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<emphasis id="658CEABF530AFFD7FF588A11FE10D4E9" box="[151,441,1916,1942]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Menobranchus maculatus</emphasis>
“
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530AFFD7FE058A11FDCBD4E9" author="Barnes, D. H." box="[458,610,1916,1942]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" pagination="66 - 70" refId="ref28520" refString="Barnes, D. H. (1827) Note on the doubtful reptils. American Journal of Science and Arts, 13, 66 - 70." type="journal article" year="1827">Barnes, 1827</bibRefCitation>
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”
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[=
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<emphasis id="658CEABF530AFFD7FD428A11FCEED4E9" box="[653,839,1916,1942]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Sirena maculosa</emphasis>
Rafinesque, 1818
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In the final salamander account and penultimate species entry in
<emphasis id="658CEABF530AFFD7FC018ACDFA8CD4C5" box="[974,1317,1952,1978]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">North American Herpetology,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530AFFD7FAFE8ACDFEB1D4A0" author="Holbrook, J. E." pageId="35" pageNumber="186" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:115</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 38) offered a detailed account of the Mudpuppy,
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<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E530AFFD7FC5F8AA8FBD3D4A1" baseAuthorityName="Rafinesque" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[912,1146,1988,2014]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Necturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculosus">Necturus maculosus</taxonomicName>
.
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Holbrook attributed this name to
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530DFFD0FF348DFAFE34D3CE" author="Barnes, D. H." box="[251,413,151,177]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" pagination="66 - 70" refId="ref28520" refString="Barnes, D. H. (1827) Note on the doubtful reptils. American Journal of Science and Arts, 13, 66 - 70." type="journal article" year="1827">Barnes (1827)</bibRefCitation>
, who was merely reiterating early uses of the subsequent misspelling
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<emphasis id="658CEABF530DFFD0FB738DFAFA35D3CE" box="[1212,1436,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Necturus maculatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530DFFD0FF588DD6FEF6D3AA" author="Rafinesque, C. S." box="[151,351,187,213]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" pagination="417 - 429" refId="ref34913" refString="Rafinesque, C. S. (1819) Prodrome de 70 nouveaux genres d'animaux decouverts dans l'interieur des Etats-Unis d'Amerique, durant l'annee 1818. Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle et des Arts, 88, 417 - 429." type="journal article" year="1819">Rafinesque, 1819</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. As noted above, this species has a complex nomenclatural history (
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530DFFD0FBAA8DD6FB45D3AA" author="Waite, F. C." box="[1125,1260,187,213]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" pagination="23 - 30" refId="ref36200" refString="Waite, F. C. (1907) Specific name of Necturus maculosus. The American Naturalist, 41 (481), 23 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 278699" type="journal article" year="1907">Waite 1907</bibRefCitation>
), and Holbrook considered the juveniles to represent a distinct species (see account for
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<emphasis id="658CEABF530DFFD0FC188DB2FB4FD386" box="[983,1254,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Menobranchus lateralis</emphasis>
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). The elaborate and detailed plate was not produced by any of Holbrook’s usual hired illustrators, but by “the Right Reverend J. H. Hopkins, Bishop of
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” (see
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530DFFD0FDD18C4AFD6FD23E" author="Stephens, L. D." box="[542,710,295,321]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" pagination="447 - 458" refId="ref35801" refString="Stephens, L. D. (1997) John Edwards Holbrook (1794 - 1871) and Lewis Reeve Gibbes (1810 - 1894): exemplary naturalists in the Old South. In: Pietsch, T. W. &amp; Anderson, W. D. (Eds.), Collection Building in Ichthyology and Herpetology, Special Publication No. 3. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 447 - 458." type="book chapter" year="1997">Stephens 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Holbrook noted that he had never seen this species alive, which includes his
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“
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E530DFFD0FEE28C26FE10D21A" baseAuthorityName="James" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[301,441,331,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Menobranchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">M. lateralis</taxonomicName>
”
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as well. This account contains a great deal of verbiage originally included in
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530DFFD0FAD18C26FF59D2F5" author="Holbrook, J. E." pageId="36" pageNumber="187" refId="ref32226" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1838 b) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Vol. II. 1 st Edition. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, viii + 122 pp., XXX pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51821" type="book" year="1838">Holbrook’s (1838b)</bibRefCitation>
account of
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“
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E530DFFD0FEB18C02FDA2D2F6" baseAuthorityName="James" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[382,523,367,393]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Menobranchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">M. lateralis</taxonomicName>
”
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(see above) but transferred here as his concept of the taxon shifted.
