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<document id="73B897133D4CD70B7E8B67731235E59E" ID-DOI="10.1649/844.1" ID-ISSN="1938-4394" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" approvalRequired="2" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_originalDoi="1" checkinTime="1630177427285" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Van Dam, Matthew & Van Dam, Alex" docDate="2006" docId="003987D23E398C14FF65E545B3F4B4C9" docLanguage="en" docName="844.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="The Coleopterists Bulletin 60 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/844.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:07711681861DB98305E87147CAB6DAD5.4:TheColeopBull.2003-2009.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="07711681861DB98305E87147CAB6DAD5" docStyleName="TheColeopBull.2003-2009.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Pseudocotalpa sonorica Hardy 1974" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="FC00FFAA3E398C10FFA2E121B26DB713" masterDocTitle="Description of the Larva of Pseudocotalpa sonorica Hardy (Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini) with Notes on Life History" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="31" pageNumber="31" updateTime="1744375289785" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="06827BA744DA17D8A7D9988FF0A5B4F2">Description of the Larva of Pseudocotalpa sonorica Hardy (Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini) with Notes on Life History</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F9F632EE3659F092454FD075F144D652">Van Dam, Matthew</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="168EB46397E48D626DD9890B04A1E07A">Van Dam, Alex</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5FD890C5A1843AD105E282FEA2AAA055">The Coleopterists Bulletin</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A41323B67F4B02D7AC8C3B8D130C89FC">
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<mods:date id="E87D6C9BC1D08D0FCB3078B8E1A68D84">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="10C13B817D3D6151871853BDACD066C4">2006-03-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2CE51D45B36D16090CE97976C7CA412C">60</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="C7A3FDC8F09795B1A4B69E7EC7D23302">http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/844.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="77A82122CE731BADEDCB337395211EE7">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6AE96E288DE3679A2D0ED88B10403B48" type="DOI">10.1649/844.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1E7D7E9B341F64317727F12B97636301" type="ISSN">1938-4394</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="003987D23E398C14FF65E545B3F4B4C9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:003987D23E398C14FF65E545B3F4B4C9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/003987D23E398C14FF65E545B3F4B4C9" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="0" pageNumber="31">
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<subSubSection id="C08A654F3E398C10FF65E545B075B36A" box="[199,536,1124,1145]" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="882F36C43E398C10FF65E545B075B36A" blockId="0.[175,1005,1124,1570]" box="[199,536,1124,1145]" pageId="0" pageNumber="31">
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Adults of
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<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E398C10FE8CE545B075B36A" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1974" box="[302,536,1124,1145]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonorica">
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<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E398C10FE8CE545B075B36A" box="[302,536,1124,1145]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="31">Pseudocotalpa sonorica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection id="C08A654F3E398C10FD80E545B0D4B220" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" type="multiple">
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||||
<paragraph id="882F36C43E398C10FD80E545B0D4B220" blockId="0.[175,1005,1124,1570]" pageId="0" pageNumber="31">
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were collected north of the Osborne Overlook in the Algodones Sand Dunes,
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<collectingCounty id="614E4E483E398C10FDB6E55EB0F7B387" box="[532,666,1151,1172]" pageId="0" pageNumber="31">Imperial Co.</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="4A54F8263E398C10FD12E55EB17FB387" box="[688,786,1151,1172]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="0" pageNumber="31">California</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F08776543E398C10FC8AE55EB135B387" box="[808,856,1151,1172]" name="United States of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="31">USA</collectingCountry>
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(32859.2639N 115808.1019W) on
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<date id="FC2E10043E398C10FEC9E5BBB06EB3BC" box="[363,515,1178,1199]" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" value="2002-03-22">
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||||
<collectingDate id="EC6AE9EC3E398C10FEC9E5BBB06EB3BC" box="[363,515,1178,1199]" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" value="2002-03-22">22 March 2002</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.
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<location id="8D4F601F3E398C10FDACE5BBB046B3BC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:003987D23E398C14FF65E545B3F4B4C9:8D4F601F3E398C10FDACE5BBB046B3BC" box="[526,555,1178,1199]" country="United States of America" county="Imperial Co." municipality="Riverside" name="An" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="California">An</location>
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adult female was placed in a coffee can filled with moist sand from the dunes and subsequently deposited about
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<specimenCount id="9E96FD4D3E398C10FCC7E595B1DAB3DA" box="[869,951,1204,1225]" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" type="egg">25 eggs</specimenCount>
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.
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<location id="8D4F601F3E398C10FC65E595B181B3DA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:003987D23E398C14FF65E545B3F4B4C9:8D4F601F3E398C10FC65E595B181B3DA" box="[967,1004,1204,1225]" country="United States of America" county="Imperial Co." municipality="Riverside" name="The" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="California">The</location>
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resulting larvae were raised to the third instar on oak leaf mulch.
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<location id="8D4F601F3E398C10FCFDE5EEB1E9B3F7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:003987D23E398C14FF65E545B3F4B4C9:8D4F601F3E398C10FCFDE5EEB1E9B3F7" box="[863,900,1231,1252]" country="United States of America" county="Imperial Co." municipality="Riverside" name="The" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="California">The</location>
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following description is based on two of these larvae.
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<location id="8D4F601F3E398C10FD20E5C8B084B3ED" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:003987D23E398C14FF65E545B3F4B4C9:8D4F601F3E398C10FD20E5C8B084B3ED" box="[642,745,1257,1278]" country="United States of America" county="Imperial Co." municipality="Riverside" name="Specimens" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="California">Specimens</location>
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of adults and larvae are deposited to the
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<location id="8D4F601F3E398C10FEF0E425B143B20A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:003987D23E398C14FF65E545B3F4B4C9:8D4F601F3E398C10FEF0E425B143B20A" box="[338,814,1284,1305]" country="United States of America" county="Imperial Co." municipality="Riverside" name="Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="California">Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History</location>
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and
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<location id="8D4F601F3E398C10FCC3E425B3A0B220" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:003987D23E398C14FF65E545B3F4B4C9:8D4F601F3E398C10FCC3E425B3A0B220" country="United States of America" county="Imperial Co." municipality="Riverside" name="Entomological Research Museum University" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" stateProvince="California">Entomological Research Museum University</location>
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of
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<collectingRegion id="4A54F8263E398C10FE52E43FB022B220" box="[496,591,1310,1331]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="0" pageNumber="31">California</collectingRegion>
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<collectingMunicipality id="684BACBE3E398C10FDFAE43FB0DBB220" box="[600,694,1310,1331]" pageId="0" pageNumber="31">Riverside</collectingMunicipality>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||||
<subSubSection id="C08A654F3E398C11FF65E418B35AB220" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" type="description">
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||||
<paragraph id="882F36C43E398C11FF65E418B35AB220" blockId="0.[175,1005,1124,1570]" lastBlockId="1.[148,978,194,1331]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="0" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E398C10FF65E418B3E1B25D" bold="true" box="[199,396,1337,1358]" pageId="0" pageNumber="31">Description. Head.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E398C10FE35E418B381B25D" box="[407,492,1337,1358]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="31">Cranium</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="10AB2A413E398C10FE5FE418B02BB25D" box="[509,582,1337,1358]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[148,187,1412,1431]" captionTargetBox="[154,971,195,1399]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[154,971,194,1399]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 7–11. Pseudocotalpa sonorica, third-instar larva. 7) Ventral view abdomen seg. X; 8) metathoracic leg; 9) lateral view abdomen; 10) protarsungulus-tibiotarsus; 11) head, frontal view." pageId="0" pageNumber="31">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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) Greatest width of head capsule
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<quantity id="4F689B213E398C10FC3BE418B184B25D" box="[921,1001,1337,1358]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="0" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="6.8">6.8 mm</quantity>
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. Epicranium light reddish-brown; surface smooth with setose punctures. Frontal suture absent. Epicranial suture only present at occiput. Setae spinelike or thin hairlike (
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<figureCitation id="10AB2A413E398C10FC64E44FB2A5B28D" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[148,187,1412,1431]" captionTargetBox="[154,971,195,1399]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[154,971,194,1399]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 7–11. Pseudocotalpa sonorica, third-instar larva. 7) Ventral view abdomen seg. X; 8) metathoracic leg; 9) lateral view abdomen; 10) protarsungulus-tibiotarsus; 11) head, frontal view." pageId="0" pageNumber="31">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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), becoming longer laterally. Two distinct pits on side of cranium. Genal margins marked with fine setae. Ocellus absent.
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<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E398C10FDE9E482B0FAB2AB" box="[587,663,1443,1464]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="31">Clypeus</emphasis>
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: Form subtrapezoidal. Preclypeus smooth pale, tan, with row of minute setae bordering top; postclypeus same color as cranium.
