diff --git a/data/03/9A/96/039A9669F462FFEB9D37F506FEC76AB0.xml b/data/03/9A/96/039A9669F462FFEB9D37F506FEC76AB0.xml index b44e6e19414..dd9dd01f675 100644 --- a/data/03/9A/96/039A9669F462FFEB9D37F506FEC76AB0.xml +++ b/data/03/9A/96/039A9669F462FFEB9D37F506FEC76AB0.xml @@ -1,61 +1,63 @@ - - - -Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) movements and habitat use predict human-caused mortality across temporal scales + + + +Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) movements and habitat use predict human-caused mortality across temporal scales - - -Author + + +Author -Parsons, Bethany +Parsons, Bethany - - -Author + + +Author -Wilson, Abbey E. +Wilson, Abbey E. - - -Author + + +Author -Graham, Karen +Graham, Karen - - -Author + + +Author -Stenhouse, Gordon B. +Stenhouse, Gordon B. -text - - -Canadian Journal of Zoology +text + + +Canadian Journal of Zoology - -2023 - -2023-02-01 + +2023 + +2023-02-01 - -101 + +101 - -2 + +2 - -81 -94 + +81 +94 - -https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0054 + +https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0054 -journal article -10.1139/cjz-2022-0054 -1480-3283 -15624705 +journal article +310333 +10.1139/cjz-2022-0054 +a977418c-e0f2-4971-9f9f-984b68d9d7df +1480-3283 +15624705 @@ -79,11 +81,11 @@ and and 2 ). However, all three time block analyses and the countdown to death analysis used a paired sample of nine bears (nine bears that died paired with nine bears that survived). We found significant differences at all three time scales in the time block analyses ( -Figs. 5 +Figs. 5 and -6 +6 ), and the countdown to death analysis demonstrated that differences in behaviour between bears that died and bears that survived increased as the date of death approached ( -Fig. 7 +Fig. 7 ). @@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ The initial, full model structure for each analysis used to determine whether gr For each of the three time block analyses, one movement model and one habitat use model were fit. For the countdown to death analysis, four models——one for each behaviour variable——were fit. The prediction describes how each term fits into the paper’s hypotheses if the term is significant in the final model. - + Fig. 4. Diagram showing how the two types of analyses and potential model outcomes for key variables relate to the study hypotheses. For the time block analyses, “behaviour variable” refers to any of the movement or habitat use variables (diurnality, displacement, risk, RSF). Note that this diagram does not represent all potential combinations of outcomes, and the two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. @@ -176,15 +178,15 @@ Diagram showing how the two types of analyses and potential model outcomes for k At the largest time scale (2–4 years prior to death), grizzly bears that died were overall more diurnal than bears that survived, although they were also more likely to have low diurnality than more moderate values, resulting in a J-shaped curve ( Table 4 ; -Fig. 5A +Fig. 5A ). There were no significant differences in displacement. Similarly, 1 year prior to death, diurnality was significantly higher in bears that died than those that survived ( Table 4 ; -Fig. 5B +Fig. 5B ). During this time, no significant difference in displacement between bears that survived and bears that died was observed. Conversely, 1 week prior to death, there was no significant difference in diurnality between bears that died and those that survived; however, displacement was significantly greater in bears that died compared with those that survived ( Table 4 ; -Fig. 5C +Fig. 5C ). @@ -194,11 +196,11 @@ At the largest time scale (2–4 years prior to death), grizzly bears that died When modelling changes in movement over time as death approached, we found that although bears that died were overall more diurnal than bears that survived over the 60 days prior to death, there was no change in diurnality as death approached ( Table 5 ; -Fig. 7A +Fig. 7A ). However, displacement increased exponentially in grizzly bears that died as death approached, but not in bears that survived ( Table 5 ; -Fig. 7B +Fig. 7B ). @@ -211,15 +213,15 @@ When modelling changes in movement over time as death approached, we found that Grizzly bears that died were found to have significantly different patterns of habitat use than bears that survived 2–4 years and 1 year prior to death ( Table 6 ; -Figs. 6A–6D +Figs. 6A–6D ). Bears that died used habitats with higher risk values and low-to-moderate RSF values. In addition, these variables interacted; the highest likelihood of anthropogenic mortality occurred in bears that used areas that were simultaneously low RSF and high risk ( Table 6 ; -Figs. 6A–6D +Figs. 6A–6D ). Similar patterns in risk and RSF were observed 1 week prior to death; however, there was no significant interaction between risk and RSF ( Table 6 ; -Figs. 6E and 6F +Figs. 6E and 6F ). @@ -229,11 +231,11 @@ Grizzly bears that died were found to have significantly different patterns of h We found that the use of risky habitat was significantly higher in bears that died compared with those that survived, indicating that bears that died used overall higher risk habitats, and this difference increased as death approached ( Table 7 ; -Fig. 7C +Fig. 7C ). Similarly, bears that died used lower RSF habitats than bears that survived throughout the time frame, and this difference increased as death approached ( Table 7 ; -Fig. 7D +Fig. 7D ). @@ -672,7 +674,7 @@ Bears that were also used in the 2–4 years prior to death analyses are indicat survived. Both the bear that died and the matched survivor had GPS location data for the year that the bear died. - + Fig. 5. Predicted likelihood of anthropogenic mortality in grizzly bears (