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<emphasis id="658CEABF530AFFD7FF588B31FE88D509" box="[151,289,1628,1654]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Siren striata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530AFFD7FEE78B31FE7FD509" author="Le Conte, J." box="[296,470,1628,1654]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" pagination="52 - 58" refId="ref33485" refString="Le Conte, J. (1824) Description of a new species of Siren, with some observations on animals of a similar nature. Annals of The Lyceum of Natural History of New York, 1, 52 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1824. tb 00216. x" type="journal article" year="1824">Le Conte, 1824</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530AFFD7FF088BEDFE12D5E5" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,443,1664,1690]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:109</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 36) provided a brief account of the Northern Dwarf
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(
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<emphasis id="658CEABF530AFFD7FBB88BEDFA25D5E5" box="[1143,1420,1664,1690]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Pseudobranchus striatus</emphasis>
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), with a fairly detailed and accurate drawing by Thomas M. Logan M.D. It is unclear whether Holbrook himself ever saw this species; he remarked generally on their habits and habitat but quoted directly from Le Conte’s description in several places. No specimens of this taxon have ever been recorded or associated with his museum collections to our knowledge, and none were found to be extant during our search. As noted above, MCZ A-146 may represent this species, but additional data are needed.
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530BFFD6FF08887AFE12D64E" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,443,1303,1329]" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:101</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 34) provided a lengthy and detailed account of the Greater
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, which he incorrectly attributed to
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. He reported extensive familiarity with this species and having collected numerous specimens. Thus, it seems curious that very few museum specimens attributed to him survive. The MCZ catalog reports
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in two lots (MCZ A-145–6) received from Agassiz on
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. Of these, MCZ A-145 was not present during our visit or during a 1996 collection survey. The other lot of two (MCZ A-146) consists of only a single tiny (~
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) skull and a few vertebrae; the other putative specimen was not present. No other
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specimens were found in extant collections associated with Holbrook. Whether the skull (MCZ A-146) is actually
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or possibly
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or
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<emphasis id="658CEABF530BFFD6FD928B7EFCDBD553" box="[605,882,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">Pseudobranchus striatus</emphasis>
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“
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530BFFD6FEAC8B36FDBDD50A" author="Le Conte, J." box="[355,532,1627,1653]" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" pagination="52 - 58" refId="ref33485" refString="Le Conte, J. (1824) Description of a new species of Siren, with some observations on animals of a similar nature. Annals of The Lyceum of Natural History of New York, 1, 52 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1824. tb 00216. x" type="journal article" year="1824">Le Conte, 1824</bibRefCitation>
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”
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[=
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<emphasis id="658CEABF530BFFD6FDF08B36FD7DD50A" box="[575,724,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">S. intermedia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530BFFD6FD148B36FCDBD50A" author="Barnes, D. H." box="[731,882,1626,1653]" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" pagination="268 - 297" refId="ref28472" refString="Barnes, D. H. (1826) An arrangement of the genera of batracian animals, with a description of the more remarkable species; including a monograph of the doubtful reptils. American Journal of Science and Arts, 11, 268 - 297." type="journal article" year="1826">Barnes, 1826</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530BFFD6FF088B12FE15D5E6" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,444,1663,1689]" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:107</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 35) offered a brief account of the Lesser
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, which he incorrectly attributes to
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530BFFD6FAB08B12FE98D5C2" author="Le Conte, J." pageId="34" pageNumber="185" pagination="52 - 58" refId="ref33485" refString="Le Conte, J. (1824) Description of a new species of Siren, with some observations on animals of a similar nature. Annals of The Lyceum of Natural History of New York, 1, 52 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1824. tb 00216. x" type="journal article" year="1824">Le Conte (1824)</bibRefCitation>
’s description of
<taxonomicName id="90F84D2E530BFFD6FE268BCEFCA9D5C3" baseAuthorityName="LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[489,768,1699,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Pseudobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="658CEABF530BFFD6FE268BCEFCA9D5C3" box="[489,768,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">Pseudobranchus striatus</emphasis>
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(see below). As noted by
