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<treatment id="039A9669F462FFEB9D37F506FEC76AB0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15625862" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15625862" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039A9669F462FFEB9D37F506FEC76AB0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039A9669F462FFEB9D37F506FEC76AB0" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="4" pageNumber="85">
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@ -79,11 +81,11 @@ and
and
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF463FFE79C02F557FDED6B72" box="[619,633,1887,1908]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[96,136,1037,1059]" captionTargetBox="[255,1369,315,1000]" captionTargetId="figure-96@2.[253,1373,312,1001]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Home ranges of paired grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) used in the 1 year and 1 week time block analyses and countdown to death analysis that either died (A) or survived (B) in Alberta, Canada, from 2005 to 2021. Each pair has the same pattern across maps as shown in the legend. Shapefile for communities and protected areas from the Government of Alberta (https: //geodiscover.alberta.ca/; Projection: NAD 1983 UTM Zone 11N). Shapefile for Canada boundary and Alberta boundaries from Natural Earth (https://www.naturalearthdata.com; Projection: WGS 1984)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15624707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15624707/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">2</figureCitation>
). However, all three time block analyses and the countdown to death analysis used a paired sample of nine bears (nine bears that died paired with nine bears that survived). We found significant differences at all three time scales in the time block analyses (
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF463FFE79D3BF576FC0F6B92" box="[850,923,1918,1940]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-111@8.[123,763,472,1848]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) for movement metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, displacement was not found to influence likelihood of mortality and was excluded in the best model, and 1 week prior to death, diurnality was excluded from the best model. The y-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality." pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF463FFE79D3BF576FC0F6B92" box="[850,923,1918,1940]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-111@8.[123,763,472,1848]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) for movement metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, displacement was not found to influence likelihood of mortality and was excluded in the best model, and 1 week prior to death, diurnality was excluded from the best model. The y-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15625908" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15625908/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF463FFE79DBDF576FC766B92" box="[980,994,1918,1940]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,142,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-97@9.[179,1459,313,1593]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) for habitat use metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, Risk and RSF had significant interactions; therefore, the plots include how each metric affects the other. The y-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality." pageId="5" pageNumber="86">6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF463FFE79DBDF576FC766B92" box="[980,994,1918,1940]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,142,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-97@9.[179,1459,313,1593]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) for habitat use metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, Risk and RSF had significant interactions; therefore, the plots include how each metric affects the other. The y-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15625910" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15625910/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">6</figureCitation>
), and the countdown to death analysis demonstrated that differences in behaviour between bears that died and bears that survived increased as the date of death approached (
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49EB0F29BFE826CAF" box="[217,278,147,169]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-79@10.[173,1453,282,1081]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 7. Results of the countdown to death analysis show how movement and habitat use change in the days leading up to anthropogenic death for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) that died compared with matched bears that survived. “Days prior to death” was not included in the best model for diurnality. Error bars and envelopes represent the 95% confidence interval of the population mean." pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49EB0F29BFE826CAF" box="[217,278,147,169]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-79@10.[173,1453,282,1081]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 7. Results of the countdown to death analysis show how movement and habitat use change in the days leading up to anthropogenic death for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) that died compared with matched bears that survived. “Days prior to death” was not included in the best model for diurnality. Error bars and envelopes represent the 95% confidence interval of the population mean." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15625912" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15625912/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ The initial, full model structure for each analysis used to determine whether gr
For each of the three time block analyses, one movement model and one habitat use model were fit. For the countdown to death analysis, four models——one for each behaviour variable——were fit. The prediction describes how each term fits into the paper’s hypotheses if the term is significant in the final model.
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B947FB6DF463FFE79E0FF1DBFF266FEE" bold="true" box="[102,178,979,1001]" pageId="5" pageNumber="86">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
Diagram showing how the two types of analyses and potential model outcomes for key variables relate to the study hypotheses. For the time block analyses, “behaviour variable” refers to any of the movement or habitat use variables (diurnality, displacement, risk, RSF). Note that this diagram does not represent all potential combinations of outcomes, and the two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive.
