. -"Br16-50" +"Br16-50" (Brazil) b -Priscula andinensis +Priscula andinensis ? (Venezuela) c Gen. n., sp. n. -"Br16-196" +"Br16-196" (Brazil) d -Tupigea +Tupigea sp. n. -"Br14-47" +"Br14-47" (Brazil) e -Pisaboa silvae +Pisaboa silvae (Brazil) f -Psilochorus imitatus +Psilochorus imitatus (USA) g -Modisimus incertus +Modisimus incertus (Cuba). - + Despite the low support values, we thus consider -Modisiminae +Modisiminae (including -Priscula +Priscula or not) a likely monophyletic group. Several morphological characters support -Modisiminae +Modisiminae (incl. -Priscula +Priscula ): an exposed tarsal organ; the reduction of epiandrous spigots (shared with 'other -Arteminae +Arteminae '; see above); and a large distance between ALE and PME ( -Huber 2000 +Huber 2000 ). As indicated above (section -Arteminae +Arteminae ) our data weakly support a sister-group relationship between 'other -Arteminae +Arteminae ' and -Modisiminae +Modisiminae . - + Within -Modisiminae +Modisiminae , many support values are extremely low, and the suggested relationships are thus unreliable (Figure 3). In addition, taxon sampling is very uneven, with some genera well represented (e.g., -Carapoia +Carapoia , -Mesabolivar +Mesabolivar , -Modisimus +Modisimus ), and others poorly represented or entirely missing (see below). However, several results are consistent among analyses and noteworthy for various reasons: they suggest groups that appear feasible in terms of biogeography; they suggest interesting evolutionary scenarios; and they suggest formal taxonomic changes, some of which have been suggested before based on morphology. - + Apart from -Priscula +Priscula , the -'basal' +'basal' branches within -Modisiminae +Modisiminae lead to small South American unnamed taxa (Figure 3). In particular, the two species -"Br16-44" +"Br16-44" and -" +" MACN270" are both tiny, with body lengths of 0.9 and 1.3 mm, respectively. Other -'basal' +'basal' branches lead to an unnamed Amazonian genus ( -"Br16-178" +"Br16-178" and -"Br16-50" +"Br16-50" ; body lengths: 1.5-1.8 mm) and the Atlantic Forest genus -Tupigea +Tupigea Huber, 2000 (body lengths: 1.3-1.9 mm; -Huber 2000 +Huber 2000 , -Huber and Rheims 2011 +Huber and Rheims 2011 ). This suggests a similar evolutionary scenario as proposed for 'other -Arteminae +Arteminae ' above, i.e., that ancestral -Modisiminae +Modisiminae may have been small ground-dwelling species. -Priscula +Priscula is once again the disturbing factor in this scenario: all known representatives of -Priscula +Priscula are medium-size to large spiders ( -Huber 2000 +Huber 2000 ), possibly surpassed (as far as body mass is concerned) by -Artema +Artema only. In both -Arteminae +Arteminae and -Modisiminae +Modisiminae , the emerging picture is one of medium-sized forms missing or disappearing early, large forms experiencing little subsequent changes in body shape and poor subsequent speciation ( -Artema +Artema : currently eight species; -Priscula +Priscula : currently 17 species), and small forms diversifying dramatically in size, shape, and numbers ('other -Arteminae +Arteminae ': currently 91 species; -Modisiminae +Modisiminae without -Priscula +Priscula : currently 463 species). - + The next branch (Figure 3; -Chibchea +Chibchea Huber, 2000 to -Pisaboa +Pisaboa Huber, 2000) includes several South American genera, some of them diverse but poorly represented in our analyses (e.g., -Chibchea +Chibchea ). The close relationship between -Pisaboa +Pisaboa and -Waunana +Waunana Huber, 2000 was already suggested in the original descriptions of these genera ( -Huber 2000 +Huber 2000 ), even though based on highly homoplastic characters (vertical hairs on male leg tibiae in high density; shape of apophysis on male palpal femur). A close relationship of these two genera with -Chibchea +Chibchea either receives very low support (IQ-TREE, RAxML) or is not recovered (RogueNaRok); it is neither supported nor contradicted by morphology. Clearly, this clade needs a much denser sampling and the addition of missing taxa that are possibly related (e.g., -Pomboa +Pomboa ). - + The next clade (Figure 3) includes all North and Central American and Caribbean taxa, suggesting that the ancestor of this clade arrived in the region from South America. This scenario was explicitly rejected by -Dimitrov et al. (2013) +Dimitrov et al. (2013) based on the supposed age of the group (~120-170 Ma). However, our upcoming analysis has not been able to confirm this age ( -Eberle et al. 2018 +Eberle et al. 2018 ; we were not able to calculate convincing absolute ages from the data). The clade is recovered in most analyses (it is paraphyletic in the 4+ genes tree) but always with low support (only SH values are reasonable to high). The only geographic outlier in this clade is South American ' -Psilochorus +Psilochorus '. North American ( -'true' +'true' ) -Psilochorus +Psilochorus and South American ' -Psilochorus +Psilochorus ' each receive high to full support but are never resolved as sister taxa. Whether South American ' -Psilochorus +Psilochorus ' are ancestral within this large clade or represent a case of back-colonization is currently impossible to say; the internal nodes in this clade have partly too low support to favour a particular scenario. The inclusion of the Central American -Ixchela +Ixchela Huber, 2000 in this clade fits the geographic pattern and contradicts a previous speculation (in -Huber 2000 +Huber 2000 ) that -Ixchela +Ixchela might be close to the South American genus -Aymaria +Aymaria Huber, 2000. In much the same way, the only Central American representative of -Coryssocnemis +Coryssocnemis Simon, 1893 included in our analyses is placed in this group, far away from -'true' +'true' South American -Coryssocnemis +Coryssocnemis (the polyphyly of -Coryssocnemis +Coryssocnemis has long been suspected: -Gertsch 1971 +Gertsch 1971 , -Brignoli 1981 +Brignoli 1981 , -Huber 1998 +Huber 1998 , -2000 +2000 ). The Cuban endemic -genus -Platnicknia -Oezdikmen +genus +Platnicknia +Oezdikmen & Demir, 2009 is deeply nested within the large genus -Modisimus +Modisimus . It is resolved as sister to a distinctive group of Hispaniolan leaf-dwelling representatives of -Modisimus +Modisimus (the "leaf-dwelling species group" in -Huber et al. 2010 +Huber et al. 2010 ) and synonymized below. Finally, the large genus -Anopsicus +Anopsicus (63 described species) is poorly represented in our analyses. The three species included are all undescribed, do not group together, and are nested among -Modisimus +Modisimus . Since neither the type species of -Anopsicus +Anopsicus is included nor is a potential close relative (or at least another species from -Yucatan +Yucatan ), the monophyly and position of -Anopsicus +Anopsicus both remain dubious. - + Sister to the previous North and Central American and Caribbean clade is another large, entirely South American clade (Figure 3, bottom). The sister-group relationship is very poorly supported, but the monophyly of the South American clade has modest (4+ genes) to reasonable (RogueNaRok) support. It is divided into three subclades with reasonable to full support plus the genus -Aymaria +Aymaria that is represented by a single species and whose position within this clade is not convincingly resolved. The first subclade included is here informally called the ' -Mesabolivar -clade' +Mesabolivar +clade' (Figure 4); the second subclade is largely Venezuelan and thus called 'Venezuelan -clade' +clade' (Figure 5); the third subclade is the genus -Carapoia +Carapoia (Figure 5). - - + + Figure 4. -Mesabolivar +Mesabolivar clade a -Otavaloa lisei +Otavaloa lisei (Brazil) b -Mesabolivar maraba +Mesabolivar maraba (Brazil) c -Litoporus +Litoporus sp. n. -"Br16-153" +"Br16-153" (Brazil) d -Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus +Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus (Brazil) e -Mesabolivar kathrinae +Mesabolivar kathrinae (Brazil) f -Mesabolivar saci +Mesabolivar saci (Brazil). - - + + Figure 5. Venezuelan clade + -Aymaria +Aymaria + -Carapoia +Carapoia a -Mecolaesthus yawaperi +Mecolaesthus yawaperi (Brazil) b -Aymaria +Aymaria sp. n. -"Br16-188" +"Br16-188" (Brazil) c -Carapoia rubra +Carapoia rubra (Brazil) d -Carapoia kaxinawa +Carapoia kaxinawa (Brazil) e -Carapoia pulchra +Carapoia pulchra (Brazil) f -Carapoia agilis +Carapoia agilis (Brazil). - + Within the ' -Mesabolivar -clade' +Mesabolivar +clade' (Figure 4), our analyses suggest two specific relationships that are likely to have drastic taxonomic consequences. First, -Litoporus +Litoporus Simon, 1893 is nested among -'true' +'true' northern South American -Mesabolivar +Mesabolivar . This has been suggested before ( -Dimitrov et al. 2013 +Dimitrov et al. 2013 ), but that previous analysis included a single species of -Litoporus +Litoporus whose generic identity was uncertain ( -Huber et al. 2013 +Huber et al. 2013 ). The present analyses include several unambiguous (Amazonian) representatives of -Litoporus +Litoporus . Our data support the monophyly of -Litoporus +Litoporus (full support) but also its position within -Mesabolivar +Mesabolivar (reasonable to high support). Second, -Mesabolivar +Mesabolivar is composed of two sub-clades: -'true' +'true' northern South American -Mesabolivar +Mesabolivar , and southern South American (largely Atlantic Forest) ' -Mesabolivar +Mesabolivar '. The southern sub-clade includes the monotypic genus -Teuia +Teuia Huber, 2000 (synonymized with -Mesabolivar +Mesabolivar in -Huber 2018 +Huber 2018 ; the type species of -Teuia +Teuia is not included but a putatively closely related species: -M. sepitus +M. sepitus ). Potential formal taxonomic changes are discussed in the Taxonomy section below. The close relationship between -Otavaloa +Otavaloa Huber, 2000 and -Mesabolivar +Mesabolivar is neither supported nor contradicted by morphological data. - + The 'Venezuelan -clade' +clade' (Figure 5) receives high to full support and is composed of several genera that are either known from Venezuela only ( -Systenita +Systenita Simon, 1893, -Stenosfemuraia -Gonzalez-Sponga +Stenosfemuraia +Gonzalez-Sponga , 1998), from Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago ( -Coryssocnemis +Coryssocnemis ), or from Venezuela plus neighboring countries ( -Mecolaesthus +Mecolaesthus Simon, 1893). A close relationship among these genera had been suspected before based on morphology ( -Huber 2000 +Huber 2000 ), and molecular data have always supported this ( - -Bruvo-Mađaric + +Bruvo-Mađaric et al. 2005 : 28S data and combined analysis; -Dimitrov et al. 2013 +Dimitrov et al. 2013 ). Our data suggest that -Coryssocnemis +Coryssocnemis may be nested within -Mecolaesthus +Mecolaesthus , but our taxon sampling is weak, the topology is unstable ( -Systenita +Systenita is either nested within -Mecolaesthus +Mecolaesthus or not), and several internal nodes in the clade have low support. Formally, -Coryssocnemis +Coryssocnemis still includes several obviously misplaced species: several Central American species (see -above +above ), and several Atlantic Forest (Brazilian) species whose identity is probably impossible to resolve (poor descriptions, lost types; see -Huber 2000 +Huber 2000 , -2018 +2018 ). - + The third subclade in the South American clade is -Carapoia +Carapoia (Figure 5). Unlike -Mesabolivar +Mesabolivar it is monophyletic and apparently less problematic, but just as -Mesabolivar +Mesabolivar , the genus has become very difficult to diagnose, mainly because of -'untypical' +'untypical' species added to the genus based in large part on the present molecular data ( -Huber 2018 +Huber 2018 ). Both for -Mesabolivar +Mesabolivar and -Carapoia +Carapoia our analyses suggest several species groups that are also supported by morphological data. For a detailed discussion of these groups, see -Huber (2018) +Huber (2018) .