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530BFFD6FBE88BCEFB57D5C2" author="Smith, H. M. &amp; Smith, R. B. &amp; Sawin, H. L." box="[1063,1278,1698,1725]" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" pagination="100 - 102" refId="ref35526" refString="Smith, H. M., Smith, R. B. &amp; Sawin, H. L. (1975) The authorship and date of publication of Siren intermedia (Amphibia: Caudata). The Great Basin Naturalist, 35, 100 - 102." type="journal article" year="1975">
Smith
<emphasis id="658CEABF530BFFD6FBBE8BCEFB03D5C2" box="[1137,1194,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">et al.</emphasis>
(1975)
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, Barnes is the correct authority for this name. Holbrook likely intended to cite
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530BFFD6FCB38BAAFB95D59E" author="Le Conte, J. E." box="[892,1084,1735,1761]" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" pagination="133 - 134" refId="ref33547" refString="Le Conte, J. E. (1828) Description of a new species of Siren. Annals of the Lyceum of the Natural History of New York, 2, 133 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1826. tb 00242. x" type="journal article" year="1828">Le Conte (1828)</bibRefCitation>
, widely credited as the correct taxonomic authority at the time, rather than
<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530BFFD6FD498B86FCEBD47A" author="Le Conte, J." box="[646,834,1771,1797]" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" pagination="52 - 58" refId="ref33485" refString="Le Conte, J. (1824) Description of a new species of Siren, with some observations on animals of a similar nature. Annals of The Lyceum of Natural History of New York, 1, 52 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1824. tb 00216. x" type="journal article" year="1824">Le Conte (1824)</bibRefCitation>
. Holbrook also includes a relatively crude illustration by Thomas M. Logan M.D., but no specimens of this species are known among Holbrook’s extant collections. It is possible that MCZ A-146 represents this species; additional genetic or morphometric data would be needed to determine the identity of the skull and associated vertebrae, although the specimen itself postdates
<emphasis id="658CEABF530BFFD6FB278A3AFE8AD4EA" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">North American Herpetology</emphasis>
by 20 years.
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“
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(
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)
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<bibRefCitation id="33694B5C530BFFD6FF088C92FE18D166" author="Holbrook, J. E." box="[199,433,510,537]" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" refId="ref32745" refString="Holbrook, J. E. (1842 e) North American Herpetology: or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Second Edition, Volume V. J. Dobson, Philadelphia, vi + 118 pp., XXXVIII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4997" type="book" year="1842">Holbrook (1842e:95</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 32) gave an account of the Hellbender (
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), misspelled with an “h.” The description is detailed, mostly taken from previous authors as Holbrook stated he has never seen this species alive. The illustration by T. R. Peale was copied and colored silver from
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)’s plate 18, fig. 44 by J.W. Hill. A skeleton of
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from Holbrook (MCZ A-256) is extant with the locality “Charleston, S.C.” (in error), but it postdates
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having been donated by Agassiz in 1852. Holbrook restricted his concept of this species to the Alleghany,
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, and
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River drainages, placing populations from the
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into a new species (see below). While genetic and other data now actually support this division (
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), this taxon properly bears the name
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as noted by
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.
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, pl. 31) gave a brief account of the Three-toed
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, which he implied never having seen, perhaps other than a specimen in the ANSP collected by “
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” Holbrook suggested that this specimen was collected in the “Neorho” (Neosho) River, near
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,
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, though this is significantly outside of the known extent of the modern-day range of the species (
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;
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Powell
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2016
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). Holbrook’s description is a quoted translation of Cuvier, and the crude illustration by
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seems to have been copied from that of
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: figs. 4–6), which may be the
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MNHN-RA 0.7821 or one of the other
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(see
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).
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is the only specimen he had seen, and the relatively crude illustration by
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was done from life using this individual. Its location and disposition are unknown. As noted above, the population segment from the
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River drainage is actually
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(
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;
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), and
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is consequently a junior subjective synonym thereof.
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