@ -176,15 +178,15 @@ Diagram showing how the two types of analyses and potential model outcomes for k
At the largest time scale (2–4 years prior to death), grizzly bears that died were overall more diurnal than bears that survived, although they were also more likely to have low diurnality than more moderate values, resulting in a J-shaped curve (
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;
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49F62F3D8FECC6DE0" box="[267,344,464,486]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-111@8.[123,763,472,1848]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) for movement metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, displacement was not found to influence likelihood of mortality and was excluded in the best model, and 1 week prior to death, diurnality was excluded from the best model. The y-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality." pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49F62F3D8FECC6DE0" box="[267,344,464,486]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-111@8.[123,763,472,1848]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) for movement metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, displacement was not found to influence likelihood of mortality and was excluded in the best model, and 1 week prior to death, diurnality was excluded from the best model. The y-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15625908" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15625908/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
). There were no significant differences in displacement. Similarly, 1 year prior to death, diurnality was significantly higher in bears that died than those that survived (
<tableCitation id="C6B112C4F460FFE49EBBF038FEB36E43" box="[210,295,560,582]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="10.[375,440,1105,1126]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 4. Estimate (β), standard error (SE), and p values of the explanatory vari-" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4C77F7F46CFFE89F1EF659FD6C68A1" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="DF4C77F7F46CFFE89F1EF659FD6C68A1">Table 4</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49F5EF038FE136E40" box="[311,391,560,582]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-111@8.[123,763,472,1848]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) for movement metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, displacement was not found to influence likelihood of mortality and was excluded in the best model, and 1 week prior to death, diurnality was excluded from the best model. The y-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality." pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49F5EF038FE136E40" box="[311,391,560,582]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-111@8.[123,763,472,1848]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) for movement metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, displacement was not found to influence likelihood of mortality and was excluded in the best model, and 1 week prior to death, diurnality was excluded from the best model. The y-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15625908" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15625908/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
). During this time, no significant difference in displacement between bears that survived and bears that died was observed. Conversely, 1 week prior to death, there was no significant difference in diurnality between bears that died and those that survived; however, displacement was significantly greater in bears that died compared with those that survived (
<tableCitation id="C6B112C4F460FFE49FA4F0E7FD8B6F02" box="[461,543,751,773]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="10.[375,440,1105,1126]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 4. Estimate (β), standard error (SE), and p values of the explanatory vari-" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4C77F7F46CFFE89F1EF659FD6C68A1" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="DF4C77F7F46CFFE89F1EF659FD6C68A1">Table 4</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49C45F0E7FDEE6F03" box="[556,634,751,773]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-111@8.[123,763,472,1848]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) for movement metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, displacement was not found to influence likelihood of mortality and was excluded in the best model, and 1 week prior to death, diurnality was excluded from the best model. The y-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality." pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49C45F0E7FDEE6F03" box="[556,634,751,773]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-111@8.[123,763,472,1848]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 5. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) for movement metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, displacement was not found to influence likelihood of mortality and was excluded in the best model, and 1 week prior to death, diurnality was excluded from the best model. The y-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15625908" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15625908/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C277FF460FFE49E09F142FEED6F64" blockId="6.[96,377,842,866]" box="[96,377,842,866]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">
@ -194,11 +196,11 @@ At the largest time scale (2–4 years prior to death), grizzly bears that died
When modelling changes in movement over time as death approached, we found that although bears that died were overall more diurnal than bears that survived over the 60 days prior to death, there was no change in diurnality as death approached (
<tableCitation id="C6B112C4F460FFE49F29F1F3FE076817" box="[320,403,1019,1041]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="10.[282,347,1528,1549]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 5. Estimate (β), standard error (SE), and p values of the explanation variables in the" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4C77F7F46CFFE89F73F7F0FEE86A4B" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="DF4C77F7F46CFFE89F73F7F0FEE86A4B">Table 5</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49FCBF1F3FE666816" box="[418,498,1019,1041]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-79@10.[173,1453,282,1081]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 7. Results of the countdown to death analysis show how movement and habitat use change in the days leading up to anthropogenic death for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) that died compared with matched bears that survived. “Days prior to death” was not included in the best model for diurnality. Error bars and envelopes represent the 95% confidence interval of the population mean." pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49FCBF1F3FE666816" box="[418,498,1019,1041]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-79@10.[173,1453,282,1081]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 7. Results of the countdown to death analysis show how movement and habitat use change in the days leading up to anthropogenic death for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) that died compared with matched bears that survived. “Days prior to death” was not included in the best model for diurnality. Error bars and envelopes represent the 95% confidence interval of the population mean." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15625912" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15625912/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