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<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E398C10FEABE4F9B339B2FE" box="[265,340,1496,1517]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="31">Labrum</emphasis>
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: Form subovate, right side with indentation on edge. Surface convex, except distal third flattened, setigenous punctate. Only distinct setae on surface are fine, hairlike setae, all in deep pits; two on upper half near center; one seta on each side of upper half near edge; one seta on each side of lower half near edge and two near center.
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<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E388C11FF36E1FCB36EB7E1" box="[148,259,221,242]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Epipharynx</emphasis>
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: Form subovate. Haptomerum beaklike with about 29 heli. Epizygum present. Corypha and acroparia merged bearing 20 setae. Acanthoparia bearing 21 left, 20 right recurved spines. Plegmatium lacking. Gymnoparia narrow. Chaetoparia with many thick setae near center and thinner setae laterally (
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<figureCitation id="10AB2A413E388C11FD15E00CB09DB651" box="[695,752,301,322]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[175,214,1337,1356]" captionTargetBox="[175,1005,195,1323]" captionTargetId="figure-71@2.[175,1005,194,1323]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1–6. Pseudocotalpa sonorica, third instar larva. 1) Epipharynx; 2) labium; 3) mandibles left, right dorsal view, mandibles ventral view left, right; 4) last antennal segment, dorsalview; 5) maxillary stridulatory area; 6) left maxilla, central view." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). Pedium present, well defined. Haptolachus with four sensory cones; crepis absent, sulcus present where crepis would be. Dexiotoma elongate. Laeotorma with rounded, posteriorly produced pternotorma.
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<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E388C11FEB8E05DB3D9B682" box="[282,436,380,401]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Right Mandible</emphasis>
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: Scissorial region with two scissorial teeth (
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<figureCitation id="10AB2A413E388C11FC26E05DB1A9B682" box="[900,964,380,401]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[175,214,1337,1356]" captionTargetBox="[175,1005,195,1323]" captionTargetId="figure-71@2.[175,1005,194,1323]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1–6. Pseudocotalpa sonorica, third instar larva. 1) Epipharynx; 2) labium; 3) mandibles left, right dorsal view, mandibles ventral view left, right; 4) last antennal segment, dorsalview; 5) maxillary stridulatory area; 6) left maxilla, central view." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). Dorsoexterior mandibular region distinctly concave; top of region with one seta; medially with distinct pit with seta. Dorsal surface with 18 dorsomolar setae. Lateral face with 24 setae. Ventral surface, with ovate stridulatory area, rows progressively smaller towards apex (
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<figureCitation id="10AB2A413E388C11FED0E0C6B3C0B6EF" box="[370,429,487,508]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[175,214,1337,1356]" captionTargetBox="[175,1005,195,1323]" captionTargetId="figure-71@2.[175,1005,194,1323]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1–6. Pseudocotalpa sonorica, third instar larva. 1) Epipharynx; 2) labium; 3) mandibles left, right dorsal view, mandibles ventral view left, right; 4) last antennal segment, dorsalview; 5) maxillary stridulatory area; 6) left maxilla, central view." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). Molar area with three molar lobes, brustia with seven setae, with 12 basolatera setae.
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<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E388C11FE49E320B017B505" box="[491,634,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Left Mandible</emphasis>
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||||
: Scissorial area with two teeth. Dorsoexterior mandibular region distinctly concave; top of region with one seta; immediate right distinct pit with seta. Dorsal surface, with 20 dorsomolar setae. Lateral surface with 29 setae. Ventral surface with ovate stridulatory area, ridges progressively smaller towards apex. In molar region, M1 a raised transverse lobe, M2–3 inverted V shape and M3 larger than M2, brustia with ten setae U shaped; acia present.
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<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E388C11FC23E3A7B1A7B588" box="[897,970,646,667]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Maxilla</emphasis>
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: Cardo with two rows fine setae. Stipes in ventral view with one row of about eight setae continuing to dorsal area; in dorsal view with dense fine setae especially near large truncate stridulatory process, setae becoming thicker near palpus. Stridulatory area with three to five flattened curved spines and broad truncate process distally (
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<figureCitation id="10AB2A413E388C11FC9CE3D1B11AB416" box="[830,887,752,773]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[175,214,1337,1356]" captionTargetBox="[175,1005,195,1323]" captionTargetId="figure-71@2.[175,1005,194,1323]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1–6. Pseudocotalpa sonorica, third instar larva. 1) Epipharynx; 2) labium; 3) mandibles left, right dorsal view, mandibles ventral view left, right; 4) last antennal segment, dorsalview; 5) maxillary stridulatory area; 6) left maxilla, central view." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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). Lacinia with many stout setae (
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<figureCitation id="10AB2A413E388C11FED2E22AB3C4B433" box="[368,425,779,800]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[175,214,1337,1356]" captionTargetBox="[175,1005,195,1323]" captionTargetId="figure-71@2.[175,1005,194,1323]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1–6. Pseudocotalpa sonorica, third instar larva. 1) Epipharynx; 2) labium; 3) mandibles left, right dorsal view, mandibles ventral view left, right; 4) last antennal segment, dorsalview; 5) maxillary stridulatory area; 6) left maxilla, central view." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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) and two unci. Galea with one conical uncus. Palpus four segmented; segment four with concavity near middle; third segment with two long setae; one long seta near base of palpus.
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<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E388C11FDBCE261B00AB446" box="[542,615,832,853]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Labium</emphasis>
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: Interior surface of glossa with many stout spines, which are longer near palpus. Hypopharyngeal sclerome slightly concave, with greatly raised process on right. Lateral lobe with many fine setae (
|
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<figureCitation id="10AB2A413E388C11FC92E254B107B499" box="[816,874,885,906]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[175,214,1337,1356]" captionTargetBox="[175,1005,195,1323]" captionTargetId="figure-71@2.[175,1005,194,1323]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1–6. Pseudocotalpa sonorica, third instar larva. 1) Epipharynx; 2) labium; 3) mandibles left, right dorsal view, mandibles ventral view left, right; 4) last antennal segment, dorsalview; 5) maxillary stridulatory area; 6) left maxilla, central view." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E388C11FCD9E254B1A7B499" box="[891,970,885,906]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Antenna</emphasis>
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: Five segmented, scape round, about three times diameter of pedicel. Segment three about two times as long as pedicel; fourth segment with distinctive raised lobe structure; fifth with about 12 sensory spots, five dorsal, six ventral and one on outer side, and sense cone present (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="10AB2A413E388C11FE0EE2FEB38AB4E7" box="[428,487,991,1012]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[175,214,1337,1356]" captionTargetBox="[175,1005,195,1323]" captionTargetId="figure-71@2.[175,1005,194,1323]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1–6. Pseudocotalpa sonorica, third instar larva. 1) Epipharynx; 2) labium; 3) mandibles left, right dorsal view, mandibles ventral view left, right; 4) last antennal segment, dorsalview; 5) maxillary stridulatory area; 6) left maxilla, central view." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E388C11FE5AE2FEB027B4E7" bold="true" box="[504,586,991,1012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Thorax.</emphasis>
|
||||
Sparsely setose with fine setae. Thoracic sclerite weakly formed, color pale tan. Spiracle respiratory plate C-shaped,
|
||||
<quantity id="4F689B213E388C11FCC1E2DBB1D5B31C" box="[867,952,1018,1039]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.75">0.75 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in diameter; bulla raised.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E388C11FED7E534B3C4B339" box="[373,425,1045,1066]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Legs:</emphasis>
|
||||
Femur, trochanter and tibiotarsus of all legs with many fine setae (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="10AB2A413E388C11FF59E50EB35BB357" box="[251,310,1071,1092]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[148,187,1412,1431]" captionTargetBox="[154,971,195,1399]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[154,971,194,1399]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 7–11. Pseudocotalpa sonorica, third-instar larva. 7) Ventral view abdomen seg. X; 8) metathoracic leg; 9) lateral view abdomen; 10) protarsungulus-tibiotarsus; 11) head, frontal view." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Protibiotarsus with three distinctly flattened setae near apex, almost fossorial (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="10AB2A413E388C11FF5DE56BB33FB34C" box="[255,338,1098,1119]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[148,187,1412,1431]" captionTargetBox="[154,971,195,1399]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[154,971,194,1399]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 7–11. Pseudocotalpa sonorica, third-instar larva. 7) Ventral view abdomen seg. X; 8) metathoracic leg; 9) lateral view abdomen; 10) protarsungulus-tibiotarsus; 11) head, frontal view." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Protarsungulus with two setae tips elongate. Meso and metatarsunguli progressively reduced in length, both with two setae present.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E388C11FCC5E545B1BDB36A" bold="true" box="[871,976,1124,1145]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Abdomen.</emphasis>
|
||||
Spiracles 1–4 diameter
|
||||
<quantity id="4F689B213E388C11FED4E55EB3A2B387" box="[374,463,1151,1172]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.95">0.95 mm</quantity>
|
||||
; spiracle 5 diameter
|
||||
<quantity id="4F689B213E388C11FD34E55EB082B387" box="[662,751,1151,1172]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.65">0.65 mm</quantity>
|
||||
; spiracles 6–8 diameter
|
||||
<quantity id="4F689B213E388C11FF36E5B8B286B3BD" box="[148,235,1177,1198]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.35">0.35 mm</quantity>
|
||||
. Segment I: Prescutum with 81 setae, of those 11 long, hairlike, same diameter as others; subscutum with 13 long setae; scutum with about 85 setae; spiracular area with 34 setae; scutellum with about 75 setae. Segments II–VII: Prescutum with about 100 setae; scutum and scutellum with same dense setae. Segments VIII-IX (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="10AB2A413E388C11FC25E5C8B1A8B3ED" box="[903,965,1257,1278]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[148,187,1412,1431]" captionTargetBox="[154,971,195,1399]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[154,971,194,1399]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 7–11. Pseudocotalpa sonorica, third-instar larva. 7) Ventral view abdomen seg. X; 8) metathoracic leg; 9) lateral view abdomen; 10) protarsungulus-tibiotarsus; 11) head, frontal view." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Segment X with dorsal impressed line present; palidia absent; many hamate setae near anal slit (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="10AB2A413E388C11FF4CE43FB346B220" box="[238,299,1310,1331]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[148,187,1412,1431]" captionTargetBox="[154,971,195,1399]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[154,971,194,1399]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 7–11. Pseudocotalpa sonorica, third-instar larva. 7) Ventral view abdomen seg. X; 8) metathoracic leg; 9) lateral view abdomen; 10) protarsungulus-tibiotarsus; 11) head, frontal view." pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C08A654F3E388C14FDAEE441B3B2B6F2" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="882F36C43E388C11FDAEE441B034B266" blockId="1.[524,601,1376,1397]" box="[524,601,1376,1397]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E388C11FDAEE441B034B266" bold="true" box="[524,601,1376,1397]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Biology</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="882F36C43E388C12FF0EE4A8B0FCB131" blockId="1.[148,977,1417,1571]" lastBlockId="2.[175,1005,1443,1570]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E388C11FF0EE4A8B377B28D" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1974" box="[172,282,1417,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonorica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E388C11FF0EE4A8B377B28D" box="[172,282,1417,1438]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">P. sonorica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were collected flying at dusk between 7:30 and 8:00 pm.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EC014B353E388C11FCEDE4A8B1BCB28D" author="Hardy" box="[847,977,1417,1438]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" pagination="301 - 302" refId="ref2059" refString="Hardy, A. R. 1976. Observations on the mating behavior of Pseudocotalpa giulianii Hardy. Coleopterists Bulletin 30 (3): 301 - 302." type="journal article" year="1976">Hardy (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
also noted the crepuscular habits. They were collected on evenings with an air temperature of about 21–248C with light wind. Windy evenings disturbed the beetles, producing few individuals of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E388C11FE71E4F9B027B2FE" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1974" box="[467,586,1496,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonorica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E388C11FE71E4F9B027B2FE" box="[467,586,1496,1517]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">P. sonorica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Specimens were taken on 22-iii-02 (
|
||||
<specimenCount id="9E96FD4D3E388C11FF38E4D2B374B11B" box="[154,281,1523,1544]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" type="generic">31specimens</specimenCount>
|
||||
), 31-iii-03 (14), 29-iii-05 (7), 5-iv-05 (39). They fly out of bushes of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E388C11FF36E72FB3FEB131" authority="Wheeler" authorityName="Wheeler" box="[148,403,1549,1571]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wigginsii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E388C11FF36E72FB355B130" box="[148,312,1550,1571]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Croton wigginsii</emphasis>
|
||||
Wheeler
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E388C11FE03E72FB080B131" authority="S. Watson" authorityName="S. Watson" box="[417,749,1549,1571]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Eriogonum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deserticola">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E388C11FE03E72FB012B130" box="[417,639,1550,1571]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Eriogonum deserticola</emphasis>
|
||||
S. Watson
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E388C12FC86E72FB358B2AB" authority="A. Gray. Both" authorityName="A. Gray. Both" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Dicora" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="33" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canescens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E388C11FC86E72FB1BDB130" box="[804,976,1550,1571]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Dicora canescens</emphasis>
|
||||
A. Gray. Both
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3B8C12FE99E482B3C3B2AB" box="[315,430,1443,1464]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wigginsii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3B8C12FE99E482B3C3B2AB" box="[315,430,1443,1464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">C. wigginsii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3B8C12FE79E482B033B2AB" box="[475,606,1443,1464]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Eriogonum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deserticola">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3B8C12FE79E482B033B2AB" box="[475,606,1443,1464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">E. deserticola</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are endemic to the Algodones Sand Dune system.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3B8C12FF5CE49FB300B2C0" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1974" box="[254,365,1470,1491]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonorica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3B8C12FF5CE49FB300B2C0" box="[254,365,1470,1491]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">P. sonorica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can also be collected with a mercury vapor bulb or any florescent light. Females were located on the sand by the sound of males buzzing their wings in a mating swarm, consisting of a female and several males fighting over her. Females do not seem to be strongly attracted to light sources.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DCEF664C3E3B8C12FF0DE418B0F9B26F" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" startId="2.[175,214,1337,1356]" targetBox="[175,1005,195,1323]" targetPageId="2">
|
||||
<paragraph id="882F36C43E3B8C12FF0DE418B0F9B26F" blockId="2.[175,1004,1337,1404]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3B8C12FF0DE418B36AB25F" bold="true" box="[175,263,1337,1356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">Figs. 1–6.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3B8C12FEBEE418B386B25F" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1974" box="[284,491,1337,1356]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonorica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3B8C12FEBEE418B386B25F" box="[284,491,1337,1356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">Pseudocotalpa sonorica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, third instar larva.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3B8C12FD31E418B0C8B25F" bold="true" box="[659,677,1337,1356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">1)</emphasis>
|
||||
Epipharynx;
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3B8C12FCBEE418B140B25F" bold="true" box="[796,813,1337,1356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">2)</emphasis>
|
||||
labium;
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3B8C12FCDFE418B1E3B25F" bold="true" box="[893,910,1337,1356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">3)</emphasis>
|
||||
mandibles left, right dorsal view, mandibles ventral view left, right;
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3B8C12FD3BE470B0C7B277" bold="true" box="[665,682,1361,1380]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">4)</emphasis>
|
||||
last antennal segment, dorsalview;
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3B8C12FC79E470B181B277" bold="true" box="[987,1004,1361,1380]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">5)</emphasis>
|
||||
maxillary stridulatory area;
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3B8C12FE3CE448B3DDB26F" bold="true" box="[414,432,1385,1404]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">6)</emphasis>
|
||||
left maxilla, central view.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="DCEF664C3E3A8C13FF36E4A5B1A2B2A3" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" startId="3.[148,187,1412,1431]" targetBox="[154,971,195,1399]" targetPageId="3">
|
||||
<paragraph id="882F36C43E3A8C13FF36E4A5B1A2B2A3" blockId="3.[148,977,1412,1456]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3A8C13FF36E4A5B295B284" bold="true" box="[148,248,1412,1431]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Figs. 7–11.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3A8C13FEAFE4A4B3B0B28B" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1974" box="[269,477,1413,1432]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonorica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3A8C13FEAFE4A4B3B0B28B" box="[269,477,1413,1432]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Pseudocotalpa sonorica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, third-instar larva.
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3A8C13FD28E4A5B0F1B284" bold="true" box="[650,668,1412,1431]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">7)</emphasis>
|
||||
Ventral view abdomen seg. X;
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3A8C13FC1DE4A5B1BCB284" bold="true" box="[959,977,1412,1431]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">8)</emphasis>
|
||||
metathoracic leg;
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3A8C13FE89E4BDB350B2BC" bold="true" box="[299,317,1436,1455]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">9)</emphasis>
|
||||
lateral view abdomen;
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3A8C13FDA6E4BDB04DB2BC" bold="true" box="[516,544,1436,1455]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">10)</emphasis>
|
||||
protarsungulus-tibiotarsus;
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3A8C13FCAFE4BDB144B2BC" bold="true" box="[781,809,1436,1455]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">11)</emphasis>
|
||||
head, frontal view.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="882F36C43E3D8C14FF65E1E3B3D6B64F" blockId="4.[175,1005,194,986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
The sand dunes are divided by HWY 78 and on the north side of the HWY there is plenty of vegetation and on the south side there is hardly any. This is due to the off roading of motor vehicles. There are almost no beetles on the south side of the HWY.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FF0DE033B351B634" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1971" box="[175,316,274,295]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FF0DE033B351B634" box="[175,316,274,295]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Pseudocotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
larvae may be feeding on bushes that have been buried by sand or are feeding on the roots of the plants. More investigation needs to be done to identify what their natural food source is.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="882F36C43E3D8C14FF65E043B3B2B6F2" blockId="4.[175,1005,194,986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FF65E043B356B664" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1974" box="[199,315,354,375]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonorica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FF65E043B356B664" box="[199,315,354,375]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">P. sonorica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is not completely allopatric with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FD3EE043B17EB664" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1971" box="[668,787,354,375]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andrewsi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FD3EE043B17EB664" box="[668,787,354,375]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">P. andrewsi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, both ranges overlap slightly in the dunes.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FEDFE05DB386B682" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1974" box="[381,491,380,401]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonorica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FEDFE05DB386B682" box="[381,491,380,401]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">P. sonorica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is collected at or near the peaks of the dunes whereas
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FF0DE0B6B348B6BF" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1971" box="[175,293,407,428]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andrewsi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FF0DE0B6B348B6BF" box="[175,293,407,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">P. andrewsi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is primarily collected in the habitat at the base of the dunes. The two species may be feeding on different host plant species. The vegetation at the base of the dunes is different from the top.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C08A654F3E3D8C14FF65E0C7B3F4B4C9" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="882F36C43E3D8C14FF65E0C7B3F4B4C9" blockId="4.[175,1005,194,986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FF65E0C7B347B6E8" bold="true" box="[199,298,486,507]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||||
The larvae of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FE64E0C6B03EB6EF" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1971" box="[454,595,487,508]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FE64E0C6B03EB6EF" box="[454,595,487,508]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Pseudocotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
may be distinguished from other similar larvae based upon the following differences.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FDDFE320B167B505" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1971" box="[637,778,513,534]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FDDFE320B167B505" box="[637,778,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Pseudocotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is placed in the tribe
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FF0DE33DB296B522" authorityName="MacLeay" authorityYear="1819" box="[175,251,540,561]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" rank="tribe" tribe="Rutelini">Rutelini</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and differs from similar tribes in the Rutelinae according to Ritcher’s key (1966) on the basis of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FE34E317B06AB558" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1974" box="[406,519,566,587]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonorica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FE34E317B06AB558" box="[406,519,566,587]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">P. sonorica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
having two or more dorsal sensory spots on the terminal segment of the antenna. With in this tribe
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FD09E370B155B575" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1971" box="[683,824,593,614]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FD09E370B155B575" box="[683,824,593,614]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Pseudocotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is most similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FF0DE34AB31AB593" authority="Burmeister." authorityName="Burmeister." box="[175,375,619,640]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Cotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FF0DE34AB291B593" box="[175,252,619,640]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Cotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
Burmeister.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FE22E34AB060B593" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1971" box="[384,525,619,640]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FE22E34AB060B593" box="[384,525,619,640]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Pseudocotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FD3AE34AB088B593" box="[664,741,619,640]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Cotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FD3AE34AB088B593" box="[664,741,619,640]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Cotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by having short spinelike setae on the head. Also there are two pits on the head capsule that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FCE7E3A7B1FFB588" box="[837,914,646,667]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Cotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FCE7E3A7B1FFB588" box="[837,914,646,667]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Cotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
does not have. The anterior annulet in abdominal segment VII is also covered in a dense covering of short setae whereas
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FE58E39AB02AB5C3" box="[506,583,699,720]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Cotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FE58E39AB02AB5C3" box="[506,583,699,720]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Cotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is without such coverage.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FCFDE39AB36FB5F8" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonorica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FCFDE39AB36FB5F8" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Pseudocotalpa sonorica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
runs to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FEF7E3F7B3CFB5F8" box="[341,418,726,747]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Cotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FEF7E3F7B3CFB5F8" box="[341,418,726,747]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Cotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in both the keys of
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EC014B353E3D8C14FDCBE3F7B09BB5F8" author="Ritcher" box="[617,758,726,747]" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" pagination="100 - 127" refId="ref2198" refString="Ritcher, P. O. 1966. White grubs and their allies. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis. 100 - 127 pp." type="book chapter" year="1966">Ritcher (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and Jameson and Morón (2001).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FEA2E3D1B3E0B416" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1971" box="[256,397,752,773]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FEA2E3D1B3E0B416" box="[256,397,752,773]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Pseudocotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FDB8E3D1B09EB416" authority="Westwood" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1842" box="[538,755,752,773]" class="Peranemea" family="Astasiidae" genus="Parastasia" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Natomonadida" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FDB8E3D1B0ECB416" box="[538,641,752,773]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Parastasia</emphasis>
|
||||
Westwood
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FC89E3D1B181B416" authority="Macleay" authorityName="Macleay" box="[811,1004,752,773]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Macraspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FC89E3D1B1E2B416" box="[811,911,752,773]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Macraspis</emphasis>
|
||||
Macleay
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
because it does not have palidia. It differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FD2EE22AB0A7B433" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[652,714,779,800]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Rutela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FD2EE22AB0A7B433" box="[652,714,779,800]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Rutela</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
because
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FC84E22AB1DEB433" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1971" box="[806,947,779,800]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FC84E22AB1DEB433" box="[806,947,779,800]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Pseudocotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
lacks plegmata on the epipharynx.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FE43E204B003B429" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1971" box="[481,622,805,826]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FE43E204B003B429" box="[481,622,805,826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Pseudocotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FCA0E204B1D1B429" authority="Macleay" authorityName="Macleay" box="[770,956,805,826]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pelidnota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FCA0E204B133B429" box="[770,862,805,826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Pelidnota</emphasis>
|
||||
Macleay
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FF0DE261B32BB446" authority="Kirby" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1828" box="[175,326,832,853]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Chrysina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FF0DE261B36BB446" box="[175,262,832,853]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Chrysina</emphasis>
|
||||
Kirby
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FE36E261B04CB446" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1971" box="[404,545,832,853]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FE36E261B04CB446" box="[404,545,832,853]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Pseudocotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has a head densely covered with setae and the haptomerum is beaklike and it has three to five maxillary stridulatory teeth.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FF0DE254B351B499" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1971" box="[175,316,885,906]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FF0DE254B351B499" box="[175,316,885,906]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Pseudocotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
differs from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FE6CE254B0E2B499" authority="Ohaus" authorityName="Ohaus" authorityYear="1915" box="[462,655,885,906]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Paracotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FE6CE254B028B499" box="[462,581,885,906]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Paracotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
Ohaus
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in that the setae on the head of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FF0DE2B1B351B4B6" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1971" box="[175,316,912,933]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FF0DE2B1B351B4B6" box="[175,316,912,933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Pseudocotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are short and the labrum is without two crescent-shaped ridges. Also in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4F904D473E3D8C14FF0DE28BB351B4AC" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1971" box="[175,316,938,959]" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudocotalpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="BAE4EAD63E3D8C14FF0DE28BB351B4AC" box="[175,316,938,959]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="35">Pseudocotalpa</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
the spiracles on abdominal segments VII–VIII are much smaller than the preceding segments.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
286
data/03/97/15/03971554BD58FFE2CFF6FF3C2C085505.xml
Normal file
286
data/03/97/15/03971554BD58FFE2CFF6FF3C2C085505.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
|
|||
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<mods:mods id="918CF682D9E257792019083BF6540332" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="17587636A6A0B1CA8443B38EA635F4F8">
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<mods:title id="4C89A212C29066720F587188382EC47C">Monsanima tinguaensis (Apocynaceae), an enigmatic new species from Atlantic rainforest</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="AEEFDCE0AF617F77A0367826708EC6B0">Santos, Renata Gabrielle Pinheiro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8484992F3A61C83EB1ABCE09350FBE7B">Rapini, Alessandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B2D6166C3EF5C34E049C6C98BE89EF50">Fontella-Pereira, Jorge</mods:namePart>
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||||
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<mods:namePart id="0A638A356B48FC31327807DA6FCE65D4">Liede-Schumann, Sigrid</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1C061619EF23BFBF62A56EF75F291E68">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="084CF217AD94E0DA3535408BF17CB74E">2014-06-27</mods:number>
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|
||||
<treatment id="03971554BD58FFE2CFF6FF3C2C085505" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03971554BD58FFE2CFF6FF3C2C085505" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03971554BD58FFE2CFF6FF3C2C085505" lastPageNumber="201" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C324F7C9BD58FFE2CFF6FF3C2A015C2A" box="[136,834,237,264]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B81A442BD58FFE2CFF6FF3C2A015C2A" blockId="5.[136,834,237,264]" box="[136,834,237,264]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EDFC1BD58FFE2CFF6FF3C2BC25C25" ID-CoL="449XY" authority="R.Santos & Fontella" authorityName="R. Santos & Fontella" authorityYear="2014" box="[136,641,237,264]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Monsanima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tinguaensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CFF6FF3C28D05C25" box="[136,403,238,263]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Monsanima tinguaensis</emphasis>
|
||||
R.Santos & Fontella
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CDF2FF3C2BA25C25" box="[652,737,238,263]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">
|
||||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A279C52BBD58FFE2CDF2FF3C2BA25C25" box="[652,737,238,263]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="1305B8C7BD58FFE2CD91FF3F2A775C2A" box="[751,820,237,264]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[136,235,1952,1976]" captionTargetBox="[241,1343,210,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-18@6.[224,1362,190,1929]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Monsanima tinguensis (from the holotype). A. branch with flowers; B. inflorescence; C. flower with a corolla lobe removed to show the corona; D. flower with a corolla lobe and part of corona removed showing the gynostegium; E. individual corona lobe dissected, lateral view; F. gynostegium; G. anther; H. pollinaria." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5151289" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5151289/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C324F7C9BD58FFE2CFF6FEE12A745CDE" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" type="diagnosis">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B81A442BD58FFE2CFF6FEE12A745CDE" blockId="5.[136,1452,306,580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EDFC1BD58FFE2CFF6FEE1282E5C6A" authorityName="R. Santos & Fontella" authorityYear="2014" box="[136,365,307,328]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Monsanima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tinguaensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CFF6FEE1282E5C6A" box="[136,365,307,328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Monsanima tinguaensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is similar to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EDFC1BD58FFE2CE92FEE12A3F5C6A" authority="(Goyder) Liede & Meve" authorityName="Liede & Meve" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Goyder" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[492,892,306,328]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Monsanima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="morrenioides">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CE92FEE12BC85C65" box="[492,651,306,328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">M. morrenioides</emphasis>
|
||||
(Goyder) Liede & Meve
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
because of the slender habit, extra-axillary inflorescences shorter than leaves, corona with fluted lobes, almost entirely connate, free only at the apex, where they arch over the gynostegium, and pollinaria with short, flattened, broader than long, hyaline caudicles. However, it differs by the longer petiole (>
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CA5CFEA82C125CB2" box="[1314,1361,378,400]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||||
vs. <
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CAF3FEA829995C96" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="cm" value="0.3">0.3 cm</quantity>
|
||||
long), larger (> 7.5 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CED1FE4C289D5C96" box="[431,478,414,436]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||||
vs. <3.5 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CD2FFE4C2BD55C96" box="[593,662,414,436]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="cm" value="0.5">0.5 cm</quantity>
|
||||
), elliptic to oblong (vs. linear to narrowly lanceolate) leaf blade, corymbiform (vs. umbelliform) inflorescences, larger (>
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CD4AFE102B3B5CFA" box="[564,632,450,472]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||||
vs. <
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CDCBFE112BAF5CFA" box="[693,748,451,472]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long), rotate (vs. campanulate) corolla, anthers with (vs. without) anther appendages, and longer pollinia (>
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CD6EFE342B265CDE" box="[528,613,486,508]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="mm" value="0.65">0.65 mm</quantity>
|
||||
vs. ca.
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CDD0FE342BB45CDE" box="[686,759,486,508]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C324F7C9BD58FFE2CFF6FDD92A145F66" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B81A442BD58FFE2CFF6FDD92A145F66" blockId="5.[136,1452,306,580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="3B56AE1FBD58FFE2CFF6FDD92A105F66" collectingDate="2002-01-30" collectionCode="RB" collectorName="J. Silva Neto" country="Brazil" location="" REBIO [Reserva Biologica] do Tingua, trilha para o Pico, entre a primeira pedra e o pico "" municipality="Nova Iguacu" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||||
Type:―
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F329E4D2BD58FFE2CFA8FDD928735F02" box="[214,304,523,544]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49FA6AA0BD58FFE2CE45FDD828885F02" box="[315,459,522,544]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE53E38BD58FFE2CEA8FDD92B155F02" box="[470,598,523,544]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Nova Iguaçu</collectingMunicipality>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<location id="8EE1F299BD58FFE2CD1FFDD829B75F66" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03971554BD58FFE2CFF6FF3C2C085505:8EE1F299BD58FFE2CD1FFDD829B75F66" country="Brazil" municipality="Nova Iguacu" name="" REBIO [Reserva Biologica] do Tingua, trilha para o Pico, entre a primeira pedra e o pico "" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro">“REBIO [Reserva Biológica] do Tinguá, trilha para o Pico, entre a primeira pedra e o pico”</location>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<date id="FF808282BD58FFE2CF83FDFC28DF5F61" box="[253,412,558,580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" value="2002-01-30">
|
||||
<collectingDate id="EFC47B6ABD58FFE2CF83FDFC28DF5F61" box="[253,412,558,580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" value="2002-01-30">30 January 2002</collectingDate>
|
||||
</date>
|
||||
(fl.),
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CEADFDFD2BFA5F61" box="[467,697,558,580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">
|
||||
<collectorName id="26CBC194BD58FFE2CEADFDFD2B0F5F66" box="[467,588,558,580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">J. Silva Neto</collectorName>
|
||||
et al. 1654
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54851AE0BD58FFE2CDBBFDFC2A585F66" box="[709,795,558,580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||||
<collectionCode id="ED2F3C87BD58FFE2CC5FFDFC2A0B5F66" box="[801,840,558,580]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">RB</collectionCode>
|
||||
!)
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C324F7C9BD58FFE2CFF6FDBE2DED5ECC" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B81A442BD58FFE2CFF6FDBE2DED5ECC" blockId="5.[136,1452,620,2087]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">
|
||||
Slender vine; branches hirsute. Leaves with 3 or 4 colleters at midrib base; petiole
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CC84FDBE2D375FA5" box="[1018,1140,620,647]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="cm" value="2.1" valueMax="2.9" valueMin="1.3">1.3–2.9 cm</quantity>
|
||||
long, hirsute; leaf blade 7.6– 8.3 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CFBBFD42286F5F89" box="[197,300,656,683]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="cm" value="3.7" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.4">3.4–4 cm</quantity>
|
||||
, elliptic to oblong, apex acuminate to mucronate, base truncate to slightly cordate, hirsute on both surfaces, especially on midrib. Inflorescences extra-axillary, corymbiform, 3–5 flowered, shorter than the leaves; peduncle ca.
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CAE0FD6729F05FD1" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long, densely hirsute. Flowers with pedicel
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CDE2FD0A2A5B5FD1" box="[668,792,728,755]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2999999999999998" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="cm" value="1.2999999999999998" valueMax="1.4" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.4 cm</quantity>
|
||||
long, densely hirsute; sepals 6–7 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CBDBFD0A2C6E5FD1" box="[1189,1325,728,755]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="mm" value="1.15" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, surpassing the corolla tube, narrowly triangular, hirsute on the abaxial surface, 1 colleter in sinuses; corolla rotate, white with vinose stripes, tube
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CE6EFCF228295E19" box="[272,362,800,827]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long, glabrous, lobes 8–12 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CDD9FCF22A6F5E19" box="[679,812,800,827]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.5" valueMin="4.5">4.5–6.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, ovate, acuminate at the apex, glabrous; corona lobes 5–6 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CFF6FC9629B95E7D" box="[136,250,836,863]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="mm" value="3.25" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="3.0">3–3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, slightly sigmoid, fluted, almost entirely connate, free only at the apex, longer than anthers, strongly incurvate over gynostegium. Gynostegium ca.
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CD5FFCBA2B215EA1" box="[545,610,872,899]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long, sessile; anthers 1.8–2 × ca.
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CCA0FCBA2D745EA1" box="[990,1079,872,899]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, subtriangular, wings extended in a protuberant appendix over the dorsum, anther appendages ca.
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CC2EFC5E2AE55E85" box="[848,934,908,935]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long, ovate to slightly rhombical; retinaculum 0.47–0.49 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CE64FC6228835EE9" box="[282,448,944,971]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.8999999999999999" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="mm" value="0.12" valueMax="0.15" valueMin="0.09">0.09–0.15 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, oblong, caudicles
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CDE5FC622A7D5EE9" box="[667,830,944,971]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="mm" value="0.135" valueMax="0.14" valueMin="0.13">0.13–0.14 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long, horizontal, broader than long, flattened, hyaline, pollinia 0.66–0.68 ×
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CE13FC062B4C5ECD" box="[365,527,980,1007]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="mm" value="0.245" valueMax="0.26" valueMin="0.23">0.23–0.26 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, suboblong; style-head slightly mammillate. Fruits unknown.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C324F7C9BD58FFE2CFC3FC2A2B1C58BC" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B81A442BD58FFE2CFC3FC2A2B1C58BC" blockId="5.[136,1452,620,2087]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CFC3FC2A28A75930" bold="true" box="[189,484,1016,1042]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Distribution and habitat:</emphasis>
|
||||
―
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EDFC1BD58FFE2CD7EFC2B2A4B5930" authorityName="R. Santos & Fontella" authorityYear="2014" box="[512,776,1017,1042]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Monsanima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tinguaensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CD7EFC2B2A4B5930" box="[512,776,1017,1042]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Monsanima tinguaensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is known only from the
|
||||
<typeStatus id="54851AE0BD58FFE2CB77FC2B2D7A5931" box="[1033,1081,1017,1043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
specimen, collected at the Pico do Tinguá (Tinguá Peak), in the Tinguá Biological Reserve. The Reserve was created in 1989 and is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 1991 (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFD9B3BD58FFE2CE0BFB922B5B5979" author="IBAMA & Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente & Recursos Naturais Renovaveis" box="[373,536,1088,1115]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" refId="ref5305" refString="IBAMA - Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renovaveis (2006) Plano de Manejo - Reserva Biologica do Tingua. Ministerio do Meio Ambiente, Brasilia. Available from: http: // www. icmbio. gov. br / portal / images / stories / imgs-unidadescoservacao / rebio _ tingua. pdf (accessed: 5 March 2014)." type="url" year="2006">IBAMA 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). It is located between 22º28’–
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0AC285BD58FFE2CC04FB922A915978" box="[890,978,1088,1114]" degrees="22" direction="south" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" precision="925" value="-22.666666">22º40’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
and 43º10’–
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0AC285BD58FFE2CB1DFB922D8A5979" box="[1123,1225,1088,1115]" degrees="43" direction="west" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" precision="925" value="-43.583332">43º35’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
, encompassing four municipalities (Nova Iguaçu, Duque de Caxias, Petrópolis and Miguel Pereira), and about 26,000 ha (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFD9B3BD58FFE2CB80FBB62CE3595D" author="IBAMA & Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente & Recursos Naturais Renovaveis" box="[1278,1440,1124,1151]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" refId="ref5305" refString="IBAMA - Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renovaveis (2006) Plano de Manejo - Reserva Biologica do Tingua. Ministerio do Meio Ambiente, Brasilia. Available from: http: // www. icmbio. gov. br / portal / images / stories / imgs-unidadescoservacao / rebio _ tingua. pdf (accessed: 5 March 2014)." type="url" year="2006">IBAMA 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the reserve (ca. 90%) is located in Serra do Mar and is dominated by mountain rainforest. The Maciço do Tinguá (Tinguá Massif) is the highest spot in the region, reaching over
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CCE3FB7E2ABB59E5" box="[925,1016,1196,1223]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="m" value="1600.0">1,600 m</quantity>
|
||||
at the “Topo da Pedra do Tinguá” (Top of Tinguá Rock) (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFD9B3BD58FFE2CE31FB0228B359C9" author="IBAMA & Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente & Recursos Naturais Renovaveis" box="[335,496,1232,1259]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" refId="ref5305" refString="IBAMA - Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renovaveis (2006) Plano de Manejo - Reserva Biologica do Tingua. Ministerio do Meio Ambiente, Brasilia. Available from: http: // www. icmbio. gov. br / portal / images / stories / imgs-unidadescoservacao / rebio _ tingua. pdf (accessed: 5 March 2014)." type="url" year="2006">IBAMA 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). At these high altitudes, beyond forest limits and at rock scrapes, an open vegetation called
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CFA8FB2728F2582C" box="[214,433,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">campos de altitude</emphasis>
|
||||
usually appears (Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFD9B3BD58FFE2CCA2FB262C29582C" author="Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro" box="[988,1386,1268,1294]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" refId="ref5371" refString="Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro (2002) Paisagem e Flora da Reserva Biologica do Tingua: subsidios ao monitoramento da vegetacao. Relatorio Tecnico-Cientifico, Rio de Janeiro." type="book" year="2002">
|
||||
Botânico do
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49FA6AA0BD58FFE2CB0CFB262C5C582C" box="[1138,1311,1268,1294]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, 2002
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The narrow distribution of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EDFC1BD58FFE2CEF1FACB2B745810" authorityName="R. Santos & Fontella" authorityYear="2014" box="[399,567,1305,1330]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Monsanima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tinguaensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CEF1FACB2B745810" box="[399,567,1305,1330]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">M. tinguaensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, restricted to high altitudes in Serra do Mar, reassembles the distribution of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EDFC1BD58FFE2CFF6FAEF28005874" authorityName="Liede & Meve" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Goyder" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[136,323,1340,1366]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Monsanima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="morrenioides">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CFF6FAEF28005874" box="[136,323,1340,1366]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">M. morrenioides</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which is known only from Pico das Almas in Chapada Diamantina,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49FA6AA0BD58FFE2CB1CFAEE2DAA5874" box="[1122,1257,1340,1366]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
|
||||
. This disjunction suggests that the first lineage(s) to diverge in the evolution of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EDFC1BD58FFE2CC31FAB22A915858" authorityName="Liede & Rapini" authorityYear="2005" box="[847,978,1376,1402]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Orthosiinae">Orthosiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are currently restricted to small relicts of preserved vegetation in mountain refuges.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C324F7C9BD58FFE2CFC3FA7A2C1A5AFD" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" type="conservation">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B81A442BD58FFE2CFC3FA7A2BAE5BC0" blockId="5.[136,1452,620,2087]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CFC3FA7A28F758E0" bold="true" box="[189,436,1448,1474]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Conservation status:</emphasis>
|
||||
―
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49FA6AA0BD58FFE2CEAFFA7A2B3058E0" box="[465,627,1448,1474]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
||||
has being floristically explored since the first naturalists visited
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F329E4D2BD58FFE2CA34FA7A2CCD58E0" box="[1354,1422,1448,1474]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
in the 18’s century and collecting a new species in this State, especially close to metropolitan areas, seems to be unlikely. However, it is a megadiverse State and shelters an exceptionally high number of species with narrow distribution (≤
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CFF6F9C628415B0C" box="[136,258,1556,1582]" metricMagnitude="7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="km" value="10000.0">10,000 km</quantity>
|
||||
<superScript id="7C4B090ABD58FFE2CE7FF9C6284A5B00" attach="left" box="[257,265,1556,1570]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">2</superScript>
|
||||
), mainly in the Atlantic rainforest of Serra do Mar (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFD9B3BD58FFE2CC23F9C62D735B0C" author="Rapini, A. & Andrade, M. J. & Giulietti, A. M. & Queiroz, L. P. & Silva, J. M. C." box="[861,1072,1556,1582]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" pagination="23 - 35" refId="ref6091" refString="Rapini, A., Andrade, M. J. G, Giulietti, A. M., Queiroz, L. P. & Silva, J. M. C. (2009). Introducao. In Giulietti, A. M., Rapini, A., Andrade, M. J. G, Queiroz, L. P. & Silva, J. M. C. (orgs.) Plantas raras do Brasil. Conservacao Internacional, Belo Horizonte, 23 - 35." type="book chapter" year="2009">
|
||||
Rapini
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CCCFF9C72AA85B0C" box="[945,1003,1556,1582]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2009
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). This circumstance suggests that
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EDFC1BD58FFE2CFF6F9EB28D55B70" authorityName="R. Santos & Fontella" authorityYear="2014" box="[136,406,1593,1618]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Monsanima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tinguaensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CFF6F9EB28D55B70" box="[136,406,1593,1618]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Monsanima tinguaensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a rare species, whose distribution is naturally narrow, currently likely restricted to only one of the few preserved areas of Atlantic rainforest in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49FA6AA0BD58FFE2CC7FF98E2AE95B54" box="[769,938,1628,1654]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
||||
. Known from a single location only, the new species is probably threatened like its congeneric
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C3EDFC1BD58FFE2CDD5F9532A205BB8" authorityName="Liede & Meve" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Goyder" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[683,867,1664,1690]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Monsanima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="morrenioides">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CDD5F9532A205BB8" box="[683,867,1664,1690]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">M. morrenioides</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which is Critically Endangered (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFD9B3BD58FFE2CBABF9522CE35BB8" author="Rapini, A. & Koch, I. & Valente, A. S. M. & Fernandez, E. P. & Monteiro, N. P. & Messina, T." box="[1237,1440,1664,1690]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" pagination="157 - 174" refId="ref6412" refString="Rapini, A., Koch, I., Valente, A. S. M., Fernandez, E. P., Monteiro, N. P. & Messina, T. (2013) Apocynaceae. In: Martinelli, G. & Moraes, M. A. (orgs.) Livro Vermelho da Flora do Brasil. Andrea Jakobsson e Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 157 - 174." type="book chapter" year="2013">
|
||||
Rapini
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CA59F9532C1D5BB8" box="[1319,1374,1664,1690]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2013
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Nevertheless, it occurs in a reserve, with more than
|
||||
<quantity id="4CC609A7BD58FFE2CDA1F9762A1A5B9C" box="[735,857,1700,1726]" metricMagnitude="7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" unit="km" value="20000.0">20,000 km</quantity>
|
||||
<superScript id="7C4B090ABD58FFE2CC27F9762A225B90" attach="left" box="[857,865,1700,1714]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">2</superScript>
|
||||
of protected vegetation and should be classified as vulnerable according to the
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFD9B3BD58FFE2CEBFF91A2B145BC0" author="IUCN & Cambridge, UK" box="[449,599,1736,1762]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" refId="ref5405" refString="IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland & Cambridge, UK." type="book" year="2001">IUCN (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
criterion D2.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B81A442BD58FFE2CFC3F93F2C1A5AFD" blockId="5.[136,1452,620,2087]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">
|
||||
In spite of the widespread destruction of Atlantic Forest, only 1% of its original area is under protection (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFD9B3BD58FFE2CA2BF93E28465A08" author="Ribeiro, M. C. & Metzger, J. P. & Martensen, A. C. & Ponzoni, F. J. & Hirota, M. M." pageId="5" pageNumber="201" pagination="1141 - 1153" refId="ref6551" refString="Ribeiro, M. C., Metzger, J. P., Martensen, A. C., Ponzoni, F. J. & Hirota, M. M. (2009) The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: How much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 142: 1141 - 1153. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2009.02.021" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||||
Ribeiro
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CFF6F8C329825A08" box="[136,193,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2009
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The Tinguá Biological Reserve is an exception in this long history of environmental degradation: it is in a metropolitan area in
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49FA6AA0BD58FFE2CEFDF8E62B675A6C" box="[387,548,1844,1870]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
||||
and still shelters some of the most preserved forests in southeastern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F329E4D2BD58FFE2CA5FF8E62C2A5A6C" box="[1313,1385,1844,1870]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. Such a high level of conservation is due to one of the first acts of nature protection in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="F329E4D2BD58FFE2CB62F88A2D205A50" box="[1052,1123,1880,1906]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, dating back to 1833. At that time, Dom Pedro II, the country’s Emperor, declared an area comprising three farms in the slope of Tinguá Massif as “Floresta Protetora” (Protective Forest; Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAFD9B3BD58FFE2CCC6F8722C735A98" author="Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro" box="[952,1328,1952,1978]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" refId="ref5371" refString="Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro (2002) Paisagem e Flora da Reserva Biologica do Tingua: subsidios ao monitoramento da vegetacao. Relatorio Tecnico-Cientifico, Rio de Janeiro." type="book" year="2002">
|
||||
Botânico do
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49FA6AA0BD58FFE2CB36F8722DAF5A98" box="[1096,1260,1952,1978]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
|
||||
2002
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Since the region presents a high number of rare species, other new relict species are expected to be found in the reserve.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C324F7C9BD58FFE2CFC3F83A2C085505" pageId="5" pageNumber="201" type="etymology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B81A442BD58FFE2CFC3F83A2C085505" blockId="5.[136,1452,620,2087]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CFC3F83A280B5520" bold="true" box="[189,328,2024,2050]" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||||
―The specific epithet ‘
|
||||
<emphasis id="B94A7850BD58FFE2CD39F83B2B845520" box="[583,711,2025,2050]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="201">tinguaensis</emphasis>
|
||||
’ refers to the locality where the plant was collected.In Tupi-Guarani, a Brazilian indigenous language, “Tinguá” means “the shape of a nose” in reference of the scarp appearance.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,56 +1,59 @@
|
|||
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<mods:classification id="F697DD79A1BF2389E7FBC7EB5113362A">journal article</mods:classification>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03DF87D539094D1DFF6CFC3DD186F9F5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DF87D539094D1DFF6CFC3DD186F9F5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87D539094D1DFF6CFC3DD186F9F5" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="0" pageNumber="59">
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<treatment id="03DF87D539094D1DFF6CFC3DD186F9F5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15195816" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15195816" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DF87D539094D1DFF6CFC3DD186F9F5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87D539094D1DFF6CFC3DD186F9F5" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="0" pageNumber="59" scope_family="Scarabaeidae" scope_subFamily="Dynastinae">
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<subSubSection id="C36C654839094D1FFF6CFC3DD253FBD1" box="[199,525,1009,1030]" pageId="0" pageNumber="59" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="8BC936C339094D1FFF6CFC3DD253FBD1" blockId="0.[175,1005,1009,1269]" box="[199,525,1009,1030]" pageId="0" pageNumber="59">
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D4039094D1FFF6CFC3DD253FBD1" authority="Hardy (1972)" authorityName="Hardy" authorityYear="1972" box="[199,525,1009,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sleeperi">
|
||||
|
|
@ -130,11 +133,11 @@ are included in hopes to aid the recognition of phylogenetically important chara
|
|||
<paragraph id="8BC936C339084D1EFF07FE8BD34DFBFD" blockId="1.[148,978,327,1570]" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B902EAD139084D1EFF07FE8BD0BEFE8B" box="[172,224,327,348]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Head</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="134D2A4639084D1EFF59FE8BD171FE8B" box="[242,303,327,348]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[169,208,1114,1133]" captionTargetBox="[176,950,194,1093]" captionTargetId="figure-188@3.[175,950,194,1093]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 5–8. Megasoma sleeperi, third instar. 5) labium; 6) protarsis; 7) head capsule; 8) ventral view abdomen." pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="134D2A4639084D1EFF59FE8BD171FE8B" box="[242,303,327,348]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[169,208,1114,1133]" captionTargetBox="[176,950,194,1093]" captionTargetId="figure-188@3.[175,950,194,1093]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 5–8. Megasoma sleeperi, third instar. 5) labium; 6) protarsis; 7) head capsule; 8) ventral view abdomen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15195820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15195820/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Head capsule width
|
||||
<quantity id="4C8E9B2639084D1EFDA7FE8BD204FE8B" box="[524,602,327,348]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
. Epicranium surface pitted, irregularly dark red brown color; setae present on sides of epicranium around occiput. Frons same color and texture as epicranium. Clypeus with same punctation as cranium. Clypeus with four long setae on pleural margins and two setae medially. Labrum subtrapezoidal. Labrum with four central setae and 12 lateral setae; finer setae scattered on surface. Two distinctive setae on the center come out of large pits. Epipharynx (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="134D2A4639084D1EFC8AFE00D307FE36" box="[801,857,460,481]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[197,236,1393,1412]" captionTargetBox="[209,968,195,1372]" captionTargetId="figure-44@2.[209,972,194,1372]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1–4. Megasoma sleeperi, third instar. 1) epipharynx; 2) abdominal spiracle; 3) dorsal rt., lt. mandible; 4) ventral lt., rt. mandible." pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="134D2A4639084D1EFC8AFE00D307FE36" box="[801,857,460,481]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[197,236,1393,1412]" captionTargetBox="[209,968,195,1372]" captionTargetId="figure-44@2.[209,972,194,1372]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1–4. Megasoma sleeperi, third instar. 1) epipharynx; 2) abdominal spiracle; 3) dorsal rt., lt. mandible; 4) ventral lt., rt. mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15195818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15195818/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
) with fused zygum and epizygum forming moderately raised, longitudinal, sclerotized tubercle on haptomerum; chaetoparia left side broader containing 38 spinelike setae; right side with 34, setae blending into the gymnoparia; acanthoparia on left side with 11 setae; right acanthoparia have ten; pedium broad semicircular; acroparia and corypha merged, left with 14 curved setae right with 21. Heli and plegmatia absent. Sense cone produced into rounded lobe. Dexiotorma narrow. Sclerotized plate on immediate lower right of dexiotorma. Laeotorma elongate, pternotorma present as rounded lobe. Crepis present only as strong sulcus. Right mandible with five well-marked teeth, notches present between S
|
||||
<quantity id="4C8E9B2639084D1EFF52FD77D146FD07" box="[249,280,698,720]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" unit="t" value="1.0">
|
||||
1
|
||||
|
|
@ -146,25 +149,25 @@ are included in hopes to aid the recognition of phylogenetically important chara
|
|||
<emphasis id="B902EAD139084D1EFC06FD19D3E1FD3C" bold="true" box="[941,959,725,747]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">þ</emphasis>
|
||||
</quantity>
|
||||
2 and S3, S4 produced as small bump that is more significant in younger specimens, S4 broad rounded tooth; two molar lobes. First molar lobe greatly produced rounded; stridulatory area well marked on ventral surface (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="134D2A4639084D1EFDCEFCEAD2C1FCEC" box="[613,671,806,827]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[197,236,1393,1412]" captionTargetBox="[209,968,195,1372]" captionTargetId="figure-44@2.[209,972,194,1372]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1–4. Megasoma sleeperi, third instar. 1) epipharynx; 2) abdominal spiracle; 3) dorsal rt., lt. mandible; 4) ventral lt., rt. mandible." pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="134D2A4639084D1EFDCEFCEAD2C1FCEC" box="[613,671,806,827]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[197,236,1393,1412]" captionTargetBox="[209,968,195,1372]" captionTargetId="figure-44@2.[209,972,194,1372]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1–4. Megasoma sleeperi, third instar. 1) epipharynx; 2) abdominal spiracle; 3) dorsal rt., lt. mandible; 4) ventral lt., rt. mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15195818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15195818/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Left mandible’s dorsal surface (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="134D2A4639084D1EFF30FC8CD08DFC82" box="[155,211,832,853]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[197,236,1393,1412]" captionTargetBox="[209,968,195,1372]" captionTargetId="figure-44@2.[209,972,194,1372]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1–4. Megasoma sleeperi, third instar. 1) epipharynx; 2) abdominal spiracle; 3) dorsal rt., lt. mandible; 4) ventral lt., rt. mandible." pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="134D2A4639084D1EFF30FC8CD08DFC82" box="[155,211,832,853]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[197,236,1393,1412]" captionTargetBox="[209,968,195,1372]" captionTargetId="figure-44@2.[209,972,194,1372]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1–4. Megasoma sleeperi, third instar. 1) epipharynx; 2) abdominal spiracle; 3) dorsal rt., lt. mandible; 4) ventral lt., rt. mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15195818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15195818/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
) with row 8–12 setae near molar area; dorsal surface with two distinct crater-like depressions each producing large setae; brustia with one row of stout setae. Labium with galea well-developed, conical uncus. Mala with apical uncus of galea welldeveloped and three conical unci fused at bases at apex of lacinia; maxillary stridulatory file containing eight trapezoidal files, one wide truncate anterior tubercle. Labium cylindrical. Glossa with weakly sclerotized area. Hypopharynx with hypopharyngeal sclerome strongly developed; left lobe hypopharyngeal area with central row of long fine setae; right hypopharyngeal lobe with row of long fine setae (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="134D2A4639084D1EFD56FC36D368FBD8" box="[765,822,1018,1039]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[169,208,1114,1133]" captionTargetBox="[176,950,194,1093]" captionTargetId="figure-188@3.[175,950,194,1093]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 5–8. Megasoma sleeperi, third instar. 5) labium; 6) protarsis; 7) head capsule; 8) ventral view abdomen." pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="134D2A4639084D1EFD56FC36D368FBD8" box="[765,822,1018,1039]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[169,208,1114,1133]" captionTargetBox="[176,950,194,1093]" captionTargetId="figure-188@3.[175,950,194,1093]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 5–8. Megasoma sleeperi, third instar. 5) labium; 6) protarsis; 7) head capsule; 8) ventral view abdomen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15195820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15195820/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Dorsal surface of terminal antennal segment with four to five plate-like sensillae.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BC936C339084D1EFF07FBE3D151FB43" blockId="1.[148,978,327,1570]" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B902EAD139084D1EFF07FBE3D0A9FB93" box="[172,247,1071,1092]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Thorax.</emphasis>
|
||||
Densely covered long red brown setae not arranged in rows. Lateral sclerite covered with setae. Thorax lacking spinelike setae. Claws with two exterior and two interior long flattened setae. Prothoracic claw much more pointed than other two (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="134D2A4639084D1EFF6DFBB3D15CFB43" box="[198,258,1151,1172]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[169,208,1114,1133]" captionTargetBox="[176,950,194,1093]" captionTargetId="figure-188@3.[175,950,194,1093]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 5–8. Megasoma sleeperi, third instar. 5) labium; 6) protarsis; 7) head capsule; 8) ventral view abdomen." pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="134D2A4639084D1EFF6DFBB3D15CFB43" box="[198,258,1151,1172]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[169,208,1114,1133]" captionTargetBox="[176,950,194,1093]" captionTargetId="figure-188@3.[175,950,194,1093]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 5–8. Megasoma sleeperi, third instar. 5) labium; 6) protarsis; 7) head capsule; 8) ventral view abdomen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15195820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15195820/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BC936C339084D1DFF07FB56D186F9F5" blockId="1.[148,978,327,1570]" lastBlockId="2.[175,1004,1464,1570]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B902EAD139084D1EFF07FB56D153FB78" box="[172,269,1178,1199]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Abdomen.</emphasis>
|
||||
Segment I with same seta pattern as thorax. Segment II; first annulet with four rows of long setae and with very few spinelike setae on dorsal surface; second annulet with two rows of long setae; dorsal surface with five to six rows of spinelike setae; third annulet of segment II with two rows of long setae, and with two rows of spinelike setae. Segment III; first annulet with two rows long setae and three rows spinelike setae; second annulet with one row long setae and 5–6 rows spinelike setae; third annulet with two rows long setae and 2–3 spinelike setae. Segments IV–VI same as segment III. Segment VII with first row of long setae at anterior followed by second row of long setae at posterior and a further row 1/2 as long behind posterior row, spinelike setae start at anterior of first row of long setae and stop at first posterior row of setae. Segments VIII–IX same as VII. Dorsum of segment X covered in spinelike setae with long setae near tip. Venter of segment X posterior to anal slit covered in long fine setae, also with many spinelike setae. With 3–4 rows of long setae anterior to the anal slit; also present are spinelike setae (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="134D2A4639084D1EFDA5FA3FD213F9DF" box="[526,589,1523,1544]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[169,208,1114,1133]" captionTargetBox="[176,950,194,1093]" captionTargetId="figure-188@3.[175,950,194,1093]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 5–8. Megasoma sleeperi, third instar. 5) labium; 6) protarsis; 7) head capsule; 8) ventral view abdomen." pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="134D2A4639084D1EFDA5FA3FD213F9DF" box="[526,589,1523,1544]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[169,208,1114,1133]" captionTargetBox="[176,950,194,1093]" captionTargetId="figure-188@3.[175,950,194,1093]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 5–8. Megasoma sleeperi, third instar. 5) labium; 6) protarsis; 7) head capsule; 8) ventral view abdomen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15195820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15195820/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Spiracles progressively smaller from segments II–VIII (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="134D2A4639084D1EFEE3F9C1D1DAF9F5" box="[328,388,1549,1570]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[197,236,1393,1412]" captionTargetBox="[209,968,195,1372]" captionTargetId="figure-44@2.[209,972,194,1372]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1–4. Megasoma sleeperi, third instar. 1) epipharynx; 2) abdominal spiracle; 3) dorsal rt., lt. mandible; 4) ventral lt., rt. mandible." pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="134D2A4639084D1EFEE3F9C1D1DAF9F5" box="[328,388,1549,1570]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="2.[197,236,1393,1412]" captionTargetBox="[209,968,195,1372]" captionTargetId="figure-44@2.[209,972,194,1372]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs. 1–4. Megasoma sleeperi, third instar. 1) epipharynx; 2) abdominal spiracle; 3) dorsal rt., lt. mandible; 4) ventral lt., rt. mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15195818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15195818/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="60">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
). First abdominal spiracle about
|
||||
<quantity id="4C8E9B2639084D1EFD63F9C1D35AF9F5" box="[712,772,1549,1570]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, second
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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Reference in a new issue