). However, displacement increased exponentially in grizzly bears that died as death approached, but not in bears that survived (
<tableCitation id="C6B112C4F460FFE49C3EF633FD3C6857" box="[599,680,1083,1105]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="10.[282,347,1528,1549]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Table 5. Estimate (β), standard error (SE), and p values of the explanation variables in the" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4C77F7F46CFFE89F73F7F0FEE86A4B" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="DF4C77F7F46CFFE89F73F7F0FEE86A4B">Table 5</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49CDFF633FC966856" box="[694,770,1083,1105]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-79@10.[173,1453,282,1081]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 7. Results of the countdown to death analysis show how movement and habitat use change in the days leading up to anthropogenic death for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) that died compared with matched bears that survived. “Days prior to death” was not included in the best model for diurnality. Error bars and envelopes represent the 95% confidence interval of the population mean." pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49CDFF633FC966856" box="[694,770,1083,1105]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-79@10.[173,1453,282,1081]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 7. Results of the countdown to death analysis show how movement and habitat use change in the days leading up to anthropogenic death for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) that died compared with matched bears that survived. “Days prior to death” was not included in the best model for diurnality. Error bars and envelopes represent the 95% confidence interval of the population mean." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15625912" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15625912/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
@ -211,15 +213,15 @@ When modelling changes in movement over time as death approached, we found that
Grizzly bears that died were found to have significantly different patterns of habitat use than bears that survived 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death (
<tableCitation id="C6B112C4F460FFE49FB0F730FDB86948" box="[473,556,1336,1358]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="11.[235,300,115,136]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Table 6. Estimate (β), standard error (SE), and p values of the explanation variables in the most sup-" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4C77F7F46DFFE99E82F27BFB726CAF" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="DF4C77F7F46DFFE99E82F27BFB726CAF">Table 6</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49C55F730FD556948" box="[572,705,1336,1358]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,142,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-97@9.[179,1459,313,1593]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) for habitat use metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, Risk and RSF had significant interactions; therefore, the plots include how each metric affects the other. The y-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality." pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Figs. 6A–6D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49C55F730FD556948" box="[572,705,1336,1358]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,142,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-97@9.[179,1459,313,1593]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) for habitat use metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, Risk and RSF had significant interactions; therefore, the plots include how each metric affects the other. The y-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15625910" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15625910/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Figs. 6A–6D</figureCitation>
). Bears that died used habitats with higher risk values and low-to-moderate RSF values. In addition, these variables interacted; the highest likelihood of anthropogenic mortality occurred in bears that used areas that were simultaneously low RSF and high risk (
<tableCitation id="C6B112C4F460FFE49F63F7DFFEC969EB" box="[266,349,1495,1517]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="11.[235,300,115,136]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Table 6. Estimate (β), standard error (SE), and p values of the explanation variables in the most sup-" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4C77F7F46DFFE99E82F27BFB726CAF" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="DF4C77F7F46DFFE99E82F27BFB726CAF">Table 6</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49F05F7DFFE6569EB" box="[364,497,1495,1517]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,142,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-97@9.[179,1459,313,1593]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) for habitat use metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, Risk and RSF had significant interactions; therefore, the plots include how each metric affects the other. The y-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality." pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Figs. 6A–6D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49F05F7DFFE6569EB" box="[364,497,1495,1517]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,142,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-97@9.[179,1459,313,1593]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) for habitat use metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, Risk and RSF had significant interactions; therefore, the plots include how each metric affects the other. The y-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15625910" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15625910/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Figs. 6A–6D</figureCitation>
). Similar patterns in risk and RSF were observed 1 week prior to death; however, there was no significant interaction between risk and RSF (
<tableCitation id="C6B112C4F460FFE49CD4F41FFC9B6A2B" box="[701,783,1559,1581]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="11.[235,300,115,136]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Table 6. Estimate (β), standard error (SE), and p values of the explanation variables in the most sup-" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4C77F7F46DFFE99E82F27BFB726CAF" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="DF4C77F7F46DFFE99E82F27BFB726CAF">Table 6</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49E09F43FFE9E6A4B" box="[96,266,1591,1613]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,142,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-97@9.[179,1459,313,1593]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) for habitat use metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, Risk and RSF had significant interactions; therefore, the plots include how each metric affects the other. The y-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality." pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Figs. 6E and 6F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49E09F43FFE9E6A4B" box="[96,266,1591,1613]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,142,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-97@9.[179,1459,313,1593]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) for habitat use metrics during three time blocks prior to death. 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death, Risk and RSF had significant interactions; therefore, the plots include how each metric affects the other. The y-axis is the predicted mean “risk score” with 95% confidence interval assigned by the conditional logistic regression model; this metric is on an arbitrary scale and represents relative risk of anthropogenic mortality." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15625910" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15625910/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Figs. 6E and 6F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C277FF460FFE49E09F499FE7A6AAF" blockId="6.[96,494,1681,1706]" box="[96,494,1681,1706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">
@ -229,11 +231,11 @@ Grizzly bears that died were found to have significantly different patterns of h
We found that the use of risky habitat was significantly higher in bears that died compared with those that survived, indicating that bears that died used overall higher risk habitats, and this difference increased as death approached (
<tableCitation id="C6B112C4F460FFE49E0EF54BFF2F6B5E" box="[103,187,1859,1881]" captionStart="Table 7" captionStartId="11.[128,193,849,870]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Table 7. Estimate (β), standard error (SE), and p values of the explanation variables in the most supported habitat use models of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the countdown to death analysis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4C77F7F46DFFE99EE9F159FC296F81" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="DF4C77F7F46DFFE99EE9F159FC296F81">Table 7</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49EA2F54BFE8F6B5E" box="[203,283,1859,1881]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-79@10.[173,1453,282,1081]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 7. Results of the countdown to death analysis show how movement and habitat use change in the days leading up to anthropogenic death for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) that died compared with matched bears that survived. “Days prior to death” was not included in the best model for diurnality. Error bars and envelopes represent the 95% confidence interval of the population mean." pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49EA2F54BFE8F6B5E" box="[203,283,1859,1881]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-79@10.[173,1453,282,1081]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 7. Results of the countdown to death analysis show how movement and habitat use change in the days leading up to anthropogenic death for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) that died compared with matched bears that survived. “Days prior to death” was not included in the best model for diurnality. Error bars and envelopes represent the 95% confidence interval of the population mean." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15625912" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15625912/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
). Similarly, bears that died used lower RSF habitats than bears that survived throughout the time frame, and this difference increased as death approached (
<tableCitation id="C6B112C4F460FFE49CD2F58AFC9B6B9E" box="[699,783,1922,1944]" captionStart="Table 7" captionStartId="11.[128,193,849,870]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Table 7. Estimate (β), standard error (SE), and p values of the explanation variables in the most supported habitat use models of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the countdown to death analysis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4C77F7F46DFFE99EE9F159FC296F81" pageId="6" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="DF4C77F7F46DFFE99EE9F159FC296F81">Table 7</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49E09F5AAFF3B6BBE" box="[96,175,1954,1976]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-79@10.[173,1453,282,1081]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 7. Results of the countdown to death analysis show how movement and habitat use change in the days leading up to anthropogenic death for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) that died compared with matched bears that survived. “Days prior to death” was not included in the best model for diurnality. Error bars and envelopes represent the 95% confidence interval of the population mean." pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13083BFAF460FFE49E09F5AAFF3B6BBE" box="[96,175,1954,1976]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[96,136,114,136]" captionTargetId="figure-79@10.[173,1453,282,1081]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 7. Results of the countdown to death analysis show how movement and habitat use change in the days leading up to anthropogenic death for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) that died compared with matched bears that survived. “Days prior to death” was not included in the best model for diurnality. Error bars and envelopes represent the 95% confidence interval of the population mean." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15625912" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15625912/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="87">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
@ -672,7 +674,7 @@ Bears that were also used in the 2–4 years prior to death analyses are indicat
<paragraph id="8B8C277FF461FFE59FF6F50CFB496B13" blockId="7.[415,1246,1751,1835]" box="[415,1245,1796,1813]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">survived. Both the bear that died and the matched survivor had GPS location data for the year that</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8C277FF461FFE59FF6F512FD816B2D" blockId="7.[415,1246,1751,1835]" box="[415,533,1818,1835]" pageId="7" pageNumber="88">the bear died.</paragraph>
</tableNote>
<caption id="DF4C77F7F46EFFEA9E09F27AFD9B6DAE" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" startId="8.[96,136,114,136]" targetBox="[127,760,478,1844]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<caption id="DF4C77F7F46EFFEA9E09F27AFD9B6DAE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15625908" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15625908" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15625908/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="89" startId="8.[96,136,114,136]" targetBox="[127,760,478,1844]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8C277FF46EFFEA9E09F27AFD9B6DAE" blockId="8.[96,790,114,424]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B947FB6DF46EFFEA9E09F27AFF3B6C8E" bold="true" box="[96,175,114,136]" pageId="8" pageNumber="89">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (