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<document id="7679C953E7CBB1A70BDEE92DBDB52884" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae085" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14339512" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1732847742498" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sulej, Tomasz" docDate="2024" docId="03A287B16B005567F2B7FA61FDF8F90E" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae085.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae085" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Lisowicia Sulej &amp; Niedźwiedzki 2019" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="FF9BFFC96B255540F149FFC3FFECFF98" masterDocTitle="Osteology and relationships of the Late Triassic giant dicynodont Lisowicia" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1733768674853" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="1B01E1EC73562C7AB2041E97C3C3C1D5">Osteology and relationships of the Late Triassic giant dicynodont Lisowicia</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3864875A24214EC6924753D1AD07FE31">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03A287B16B005567F2B7FA61FDF8F90E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287B16B005567F2B7FA61FDF8F90E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287B16B005567F2B7FA61FDF8F90E" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<subSubSection id="C311652C6B005565F2B7FA61FB33FA24" box="[1022,1247,1442,1469]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B005565F2B7FA61FB33FA24" blockId="37.[810,1460,1442,1912]" box="[1022,1247,1442,1469]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="D0FC81CB6B005565F2B7FA61FB33FA24" box="[1022,1247,1442,1469]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F2B7FA61FB33FA24" bold="true" box="[1022,1247,1442,1469]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B005565F2B7FA61FBB1FA24" authority="Sulej &amp; Niedźwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej &amp; Niedźwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1022,1117,1442,1468]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lisowicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F2B7FA61FBB1FA24" bold="true" box="[1022,1117,1442,1468]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Lisowicia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mode of life
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C311652C6B005567F263FA0AFDF8F90E" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B005565F263FA0AFC83F82F" blockId="37.[810,1460,1442,1912]" lastBlockId="37.[810,1459,1920,1975]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Traditionally dicynodonts are depicted with abducted (directed to outside) forelimbs and nearly adducted (oriented towards the body axis) hindlimbs (Fröbisch 2006,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B005565F590F9CBFAD7F987" author="Ray" box="[1241,1339,1543,1568]" firstAuthor="Ray" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="1263 - 86" refId="ref35294" refString="Ray S. Functional and evolutionary aspects of the postcranial anatomy of dicynodonts (Synapsida, Nerapsida). Palaeontology 2006; 49: 1263 - 86. hups: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2006.00597. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Ray 2006</bibRefCitation>
). However, the trackways of a large dicynodont from the Middle Triassic named
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F233F984FB9BF9C6" box="[890,1143,1607,1630]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Pentaoauropuo argentinae</emphasis>
make such posture questionable (Hunt
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F2EEF9A5FC3EF9E6" box="[935,978,1638,1662]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
.1993,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B005565F553F9A5FB1CF9E6" author="Lagnaoui" box="[1050,1264,1638,1662]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lagnaoui" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="41 - 61" refId="ref33276" refString="Lagnaoui A, Melchor RN, Bellosi ES et al. Middle Triassic Pentaoauropuo - dominated ichnofauna from western Gondwana: ichnotaxonomy, palaeoenvironment, biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2019; 524: 41 - 61. hups: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2019.03.020" type="journal article" year="2019">
Lagnaoui
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F5CAF9A5FB59F9E6" box="[1155,1205,1638,1662]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
). This track is believed to have been left by a kannemeyerid dicynodont that was a sprawling limbed trackmaker with an abducted posture for the forelimbs and at least a semi-abducted posture for the hindlimbs (Abdelouahed
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F28DF927FC01F963" box="[964,1005,1763,1787]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
. 2019). Sulej and Niedźwiedzki (2019) proposed that the giant
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B005565F2B6F8C0FB72F882" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1023,1182,1794,1818]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F2B6F8C0FB72F882" box="[1023,1182,1794,1818]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had also adducted its forelimbs. This has also been discussed for pelycosaur tracks, which have a much more narrow gauge than the skeleton would seem to indicate. Twisting of the body and/or limbs while walking
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B005565F263F843FC83F82F" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">might explain how this happens (Hunt and Lucas 1998, Hopson 2015).</pageTitle>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF74662F6B035566F1C8FBBAFD98FB35" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339637" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14339637" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339637/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" startId="38.[129,162,1145,1169]" targetBox="[129,1473,144,1115]" targetPageId="38" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B035566F1C8FBBAFD98FB35" blockId="38.[129,1450,1145,1197]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F1C8FBBAFF26FB09" bold="true" box="[129,202,1145,1169]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 42.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B035566F187FBB9FD92FB09" authority="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[206,638,1145,1169]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F187FBB9FE8DFB09" box="[206,353,1145,1169]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019
</taxonomicName>
from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. Tibia ZPAL V. 33/75 in medial (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), anterior (D), distal (E), and proximal (F) views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B035566F1D5FB33FF1BF9D9" blockId="38.[128,779,1264,1914]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
The analysis of sediments (or bones) from Lisowice shows that
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F1F9FAD3FEE0FABF" box="[176,268,1296,1319]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Lioosicia</emphasis>
lived in an environment near rivers with a lot of oxbow lakes (Dzik
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F009FAECFE82FADE" box="[320,366,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
2008). Also, the similarities of coprolites of
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F1E9FA8DFF10FAFD" box="[160,252,1358,1381]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Lioosicia</emphasis>
to
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F06FFA8DFDC4FAFE" box="[294,552,1358,1382]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Hippopotamuo amphibiuo</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758 suggest its affiliation with such an environment (Bajdek
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F3D2FAADFD28FA1D" box="[667,708,1389,1413]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
. 2014, 2019). In the case of
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F015FA4FFE5EFA3C" box="[348,434,1420,1444]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Placeriao</emphasis>
, its bone microstructure suggests even an aquatic style of life (Fiorillo
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F0BEFA6FFDCCFA5C" box="[503,544,1452,1476]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
. 2000). If they lived in or close to the swamp, they probably could use the soft plants as a food (Bajdek
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F072FA28FE89F99A" box="[315,357,1514,1538]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
. 2014), abundant in such environments. Such an interpretation is not in conflict with the architecture of their skulls.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B035566F1D5F98AFB49FA5C" blockId="38.[128,779,1264,1914]" lastBlockId="38.[825,1475,1264,1915]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
There is little doubt that all the Triassic dicynodonts were herbivorous, but there are various views on the method by which they collected the food (see:
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B035566F0B1F944FD15F907" author="Surkov and Benton" box="[504,761,1671,1695]" firstAuthor="Surkov" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="619 - 38" refId="ref36372" refString="Surkov MV, Benton MJ. Ne basicranium of dicynodonts (Synapsida) and its use in phylogenetic analysis. Palaeontology 2004; 47: 619 - 38. hups: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0031 - 0239.2004.00382. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Surkov and Benton 2004</bibRefCitation>
). According toCruickshank (1978),
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F0ABF965FD65F926" box="[482,649,1702,1726]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Dinodontooauruo</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B035566F3DAF965FE36F946" authority=", Dolichuranuo Keyser, 1973" authorityName=", Dolichuranuo Keyser" authorityYear="1973" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poteno">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F3DAF965FF52F945" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Stahleckeria poteno</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F182F905FEA1F946" box="[203,333,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Dolichuranuo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B035566F01DF905FE36F946" author="Keyser" box="[340,474,1734,1758]" firstAuthor="Keyser" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref32813" refString="Keyser AWA. new Triassic vertebrate fauna from South West Africa. Palaeontologia Aticana 1973; 16: 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1973">Keyser, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F0AEF905FDB4F945" box="[487,600,1734,1757]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Tetragoniao</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B035566F32CF905FEE2F965" authority=", Zambiaoauruo" authorityName="Zambiaoauruo" genus="Rhinodicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F32CF905FCE8F946" box="[613,772,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Rhinodicynodon</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F1C8F926FEE2F965" box="[129,270,1765,1789]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Zambiaoauruo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B035566F053F926FE20F965" authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1937" box="[282,460,1765,1789]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F053F926FE20F965" box="[282,460,1765,1789]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Sinokannemeyeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B035566F341F925FCE5F965" authority="Bonaparte, 1969" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1969" box="[520,777,1765,1789]" family="Shansiodontidae" genus="Vinceria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F341F925FDB5F965" box="[520,601,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Vinceria</emphasis>
Bonaparte, 1969
</taxonomicName>
were browsers, whereas
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F026F8C7FE2AF884" box="[367,454,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Placeriao</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B035566F098F8C7FD53F884" authority=", Iochigualaotia" authorityName="Iochigualaotia" box="[465,703,1796,1820]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F098F8C7FDDEF884" box="[465,562,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Jachaleria</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F372F8C7FD53F884" box="[571,703,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Iochigualaotia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F38AF8C6FCE8F884" box="[707,772,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">jenoeni</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B035566F1C8F8E7FEE2F8A3" box="[129,270,1828,1851]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F1C8F8E7FEE2F8A3" box="[129,270,1828,1851]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Kannemeyeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B035566F053F8E7FD9EF8A4" authority="Danilov, 1971" authorityName="Danilov" authorityYear="1971" box="[282,626,1828,1852]" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Uralokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F053F8E7FE35F8A4" box="[282,473,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Uralokannemeyeria</emphasis>
Danilov, 1971
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F3C9F8E7FCE8F8A4" box="[640,772,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Rabidooauruo</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F1C8F880FEFDF8C3" box="[129,273,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Rhadiodromuo</emphasis>
, and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F01DF880FDCFF8C3" box="[340,547,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Wadiaoauruo indicuo</emphasis>
were grazers (in the meaning that they ate low-growing plants). Originally, Cox (1965) made this distinction based mainly on the shape of the snout and the orientation of the occipital region of the skull.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B035566F270FB33FBF2FA90" author="Ordonez" box="[825,1054,1264,1288]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ordonez" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1808 - 20" refId="ref34886" refString="Ordonez MDLA, Cassini GH, Vizcaino SF et al. A geometric morphometric approach to the analysis of skull shape in Triassic dicynodonts (Nerapsida, Anomodontia) from South America. Journal of Morphology 2019; 280: 1808 - 20." type="journal article" year="2019">
Ordoñez
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F2D5FB33FC2AFA90" box="[924,966,1264,1288]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
</bibRefCitation>
, based on principal component analyses (PCA) of skulls from South America, showed that the adaptation of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B035566F2D6FAEDFBB0FADE" authorityName=", Dolichuranuo Keyser" authorityYear="1973" box="[927,1116,1326,1350]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poteno">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F2D6FAEDFBB0FADE" box="[927,1116,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Stahleckeria poteno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F525FAECFB29FADE" box="[1132,1221,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">I. jenoeni</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B035566F44FFAECFA4EFADE" box="[1286,1442,1326,1350]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelarienoio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F44FFAECFA4EFADE" box="[1286,1442,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">J. candelarienoio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to feeding on the vegetation was characteristic of an arid climate, although the palaeoclimate was seasonal semi-arid when they lived (
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Mancuso
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F296FA4EFBE2FA3C" box="[991,1038,1420,1444]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
). The new material from
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B035566F401FA4FFA7CFA3C" box="[1352,1424,1420,1444]" name="Poland" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Poland</collectingCountry>
calls for reconsideration of this question.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B035567F21CFA08FEBAFA85" blockId="38.[825,1475,1264,1915]" lastBlockId="39.[113,763,1223,1686]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Most authors discussing the dicynodonts mode of life have focused on their sexual dimorphism (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B035566F5A2FA29FA82F99A" author="Owen" box="[1259,1390,1514,1538]" firstAuthor="Owen" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref35055" refString="Owen R. Deocriptive and Illuotrated Catalogue of the Foooil Reptilia of South Atica in the Collection of the Britioh Muoeum. London: Taylor &amp; Francis, 1876, 88." type="journal volume" year="1876">Owen 1876</bibRefCitation>
, Camp and Welles 1956, Barry 1957, Cruickshank 1967, Cox 1969, Bandyopadhyay 1988,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B035566F56DF9EAFB0AF9D9" author="Sullivan" box="[1060,1254,1577,1601]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sullivan" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="173 - 8" refId="ref36253" refString="Sullivan C, Reisz RR, Smith RMH. Ne Permian mammal-like herbivore Diictodon, the oldest known example of sexually dimorphic armament. Proceedingo Biological Scienceo 2003; 270: 173 - 8. hups: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2002.2189" type="journal article" year="2003">
Sullivan
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F535F9E9FB41F9D9" box="[1148,1197,1577,1601]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
). The differences between males and females were proposed to be expressed mainly in the presence of the tusks or maxillary horns in males. The lack of conclusive material excludes
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<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B035566F5CCF94BFACAF907" box="[1157,1318,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
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from these inquires. Most authors agree that the canine tusks or elongated maxillary processes were used in food gathering and fighting (Camp and Welles 1956, Rowe 1979, Bandyopadhyay 1988). Many authors have discussed the mode of feeding of dicynodonts (Cox 1969, Cruickshank 1978, Walter 1985, Hotton 1986), summarized by Defauw (1989), who recognized five dicynodont feeding
<typeStatus id="54B088056B035566F55CF8A0FBBCF8E3" box="[1045,1104,1891,1915]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">types</typeStatus>
: invertebrate collecting specialists, grubbers, browsers, forest litter foragers, and flexible foragers. The functional morphology of the dicynodont masticatory apparatus was studied by Crompton and Hotton (1967),
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B025567F380FB04FF14FB66" author="King" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="King" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="185 - 211" refId="ref33052" refString="King GM, Oelofsen BW, Rubidge BS. Ne evolution of the dicynodont feeding system. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1989; 96: 185 - 211. hups: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1989. tb 01826. x" type="journal article" year="1989">
King
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B025567F138FB24FF49FB66" box="[113,165,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
, Cox (1998), Jasinoski
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B025567F0B3FB24FDC1FB66" box="[506,557,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
(2009, 2010), and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B025567F138FAC5FEBCFA86" author="Ordonez" box="[113,336,1286,1310]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ordonez" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1808 - 20" refId="ref34886" refString="Ordonez MDLA, Cassini GH, Vizcaino SF et al. A geometric morphometric approach to the analysis of skull shape in Triassic dicynodonts (Nerapsida, Anomodontia) from South America. Journal of Morphology 2019; 280: 1808 - 20." type="journal article" year="2019">
Ordoñez
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B025567F19BFAC5FF17FA86" box="[210,251,1286,1310]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B025567F138FBA0FF57FBE3" bold="true" box="[113,187,1123,1147]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 43.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B025567F1F6FBA7FD83FBE3" authority="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[191,623,1123,1147]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B025567F1F6FBA7FEBEFBE3" box="[191,338,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019
</taxonomicName>
from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. Reconstruction of tibia based on ZPAL V. 33/75, in medial (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), anterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B025567F1C4FAE6FE28FAA5" author="Niedzwiedzki" box="[141,452,1317,1341]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Niedzwiedzki" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="87 - 92" refId="ref34764" refString="Niedzwiedzki G, Gorzelak P, Sulej T. Bite traces on dicynodont bones and the early evolution of large terrestrial predators. Lethaia 2011; 44: 87 - 92. hups: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3931.2010.00227. x" type="journal article" year="2011">
Niedźwiedzki
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B025567F079FAE5FE85FAA5" box="[304,361,1317,1341]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
. (2011
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,
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) showed that the archosauriform
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B025567F050FA87FD26FAC4" authority="Niedzwiedzki et al., 2012" authorityName="Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2012" box="[281,714,1348,1372]" genus="Smok" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saseloki">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B025567F050FA87FE5CFAC4" box="[281,432,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Smok saseloki</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B025567F0F2FA87FD26FAC4" author="Niedzwiedzki" box="[443,714,1348,1372]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Niedzwiedzki" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="267 - 76" refId="ref34812" refString="Niedzwiedzki G, Sulej T, Dzik J. A large predatory archosaur from the Late Triassic of Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2012; 57: 267 - 76. hups: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2010.0045" type="journal article" year="2012">
Niedźwiedzki
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B025567F31BFA86FD6CFAC4" box="[594,640,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
., 2012
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was feeding on dicynodonts in the Late Triassic but probably dicynodonts escaped this predation by evolving into giant size, already in the Middle Triassic. The most numerous preserved bones of the skull of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B025567F1A2FA01FE66FA42" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[235,394,1474,1498]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B025567F1A2FA01FE66FA42" box="[235,394,1474,1498]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B025567F0F4FA01FDF8FA42" box="[445,532,1474,1498]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Placeriao</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B025567F353FA01FDBCFA41" box="[538,592,1474,1498]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
‘
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B025567F369FA01FDBCFA41" box="[544,592,1474,1497]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">gigao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ are postorbitals and basisphenoids, unlike the nasals that are very rare in the case of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B025567F1C7F9C2FF30F980" box="[142,220,1536,1560]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B025567F1C7F9C2FF4CF980" box="[142,160,1537,1560]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P.</emphasis>
‘
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B025567F1E5F9C2FF30F980" box="[172,220,1537,1560]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">gigao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ and unknown in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B025567F0D5F9C2FE19F980" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[412,501,1536,1560]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B025567F0D5F9C2FE19F980" box="[412,501,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">L. bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This may mean that the snout was a structurally weak portion of the skull that was the first to disarticulate during rotting of the carcass or the dorsal part of the snout was an attractive target for predators, whereas the postorbital was too massive for them.
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103
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF138FD84FDB5FB29" blockId="47.[112,766,512,1923]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF138FD84FDB5FB29" blockId="47.[112,766,512,1986]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
Until the description of the Polish dicynodonts,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF3EAFD84FD16FDC7" box="[675,762,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Placeriao</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF138FDA5FF4BFDE6" box="[113,167,614,638]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF30BFBB8FD75FB0B" box="[578,665,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Placeriao</emphasis>
are probably not closely related to the Gondwanan ones.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF1C4FB7AFE24F8DC" blockId="47.[112,766,512,1923]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF1C4FB7AFE24F8DC" blockId="47.[112,766,512,1986]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF1C4FB7AFF08FB49" box="[141,228,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Placeriao</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF1BEFB7AFEC1FB49" box="[247,301,1209,1233]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
‘
@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ than in
</taxonomicName>
’ (clearly visible in the best preserved specimen of proximal part GPIT-PV-108382).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF1C4F888FD17F859" blockId="47.[112,766,512,1923]" lastBlockId="47.[158,763,1930,1986]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF1C4F888FA98FE5A" blockId="47.[112,766,512,1986]" lastBlockId="47.[810,1459,175,607]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
According to Kammerer (2018),
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF0B2F88FFD50F8FB" box="[507,700,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Pentaoauruo goggai</emphasis>
from the lower Elliot Formation (probably Norian age) represents the
@ -208,8 +208,6 @@ latest surviving Placerinii, but the material is very poor, and similarities to
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF071F86AFE63F859" box="[312,399,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Placeriao</emphasis>
are very weak. In some aspects it
</pageTitle>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF263FF6CFA98FE5A" blockId="47.[810,1459,175,607]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
covered as Placerinii in recent analyses of dicynodont evolution (Kammerer 2018). In fact the most characteristic element is the distal head of the humerus, which is very different than in
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF263FECDFC6AFEBD" box="[810,902,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Lioosicia</emphasis>
, and
@ -245,7 +243,7 @@ and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0A556FF28DFD84FB36FDC7" author="Szczygielski and Sulej" box="[964,1242,583,607]" firstAuthor="Szczygielski" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="279 - 406" refId="ref36597" refString="Szczygielski T, Sulej T. Woznikella triradiata n. gen., n. sp. - a new kannemeyeriiform dicynodont from the Late Triassic of northern Pangea and the global distribution of Triassic dicynodonts. Compteo Renduo Palevol 2023; 22: 279 - 406." type="journal article" year="2023">Szczygielski and Sulej 2023</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF263FD43FB71FB54" blockId="47.[809,1461,640,1918]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF263FD43FB71FB54" blockId="47.[809,1461,640,1980]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF263FD43FB98FD00" box="[810,1140,640,664]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Evolution of the cranium: Placeriao</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF533FD43FB5CFD00" box="[1146,1200,640,664]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
‘
@ -271,7 +269,7 @@ have exceptionally small areas for muscles responsible for adducting the mandibl
</taxonomicName>
. This means that the quadrate could drop anteriorly from its normal position when the mandible moved backward. Apparently, the forces acting on the jaw were much smaller than in the case of Permian dicynodonts. It seems that in the evolution of Triassic dicynodonts the shape of the frontal was strictly controlled by selection. Especially the shape of its anterior part and the morphology of the contact with the orbital margin are the most characteristic and useful for understanding the evolution of that group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF20CFB17FA71F8C5" blockId="47.[809,1461,640,1918]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF20CFB17FA71F8C5" blockId="47.[809,1461,640,1980]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
In the Laurasian lineage, the anterior part of the skull is elongated. In all species the frontals form a part of the orbital margin. It is most elongated in
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF559FAD1FB8BFAB2" box="[1040,1127,1298,1322]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Placeriao</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF524FAD1FB4EFAB2" box="[1133,1186,1298,1322]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
@ -283,7 +281,7 @@ In the Laurasian lineage, the anterior part of the skull is elongated. In all sp
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF45CFAD0FA5FFAB2" box="[1301,1459,1298,1322]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13302A226B0A556FF27CFAF2FC96FAD1" box="[821,890,1329,1353]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="44.[129,162,1097,1121]" captionTargetBox="[130,1463,146,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-513@44.[128,1475,144,1070]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Fig. 48. Lioosicia bojani Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019 from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. A, reconstruction of skeleton in lateral view. Ŋe proportions from Parakannemeyeria chengi, and the shape of the manus and foot are based on Camp and Welles (1956). B, reconstruction of vertebral column in lateral view." pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13302A226B0A556FF27CFAF2FC96FAD1" box="[821,890,1329,1353]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="44.[129,162,1097,1121]" captionTargetBox="[130,1463,146,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-513@44.[128,1475,144,1070]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Fig. 48. Lioosicia bojani Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019 from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. A, reconstruction of skeleton in lateral view. Ŋe proportions from Parakannemeyeria chengi, and the shape of the manus and foot are based on Camp and Welles (1956). B, reconstruction of vertebral column in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339655" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339655/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
). The specimen of the older
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF5E9FAF2FA9DFAD1" box="[1184,1393,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Woznikella triradiata</emphasis>
(
@ -337,7 +335,7 @@ of suture between frontals and nasals is present in both species of
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF44EF885FA7BF8C6" box="[1287,1431,1862,1886]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Rhadiodromuo</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF20CF8A5FA5FF823" blockId="47.[809,1461,640,1918]" lastBlockId="47.[810,1459,1925,1980]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A5570F20CF8A5FDD8FE1B" blockId="47.[809,1461,640,1980]" lastBlockId="48.[128,780,175,857]" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
The position of the orbits is correlated with the shape of the
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B0A556FF265F846FA5FF823" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
postorbital. This bone is oblique posteriorly in
@ -348,8 +346,6 @@ postorbital. This bone is oblique posteriorly in
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF21FF866FC1FF824" box="[854,1011,1956,1980]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
. In these species the orbits are located more
</pageTitle>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F1C8FF53FDD8FE1B" blockId="48.[129,777,144,168]" lastBlockId="48.[128,780,175,857]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
posteriorly, and the temporal opening is smaller; it was related with the size of the external adductor muscles. The zygomatic arch morphology is not known in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F09EFF0CFDCFFF7E" box="[471,547,207,231]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F09EFF0CFE05FF7E" box="[471,489,207,230]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P.</emphasis>
@ -376,7 +372,7 @@ In
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F05EFE48FEABFE3A" box="[279,327,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">gigao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ the occipital condyles are directed ventrally, which means that in the resting position the skull was strongly oblique ventrally (
<figureCitation id="13302A226B155570F074FE0AFE6FFE79" box="[317,387,457,481]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[1230,1263,939,964]" captionTargetBox="[132,1201,273,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-7@46.[129,1205,269,1847]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 50. Phylogeny of the well-known Triassic dicynodonts. The ilium of Dinodontooauruo brevirootrio is based on the material from MCN [ personal studies , and Kammerer and Ordoñez ( 2021 ) ] , ilium of Stahleckeria poteno and all postcranial elements of Placeriao ‘gigao’ are based on Camp and Welles ( 1956 ) and modified . The skulls of Dinodontooauruo tener and D . brevirootrio , their scapula and sternum are based on Kammerer and Ordoñez (2021). The skull of Stahleckeria poteno is based on Maisch ( 2001 ) , its scapula is based on personal observation of the GPIT . The sternum of Stahleckeria is based on Cox (1965). The scapula of Iochigualaotia jenoeni is based on personal studies of MCZ materials . The rest of the Iochigualaotia jenoeni bones are based on Cox ( 1965 ) and modified. The scapula of Jachaleria candelarienoio is based on Araújo and Gonzaga (1980) , skull and other bones are based on Vega-Diaz and Schultz ( 2004 ) and modified based on personal studies. Jachaleria colorata is based on Bonaparte (1978). Acratophoruo argentinenoio is based on Kammerer and Ordoñez ( 2021 ) . Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo is based on Cox ( 1965 ) and Renaut and Hancox (2001). Rhadiodromuo mariae is based on Surkov (2003), Rabidooauruo criotatuo is based on personal observation , Wadiaoauruo indicuo is based on Bandyopadhyay ( 1988 ) and modified based on personal observations. Parakannemeyeria youngi skull and Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio scapula , ilium , and sternum from Sun ( 1963 ) . Sanguoauruo is based on Angielczyk et al. (2018). Shaanbeikannemeyeria is based on Liu et al. (2017). Woznikella is based on Szczygielski and Sulej ( 2023 ) . Zambiaoauruo is based on Cox ( 1969 ) ." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13302A226B155570F074FE0AFE6FFE79" box="[317,387,457,481]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[1230,1263,939,964]" captionTargetBox="[132,1201,273,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-7@46.[129,1205,269,1847]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 50. Phylogeny of the well-known Triassic dicynodonts. The ilium of Dinodontooauruo brevirootrio is based on the material from MCN [ personal studies , and Kammerer and Ordoñez ( 2021 ) ] , ilium of Stahleckeria poteno and all postcranial elements of Placeriao ‘gigao’ are based on Camp and Welles ( 1956 ) and modified . The skulls of Dinodontooauruo tener and D . brevirootrio , their scapula and sternum are based on Kammerer and Ordoñez (2021). The skull of Stahleckeria poteno is based on Maisch ( 2001 ) , its scapula is based on personal observation of the GPIT . The sternum of Stahleckeria is based on Cox (1965). The scapula of Iochigualaotia jenoeni is based on personal studies of MCZ materials . The rest of the Iochigualaotia jenoeni bones are based on Cox ( 1965 ) and modified. The scapula of Jachaleria candelarienoio is based on Araújo and Gonzaga (1980) , skull and other bones are based on Vega-Diaz and Schultz ( 2004 ) and modified based on personal studies. Jachaleria colorata is based on Bonaparte (1978). Acratophoruo argentinenoio is based on Kammerer and Ordoñez ( 2021 ) . Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo is based on Cox ( 1965 ) and Renaut and Hancox (2001). Rhadiodromuo mariae is based on Surkov (2003), Rabidooauruo criotatuo is based on personal observation , Wadiaoauruo indicuo is based on Bandyopadhyay ( 1988 ) and modified based on personal observations. Parakannemeyeria youngi skull and Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio scapula , ilium , and sternum from Sun ( 1963 ) . Sanguoauruo is based on Angielczyk et al. (2018). Shaanbeikannemeyeria is based on Liu et al. (2017). Woznikella is based on Szczygielski and Sulej ( 2023 ) . Zambiaoauruo is based on Cox ( 1969 ) ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339664/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
). It is consistent with the shape of the orbits, which are opened antero-dorsally and frontally in an oblique position of the skull.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F1D5FDEBFEB6FCC1" blockId="48.[128,780,175,857]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
@ -464,12 +460,8 @@ they are almost in the same plane; only the deltoid crest is curved ventrally. T
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B155570F085F8E4FDAAF8A7" author="Ray" box="[460,582,1831,1855]" firstAuthor="Ray" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1263 - 86" refId="ref35294" refString="Ray S. Functional and evolutionary aspects of the postcranial anatomy of dicynodonts (Synapsida, Nerapsida). Palaeontology 2006; 49: 1263 - 86. hups: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2006.00597. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Ray (2006)</bibRefCitation>
stated that the humerus changed its position, and it was related to the change from the lateral orientation of the glenoid to a posterior orientation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F1D5F846FCE5F824" blockId="48.[129,778,1925,1980]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F1D5F846FB29FD98" blockId="48.[129,778,1925,1980]" lastBlockId="48.[824,1475,175,1296]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B155570F1D5F846FCE5F824" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">The size of the supinator process seems to have become gradually larger in the sequence: Woznikella triradiata</pageTitle>
</paragraph>
<subSection id="E2842F4C6B155570F270FF53FA2EF8E5" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F270FF53FB29FD98" blockId="48.[825,1474,144,168]" lastBlockId="48.[824,1475,175,1296]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<heading id="D0FC81CB6B155570F270FF53FA2EFF30" box="[825,1474,144,168]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" reason="2">
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B155570F20DFF53FB81FF30" author="Szczygielski and Sulej" box="[836,1133,144,168]" firstAuthor="Szczygielski" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="279 - 406" refId="ref36597" refString="Szczygielski T, Sulej T. Woznikella triradiata n. gen., n. sp. - a new kannemeyeriiform dicynodont from the Late Triassic of northern Pangea and the global distribution of Triassic dicynodonts. Compteo Renduo Palevol 2023; 22: 279 - 406." type="journal article" year="2023">Szczygielski and Sulej 2023</bibRefCitation>
),
@ -482,7 +474,6 @@ stated that the humerus changed its position, and it was related to the change f
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F42FFF52FA2EFF30" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1382,1474,145,168]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F42FFF52FA2EFF30" box="[1382,1474,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Lioosicia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F270FF6CFC91FF5F" box="[825,893,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">bojani.</emphasis>
Surprisingly, the humerus of
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F580FF6CFABAFF5F" box="[1225,1366,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Zambiaoauruo</emphasis>
@ -634,7 +625,7 @@ or
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F21CF90AFA2EF8E5" blockId="48.[825,1476,1329,1917]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F21CF90AFA28F824" blockId="48.[825,1476,1329,1917]" lastBlockId="48.[825,1476,1925,1980]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
To keep the head oblique demanded a special position of the orbits, because ‘grazing’ animals need to be aware of predators. This was probably the selection pressure to makes the orbits displaced to the top of the skull in
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F5DAF8E4FB06F8A7" box="[1171,1258,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Placeriao</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F5BDF8E4FAC5F8A6" box="[1268,1321,1831,1855]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
@ -645,23 +636,15 @@ To keep the head oblique demanded a special position of the orbits, because ‘g
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B155570F42FF8E4FC9AF8C6" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B155570F42FF8E4FC9AF8C6" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. While lowering the head the animal saw the surroundings in the horizontal plane. Present-day large herbivorous ani-
. While lowering the head the animal saw the surroundings in the horizontal plane. Present-day large herbivorous
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B155570F270F846FA28F824" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">animals with orbits similarly directed or situated more dorsally are the hippopotamuses, connected with aquatic environments.</pageTitle>
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B155570F270F846FA28F824" blockId="48.[825,1476,1925,1980]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B155570F270F846FA28F824" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">mals with orbits similarly directed or situated more dorsally are the hippopotamuses, connected with aquatic environments.</pageTitle>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B145571F138FF53FD16FF30" blockId="49.[113,762,144,168]" box="[113,762,144,168]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B145571F138FF53FD45FF5F" blockId="49.[113,762,144,168]" lastBlockId="49.[113,681,175,199]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B145571F138FF53FD16FF30" box="[113,762,144,168]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">However, animals spending much of their life in water often have</pageTitle>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B145571F138FF6CFD45FF5F" blockId="49.[113,681,175,199]" box="[113,681,175,199]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<heading id="D0FC81CB6B145571F138FF6CFD45FF5F" box="[113,681,175,199]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" reason="2">
lighter limb skeletons, which is not the case of
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B145571F301FF73FD48FF5F" box="[584,676,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Lioosicia</emphasis>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>

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@ -0,0 +1,645 @@
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<mods:date id="5891D6FDEE5DD6AA1B6D8541A7106B94">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0F55C03719D5AA0DD9FE3A2661D32FC5">202</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C311652C6B0F556AF2D5FB61FAB5FB44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0F556AF2D5FB61FAB5FB44" blockId="42.[824,1475,1186,1908]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<heading id="D0FC81CB6B0F556AF2D5FB61FAB5FB44" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF2D5FB61FB28FB24" bold="true" box="[924,1220,1186,1212]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">The Laurasian–Gondwanan</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0F556AF581FB61FC01FB44" baseAuthorityName="Efremov" baseAuthorityYear="1940" family="Dicynodontidae" genus="Rhadiodromus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klimovi">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF581FB61FC01FB44" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF581FB61FAB3FB25" bold="true" box="[1224,1375,1186,1213]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Rhadiodromus</emphasis>
klimovi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
→
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF55AFB02FAB5FB44" bold="true" box="[1043,1369,1217,1244]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0F556AF55AFB02FAE6FB44" authorityName="Araujo &amp; Gonzaga" authorityYear="1980" box="[1043,1290,1217,1244]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelariensis">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF55AFB02FAE6FB44" bold="true" box="[1043,1290,1217,1244]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Jachaleria candelariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lineage
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C311652C6B0F556FF270FB2BFF15FE79" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0F556BF270FB2BFF01FA86" blockId="42.[824,1475,1186,1908]" lastBlockId="43.[112,764,1129,1780]" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Middle Triassic European dicynodonts are known from
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B0F556AF270FACBFC92FAB8" box="[825,894,1288,1312]" name="Russia" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Russia</collectingCountry>
.
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF2C4FACBFB9CFAB8" box="[909,1136,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Rabidooauruo
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0F556AF556FACAFB9CFAB8" authorityName="Kalandadze" authorityYear="1970" box="[1055,1136,1289,1312]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="criotatuo">criotatuo</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0F556AF5E4FACBFA7CFAB8" authorityName="Efremov" authorityYear="1940" box="[1197,1424,1288,1312]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klimovi">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF5E4FACBFA7CFAB8" box="[1197,1424,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Rhadiodromuo klimovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0F556AF270FAE4FB55FAA7" authority="(Surkov 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Surkov" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[825,1209,1319,1343]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF270FAE4FBFAFAA7" box="[825,1046,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Rhadiodromuo mariae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0F556AF563FAE4FB42FAA7" author="Surkov" box="[1066,1198,1319,1343]" firstAuthor="Surkov" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="425 - 31" refId="ref36345" refString="Surkov MVA. new anomodont (Nerapsida) from the Middle Triassic of the southern Fore-Urals. Paleontological Journal 2003; 37: 425 - 31." type="journal article" year="2003">Surkov 2003</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
are there represented by the most complete materials (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0F556AF53CFA85FB15FAC7" author="Surkov" box="[1141,1273,1350,1375]" firstAuthor="Surkov" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="425 - 31" refId="ref36345" refString="Surkov MVA. new anomodont (Nerapsida) from the Middle Triassic of the southern Fore-Urals. Paleontological Journal 2003; 37: 425 - 31." type="journal article" year="2003">Surkov 2003</bibRefCitation>
) from the Donguz and Bedyanka localities of the Lower and Upper Donguz formations, respectively, which is dated as Anisian (Tverdokhlebov
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF4F8FA45FCBEFA24" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
2003, Ivakhnenko 2008).
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0F556AF515FA67FA2EFA24" authority="Sun, 1960" authorityName="Sun" authorityYear="1960" box="[1116,1474,1444,1469]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF515FA67FABAFA24" box="[1116,1366,1444,1468]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Parakannemeyeria youngi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0F556AF412FA66FA2EFA24" author="Sun" box="[1371,1474,1444,1469]" firstAuthor="Sun" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="67 - 81" refId="ref36300" refString="Sun AL. On a new genus of kannemeyerids from Ningwu, Shansi. Vertebrata PalAoiatica 1960; 4: 67 - 81." type="journal article" year="1960">Sun, 1960</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0F556AF22EFA07FAB3FA44" authority="Cheng, 1980" authorityName="Cheng" authorityYear="1980" box="[871,1375,1476,1500]" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Shaanbeikannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xilougouenoio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF22EFA07FB3DFA44" box="[871,1233,1476,1500]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Shaanbeikannemeyeria xilougouenoio</emphasis>
Cheng, 1980
</taxonomicName>
from the Early Anisian Ermaying Formation in
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B0F556AF58FFA20FAE9FA63" box="[1222,1285,1507,1531]" name="China" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0F556AF45FFA20FA96FA63" author="Sun" box="[1302,1402,1507,1531]" firstAuthor="Sun" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 109" refId="ref36324" refString="Sun AL. Ne Chinese kannemeyerids. Palaeontologia Sinica, Nes Serieo C 1963; 147: 1 - 109." type="journal article" year="1963">Sun 1963</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0F556AF4CEFA20FC66F983" author="Liu" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Liu" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref33581" refString="Liu J, Ramezani J, Li L et al. High-precision temporal calibration of Middle Triassic vertebrate biostratigraphy: U-Pb zircon constraints for the Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio Fauna and Yongheouchuo. Vertebrata PalAoiatica 2017; 55: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="2017">
Liu
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF4F8FA27FCBEF982" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
) may be their relatives. Angielczyk
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF5B8F9C0FAF5F982" box="[1265,1305,1538,1562]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
. (2018) showed that
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF22FF9E1FBB7F9A2" box="[870,1115,1570,1594]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Sanguoauruo parringtonii</emphasis>
from the upper Ntawere Formation in
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B0F556AF21FF982FC5EF9C1" box="[854,946,1601,1625]" name="Tanzania" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B0F556AF2A2F982FBD6F9C1" box="[1003,1082,1601,1625]" name="Zambia" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Zambia</collectingCountry>
is a stahleckeriid.
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0F556AF44DF982FA2EF9C1" authorityName=", Dolichuranuo Keyser" authorityYear="1973" box="[1284,1474,1601,1625]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poteno">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF44DF982FA2EF9C1" box="[1284,1474,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Stahleckeria poteno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Santa Maria Formation in
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B0F556AF5F9F9A3FB07F9E0" box="[1200,1259,1632,1656]" name="Brazil" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Brazil</collectingCountry>
is dated as Ladinian (or Carnian? according to:
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0F556AF512F943FB0CF900" author="Lucas" box="[1115,1248,1664,1688]" firstAuthor="Lucas" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="347 - 84" refId="ref33838" refString="Lucas SG. Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1998 b; 143: 347 - 84. hups: // doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0031 - 0182 (98) 00117 - 5" type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">Lucas 1998b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0F556AF5A6F943FA50F900" author="Rayfield" box="[1263,1468,1664,1688]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rayfield" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="327 - 54" refId="ref35338" refString="Rayfield EJ, Barreu PM, McDonnell T et al. A geographical information systems (GIS) study of Triassic vertebrate biochronology. Geological Magazine 2005; 142: 327 - 54. hups: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 001675680500083 x" type="journal article" year="2005">
Rayfield
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF407F942FA6CF900" box="[1358,1408,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0F556AF270F95CFBFCF92F" author="Ordonez" box="[825,1040,1695,1719]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ordonez" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="102 - 597" refId="ref34930" refString="Ordonez MDLA, Marsicano CA, Mancuso AC. New specimen of Dinodontooauruo (Nerapsida, Anomodontia) from west-central Argentina (Chanares Formation) and a reassessment of the Triassic Dinodontosaurus Dinodontooauruo (Nerapsida, Anomodontia) from west-central Argentina (Chanares Formation) and a reassessment of the Triassic Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone of southern South America. Journal of South American Earth Scienceo 2020; 100: 102 - 597." type="journal article" year="2020">
Ordoñez
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF2D6F963FC3FF92F" box="[927,979,1695,1719]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
; see also:
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0F556AF5CCF95CFAA0F92F" author="Schultz" box="[1157,1356,1695,1719]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schultz" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="495 - 8" refId="ref35662" refString="Schultz CL, Scherer CMS, Barberena M. Biostratigraphy of Southern Brasilian Middle Upper Triassic. Reviota Braoileira de Geocienciao 2000; 30: 495 - 8." type="journal article" year="2000">
Schultz
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF592F963FAE2F92F" box="[1243,1294,1695,1719]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
). The new
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0F556AF270F97DFC38F94E" box="[825,980,1726,1750]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF270F97DFC43F94E" box="[825,943,1726,1750]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
indet. material was reported from the Carnian Chañares Formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin by Escobar
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF2DBF93DFC51F88D" box="[914,957,1789,1813]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
. (2021).
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF56BF93EFB02F88D" box="[1058,1262,1789,1813]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Iochigualaotia jenoeni</emphasis>
is known only from the lower third of the Ischigualasto Formation (Bonaparte 1970,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0F556AF270F8FFFC02F8CC" author="Rogers" box="[825,1006,1852,1876]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rogers" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="794 - 7" refId="ref35414" refString="Rogers RR, SwisherCCIII, Sereno PC et al. Ne Ischigualasto tetrapod assemblage (Late Triassic, Argentina) and 40 Ar / 39 Ar dating of dinosaur origins. Science 1993; 260: 794 - 7. hups: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 260.5109.794" type="journal article" year="1993">
Rogers
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF2CFF8FEFC59F8CC" box="[902,949,1852,1876]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
1993
</bibRefCitation>
, Zerfass
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF501F8FEFB9BF8CC" box="[1096,1143,1852,1876]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
2003,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0F556AF5F3F8FFFA69F8CC" author="Martinez" box="[1210,1413,1852,1876]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Martinez" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="206 - 10" refId="ref34501" refString="Martinez RN, Sereno PC, Alcober OA et al. A basal dinosaur from the dawn of the dinosaur era in southwestern Pangaea. Science 2011; 331: 206 - 10. hups: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 1198467" type="journal article" year="2011">
Martinez
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0F556AF454F8FEFAA0F8CC" box="[1309,1356,1852,1876]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). The latter authors dated the formation as 227.8 ± 0.3 Mya, i.e. Late Carnian. Fröbisch (2009; based on:
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0F556AF5F3F8B8FAD2F80A" author="Lucas" box="[1210,1342,1914,1938]" firstAuthor="Lucas" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="347 - 84" refId="ref33838" refString="Lucas SG. Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1998 b; 143: 347 - 84. hups: // doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0031 - 0182 (98) 00117 - 5" type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">Lucas 1998b</bibRefCitation>
) considered it to represent the upper part of Adamanian, but according to
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0E556BF138FBA9FEF8FB19" author="Langer" box="[113,276,1129,1154]" firstAuthor="Langer" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="219 - 39" refId="ref33388" refString="Langer MC. Studies in continental Late Triassic tetrapod biochronology. II. Ne Ischigualastia jenseni and a Carnian global correlation. Journal of South American Earth Scienceo 2005 b; 19: 219 - 39. hups: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsames. 2005.04.002" type="journal article" year="2005" yearSuffix="b">Langer (2005b)</bibRefCitation>
it is older than Adamanian. He also showed that probably
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF199FB4AFECFFB38" box="[208,291,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">I. jenoeni</emphasis>
is older than
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF0EEFB4AFD7DFB39" box="[423,657,1161,1185]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Eubrachiooauruo brosni</emphasis>
Williston, 1904 from the Popo Agie Formation [contrary to
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0E556BF3C7FB6AFF14FB47" author="Lucas and Hunt" firstAuthor="Lucas" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="321 - 5" refId="ref34001" refString="Lucas SG, Hunt AP. A dicynodont from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico and its biochronological significance. Nes Mexico Muoeum of Natural Hiotory and Science Bulletin 1993; 3: 321 - 5." type="journal article" year="1993">Lucas and Hunt (1993)</bibRefCitation>
, the relative ages of these two taxa is highly uncertain in the absence of precise radiometric dates for the Popo Agie Formation].
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF74662F6B0E556BF139FBC6FCFEFBA1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339653" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14339653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339653/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" startId="43.[112,145,1029,1053]" targetBox="[117,1454,147,995]" targetPageId="43" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0E556BF139FBC6FCFEFBA1" blockId="43.[112,1450,1029,1082]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF139FBC6FF55FB85" bold="true" box="[112,185,1029,1053]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 47.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF1F6FBC5FD83FB86" authority="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[191,623,1029,1054]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF1F6FBC5FEBEFB85" box="[191,338,1029,1053]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019
</taxonomicName>
from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. Reconstruction of skull (A, B) and mandible (C) based on many elements described in text, in lateral (A, C), and dorsal (B) views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0E556BF1C4FAE6FE48F90E" blockId="43.[112,764,1129,1780]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
According to
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0E556BF052FAE6FDE0FAA5" author="Ramezani" box="[283,524,1317,1341]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ramezani" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="981 - 1008" refId="ref35233" refString="Ramezani J, Fastovsky DE, Bowring SA. Revised chronostratigraphy of the lower Chinle Formation strata in Arizona and New Mexico (USA): high precision U-Pb geochronological constraints on the Late Triassic evolution of dinosaurs. American Journal of Science 2014; 314: 981 - 1008. hups: // doi. org / 10.2475 / 06.2014.01" type="journal article" year="2014">
Ramezani
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF0C3FAE5FE57FAA5" box="[394,443,1317,1341]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
, the lower third of the Ischigualasto Formation represents the boundary between the Carnian and Norian. The youngest dicynodonts from South America are
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF1BEFA40FE40FA03" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1970" box="[247,428,1411,1435]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colorata">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF1BEFA40FE40FA03" box="[247,428,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Jachaleria colorata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Norian Los Colorados Formation of
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B0E556BF1B6FA60FE8BFA23" box="[255,359,1443,1467]" name="Argentina" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, which is a fluvial–lacustrine siliciclastic (Bonaparte 1971, 1978, Vega-Dias and Schwanke 2004), and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF138FA21FDBAFA62" authority="(Vega-Dias and Schultz 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Vega-Dias and Schultz" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[113,598,1505,1530]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelarienoio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF138FA21FEE2FA61" box="[113,270,1505,1529]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">J. candelarienoio</emphasis>
(Vega-Dias and Schultz 2004)
</taxonomicName>
that originated from the Norian Caturrita Formation (Araújo and Gonzaga 1980,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0E556BF1F8F9E2FE8BF9A0" author="Langer" box="[177,359,1568,1593]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Langer" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="133 - 40" refId="ref33492" refString="Langer MC, Ramezani J, Da Rosa AAS, Da Rosa AA. U-Pb age constraints on dinosaur rise from south Brazil. Gondsana Reoearch 2018; 57: 133 - 40. hups: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. gr. 2018.01.005" type="journal article" year="2018">
Langer
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF1B7F9E2FEC2F9A0" box="[254,302,1568,1592]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
). The close relationship of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF336F9E3FEFFF9CF" authority=", Eubrachiooauruo" authorityName="Eubrachiooauruo" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF336F9E3FD19F9A0" box="[639,757,1568,1592]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF138F9FCFEFFF9CF" box="[113,275,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Eubrachiooauruo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF069F9FCFE6DF9CF" box="[288,385,1599,1623]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF069F9FCFE6DF9CF" box="[288,385,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Jachaleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF0F2F9FCFDD3F9CF" box="[443,575,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Iochigualaotia</emphasis>
was supported by the cladistic analysis published by Kammerer
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF305F99CFD91F9EF" box="[588,637,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
(2013) and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0E556BF13AF9BDFE72F90E" author="Szczygielski and Sulej" box="[115,414,1662,1686]" firstAuthor="Szczygielski" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="279 - 406" refId="ref36597" refString="Szczygielski T, Sulej T. Woznikella triradiata n. gen., n. sp. - a new kannemeyeriiform dicynodont from the Late Triassic of northern Pangea and the global distribution of Triassic dicynodonts. Compteo Renduo Palevol 2023; 22: 279 - 406." type="journal article" year="2023">Szczygielski and Sulej (2023)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0E556BF1C4F95DFD37F96C" blockId="43.[112,764,1129,1780]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">These dicynodonts experienced a mosaic evolution, with modifications of particular bones not necessarily correlated with each other. This refers especially to the bones of the cranium.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0E556BF138F8D6FC8FFB58" blockId="43.[113,762,1813,1900]" lastBlockId="43.[809,1461,1129,1905]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF138F8D6FE87F8B5" box="[113,363,1813,1837]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Evolution of the cranium:</emphasis>
The position of the dicynodont orbits is correlated with the shape of the postorbital. This bone is perpendicular to the zygomatic arch in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF0A5F897FD20F8F4" authorityName="Efremov" authorityYear="1940" box="[492,716,1876,1900]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klimovi">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF0A5F897FD20F8F4" box="[492,716,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Rhadiodromuo klimovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the oldest member of the lineage, and in subsequent evolution became
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B0E556BF1F9F850FD16F833" box="[176,762,1939,1963]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">more and more oblique anteriorly. The extreme state of</pageTitle>
this trait is that in
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF06FF871FDF5F852" box="[294,537,1970,1994]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF06FF871FDF9F852" baseAuthorityName="Vega-Dias and Schultz" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[294,533,1970,1994]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelarienoio">Jachaleria candelarienoio</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
In
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF37EF870FD22F852" baseAuthorityName="Vega-Dias and Schultz" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[567,718,1970,1994]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelarienoio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF37EF870FD22F852" box="[567,718,1970,1994]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">J. candelarienoio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF263FBAAFC14FB19" box="[810,1016,1129,1153]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Iochigualaotia jenoeni</emphasis>
the orbits are located above the posterior margin of the maxillary horn and the temporal opening is very large.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0E556BF20CFB0BFB67F981" blockId="43.[809,1461,1129,1905]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
The route of the evolution of the frontals was different in the lineage represented in South America by
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF47EFB24FC42FA86" authority=", Iochigualaotia" authorityName="Iochigualaotia" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF47EFB24FA41FB67" box="[1335,1453,1255,1279]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF263FAC5FC42FA86" box="[810,942,1286,1310]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Iochigualaotia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF2A3FAC5FBBDFA86" box="[1002,1105,1286,1310]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF2A3FAC5FBA1FA86" box="[1002,1101,1286,1310]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Jachaleria</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The anterior part of the bone became shorter, and the narrow edge of the orbital margin almost disappeared and moved outside. The original shape of the frontal may be shown by
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF2A9FAA7FAAFFAE4" authority="Surkov, 2003" authorityName="Surkov" authorityYear="2003" box="[992,1347,1380,1404]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF2A9FAA7FB55FAE4" box="[992,1209,1380,1404]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Rhadiodromuo mariae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0E556BF5F7FAA7FAAFFAE4" author="Surkov" box="[1214,1347,1380,1404]" firstAuthor="Surkov" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="425 - 31" refId="ref36345" refString="Surkov MVA. new anomodont (Nerapsida) from the Middle Triassic of the southern Fore-Urals. Paleontological Journal 2003; 37: 425 - 31." type="journal article" year="2003">Surkov, 2003</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. In its very wide anterior part,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF2A0FA47FBA4FA03" authorityName="Surkov" authorityYear="2003" box="[1001,1096,1412,1435]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF2A0FA47FBA4FA03" box="[1001,1096,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">R. mariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF5B6FA40FA99FA03" box="[1279,1397,1411,1435]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF5B6FA40FA99FA03" box="[1279,1397,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Also, the large number of sacral ribs of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF5C4FA60FA80FA23" authorityName="Efremov" authorityYear="1940" box="[1165,1388,1443,1467]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klimovi">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF5C4FA60FA80FA23" box="[1165,1388,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Rhadiodromuo klimovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is typical for the Middle Triassic dicynodonts from South America. It seems that
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF2D4FA22FBCFFA61" box="[925,1059,1505,1529]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Rabidooauruo</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF51CFA22FB09FA61" box="[1109,1253,1505,1529]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Rhadiodromuo</emphasis>
are genera that gave the beginning to different lineages.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0E556BF20CF9E3FC0DF92D" blockId="43.[809,1461,1129,1905]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
Probably in the Ladinian, the tusks vanished from the maxillae in the South American members of the lineage, although they were present until the Carnian in
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF5EEF99CFA5EF9EF" box="[1191,1458,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
Dinodontaouruo
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF40EF99CFA5EF9EF" authorityName="Liu and Li" authorityYear="2003" box="[1351,1458,1631,1655]" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Xiyukannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirootrio">brevirootrio</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
in the other Gondwanan lineage and until the Norian in the Laurasian lineage.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0E556CF20CF97EFCEBF9E0" blockId="43.[809,1461,1129,1905]" lastBlockId="44.[128,779,1225,1907]" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
Some changes can be also observed in the disposition of the adductor externus lateralis and externus medialis muscles, which are attached to the zygomatic arch (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0E556BF5E7F938FA6FF88B" author="Ordonez" box="[1198,1411,1787,1811]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ordonez" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1808 - 20" refId="ref34886" refString="Ordonez MDLA, Cassini GH, Vizcaino SF et al. A geometric morphometric approach to the analysis of skull shape in Triassic dicynodonts (Nerapsida, Anomodontia) from South America. Journal of Morphology 2019; 280: 1808 - 20." type="journal article" year="2019">
Ordoñez
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF45AF93FFAD3F88B" box="[1299,1343,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
). In most Early and Middle Triassic dicynodonts the zygomatic arch in dorsal view is directed anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="13302A226B0E556BF5FCF8F9FB12F8CA" box="[1205,1278,1850,1874]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="45.[114,147,955,979]" captionTargetBox="[111,1462,152,933]" captionTargetId="figure-636@45.[111,1463,144,908]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Fig. 49. Phylogeny of Triassic dicynodonts.Ŋe crania of the well-known dicynodonts in cross-sections, showing three lineages with much different shape of the parietal and braincase.Stahleckeria and Iochigualaotia are based on Camp (1956)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339660/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF47EF8F9FA41F8CA" box="[1335,1453,1850,1874]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF47EF8F9FA41F8CA" box="[1335,1453,1850,1874]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the zygomatic arch is directed antero-medially at its base. From
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF262F8BAFC43F809" box="[811,943,1913,1937]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Iochigualaotia</emphasis>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0E556BF284F8BAFBC2F809" box="[973,1070,1913,1937]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0E556BF284F8BAFBC2F809" box="[973,1070,1913,1937]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Jachaleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it became directed more and more laterally. The changes in the shape of the zygomatic arch are correlated with the shape of the occiput.The lateral edge of the occipital plate (posterolateral wing of the squamosal) in most Triassic dicynodonts had an apparent posterior edge (in lateral view) and forms a large attachment area for muscles (
<figureCitation id="13302A226B09556CF367FAC4FD9AFAB8" box="[558,630,1287,1312]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="45.[114,147,955,979]" captionTargetBox="[111,1462,152,933]" captionTargetId="figure-636@45.[111,1463,144,908]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Fig. 49. Phylogeny of Triassic dicynodonts.Ŋe crania of the well-known dicynodonts in cross-sections, showing three lineages with much different shape of the parietal and braincase.Stahleckeria and Iochigualaotia are based on Camp (1956)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339660/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figs 49</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13302A226B09556CF3C9FAC4FD76FA87" box="[640,666,1287,1311]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[1230,1263,939,964]" captionTargetBox="[132,1201,273,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-7@46.[129,1205,269,1847]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 50. Phylogeny of the well-known Triassic dicynodonts. The ilium of Dinodontooauruo brevirootrio is based on the material from MCN [ personal studies , and Kammerer and Ordoñez ( 2021 ) ] , ilium of Stahleckeria poteno and all postcranial elements of Placeriao ‘gigao’ are based on Camp and Welles ( 1956 ) and modified . The skulls of Dinodontooauruo tener and D . brevirootrio , their scapula and sternum are based on Kammerer and Ordoñez (2021). The skull of Stahleckeria poteno is based on Maisch ( 2001 ) , its scapula is based on personal observation of the GPIT . The sternum of Stahleckeria is based on Cox (1965). The scapula of Iochigualaotia jenoeni is based on personal studies of MCZ materials . The rest of the Iochigualaotia jenoeni bones are based on Cox ( 1965 ) and modified. The scapula of Jachaleria candelarienoio is based on Araújo and Gonzaga (1980) , skull and other bones are based on Vega-Diaz and Schultz ( 2004 ) and modified based on personal studies. Jachaleria colorata is based on Bonaparte (1978). Acratophoruo argentinenoio is based on Kammerer and Ordoñez ( 2021 ) . Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo is based on Cox ( 1965 ) and Renaut and Hancox (2001). Rhadiodromuo mariae is based on Surkov (2003), Rabidooauruo criotatuo is based on personal observation , Wadiaoauruo indicuo is based on Bandyopadhyay ( 1988 ) and modified based on personal observations. Parakannemeyeria youngi skull and Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio scapula , ilium , and sternum from Sun ( 1963 ) . Sanguoauruo is based on Angielczyk et al. (2018). Shaanbeikannemeyeria is based on Liu et al. (2017). Woznikella is based on Szczygielski and Sulej ( 2023 ) . Zambiaoauruo is based on Cox ( 1969 ) ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339664/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">50</figureCitation>
). This area was small only in
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF075FAE4FE2CFAA7" box="[316,448,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Iochigualaotia</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B09556CF0BDFAE4FDBFFAA7" box="[500,595,1319,1343]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF0BDFAE4FDBFFAA7" box="[500,595,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Jachaleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the lateral edge of the occipital plate in lateral view is vertical. This characterizes both species of the genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B09556CF0A7FAA5FDA3FAE5" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1970" box="[494,591,1381,1405]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colorata">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF0A7FAA5FDA3FAE5" box="[494,591,1381,1405]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">J. colorata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Bonaparte 1978, Vega-Dias and Schwanke 2004) and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B09556CF0B3FA45FED3FA24" authority="(Vega-Dias and Schultz 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Vega-Dias and Schultz" baseAuthorityYear="2004" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelarienoio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF0B3FA45FD7EFA05" box="[506,658,1413,1437]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">J. candelarienoio</emphasis>
(Vega-Dias and Schultz 2004)
</taxonomicName>
. The slope of the lateral edge of the occipital plate resulted in a different orientation of the adductor muscles with respect to the mandible. The external adductor attachment was enlarged due to the horizontal position of the zygomatic arch. It seems that
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B09556CF002F9E1FE0AF9A1" baseAuthorityName="Vega-Dias and Schultz" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[331,486,1569,1593]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelarienoio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF002F9E1FE0AF9A1" box="[331,486,1569,1593]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">J. candelarienoio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had enormously strong adductors, probably to feed on hard food. The morphology of the occipital is strongly correlated with the slope of the whole skull.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF74662F6B09556CF1C8FB8AFE41FB01" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339655" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14339655" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339655/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" startId="44.[129,162,1097,1121]" targetBox="[130,1463,146,1068]" targetPageId="44" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B09556CF1C8FB8AFE41FB01" blockId="44.[129,1442,1097,1177]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF1C8FB8AFF26FBF9" bold="true" box="[129,202,1097,1121]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 48.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B09556CF187FB89FD92FBF9" authority="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[206,638,1097,1121]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF187FB89FE8DFBF9" box="[206,353,1097,1121]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019
</taxonomicName>
from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. A, reconstruction of skeleton in lateral view. The proportions from
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B09556CF063FBA6FDE3FBE5" authorityName="Liu" authorityYear="2004" box="[298,527,1125,1149]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chengi">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF063FBA6FDE3FBE5" box="[298,527,1125,1149]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Parakannemeyeria chengi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the shape of the manus and foot are based on Camp and Welles (1956). B, reconstruction of vertebral column in lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B09556CF1D5F9BCFF34F849" blockId="44.[128,779,1225,1907]" lastBlockId="44.[129,778,1914,2001]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Already
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B09556CF1BEF9BCFDCCF900" author="Surkov and Benton" box="[247,544,1663,1688]" firstAuthor="Surkov" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="619 - 38" refId="ref36372" refString="Surkov MV, Benton MJ. Ne basicranium of dicynodonts (Synapsida) and its use in phylogenetic analysis. Palaeontology 2004; 47: 619 - 38. hups: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0031 - 0239.2004.00382. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Surkov and Benton (2004)</bibRefCitation>
and Kalandadze and Kurkin (2000) interpreted proportions of the occipital plate and the whole skull in the context of feeding adaptations. However, their ‘occipital index’ mixes proportions of the occipital plate and the length of the skull. Proportions of the occipital plate in Middle and Late Triassic dicynodonts exhibit two separate
<typeStatus id="54B088056B09556CF1C8F8FFFF56F8CC" box="[129,186,1852,1876]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">types</typeStatus>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B09556CF18BF8F8FD49F8CB" authority=", Dinodontooauruo, and Rabidooauruo" authorityName="Dinodontooauruo, and Rabidooauruo" box="[194,677,1851,1875]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF18BF8F8FEDBF8CB" box="[194,311,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF00BF8F8FE0BF8CB" box="[322,487,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Dinodontooauruo</emphasis>
, and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF369F8F8FD49F8CB" box="[544,677,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Rabidooauruo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have very low and wide occipitals, whereas
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF0AAF898FD89F8EB" box="[483,613,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Iochigualaotia</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B09556CF33CF898FD38F8EB" box="[629,724,1883,1907]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF33CF898FD38F8EB" box="[629,724,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Jachaleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF1C8F8B9FF3BF80A" box="[129,215,1914,1938]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Placeriao</emphasis>
have high and relatively narrow occipitals. It seems that increasing skull height and narrowing evolved in parallel in both lineages.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B09556CF21CFB0AFBB1FA87" blockId="44.[825,1474,1225,1468]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
In both species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B09556CF55EFB0AFB94FB79" box="[1047,1144,1225,1249]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF55EFB0AFB94FB79" box="[1047,1144,1225,1249]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Jachaleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the occipital condyles were directed posteriorly. In the resting position of the skull the orbits were directed frontolaterally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B09556CF21CFAE4FAB4FA24" blockId="44.[825,1474,1225,1468]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
The shape of the mandible is variable in Triassic dicynodonts, and it is difficult to identify any evolutionary trend in its morphology. Only the shape of the dentary seems to differentiate the lineages. In
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B09556CF2FFFA46FAE4FA05" authority="(Abdala et al. 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Abdala" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[950,1288,1413,1437]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF2FFFA46FBC0FA05" box="[950,1068,1413,1437]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
(Abdala
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF5D9FA45FB2DFA05" box="[1168,1217,1413,1437]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
2013)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF45CFA46FA50FA05" box="[1301,1468,1413,1437]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Dinodontooauruo</emphasis>
, and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF22CFA67FC05FA24" box="[869,1001,1444,1468]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Iochigualaotia</emphasis>
it is high and short, unlike
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF5B2FA67FABEFA24" box="[1275,1362,1444,1468]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Placeriao</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B09556DF270FA1EFD71FBCF" blockId="44.[824,1474,1501,1933]" lastBlockId="45.[112,762,1055,1925]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF270FA1EFB6DFA6D" box="[825,1153,1501,1526]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Evolution of pootcranial okeleton:</emphasis>
Although most aspects of the postcranial skeleton are variable in Triassic dicynodonts, some trends are identifiable. The most important changes concern the pectoral girdle. Regrettably, the scapula of dicynodonts from the Anisian of
<collectingCountry id="F31C76376B09556CF293F998FBF1F9EB" box="[986,1053,1627,1651]" name="Russia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Russia</collectingCountry>
remains unknown. The increase in size of the acromion process of the scapula characterizes the evolution of the longest lasting lineages. In
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B09556CF5FFF95AFC94F949" authority="(Escobar et al. 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Escobar" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF5FFF95AFAC0F929" box="[1206,1324,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
(Escobar
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF4DDF959FA50F929" box="[1428,1468,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
. 2021)
</taxonomicName>
, the acromion process was elongated into a ridge (scapular spine) that extended almost to the upper end of the scapula. In
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF272F934FC52F897" box="[827,958,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Iochigualaotia</emphasis>
, only the base of the ridge was preserved.
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B09556CF428F934FA2EF897" box="[1377,1474,1783,1807]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF428F934FA2EF897" box="[1377,1474,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Jachaleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had a very small acromion process and a distinct attachment for the triceps scapularis (Araújo and Gonzaga 1980). According to
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B09556CF211F896FBC3F8F5" author="Surkov" box="[856,1071,1877,1901]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Surkov" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="402 - 13" refId="ref36461" refString="Surkov MV, Kalandadze NN, Benton MJ. Lyotrooauruo georgi, a dicynodont from the Lower Triassic of Russia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2005; 25: 402 - 13. hups: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2005) 025 [0402: lgadss] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2005">
Surkov
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF2E0F895FC30F8F5" box="[937,988,1877,1901]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
(2005)
</bibRefCitation>
, the general trend to widening of the scapula blade is observed already in the Permian dicynodonts
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B09556CF270F857FA2EF853" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
(Rubidge
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B09556CF2E8F856FC3DF834" box="[929,977,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
1994), and the reversal of this trend occurred in Late Triassic species (
<figureCitation id="13302A226B09556CF56BF870FB87F853" box="[1058,1131,1971,1995]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[1230,1263,939,964]" captionTargetBox="[132,1201,273,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-7@46.[129,1205,269,1847]" captionText="Fig. 50. Phylogeny of the well-known Triassic dicynodonts. The ilium of Dinodontooauruo brevirootrio is based on the material from MCN [ personal studies , and Kammerer and Ordoñez ( 2021 ) ] , ilium of Stahleckeria poteno and all postcranial elements of Placeriao ‘gigao’ are based on Camp and Welles ( 1956 ) and modified . The skulls of Dinodontooauruo tener and D . brevirootrio , their scapula and sternum are based on Kammerer and Ordoñez (2021). The skull of Stahleckeria poteno is based on Maisch ( 2001 ) , its scapula is based on personal observation of the GPIT . The sternum of Stahleckeria is based on Cox (1965). The scapula of Iochigualaotia jenoeni is based on personal studies of MCZ materials . The rest of the Iochigualaotia jenoeni bones are based on Cox ( 1965 ) and modified. The scapula of Jachaleria candelarienoio is based on Araújo and Gonzaga (1980) , skull and other bones are based on Vega-Diaz and Schultz ( 2004 ) and modified based on personal studies. Jachaleria colorata is based on Bonaparte (1978). Acratophoruo argentinenoio is based on Kammerer and Ordoñez ( 2021 ) . Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo is based on Cox ( 1965 ) and Renaut and Hancox (2001). Rhadiodromuo mariae is based on Surkov (2003), Rabidooauruo criotatuo is based on personal observation , Wadiaoauruo indicuo is based on Bandyopadhyay ( 1988 ) and modified based on personal observations. Parakannemeyeria youngi skull and Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio scapula , ilium , and sternum from Sun ( 1963 ) . Sanguoauruo is based on Angielczyk et al. (2018). Shaanbeikannemeyeria is based on Liu et al. (2017). Woznikella is based on Szczygielski and Sulej ( 2023 ) . Zambiaoauruo is based on Cox ( 1969 ) ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339664/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
). The Late Triassic dicynodonts
</pageTitle>
from South America had a very wide base of the scapular blade (Kammerer
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF1B9FBFCFEF4FBCF" box="[240,280,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
. 2013). This character is conservative.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF74662F6B08556DF13BFC78FBDEFC77" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339660" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14339660" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339660/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" startId="45.[114,147,955,979]" targetBox="[111,1462,152,933]" targetPageId="45" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B08556DF13BFC78FBDEFC77" blockId="45.[114,1416,955,1008]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF13BFC78FF50FC4B" bold="true" box="[114,188,955,979]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 49.</emphasis>
Phylogeny of Triassic dicynodonts. The crania of the well-known dicynodonts in cross-sections, showing three lineages with much different shape of the parietal and braincase.
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B08556DF35CFC14FD6FFC77" box="[533,643,983,1007]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF35CFC14FD6FFC77" box="[533,643,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF3F9FC14FCC7FC77" box="[688,811,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Iochigualaotia</emphasis>
are based on Camp (1956).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B08556DF1C4FB9DFD3CFA37" blockId="45.[112,762,1055,1925]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B08556DF1C4FB9DFEEFFBEE" box="[141,259,1118,1142]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF1C4FB9DFEEFFBEE" box="[141,259,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF00BFB9DFE2AFBEE" box="[322,454,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Iochigualaotia</emphasis>
had a small groove on the anterior edge of the scapular blade. This seems important as
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF1D9FB5EFF0BFB2D" box="[144,231,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Placeriao</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF068FB5EFE91FB2C" box="[289,381,1181,1204]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Lioosicia</emphasis>
did not have such a structure. It is interesting that the share of the coracoid in the formation of the glenoid is low in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B08556DF051FB18FE62FB6B" box="[280,398,1243,1267]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF051FB18FE62FB6B" box="[280,398,1243,1267]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in contrast to
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF368FB18FD49FB6B" box="[545,677,1243,1267]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Iochigualaotia</emphasis>
. In both lineages also the direction of the glenoid changed in parallel. At the beginning it is directed laterally, as in all Middle Triassic dicynodonts, but it changed to a more posterior direction. The role of the triceps brachii muscles probably changed in the Late Triassic dicynodonts. In advanced form, like
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B08556DF301FABBFD45FA08" box="[584,681,1400,1424]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF301FABBFD45FA08" box="[584,681,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Jachaleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the attachment area for these muscles on the scapula is very large.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B08556DF1C4FA74FDD1F995" blockId="45.[112,762,1055,1925]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
It seems that in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B08556DF071FA74FE42FA57" box="[312,430,1463,1487]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF071FA74FE42FA57" box="[312,430,1463,1487]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B08556DF0ACFA74FDAAFA57" box="[485,582,1463,1487]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF0ACFA74FDAAFA57" box="[485,582,1463,1487]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Jachaleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the sternum had two articulation surfaces on each side. This character is not known in older representatives of the lineage.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B08556DF1C4F9D6FB2BFBCF" blockId="45.[112,762,1055,1925]" lastBlockId="45.[810,1461,1055,1926]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
The shape of the ilium is variable in dicynodonts, and only the number of sacral ribs and the length of the posterior process may allow identification of evolutionary trends (
<figureCitation id="13302A226B08556DF338F990FD56F9F3" box="[625,698,1619,1643]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[1230,1263,939,964]" captionTargetBox="[132,1201,273,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-7@46.[129,1205,269,1847]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 50. Phylogeny of the well-known Triassic dicynodonts. The ilium of Dinodontooauruo brevirootrio is based on the material from MCN [ personal studies , and Kammerer and Ordoñez ( 2021 ) ] , ilium of Stahleckeria poteno and all postcranial elements of Placeriao ‘gigao’ are based on Camp and Welles ( 1956 ) and modified . The skulls of Dinodontooauruo tener and D . brevirootrio , their scapula and sternum are based on Kammerer and Ordoñez (2021). The skull of Stahleckeria poteno is based on Maisch ( 2001 ) , its scapula is based on personal observation of the GPIT . The sternum of Stahleckeria is based on Cox (1965). The scapula of Iochigualaotia jenoeni is based on personal studies of MCZ materials . The rest of the Iochigualaotia jenoeni bones are based on Cox ( 1965 ) and modified. The scapula of Jachaleria candelarienoio is based on Araújo and Gonzaga (1980) , skull and other bones are based on Vega-Diaz and Schultz ( 2004 ) and modified based on personal studies. Jachaleria colorata is based on Bonaparte (1978). Acratophoruo argentinenoio is based on Kammerer and Ordoñez ( 2021 ) . Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo is based on Cox ( 1965 ) and Renaut and Hancox (2001). Rhadiodromuo mariae is based on Surkov (2003), Rabidooauruo criotatuo is based on personal observation , Wadiaoauruo indicuo is based on Bandyopadhyay ( 1988 ) and modified based on personal observations. Parakannemeyeria youngi skull and Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio scapula , ilium , and sternum from Sun ( 1963 ) . Sanguoauruo is based on Angielczyk et al. (2018). Shaanbeikannemeyeria is based on Liu et al. (2017). Woznikella is based on Szczygielski and Sulej ( 2023 ) . Zambiaoauruo is based on Cox ( 1969 ) ." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339664/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
). The Middle Triassic
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF054F9B0FE41F913" box="[285,429,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Rhadiodromuo</emphasis>
had many sacral ribs (seven to eight?). The trend to decrease their number characterizes South America dicynodonts.
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B08556DF010F972FE23F951" box="[345,463,1713,1737]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF010F972FE23F951" box="[345,463,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had seven to eight sacral ribs,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF138F912FF19F971" box="[113,245,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Iochigualaotia</emphasis>
six to seven? [uncatalogued specimen in Instituto Miguel Lillo in
<collectingRegion id="49CFF8456B08556DF05DF933FE96F89F" box="[276,378,1776,1799]" country="Argentina" name="Tucuman" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Tucuman</collectingRegion>
; contrary to Griffin
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF301F932FD9DF890" box="[584,625,1776,1800]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
. (2019], and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B08556DF13AF8CCFF38F8BF" box="[115,212,1807,1831]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF13AF8CCFF38F8BF" box="[115,212,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Jachaleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only five sacral ribs. It seems that small Permian dicynodonts had four sacral vertebrae, but as they grew in size they had to increase the number of sacral vertebrae so that the pelvis could support larger weight (
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF0E3F8AEFDD6F81D" box="[426,570,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Rhadiodromuo</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B08556DF33AF8AEFD05F81D" box="[627,745,1901,1925]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF33AF8AEFD05F81D" box="[627,745,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B08556DF1D5F84EFD16F85C" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">then when the forelimbs started to be displaced under the shaft, this was no longer necessary and the number of sacral</pageTitle>
vertebrae decreased. In
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B08556DF551FBDCFB95FBAF" box="[1048,1145,1055,1079]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF551FBDCFB95FBAF" box="[1048,1145,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Jachaleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF5E1FBDCFAC0FBAF" box="[1192,1324,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Iochigualaotia</emphasis>
, two or three sacral ribs are in front of the acetabulum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B08556DF20CFB9DFBC4F8BF" blockId="45.[810,1461,1055,1926]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
The femur from the Los Esteros Member of the Santa Rosa Formation in
<collectingRegion id="49CFF8456B08556DF2F3FBBDFBD3FB0D" box="[954,1087,1149,1173]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
, is more similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B08556DF440FBBEFA93FB0D" box="[1289,1407,1149,1173]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF440FBBEFA93FB0D" box="[1289,1407,1149,1173]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than to
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF20CFB5EFC70FB2D" box="[837,924,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Placeriao</emphasis>
(Kammerer
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF568FB5EFBBCFB2D" box="[1057,1104,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
2013) and suggests that some representative of the Gondwanan lineages came to live in North America.
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF2C6FB18FBDDFB6B" box="[911,1073,1243,1267]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Eubrachiooauruo</emphasis>
may be such an immigrant. The distinction between South and North American lineages of dicynodonts is especially well expressed in the morphology of the pubis and ischium, although they are known only in more advanced representatives. The notch in the ventral border of the ischium and pubis is very distinct in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B08556DF5E6FABBFAC9FA08" box="[1199,1317,1400,1424]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF5E6FABBFAC9FA08" box="[1199,1317,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The ischium of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B08556DF20CFA54FC4AFA37" box="[837,934,1431,1455]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF20CFA54FC4AFA37" box="[837,934,1431,1455]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Jachaleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the vertical length very short in comparison to very long in
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF2E3FA74FBEAFA56" box="[938,1030,1463,1486]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Lioosicia</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF57EFA74FB62FA57" box="[1079,1166,1463,1487]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Placeriao</emphasis>
. The ischium has a posterior blade slightly curved medially in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B08556DF5D2FA15FB10FA76" box="[1179,1276,1494,1518]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF5D2FA15FB10FA76" box="[1179,1276,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Jachaleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B08556DF444FA15FA82FA76" box="[1293,1390,1494,1518]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF444FA15FA82FA76" box="[1293,1390,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Jachaleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably represents the crown achievement of dicynodont evolution in South America. It seems that its mode of life was very different from that of
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF55FF9F7FB81F9D4" box="[1046,1133,1588,1612]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Placeriao</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF5EFF9F6FAEEF9D4" box="[1190,1282,1589,1612]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Lioosicia</emphasis>
. Their skulls are very different. The wide snout with well-developed grooves for tearing plants, together with the very large area for attachment of muscles adducting mandible and the massive zygomatic arch, suggest that
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B08556DF2E3F972FBE7F951" box="[938,1035,1713,1737]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF2E3F972FBE7F951" box="[938,1035,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Jachaleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ate a hard plant food difficult to tear. The position of the quadrate that is directed ventrally (in
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF41EF912FA5FF970" box="[1367,1459,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Lioosicia</emphasis>
rather anteroventrally) may be related with the mode of tearing but is difficult to explain.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B08556FF20CF8ECFE49FF5F" blockId="45.[810,1461,1055,1926]" lastBlockId="47.[113,763,175,481]" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
The almost oval and longer than high parietal, the short and only slightly oblique posterior surface of the supraoccipital, and the almost horizontal base of the braincase suggest that
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B08556DF263F84EFA5FF85C" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B08556DF263F84EFC67F83D" box="[810,907,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Jachaleria</emphasis>
kept its head horizontal and was a browser. This is consistent with the position of the orbits. They were very large and
</pageTitle>
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B0A556FF138FF53FD17FF30" box="[113,763,144,168]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">displaced anteriorly to be located above the maxilla. In Lioosicia</pageTitle>
they are much more posterior.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF74662F6B0B556EF587FC68F591FB3C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339664" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14339664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339664/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" startId="46.[1230,1263,939,964]" targetBox="[132,1201,273,1844]" targetPageId="46">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0B556EF587FC68F591FB3C" blockId="46.[1230,3049,939,1188]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF587FC68FAFBFC5C" bold="true" box="[1230,1303,939,964]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 50.</emphasis>
Phylogeny of the well-known Triassic dicynodonts. The ilium of
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF630FC68F7F8FC5C" box="[1913,2068,939,964]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Dinodontooauruo</emphasis>
brevirootrio is based on the material from MCN [personal studies, and Kammerer and Ordoñez (2021)], ilium of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0B556EF455FC04FA24FC78" authorityName=", Dolichuranuo Keyser" authorityYear="1973" box="[1308,1480,967,992]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poteno">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF455FC04FA24FC78" box="[1308,1480,967,992]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Stahleckeria poteno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and all postcranial elements of
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF7A7FC04F8D3FC78" box="[1774,1855,967,992]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Placeriao</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0B556EF60DFC04F899FC78" box="[1860,1909,967,992]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
‘
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF600FC04F899FC78" box="[1865,1909,967,992]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">gigao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ are based on Camp and Welles (1956) and modified.The skulls of Dinodontooauruo tener and D.brevirootrio, their scapula and sternum are based on Kammerer and Ordoñez (2021). The skull of
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF63BFC20FAD0FB80" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0B556EF63BFC20F7F1FC64" authorityName=", Dolichuranuo Keyser" authorityYear="1973" box="[1906,2077,995,1020]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poteno">Stahleckeria poteno</taxonomicName>
is based on Maisch (2001), its scapula is based on personal observation of the GPIT. The sternum of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0B556EF587FC3CFAD0FB80" box="[1230,1340,1023,1048]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stahleckeria</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is based on Cox (1965). The scapula of
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF7FAFC3CF883FB80" box="[1715,1903,1023,1048]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Iochigualaotia jenoeni</emphasis>
is based on personal studies of MCZ materials. The rest of the Iochigualaotia jenoeni bones are based on Cox (1965) and modified. The scapula of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0B556EF4F0FBD8F979FBAC" baseAuthorityName="Vega-Dias and Schultz" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1465,1685,1051,1076]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelarienoio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF4F0FBD8F979FBAC" box="[1465,1685,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Jachaleria candelarienoio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on Araújo and Gonzaga (1980), skull and other bones are based on Vega-Diaz and Schultz (2004) and modified based on personal studies.
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0B556EF453FBF4FA2CFBC8" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1970" box="[1306,1472,1079,1104]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colorata">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF453FBF4FA2CFBC8" box="[1306,1472,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Jachaleria colorata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on Bonaparte (1978).
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF7A1FBF4F836FBC8" box="[1768,2010,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
Acratophoruo
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0B556EF62EFBF4F836FBC8" authorityName="Kammerer and Ordonez" authorityYear="2021" box="[1895,2010,1079,1104]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argentinenoio">argentinenoio</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is based on Kammerer and Ordoñez (2021). Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo is based on Cox (1965) and Renaut and Hancox (2001).
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0B556EF4DAFB90F9B0FBF4" authorityName="Surkov" authorityYear="2003" box="[1427,1628,1107,1132]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF4DAFB90F9B0FBF4" box="[1427,1628,1107,1132]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Rhadiodromuo mariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0B556EF787FB90F8B6FBF4" author="Surkov" box="[1742,1882,1107,1132]" firstAuthor="Surkov" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="425 - 31" refId="ref36345" refString="Surkov MVA. new anomodont (Nerapsida) from the Middle Triassic of the southern Fore-Urals. Paleontological Journal 2003; 37: 425 - 31." type="journal article" year="2003">Surkov (2003)</bibRefCitation>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF62DFB90F80CFBF4" box="[1892,2016,1107,1132]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Rabidooauruo</emphasis>
criotatuo is based on personal observation, Wadiaoauruo indicuo is based on Bandyopadhyay (1988) and modified based on personal observations.
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0B556EF713FBACF8AEFB10" authorityName="Sun" authorityYear="1960" box="[1626,1858,1135,1160]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF713FBACF8AEFB10" box="[1626,1858,1135,1160]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Parakannemeyeria youngi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
skull and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF6E9FBACFB33FB3C" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0B556EF6E9FBACF7A9FB10" authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1937" box="[1952,2117,1135,1160]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sinokannemeyeria</taxonomicName>
yingchiaoenoio scapula, ilium, and sternum from Sun (1963). Sanguoauruo is based on Angielczyk et al
</emphasis>
. (2018).
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0B556EF47EFB48F9E4FB3C" box="[1335,1544,1163,1188]" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Shaanbeikannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF47EFB48F9E4FB3C" box="[1335,1544,1163,1188]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Shaanbeikannemeyeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B0B556EF733FB48F8FFFB3C" author="Liu" box="[1658,1811,1163,1188]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Liu" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref33581" refString="Liu J, Ramezani J, Li L et al. High-precision temporal calibration of Middle Triassic vertebrate biostratigraphy: U-Pb zircon constraints for the Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio Fauna and Yongheouchuo. Vertebrata PalAoiatica 2017; 55: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="2017">
Liu
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF7D6FB48F929FB3C" box="[1695,1733,1163,1188]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0B556EF654FB48F86EFB3C" box="[1821,1922,1163,1188]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Woznikella</emphasis>
is based on Szczygielski and Sulej (2023). Zambiaoauruo is based on Cox (1969).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B0A556FF1C4FF0CFF15FE79" blockId="47.[113,763,175,481]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
The question about pass of dicynodonts, from Laurasia to South America that
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF00DFF2DFE38FE9E" box="[324,468,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Rhadiodromuo</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B0A556FF341FF2DFD51FE9E" authorityName="Sun" authorityYear="1960" box="[520,701,238,262]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B0A556FF341FF2DFD51FE9E" box="[520,701,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Parakannemeyeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be ascendants of South American dicynodonts seems problematic, but Haq (2018) showed that in the Anisian, the sea level was very low, and later it rose until the Carnian/Norian boundary. It means that in the Anisian, large lands were accessible for migrating animals and in that time the terrestrial communication between these distant lands was possible also for dicynodonts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<heading id="D0FC81CB6B3A555FF231F903FA89F943" box="[888,1381,1728,1755]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B3A555FF231F903FA89F943" bold="true" box="[888,1381,1728,1755]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Reconstruction of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B3A555FF52AF902FAEBF943" authority="Sulej &amp; Niedźwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej &amp; Niedźwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1123,1287,1728,1755]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lisowicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B3A555FF52AF902FAEBF943" bold="true" box="[1123,1287,1728,1755]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Lisowicia bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
skeleton
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C311652C6B3A5562F51FF928FB85FB7F" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B3A555FF51FF928FB6AF89D" blockId="31.[809,1462,1771,1927]" box="[1110,1158,1771,1797]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<heading id="D0FC81CB6B3A555FF51FF928FB6AF89D" box="[1110,1158,1771,1797]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B3A555FF51FF928FB6AF89D" box="[1110,1158,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Skull</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B3A555FF263F8D2FA58F85E" blockId="31.[809,1462,1771,1927]" lastBlockId="31.[810,1460,1935,1990]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
The reconstruction of the skull of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B3A555FF5DDF8D1FAD8F8B1" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1172,1332,1809,1833]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B3A555FF5DDF8D1FAD8F8B1" box="[1172,1332,1809,1833]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13302A226B3A555FF40EF8D2FA63F8B1" box="[1351,1423,1809,1833]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="43.[112,145,1029,1053]" captionTargetBox="[117,1454,147,995]" captionTargetId="figure-542@43.[114,1458,144,999]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Fig. 47. Lioosicia bojani Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019 from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. Reconstruction of skull (A, B) and mandible (C) based on many elements described in text, in lateral (A, C), and dorsal (B) views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339653/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
) is based on bones coming from a few individuals. They represent parts of the skull roof (
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B3A555FF543F893FBA0F8F0" box="[1034,1100,1872,1896]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yd4q-n37a" name="Zoological Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">ZPAL</collectionCode>
V. 33/MB/18), braincase (
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B3A555FF412F893FA71F8F0" box="[1371,1437,1872,1896]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yd4q-n37a" name="Zoological Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">ZPAL</collectionCode>
V. 33/531), and single bones (maxilla
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B3A555FF5D1F8ACFB3AF81F" box="[1176,1238,1903,1927]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yd4q-n37a" name="Zoological Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">ZPAL</collectionCode>
V. 33/85, postorbital
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B3A555FF262F84CFA58F85E" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">ZPAL V. 33/708, parietal ZPAL V. 33/741, stapes) or their fragments from different individuals: the premaxilla, paroccipital.</pageTitle>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF74662F6B055560F1C8FB0CFDBDFA9B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339619" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14339619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339619/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" startId="32.[129,162,1231,1255]" targetBox="[129,1473,144,1201]" targetPageId="32" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B055560F1C8FB0CFDBDFA9B" blockId="32.[129,1459,1231,1283]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F1C8FB0CFF26FB7F" bold="true" box="[129,202,1231,1255]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 36.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F187FB13FD92FB7F" authority="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[206,638,1231,1255]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F187FB13FE8DFB7F" box="[206,353,1231,1255]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019
</taxonomicName>
from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. The reconstruction of ulnare based on ZPAL V. 33/716 in proximal (A), distal (B), and anterior? (C) views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B055560F1C8FAF0FE9AFAF3" blockId="32.[129,777,1331,1387]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
The general proportion of the skull was taken from the new reconstruction of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F06BFA90FE82FAF2" box="[290,366,1363,1387]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F06BFA90FED8FAF2" box="[290,308,1363,1386]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">P.</emphasis>
‘
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F077FA90FE82FAF2" box="[318,366,1363,1386]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">gigao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B055560F1C8FA4FFD91F907" blockId="32.[129,779,1420,1695]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F1C8FA4FFF0CFA3B" box="[129,224,1420,1443]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cranium:</emphasis>
The relationship of the frontal to postorbital is clearly visible in the specimen
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B055560F038FA68FE43FA5B" box="[369,431,1451,1475]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yd4q-n37a" name="Zoological Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">ZPAL</collectionCode>
V. 33/MB/18. A parietal foramen forms a canal the shape of which can be recognized in this specimen and in the whole parietal (specimen
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B055560F303FA29FD64F99A" box="[586,648,1514,1538]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yd4q-n37a" name="Zoological Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">ZPAL</collectionCode>
V. 33/741). The dorsal edge of the frontal and parietal are visible in lateral view, the latter only slightly raised. The positions of the lacrimal and maxilla are based on
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F0DDF98BFD68F9F8" box="[404,644,1608,1632]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelarienoio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F0DDF98BFD68F9F8" box="[404,644,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Jachaleria candelarienoio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F3DAF98BFCE8F9C7" authorityName="Kalandadze" authorityYear="1970" box="[659,772,1608,1631]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="criotatuo">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F3DAF98BFCE8F9C7" box="[659,772,1608,1631]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">R. criotatuo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F1E5F9ABFF14F9E7" box="[172,248,1639,1663]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F1E5F9ABFF52F9E7" box="[172,190,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">P.</emphasis>
‘
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F181F9ABFF14F9E7" box="[200,248,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">gigao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’. The setting of the squamosal was reconstructed according to morphology of this element in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F360F944FD99F906" box="[553,629,1671,1695]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F360F944FDD7F906" box="[553,571,1671,1694]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">P.</emphasis>
‘
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F30CF944FD99F906" box="[581,629,1671,1694]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">gigao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B055560F1C8F903FAE6FAF3" blockId="32.[127,778,1728,1908]" lastBlockId="32.[826,1474,1331,1387]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F1C8F903FF09F940" box="[129,229,1728,1752]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Mandible:</emphasis>
The posterior part of the mandible is preserved in
<specimenCount id="9D0DFD2E6B055560F3ABF903FF01F96F" count="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B055560F1BFF91CFED8F96F" box="[246,308,1759,1783]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yd4q-n37a" name="Zoological Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">ZPAL</collectionCode>
V. 33/735 and
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B055560F09AF91CFDFDF96F" box="[467,529,1759,1783]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yd4q-n37a" name="Zoological Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">ZPAL</collectionCode>
V. 33/736. They consist of the articular, surangular, and prearticular. The angulars are also preserved, but always as isolated elements. The dentary and splenial are missing. The reconstruction of the posterior part of the mandible is based on general proportions in other Triassic dicynodonts and on the fit with known elements. The shape of the elongated dentary was based on an extremely elongated bone in
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F273FAF0FBE1FAD3" box="[826,1037,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Woznikella triradiata</emphasis>
(length/deep—
<quantity id="4CF39B426B055560F5F3FAF0FAE3FAD3" box="[1210,1295,1331,1355]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.66" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="cm" value="16.6">16.6 cm</quantity>
×
<quantity id="4CF39B426B055560F465FAF0FA98FAD3" box="[1324,1396,1331,1355]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="cm" value="6.2">6.2 cm</quantity>
= 2.67, probably the ancestor of
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F57DFA90FB7CFAF2" box="[1076,1168,1363,1386]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Lioosicia</emphasis>
in Europe).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B055560F56AFA58FB34FA2D" blockId="32.[825,1476,1435,1904]" box="[1059,1240,1435,1461]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F56AFA58FB34FA2D" box="[1059,1240,1435,1461]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Postcranial skeleton</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B055560F270FA02FC6CF8C9" blockId="32.[825,1476,1435,1904]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
The limb postures of kannemeyeriid dicynodonts were studied by Walter (1986) and Fröbisch (2006). Most of the material of Middle and Late Triassic dicynodonts consists of disarticulated skeletons or their parts. Rare articulated skeletons represent different groups of Triassic dicynodonts. These are:
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F418F9FDFC9FF9ED" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Shanoiodon sangi</emphasis>
Yeh, 1959,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F2ADF99DFB0CF9EE" box="[996,1248,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Shanoiodon suhoiangenoio</emphasis>
Yeh, 1959,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F418F99DFC6CF90D" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Tetragoniao njaliluo</emphasis>
von Huene, 1942, and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F538F9BEFA9AF90D" box="[1137,1398,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Angonioauruo cruickohanki</emphasis>
among Shansiodontini (Cox 1965) and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F5EEF95EFA2EF92C" authorityName="Weithofer" authorityYear="1888" box="[1191,1474,1692,1716]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oimocephaluo">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F5EEF95EFA2EF92C" box="[1191,1474,1692,1716]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among Kannemeyeriini (Lehman 1961). The most complete are
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F228F918FBB3F96B" authorityName="Sun" authorityYear="1963" box="[865,1119,1755,1779]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F228F918FBB3F96B" box="[865,1119,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Parakannemeyeria youngi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F524F918FC2FF88B" authority="Liu and Li, 2003" authorityName="Liu and Li" authorityYear="2003" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Xiyukannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirootrio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F524F918FA7AF96B" box="[1133,1430,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Xiyukannemeyeria brevirootrio</emphasis>
Liu and Li, 2003
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F286F938FB86F88A" authorityName="Cheng" authorityYear="1980" box="[975,1130,1787,1810]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xingxianenoio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F286F938FB86F88A" box="[975,1130,1787,1810]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">P. xingxianenoio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F530F939FC0CF8AA" authority=", Dinodontooauruo" authorityName="Dinodontooauruo" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yingchiaoenoio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F530F939FA50F88A" box="[1145,1468,1786,1810]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F270F8D9FC0CF8AA" box="[825,992,1818,1842]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Dinodontooauruo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F2A1F8D9FBF4F8A9" authorityName="MCZ" authorityYear="1670" box="[1000,1048,1818,1841]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Dinodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tener">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F2A1F8D9FBF4F8A9" box="[1000,1048,1818,1841]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">tener</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F56DF8D9FAE8F8AA" authorityName="Efremov" authorityYear="1940" box="[1060,1284,1818,1842]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Rhadiodromuo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klimovi">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F56DF8D9FAE8F8AA" box="[1060,1284,1818,1842]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Rhadiodromuo klimovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F409F8D9FC96F8C9" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Iochigualaotia jenoeni</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B055560F21CF89AFA2EF837" blockId="32.[825,1476,1435,1904]" lastBlockId="32.[825,1474,1912,1967]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Two species were selected as the reference standard for the reconstruction of the skeleton of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F45AF8BBFA57F808" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1299,1467,1912,1936]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F45AF8BBFA57F808" box="[1299,1467,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F270F854FBD6F837" authorityName="Sun" authorityYear="1963" box="[825,1082,1943,1967]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F270F854FBD6F837" box="[825,1082,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Parakannemeyeria youngi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B055560F53EF854FA50F837" box="[1143,1468,1943,1967]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yingchiaoenoio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B055560F53EF854FA50F837" box="[1143,1468,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF74662F6B045561F13AFA86FD84FAE1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339623" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14339623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339623/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" startId="33.[115,148,1349,1373]" targetBox="[114,1458,144,1319]" targetPageId="33" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B045561F13AFA86FD84FAE1" blockId="33.[113,1443,1349,1401]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F13AFA86FF50FAC5" bold="true" box="[115,188,1349,1373]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 37.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F1F6FA85FD83FAC5" authority="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[191,623,1349,1373]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F1F6FA85FEBEFAC5" box="[191,338,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019
</taxonomicName>
from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. The radiale ZPAL V. 33/453 in proximal? (A), distal? (B), posteriori? (C), Lateral? (D) and anterior? (E) views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B045561F138FA6AFED6F9C6" blockId="33.[113,764,1449,1912]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Their humeri, ulnae, and radii have proportions closely similar to the bones of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F053FA0AFE9FFA78" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[282,371,1480,1504]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F053FA0AFE9FFA78" box="[282,371,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">L. bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, despite different construction of the forelimb. Other dicynodonts differ substantially from
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F3D7FA2BFD19F998" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[670,757,1512,1536]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F3D7FA2BFD19F998" box="[670,757,1512,1536]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">L. bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for instance adult
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F067F9C4FDE1F987" box="[302,525,1543,1567]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Dinodontooauruo
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F094F9CBFDE1F987" authorityName="MCZ" authorityYear="1670" box="[477,525,1544,1567]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Dinodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tener">tener</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
material from Harvard has a very short scapula in relation to the length of the humerus (Cox 1965: fig. 11).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B045561F1C4F9A6FECDF82E" blockId="33.[113,764,1449,1912]" lastBlockId="33.[133,762,1919,1974]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The vertebral spine of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F03CF9A5FDF8F9E5" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[373,532,1637,1661]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F03CF9A5FDF8F9E5" box="[373,532,1637,1661]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its relationship to the pelvis was based on the fit of bones in the individual
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B045561F3F7F946FD10F905" box="[702,764,1669,1693]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yd4q-n37a" name="Zoological Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">ZPAL</collectionCode>
V. 33/720. The proportions of the pectoral girdle and forelimb were based on the proportions in the
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F0B4F900FD16F943" authorityName="Sun" authorityYear="1963" box="[509,762,1731,1755]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F0B4F900FD16F943" box="[509,762,1731,1755]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Parakannemeyeria youngi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B045561F190F920FEFDF962" box="[217,273,1763,1786]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">IVPP</collectionCode>
V. 979; with respect to the length of scapula vs. length of the humerus, it is 1.25, and the length of the humerus vs. length of the ulna is 1.10. The length of the scapula vs. length of the sternum is
<quantity id="4CF39B426B045561F079F883FE96F8C0" box="[304,378,1856,1880]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0894" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="in" value="1.61">1.61 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F0CAF883FD2BF8C0" box="[387,711,1856,1880]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yingchiaoenoio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F0CAF883FD2BF8C0" box="[387,711,1856,1880]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B045561F1FCF8A3FF01F8EF" box="[181,237,1888,1911]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">IVPP</collectionCode>
V. 974. The length of the ulna vs. length of the radius is
<quantity id="4CF39B426B045561F1CCF8BCFF27F80F" box="[133,203,1919,1943]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7752" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="in" value="1.88">1.88 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F199F8BCFE83F80F" box="[208,367,1919,1943]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yingchiaoenoio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F199F8BCFE83F80F" box="[208,367,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">S. yingchiaoenoio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B045561F092F8BCFDFFF80E" box="[475,531,1919,1942]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">IVPP</collectionCode>
V. 974 (measurements from:
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B045561F1F9F85DFEFDF82E" author="Sun" box="[176,273,1950,1974]" firstAuthor="Sun" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 109" refId="ref36324" refString="Sun AL. Ne Chinese kannemeyerids. Palaeontologia Sinica, Nes Serieo C 1963; 147: 1 - 109." type="journal article" year="1963">Sun 1963</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B045562F263FA6AFDB0FC4B" blockId="33.[810,1459,1449,1912]" lastBlockId="34.[126,779,798,1919]" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F263FA6AFBD4FA59" box="[810,1080,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Pelvic girdle and forelimb:</emphasis>
The position of the humerus and scapulocoracoid in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F2B0FA0AFB70FA78" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1017,1180,1480,1504]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F2B0FA0AFB70FA78" box="[1017,1180,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to that in large mammals, such as rhinoceroses and hippopotami, as well as quadrupedal dinosaurs, such as the ceratopsians (Sulej and Niedźwiedzki 2019). In most Triassic dicynodonts the scapula was s
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F216F985FC64F9C6" box="[863,904,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
most vertical and humerus almost horizontal. Such articulation would be difficult to maintain by an animal of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F415F9A5FA5EF9E5" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1372,1458,1637,1661]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F415F9A5FA5EF9E5" box="[1372,1458,1637,1661]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">L. bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
size. Also, the trackway of some dicynodont shows the manus and pes in the same line (Hunt
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F523F967FB7FF924" box="[1130,1171,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. 1993) and thus contradicts the traditional reconstruction of their forelimb. The disposition proposed for
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F2F0F920FB93F962" box="[953,1151,1762,1786]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Triceratopo horriduo</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B045561F5CCF921FAEEF962" author="Marsh" box="[1157,1282,1762,1786]" firstAuthor="Marsh" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="173 - 6" refId="ref34411" refString="Marsh OC. Notice of Gigantic Horned Dinosauria from the Cretaceous. American Journal of Science 1889; s 3 - 38: 173 - 6. hups: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 3 - 38.224.173" type="book chapter" year="1889">Marsh 1889</bibRefCitation>
(Fujiwara 2009) with a more horizontal scapula and vertical humerus (very similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F2DDF8E1FC02F8A1" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[916,1006,1825,1849]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F2DDF8E1FC02F8A1" box="[916,1006,1825,1849]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">L. bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) seems more realistic. The size of the joint for the scapula on the posterior side of the humerus corresponds to the position of this bone. Large
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B045561F5D0F8A3FAB9F8EF" authorityName=", Dolichuranuo Keyser" authorityYear="1973" box="[1177,1365,1888,1912]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poteno">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B045561F5D0F8A3FAB9F8EF" box="[1177,1365,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Stahleckeria poteno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that had
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B045561F263F8BCFA5FF82E" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">area of the articulation with the scapula small probably represents an intermediate stage between the horizontal humerus of</pageTitle>
small dicynodonts with a small joint for the scapula (for instance
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F1C9FCFEFDFEFCCE" authority="Kammerer et al., 2011" authorityName="Kammerer" authorityYear="2011" box="[128,530,829,854]" class="Reptilia" family="Cryptodontidae" genus="Oudenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bainii">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F1C9FCFEFEC3FCCD" box="[128,303,829,853]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Oudenodon bainii</emphasis>
Kammerer
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F0EFFCFDFE22FCCD" box="[422,462,829,853]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
</taxonomicName>
(earlier
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F32AFCFEFD11FCCD" baseAuthorityName="Watson" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[611,765,829,853]" class="Reptilia" family="Dicynodontidae" genus="Dicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="halli">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F32AFCFEFD11FCCD" box="[611,765,829,853]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Dicynodon halli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F1E7FC9EFEE9FCED" box="[174,261,861,885]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Placeriao</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F045FC9EFEADFCEC" box="[268,321,861,885]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
‘
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F058FC9EFEADFCEC" box="[273,321,861,884]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">gigao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ that had an already large posterior joint for the scapula. An advanced stage with the vertical position of the humerus is represented by
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F0D4FC5FFE1AFC2B" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[413,502,923,947]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F0D4FC5FFE1AFC2B" box="[413,502,923,947]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">L. bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has a non-rotating humerus with a very large joint for the scapula.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF74662F6B075562F1C9FD79FD4DFD76" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339627" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14339627" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339627/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" startId="34.[128,161,698,722]" targetBox="[129,1473,144,668]" targetPageId="34" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075562F1C9FD79FD4DFD76" blockId="34.[128,1443,698,750]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F1C9FD79FF25FD4A" bold="true" box="[128,201,698,722]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 38.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F187FD78FD92FD4A" authority="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[206,638,698,722]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F187FD78FE8DFD4A" box="[206,353,698,722]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019
</taxonomicName>
from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. Last digits ZPAL V. 33/749 (A, C), ZPAL V. 33/744 (B, D), respectively, in dorsal (A, B), and lateral (C, D) views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075562F1D5FC19FDE4FA94" blockId="34.[126,779,798,1919]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
The shift of the humerus to a vertical position should be related to some changes in its articulation with the ulna and radius. The published illustrations of the dicynodont radii are too superficial to enable comparison with that of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F32BFBFAFCE8FBC8" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[610,772,1080,1104]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F32BFBFAFCE8FBC8" box="[610,772,1080,1104]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This makes the well-preserved proximal part of the quite well-preserved radius from
<collectingRegion id="49CFF8456B075562F031FBB4FDEDFB17" box="[376,513,1143,1167]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B075562F345FBB4FD9BFB16" box="[524,631,1143,1166]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">NMMNH</collectionCode>
P-13002 important. This bone and associated femur, part of scapula and axis were described as
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F023FB76FDD9FB55" box="[362,565,1205,1229]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Iochigualaotia jenoeni</emphasis>
? by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B075562F32CFB75FF20FB75" author="Lucas and Hunt" firstAuthor="Lucas" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="321 - 5" refId="ref34001" refString="Lucas SG, Hunt AP. A dicynodont from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico and its biochronological significance. Nes Mexico Muoeum of Natural Hiotory and Science Bulletin 1993; 3: 321 - 5." type="journal article" year="1993">Lucas and Hunt (1993)</bibRefCitation>
but Kammerer
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F021FB15FE7AFB75" box="[360,406,1237,1261]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
(2013) assigned it to
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F327FB16FCE6FB75" box="[622,778,1237,1261]" family="Stahleckeriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Stahleckeriidae</taxonomicName>
indet. based on the shape of the femur.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075562F1D5FAD7FECAF899" blockId="34.[126,779,798,1919]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
The scapula
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B075562F056FAD7FE60FAB3" box="[287,396,1300,1323]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">NMMNH</collectionCode>
P-13003 is a distal part of the bone showing the scapular spine and acromion process (nomenclature from: Vickaryous and Hall 2006). It seems that the scapula was very similar to that of
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F0BBFAB2FDA0FA11" box="[498,588,1393,1417]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Placeriao</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F31DFAB1FD67FA11" box="[596,651,1394,1418]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
‘
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F313FAB1FD67FA11" box="[602,651,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">gigao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’. The radius has a well-visible head bent outward, which is distinct also in
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F1CBFA73FEB4FA50" box="[130,344,1456,1480]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Iochigualaotia jenoeni</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F022FA73FD89FA50" box="[363,613,1456,1480]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelarienoio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F022FA73FD89FA50" box="[363,613,1456,1480]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Jachaleria candelarienoio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F3E5FA72FF53FA7F" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F3E5FA72FF53FA7F" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(all with not preserved clavicles and a small acromion process) and not known in other dicynodonts [illustration of
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F1CBF9CDFEBEF9BE" box="[130,338,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Prioterodon mackayi</emphasis>
Huxley, 1868 earlier
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F375F9CDFCE5F9BE" baseAuthorityName="Broom" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[572,777,1550,1574]" genus="Diaelurodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shaitoi">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F375F9CDFCE5F9BE" box="[572,777,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Diaelurodon shaitoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Watson (1917: fig. 13) suggests that it was present in this species]. But the bending has a different position in the radius from
<collectingRegion id="49CFF8456B075562F1F7F9AEFEABF91C" box="[190,327,1644,1668]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
then in
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F0E1F9AEFDE8F91C" box="[424,516,1645,1668]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">I. jenoeni</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F35AF9AEFD58F91C" box="[531,692,1644,1668]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="candelarienoio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F35AF9AEFD58F91C" box="[531,692,1644,1668]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">J. candelarienoio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F3BCF9AEFF53F93B" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F3BCF9AEFF53F93B" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">L. bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In these dicynodonts it is situated in the posterior part of the head, whereas in the
<collectingRegion id="49CFF8456B075562F0D1F968FDF0F95B" box="[408,540,1707,1731]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
specimen it is in an anterior position, like
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F006F908FE5FF97A" baseAuthorityName="Broom" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[335,435,1738,1762]" genus="Diaelurodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shaitoi">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F006F908FE5FF97A" box="[335,435,1738,1762]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">D. shaitoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which had a horizontal position of the humerus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075562F1D5F8CAFBD6FCCD" blockId="34.[126,779,798,1919]" lastBlockId="34.[825,1474,798,853]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Thearticulationofthecoracoidandanteriorpartofthesternum occurs in the
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F04CF8EBFDA5F8D8" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[261,585,1832,1856]" class="Aves" family="Struthionidae" genus="Struthio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Struthioniformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cameluo">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F04CF8EBFE49F8D8" box="[261,421,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Struthio cameluo</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F319F8EBFD51F8D8" box="[592,701,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Diplodocuo</emphasis>
Marsh, 1878 (Hohn
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F047F88BFEAEF8C7" box="[270,322,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
2011),
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F0D1F884FD6DF8F8" authority="Cuvier, 1807" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1807" box="[408,641,1863,1888]" class="Reptilia" family="Alligatoridae" genus="Alligator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F0D1F884FE01F8C7" box="[408,493,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Alligator</emphasis>
Cuvier, 1807
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F3C7F884FCE5F8C7" box="[654,777,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tachyglooouo</emphasis>
Illiger, 1811, and
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F072F8A4FE39F8E7" box="[315,469,1895,1919]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ornithorynchuo</emphasis>
Blumenbach, 1800 (Gregory
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B075562F1C8F845FCE6F825" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
and Camp 1918). In
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F02BF844FDEFF806" box="[354,515,1926,1950]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
, the coracoid has a large joint with the anterior part of the sternum. In the coracoid of
</pageTitle>
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F270FCDDFC7CFCAE" box="[825,912,798,822]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Placeriao</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F2DEFCDDFC21FCAE" authority="UCMP" authorityName="UCMP" box="[919,973,798,822]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
‘
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F2D4FCDCFC21FCAE" box="[925,973,799,822]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">gigao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B075562F290FCDDFBC9FCAE" box="[985,1061,798,822]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">UCMP</collectionCode>
32449, the area for attachment with the sternum is clearly visible.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075562F270FCB4FB85FB7F" blockId="34.[825,1476,887,1506]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F270FCB4FC78FC16" box="[825,916,887,910]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Sternum:</emphasis>
The latest Triassic
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F517FCB4FB11FC17" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1118,1277,887,911]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F517FCB4FB11FC17" box="[1118,1277,887,911]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has an articulation area on the sternum in its posterior part. The sternum of the Anisian (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B075562F2D1FC76FBC6FC56" author="Liu" box="[920,1066,949,974]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Liu" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref33581" refString="Liu J, Ramezani J, Li L et al. High-precision temporal calibration of Middle Triassic vertebrate biostratigraphy: U-Pb zircon constraints for the Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio Fauna and Yongheouchuo. Vertebrata PalAoiatica 2017; 55: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="2017">
Liu
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F288FC75FC06FC55" box="[961,1002,949,973]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F572FC76FA97FC55" box="[1083,1403,949,973]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yingchiaoenoio">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F572FC76FA97FC55" box="[1083,1403,949,973]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Sinokannemeyeria yingchiaoenoio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has an articulation for the coracoid and first dorsal rib in the middle of its length. Cox (1965), based on the specimen
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B075562F469FC37FAB6FB94" box="[1312,1370,1012,1036]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">MCZ</collectionCode>
3120, depicted the sternum of
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F568FBD0FB02FBB3" box="[1057,1262,1043,1067]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Iochigualaotia jenoeni</emphasis>
with an articulation area in its posterior part. It is the only specimen in the Harvard collection with all bones of the pectoral girdle articulated, although not all are in anatomical positions. The problem with the sternum is that it is strongly compressed, and no articulation surface is visible. The Cox (1965) interpretation was based only on the general shape of the bone.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C311652C6B075565F21CFB2CFE6CF827" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075562F21CFB2CFBFCFA7A" blockId="34.[825,1476,887,1506]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B566B075562F21CFB2CFC16FA9F" author="Romer" box="[853,1018,1263,1287]" firstAuthor="Romer" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref35466" refString="Romer AS. Ooteology of Reptileo. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956, 772." type="journal volume" year="1956">Romer (1956)</bibRefCitation>
showed the sternum of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F47CFB2CFC55FABE" authorityName="Weithofer" authorityYear="1888" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Kannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oimocephaluo">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F47CFB2CFC55FABE" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Kannemeyeria oimocephaluo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
posterior to the scapulocoracoid. In the skeleton reconstruction of
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F2B0FAEEFAF9FADD" box="[1017,1301,1325,1349]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Dinodontooauruo
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F5E3FAEEFAF9FADD" authorityName="Liu and Li" authorityYear="2003" box="[1194,1301,1325,1349]" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Xiyukannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirootrio">brevirootrio</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
at Harvard, the interclavicle is at the level of the procoracoid, and the sternum is more posterior than in the specimen
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE626B075562F596FAAFFAF5FA1C" box="[1247,1305,1388,1412]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">MCZ</collectionCode>
3120. In such a probably correct position, the articulation area on the sternum can contact the posterior process of the coracoid (Sulej and Niedźwiedzki 2019).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B075565F270F9CCFD17F819" blockId="34.[825,1475,1551,1920]" lastBlockId="37.[113,764,1395,1921]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F270F9CCFC63F9BF" box="[825,911,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Clavicle:</emphasis>
An intriguing problem is the presence of the clavicle and interclavicle in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F573F9ECFB33F9DE" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1082,1247,1582,1606]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F573F9ECFB33F9DE" box="[1082,1247,1582,1606]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It was hypothesized by Sulej and Niedźwiedzki (2019: fig. 1), but the very small acromion process on the scapula, which in other dicynodonts was much larger and designed for articulation with the clavicle, contradicts its presence (
<figureCitation id="13302A226B075562F538F968FB54F95C" box="[1137,1208,1707,1732]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="44.[129,162,1097,1121]" captionTargetBox="[130,1463,146,1068]" captionTargetId="figure-513@44.[128,1475,144,1070]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Fig. 48. Lioosicia bojani Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019 from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. A, reconstruction of skeleton in lateral view. Ŋe proportions from Parakannemeyeria chengi, and the shape of the manus and foot are based on Camp and Welles (1956). B, reconstruction of vertebral column in lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339655" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339655/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
). On the other hand, the anterior lower part of the scapula in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F58FF90FFACDF97B" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1222,1313,1739,1763]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F58FF90FFACDF97B" box="[1222,1313,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">L. bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is much larger and the sternum is much higher than in most dicynodonts. This difference suggests different functioning of the whole girdle. Sulej and Niedźwiedzki (2019) showed that
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B075562F42FF8E9FA2EF8D9" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1382,1474,1833,1857]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F42FF8E9FA2EF8D9" box="[1382,1474,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">L. bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had erect forelimbs, unlike all other dicynodonts. Instead of them,
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B075562F232F8ABFC07F8E7" box="[891,1003,1896,1919]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Triceratopo</emphasis>
or the rhinoceros may serve as the analogues
<pageTitle id="CB94EEC06B075562F273F844FA28F826" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">for the construction of the shoulder girdle. They do not have clavicles because of the erect position of the forelimb. Probably</pageTitle>
a similar situation was in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B005565F03CFAB7FE21FA13" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[373,461,1395,1419]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F03CFAB7FE21FA13" box="[373,461,1395,1419]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">L. bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The loose connection of the olecranon process with the main body of the ulna in its skeleton is probably related with the position of the forelimb. In most large dicynodonts the olecranon is fused with the ulna (
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F134FA32FF13F991" box="[125,255,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Wadiaoauruo</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B005565F045FA32FE69F991" box="[268,389,1521,1545]" class="Reptilia" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Stahleckeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F045FA32FE69F991" box="[268,389,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Stahleckeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B005565F0DAFA32FE1AF991" box="[403,502,1521,1545]" class="Reptilia" genus="Jachaleria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F0DAFA32FE1AF991" box="[403,502,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Jachaleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B005565F37CFA32FD05F991" authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1937" box="[565,745,1521,1545]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Sinokannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F37CFA32FD05F991" box="[565,745,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Sinokannemeyeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and that was related to a sprawling posture. The m. triceps attached to the olecranon process, the humerus, and the scapula was among the muscles responsible for keeping the animal in that position. When the humerus was rotated posteriorly to support the erect posture, other muscles became responsible for it. Among them were m. pectoralis, m. supracoracoideus (with a much larger area for articulation on the scapula than in other dicynodonts) and m. coracobrachialis (Sulej and Niedźwiedzki 2019). The loose olecranon process is known also in
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F188F8E9FEF7F8DA" box="[193,283,1834,1858]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Placeriao</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B005565F06DF8E9FEB7F8DA" authority="(Camp and Welles 1956)" baseAuthorityName="Camp and Welles" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[292,347,1834,1858]" class="Reptilia" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Parakannemeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Therapsida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigao">
‘
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F063F8E8FEB7F8DA" box="[298,347,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">gigao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ (Camp and Welles 1956), but in this species the acromion was of the standard shape and it remains unknown how the rotation of the humerus took place.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF74662F6B065563F138F8F1FC7AF8FE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339629" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14339629" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339629/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" startId="35.[113,146,1842,1866]" targetBox="[152,1415,149,1810]" targetPageId="35" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B065563F138F8F1FC7AF8FE" blockId="35.[113,1445,1842,1894]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B065563F138F8F1FF57F8D2" bold="true" box="[113,187,1842,1866]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 39.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B065563F1F6F8F0FD83F8D2" authority="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[191,623,1842,1866]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B065563F1F6F8F0FEBEF8D2" box="[191,338,1842,1866]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019
</taxonomicName>
from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. Pelvis ZPAL V. 33/720 and reconstruction of pelvis based on ZPAL V. 33/720, in medial (A, F), lateral (B, D), dorsal (C) and (E) ventral views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF74662F6B015564F1C8F8EDFAD3F8FB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339631" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14339631" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339631/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" startId="36.[129,162,1838,1862]" targetBox="[154,1448,144,1808]" targetPageId="36" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B015564F1C8F8EDFAD3F8FB" blockId="36.[129,1416,1838,1891]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B015564F1C8F8EDFF26F8DF" bold="true" box="[129,202,1838,1863]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 40.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B015564F187F8ECFD92F8DF" authority="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[206,638,1839,1863]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B015564F187F8ECFE8DF8DF" box="[206,353,1839,1863]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019
</taxonomicName>
from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. Femur ZPAL V. 33/75 (A, D, E, G, I, L) and ZPAL V. 33/763 (B, C, F, H, J, K) in anterior (A, B), lateral (C, D), proximal (E, H), distal (F, G), posterior (I, J), and medial (K, L) views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF74662F6B005565F138FB1DFC69FAB6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14339635" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14339635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14339635/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" startId="37.[113,146,1246,1270]" targetBox="[122,1456,146,1209]" targetPageId="37" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B005565F138FB1DFC69FAB6" blockId="37.[113,1456,1246,1326]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F138FB1DFF57FB6E" bold="true" box="[113,187,1246,1270]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 41.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D246B005565F1F6FB1CFD83FB6E" authority="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki, 2019" authorityName="Sulej and Niedzwiedzki" authorityYear="2019" box="[191,623,1246,1270]" family="Stahleckeriidae" genus="Lioosicia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F1F6FB1CFEBEFB6E" box="[191,338,1246,1270]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Lioosicia bojani</emphasis>
Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, 2019
</taxonomicName>
from Lisowice-Lipie Śląskie. Reconstruction of femur based on ZPAL V. 33/75 (A–G) and ZPAL V. 33/763 (H) the largest in the same scale as (G), in anterior (A, H), posterior (B), medial (C), lateral (D), distal (E), and proximal (F) views. Note identical shape of curve of the small and large specimen (G and H).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB436A76B005565F138F84BFE6CF827" blockId="37.[113,761,1928,1983]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Presumably
<emphasis id="B97FEAB56B005565F1BBF84BFEA0F838" box="[242,332,1928,1952]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Placeriao</emphasis>
represents an early stage of the evolution towards the erect posture.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

84
data/03/E8/87/03E887ADFF5A7A8FFDA6FC72F801FE2B.xml
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@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ Simon, 1893
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, figs 12a–e, 13a–d; 2000: 256, figs 79, 136, 180,
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; 2005a: 573–581, figs 1–8. — González- Sponga 2010: 18, pl. 4, figs 1–11.
; 2005a: 573–581, figs 1–8. — GonzálezSponga 2010: 18, pl. 4, figs 1–11.
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@ -135,15 +138,12 @@ are based on such specimens. A comparison of the illustrations in
<figureCitation id="137A2A3EFF5A7A8BFB0CF970FF7CF8A0" box="[1159,1319,1791,1818]" captionStart-0="Figs 494–499" captionStart-1="Figs 500–505" captionStartId-0="139.[189,241,1861,1887]" captionStartId-1="140.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,802,1819]" captionTargetBox-1="[231,1345,740,1877]" captionTargetId-0="figure-188@139.[189,1398,802,1819]" captionTargetId-1="figure-215@140.[189,1398,740,1893]" captionTargetPageId-0="139" captionTargetPageId-1="140" captionText-0="Figs 494–499. Mecolaesthus longissimus Simon, 1893; from Aragua, Colonia Tovar-Junquito; live males (large and small specimens) and female with egg sac; epigynum, ventral view; cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views (female genitalia: ZFMK Ar 21941)." captionText-1="Figs 500–505. Mecolaesthus longissimus Simon, 1893; from Aragua, Colonia Tovar (type locality; ZFMK Ar 21940). 500–502. Left palpal tarsus and procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 503–505. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Scale lines: 0.2 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4069784" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4069786" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4069784/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4069786/files/figure.png" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Figs 499–505</figureCitation>
(made from topotypical specimens) suggests that additional morphological differences exist. No fresh material is available of the ‘deviating morph’, but we predict that a detailed morphological comparison combined with molecular data may eventually justify a formal split of this species.
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The material published by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B4AFF5A7A8BFE7EF824F941F87F" author="Gonzalez-Sponga M. A." box="[501,794,1963,1989]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" pagination="9 - 26" refId="ref127435" refString="Gonzalez-Sponga M. A. 2010. Biodiversidad. Aracnidos de Venezuela. Redescripcion de seis generos, cinco especies y descripcion de una nueva especie de la familie Pholcidae Koch, 1850 (Araneae). Boletin de da Academia de Ciencias Fisicas, Matematicas y Naturales de Venezuela 68: 9 - 26." type="journal article" year="2010">González-Sponga (2010)</bibRefCitation>
is present in the MIZA collection but the respective collection cards are missing so it is
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clear which vial represents which locality listed in González-
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Sponga (2010). The following seven vials are thought to represent this material (specimen counts partly approximate): 9 ♂♂, MIZA 105702 (MAGS 244); 2 ♂♂,
clear which vial represents which locality listed in GonzálezSponga (2010). The following seven vials are thought to represent this material (specimen counts partly approximate): 9 ♂♂, MIZA 105702 (MAGS 244); 2 ♂♂,
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, MIZA 105740 (MAGS 964);
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@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ a.s.l.
M.)
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•
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<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF5C7A8DFEFEFDE0F9F1FD17" collectingDate="1986-11-22" collectionCode="R" collectorName=" A. R. Delgado, M. A &amp; Gonzalez S." latitude="10.421" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-67.242" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" specimenCode="MIZA 105691, MAGS 992" specimenCount="10" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="3">
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF6E7ABFFF36FA92F8CAFA38" collectingDate="1992-01-25" collectionCode="R" collectorName="A. R. Delgado, M. A &amp; Gonzalez S." country="Venezuela" elevation="1100" latitude="10.475" location="La Guaira" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="67.283" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" specimenCode="MIZA 105645, MAGS 1349" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF6E7ABFFF36FA92F8EAFA8D" box="[189,689,1308,1335]" collectingDate="1992-01-25" collectionCode="R" collectorName="A. R. Delgado, M. A &amp; Gonzalez S." country="Venezuela" elevation="1100" latitude="10.475" location="La Guaira" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="67.283" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" specimenCode="MIZA 105645, MAGS 1349" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<taxonomicName id="4C414D38FF6E7ABFFF36FA92FB31FA8D" box="[189,362,1309,1335]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Venezuela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="190" pageNumber="312" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<collectingCountry id="F356762BFF6E7ABFFF36FA92FB31FA8D" box="[189,362,1309,1335]" name="Venezuela" pageId="190" pageNumber="191">VENEZUELA</collectingCountry>
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@ -142,6 +145,8 @@ material
•
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF6E7ABFFDA0FA92F81AFA8D" box="[555,577,1309,1335]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="54FA8819FF6E7ABFFDC1FA92F8EAFA8D" box="[586,689,1309,1335]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF6E7ABFFD32FA92F8CAFA38" collectingDate="1992-01-25" collectionCode="R" collectorName="A. R. Delgado, M. A &amp; Gonzalez S." country="Venezuela" elevation="1100" latitude="10.475" location="La Guaira" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="67.283" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" specimenCode="MIZA 105645, MAGS 1349" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="holotype">
and
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF6E7ABFFD66FA92F941FA8D" box="[749,794,1309,1335]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="54FA8819FF6E7ABFFCA8FA92F9D0FA8D" box="[803,907,1309,1335]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
@ -156,11 +161,8 @@ and
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF6E7ABFFD0CFACDF8A2FAE6" box="[647,761,1346,1372]" degrees="67.283" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" precision="55" value="67.283">67.283°E</geoCoordinate>
, see Note below],
<elevation id="006CD188FF6E7ABFFC6BFACDFE25FAE6" box="[992,1150,1346,1373]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" unit="m" value="1100.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF6E7ABFFC6BFACDFE60FAE7" box="[992,1083,1346,1373]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF6E7ABFFB05FACDFF70FAE6" box="[1166,1323,1346,1373]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" value="1992-01-25">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF6E7ABFFB05FACDFF70FAE6" box="[1166,1323,1346,1373]" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" value="1992-01-25">25 Jan. 1992</collectingDate>
</date>

381
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@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ the female of “
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<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FF36FD42F945FCB3" collectingDate="1987-07" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="Gonzalez" country="Venezuela" latitude="5.324" location="San Juan de Manapiare" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-66.055" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105616, MAGS 1100" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Amazonas">
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FF36FD42F82FFCB0" collectingDate="1987-07" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="Gonzalez" country="Venezuela" latitude="5.324" location="San Juan de Manapiare" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-66.055" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105616, MAGS 1100" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Amazonas">
<taxonomicName id="4C414D38FF757AA4FF36FD42FB31FD5D" box="[189,362,717,743]" class="Arachnida" family="Pholcidae" genus="Venezuela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="165" pageNumber="312" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<collectingCountry id="F356762BFF757AA4FF36FD42FB31FD5D" box="[189,362,717,743]" name="Venezuela" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">VENEZUELA</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
@ -256,13 +256,14 @@ the female of “
</date>
(A.
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF757AA4FE78FD60F83CFCB0" box="[499,615,751,778]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">González</collectorName>
). –
).
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<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FDF1FD7FFB04FCF5" collectingDate="1987-07" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="Gonzalez" country="Venezuela" latitude="5.324" location="San Juan de Manapiare" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-66.055" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105616, MAGS 1100" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Amazonas">
–
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<collectingRegion id="4985F859FF757AA4FD1BFD61F945FCB3" box="[656,798,750,777]" country="Venezuela" name="Anzoategui" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Anzoátegui</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FCBDFD60FBBDFCF4" collectingDate="1987-03-02" collectionCode="R" collectorName="Delgado" latitude="10.02" location="Aragua" longLatPrecision="779" longitude="-65.52" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105776, MAGS 1036" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="3" stateProvince="Aragua">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FCBDFD60F921FCB0" box="[822,890,751,778]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="male">3 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
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@ -284,13 +285,14 @@ the female of “
</date>
(A.R.
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF757AA4FB4BFC9DFF7DFC96" box="[1216,1318,786,812]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Delgado</collectorName>
, M.A. González-S.). –
, M.A. González-S.).
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<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FEE0FCBAF961FCC8" collectingDate="1987-07" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="Gonzalez" country="Venezuela" elevation="25" latitude="5.324" location="San Juan de Manapiare" longLatPrecision="78" longitude="-66.055" municipality="Ar" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105616, MAGS 1100" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Amazonas">
–
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<collectingRegion id="4985F859FF757AA4FE0CFCBBFBBDFCF4" box="[391,486,820,846]" country="Venezuela" name="Aragua" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Aragua</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FD81FCBAF961FCC8" collectingDate="2018-12-02" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Huber &amp; Villarreal" elevation="25" latitude="10.5025" location="Puerto Colombia" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-67.6057" municipality="Ar" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Aragua">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FD81FCBAF867FCF5" box="[522,572,821,847]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED50AE7EFF757AA4FDDBFCBAF8FAFCF5" box="[592,673,821,847]" collectionName="Germany, Bonn, Zoologische Forschungsinstitut und Museum &quot;Alexander Koenig&quot;" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" name="Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="Museum">ZFMK</collectionCode>
@ -301,11 +303,8 @@ the female of “
,
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),
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<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF757AA4FF36FCD8FAA3FCC8" box="[189,248,855,882]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="25.0">25 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF757AA4FECFFCD8FB89FCCB" box="[324,466,855,882]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-12-02">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF757AA4FECFFCD8FB89FCCB" box="[324,466,855,882]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-12-02">2 Dec. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -327,11 +326,8 @@ M.)
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF757AA4FDA6FCF5F8E5FC2E" box="[557,702,890,917]" degrees="67.5998" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" precision="5" value="-67.5998">67.5998° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF757AA4FD58FCF5F906FC2E" box="[723,861,890,916]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="380.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF757AA4FD58FCF5F946FC2E" box="[723,797,890,916]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="380.0">380 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF757AA4FCE1FCF5F9A2FC2E" box="[874,1017,890,916]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-12-02">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF757AA4FCE1FCF5F9A2FC2E" box="[874,1017,890,916]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-12-02">2 Dec. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -396,7 +392,7 @@ D.,
S.)
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FE67FB8AFE62FBFB" collectedFrom="cloud forest" collectingDate="1970-12-29" collectionCode="CAS" collectorName="Peck" latitude="10.349" location="Rancho Grande" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-67.684" municipality="Henri Pittier National Park" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Bolivar">
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FE67FB8AF9E5FBF8" collectedFrom="cloud forest" collectingDate="1970-12-29" collectionCode="CAS" collectorName="Peck" latitude="10.349" location="Rancho Grande" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-67.684" municipality="Henri Pittier National Park" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Bolivar">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FE67FB8AF869FBA5" box="[492,562,1029,1055]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FDC8FB8AF8D1FBA4" box="[579,650,1028,1055]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="generic">1 juv.</specimenCount>
@ -418,13 +414,14 @@ S.)
</date>
(W.B.
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF757AA4FCF8FBA8F9EAFBF8" box="[883,945,1063,1090]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Peck</collectorName>
). –
).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FC4EFBA7FE29FB3D" collectedFrom="cloud forest" collectingDate="1970-12-29" collectionCode="CAS" collectorName="Peck" county="Ar" elevation="50" latitude="10.349" location="Rancho Grande" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-67.684" municipality="Henri Pittier National Park" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="3" stateProvince="Bolivar">
–
<emphasis id="B935EAA9FF757AA4FC57FBA9FE62FBFB" bold="true" box="[988,1081,1062,1089]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">
<collectingRegion id="4985F859FF757AA4FC57FBA9FE62FBFB" box="[988,1081,1062,1089]" country="Venezuela" name="Bolivar" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Bolívar</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FBD9FBA8FE29FB3D" collectingDate="2018-11-11" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Huber &amp; Villarreal" county="Ar" elevation="50" latitude="8.313" location="Ciudad Guayana" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-62.6724" municipality="Ven" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="3" stateProvince="Bolivar">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FBD9FBA8FECDFBF8" box="[1106,1174,1063,1090]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="male">2 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FB28FBA8FEBCFBF8" box="[1187,1255,1063,1090]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
@ -447,11 +444,8 @@ in pure ethanol,
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF757AA4FEC7FBE3FB80FB3D" box="[332,475,1132,1159]" degrees="62.6724" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" precision="5" value="-62.6724">62.6724° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF757AA4FE64FBE3F83CFB3C" box="[495,615,1132,1159]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="50.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF757AA4FE64FBE3F872FB3D" box="[495,553,1132,1159]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF757AA4FDF8FBE3F955FB3C" box="[627,782,1132,1159]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-11-11">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF757AA4FDF8FBE3F955FB3C" box="[627,782,1132,1159]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-11-11">11 Nov. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -477,11 +471,8 @@ in pure ethanol,
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF757AA4FB69FB00FF29FB13" box="[1250,1394,1167,1193]" degrees="62.6742" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" precision="5" value="-62.6742">62.6742° W</geoCoordinate>
,
<elevation id="006CD188FF757AA4FF36FB3DFB61FB76" box="[189,314,1202,1228]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="30.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF757AA4FF36FB3DFAA1FB76" box="[189,250,1202,1228]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF757AA4FEC3FB3DFBB2FB76" box="[328,489,1202,1228]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-11-14">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF757AA4FEC3FB3DFBB2FB76" box="[328,489,1202,1228]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-11-14">14 Nov. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -529,7 +520,7 @@ L.)
, M.A. González-S.)
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FD77FB78FE73FA89" collectingDate="1990-01-18" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="C. Toro &amp; Capital" county="Camp" elevation="980" location="Cerro Guaiquinima" municipality="Cerro Guaiquinima" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105717, MAGS 1191" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Bolivar">
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FD77FB78F9F6FA8E" collectingDate="1990-01-18" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="C. Toro &amp; Capital" county="Camp" elevation="980" location="Cerro Guaiquinima" municipality="Cerro Guaiquinima" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105717, MAGS 1191" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Bolivar">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FD77FB78F918FAAB" box="[764,835,1271,1297]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="male">2 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCode id="DBE79EC0FF757AA4FCD9FB78F9A6FAA8" box="[850,1021,1271,1298]" collectionCode="MIZA" country="Venezuela" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" name="Museo del Instituto de Zoologia Agricola Francisco Fernandez Yepez" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="Museum">MIZA 105717</specimenCode>
@ -538,23 +529,21 @@ L.)
), Camp 4,
<collectingMunicipality id="6B9AACC1FF757AA4FABFFB78FB0DFA89" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Cerro Guaiquinima</collectingMunicipality>
(Las cuevas),
<elevation id="006CD188FF757AA4FD89FA95F8D6FA89" box="[514,653,1305,1332]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="980.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF757AA4FD89FA95F816FA8E" box="[514,589,1306,1332]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="980.0">980 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF757AA4FD10FA95F96AFA8E" box="[667,817,1306,1332]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="1990-01-18">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF757AA4FD10FA95F96AFA8E" box="[667,817,1306,1332]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="1990-01-18">18 Jan. 1990</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF757AA4FCC9FA95F9FBFA8E" box="[834,928,1306,1332]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">C. Toro</collectorName>
). –
).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FC3FFA95FE8FFAED" collectingDate="1990-01-18" collectingDateMax="1989-08-19" collectingDateMin="1987-01-17" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="C. Toro &amp; Capital" county="Camp" elevation="980" latitude="10.518" location="Cerro Guaiquinima" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-66.851" municipality="Cerro Guaiquinima" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105717, MAGS 1191" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Bolivar">
–
<emphasis id="B935EAA9FF757AA4FC40FA96FE73FA89" bold="true" box="[971,1064,1305,1331]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF757AA4FC40FA96FE73FA89" box="[971,1064,1305,1331]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Capital</collectorName>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FBCAFA95F9C8FA26" collectingDate="1987-01-17" collectingDateMax="1989-08-19" collectingDateMin="1987-01-17" collectionCode="R" collectorName="Avila &amp; Delgado &amp; Gonzalez" county="Hotel Humboldt" latitude="10.518" location="Quebrada Quintero" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-66.851" municipality="El Avila National Park" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105592, MAGS 1028, MIZA 105672, MAGS 1167" specimenCount="17" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="6" stateProvince="Bolivar">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FBCAFA95FE35FA8E" box="[1089,1134,1306,1332]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FBF6FA95FE9AFA89" box="[1149,1217,1305,1332]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="generic">1 juv.</specimenCount>
@ -574,7 +563,9 @@ a.s.l.
</date>
(C.E.
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF757AA4FB0FFAB3FE93FAED" box="[1156,1224,1340,1367]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Avila</collectorName>
).
).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FB50FAB3F9C8FA26" collectingDate="1987-01-17" collectingDateMax="1989-08-19" collectingDateMin="1987-01-17" collectionCode="R" collectorName="Avila &amp; Delgado &amp; Gonzalez" county="Hotel Humboldt" latitude="10.518" location="Quebrada Quintero" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-66.851" municipality="El Avila National Park" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105592, MAGS 1028, MIZA 105672, MAGS 1167" specimenCount="17" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="6" stateProvince="Bolivar">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FB50FAB3FF7BFAED" box="[1243,1312,1340,1367]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="male">6 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FAA6FAB3FF2BFAED" box="[1325,1392,1340,1367]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
@ -630,7 +621,7 @@ a.s.l.
González-S.)
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FEF9FA48FBA2F99C" collectingDate="1992-10-12" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="Gonzalez &amp; M. A." elevation="1200" latitude="10.547" location="Las Canoas" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-66.932" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105699, MAGS 1374" specimenCount="14" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="6" stateProvince="Carabobo">
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FEF9FA48FB04F99D" collectingDate="1992-10-12" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="Gonzalez &amp; M. A." elevation="1200" latitude="10.547" location="Las Canoas" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-66.932" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105699, MAGS 1374" specimenCount="14" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="6" stateProvince="Carabobo">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FEF9FA48FBE3FA5B" box="[370,440,1479,1505]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="male">6 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FE4DFA49F851FA5B" box="[454,522,1478,1505]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="female">5 ♀♀</specimenCount>
@ -647,11 +638,8 @@ González-S.)
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF757AA4FE3FFA66F861F9BE" box="[436,570,1513,1540]" degrees="66.932" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" precision="55" value="-66.932">66.932° W</geoCoordinate>
],
<elevation id="006CD188FF757AA4FDDBFA66F8B6F9B9" box="[592,749,1513,1540]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="1200.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF757AA4FDDBFA66F8F0F9BE" box="[592,683,1513,1540]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF757AA4FD76FA66F9C0F9B9" box="[765,923,1513,1539]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="1992-10-12">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF757AA4FD76FA66F9C0F9B9" box="[765,923,1513,1539]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="1992-10-12">12 Oct. 1992</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -661,13 +649,14 @@ L., E.
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF757AA4FB1CFA66FF5DF9B9" box="[1175,1286,1513,1539]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">González</collectorName>
S.,
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF757AA4FAB2FA65FF2CF9BE" box="[1337,1399,1514,1540]" name="J.M. Ayala" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">M.A.</collectorName>
González-S.). –
González-S.).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FEEDF982FE53F9F3" collectingDate="1992-10-12" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="Gonzalez &amp; M. A." elevation="1200" latitude="10.547" location="Las Canoas" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-66.932" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105699, MAGS 1374" specimenCount="14" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="6" stateProvince="Carabobo">
–
<emphasis id="B935EAA9FF757AA4FEF7F983FBA2F99C" bold="true" box="[380,505,1548,1574]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">
<collectingRegion id="4985F859FF757AA4FEF7F983FBA2F99C" box="[380,505,1548,1574]" country="Venezuela" name="Carabobo" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Carabobo</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FD99F983FE53F9F3" collectingDate="1981-08-04" collectionCode="R" collectorName="Delgado &amp; Gonzalez &amp; M. A. Gonzalez" latitude="10.425" location="San Esteban" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-68.013" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105605, MAGS 336" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Carabobo">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FD99F983F865F99D" box="[530,574,1548,1575]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCode id="DBE79EC0FF757AA4FDC6F983F8ADF99D" box="[589,758,1548,1575]" collectionCode="MIZA" country="Venezuela" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" name="Museo del Instituto de Zoologia Agricola Francisco Fernandez Yepez" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="Museum">MIZA 105605</specimenCode>
@ -692,7 +681,7 @@ D.,
S.)
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FBAEF9A0F80CF9D1" collectingDate="1981-08-04" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="Delgado &amp; Gonzalez &amp; M. A. Gonzalez" latitude="10.425" location="Falcon" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-68.013" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105749, MAGS 333" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-male="4" stateProvince="Falcon">
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FBAEF9A0FBBEF9D1" collectingDate="1981-08-04" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="Delgado &amp; Gonzalez &amp; M. A. Gonzalez" latitude="10.425" location="Falcon" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-68.013" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105749, MAGS 333" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-male="4" stateProvince="Falcon">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FBAEF9A0FE30F9F3" box="[1061,1131,1583,1609]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="male">4 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FBF2F9A0FEE4F9F3" box="[1145,1215,1583,1609]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="generic">1 juv.</specimenCount>
@ -700,13 +689,14 @@ S.)
<specimenCode id="DBE79EC0FF757AA4FB47F9A0FF2DF9F3" box="[1228,1398,1582,1609]" collectionCode="MIZA" country="Venezuela" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" name="Museo del Instituto de Zoologia Agricola Francisco Fernandez Yepez" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="Museum">MIZA 105749</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCode id="DBE79EC0FF757AA4FF4EF9DEFB08F9D1" box="[197,339,1617,1643]" collectionCode="MAGS" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">MAGS 333</specimenCode>
), same data. –
), same data.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FE67F9DDF8F3F90B" collectingDate="1981-08-04" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="Delgado &amp; Gonzalez &amp; M. A. Gonzalez" county="Ar" elevation="140" latitude="10.425" location="Falcon" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-68.013" municipality="Ven" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCode="MIZA 105749, MAGS 333" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="4" stateProvince="Falcon">
–
<emphasis id="B935EAA9FF757AA4FD89F9DFF80CF9D1" bold="true" box="[514,599,1616,1643]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">
<collectingRegion id="4985F859FF757AA4FD89F9DFF80CF9D1" box="[514,599,1616,1643]" country="Venezuela" name="Falcon" pageId="165" pageNumber="166">Falcón</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF757AA4FDFAF9DEF8F3F90B" collectingDate="2018-11-16" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Huber &amp; O. Villarreal" county="Ar" elevation="140" latitude="11.9" location="Peninsula de Paraguana" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-69.9479" municipality="Ven" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="3" stateProvince="Falcon">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FDFAF9DEF8EEF9D6" box="[625,693,1617,1644]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="male">2 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF757AA4FD49F9DEF95EF9D6" box="[706,773,1617,1644]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
@ -723,11 +713,8 @@ in pure ethanol,
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF757AA4FB84F9FBFEF8F934" box="[1039,1187,1652,1678]" degrees="69.9479" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" precision="5" value="-69.9479">69.9479° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF757AA4FB31F9FBFF12F934" box="[1210,1353,1652,1678]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="140.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF757AA4FB31F9FBFF5CF934" box="[1210,1287,1652,1678]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="140.0">140 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF757AA4FAD2F9FBFB63F90B" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-11-16">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF757AA4FAD2F9FBFB63F90B" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-11-16">16 Nov. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -757,11 +744,8 @@ in pure ethanol,
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF757AA4FB5AF936FF32F96E" box="[1233,1385,1721,1748]" degrees="69.9456" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" precision="5" value="-69.9456">69.9456° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF757AA4FF36F953FB1DF94C" box="[189,326,1756,1782]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="140.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF757AA4FF36F953FB5CF94C" box="[189,263,1756,1782]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="140.0">140 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF757AA4FED8F953FBAAF94C" box="[339,497,1756,1782]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-11-16">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF757AA4FED8F953FBAAF94C" box="[339,497,1756,1782]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-11-16">16 Nov. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -793,11 +777,8 @@ in pure ethanol,
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF757AA4FF36F8AEFB15F886" box="[189,334,1825,1852]" degrees="69.9468" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" precision="5" value="-69.9468">69.9468° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF757AA4FEE8F8AEFBB6F881" box="[355,493,1825,1852]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="480.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF757AA4FEE8F8AEFBF5F886" box="[355,430,1825,1852]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="480.0">480 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF757AA4FE71F8AEF8C2F881" box="[506,665,1825,1852]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-11-17">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF757AA4FE71F8AEF8C2F881" box="[506,665,1825,1852]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-11-17">17 Nov. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -821,11 +802,8 @@ M.)
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF757AA4FDBDF8CBF89CF8E4" box="[566,711,1860,1886]" degrees="69.7147" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" precision="5" value="-69.7147">69.7147° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF757AA4FD56F8CBF911F8E4" box="[733,842,1860,1886]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="3.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF757AA4FD56F8CBF951F8E4" box="[733,778,1860,1886]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF757AA4FCD3F8CBF9ACF8E4" box="[856,1015,1860,1886]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-11-17">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF757AA4FCD3F8CBF9ACF8E4" box="[856,1015,1860,1886]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-11-17">17 Nov. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -855,11 +833,8 @@ in pure ethanol,
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF757AA4FE69F806F82AF81E" box="[482,625,1929,1956]" degrees="69.6273" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" precision="5" value="-69.6273">69.6273° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF757AA4FD0EF806F957F819" box="[645,780,1929,1956]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="960.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF757AA4FD0EF806F895F81E" box="[645,718,1929,1956]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="960.0">960 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF757AA4FC93F806F9EFF819" box="[792,948,1929,1956]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-11-18">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF757AA4FC93F806F9EFF819" box="[792,948,1929,1956]" pageId="165" pageNumber="166" value="2018-11-18">18 Nov. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -945,7 +920,7 @@ D.,
S.)
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF767AA7FDDBFEC1F996FE14" collectingDate="2020-02-15" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Huber &amp; Villarreal M. &amp; Q. Arias" county="Ar" elevation="100" latitude="10.8795" location="Guarico" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-68.4949" municipality="Ven" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="3" stateProvince="Guarico">
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF767AA7FDDBFEC1F91DFE14" collectingDate="2020-02-15" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Huber &amp; Villarreal M. &amp; Q. Arias" county="Ar" elevation="100" latitude="10.8795" location="Guarico" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-68.4949" municipality="Ven" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="3" stateProvince="Guarico">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF767AA7FDDBFEC1F8C8FED3" box="[592,659,334,361]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="male">2 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF767AA7FD14FEC1F8BAFED3" box="[671,737,334,361]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
@ -966,11 +941,8 @@ in pure ethanol,
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF767AA7FB9CFEFEFEF2FE31" box="[1047,1193,369,395]" degrees="68.4949" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" precision="5" value="-68.4949">68.4949° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF767AA7FB34FEFEFF10FE31" box="[1215,1355,369,395]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="100.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF767AA7FB34FEFEFF50FE31" box="[1215,1291,369,395]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF767AA7FAD2FEFEFB6FFE14" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="2020-02-15">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF767AA7FAD2FEFEFB6FFE14" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="2020-02-15">15 Feb. 2020</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -980,13 +952,14 @@ a.s.l.
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF767AA7FD8FFE1BF8C4FE14" box="[516,671,404,430]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Villarreal M.</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF767AA7FD26FE1BF94AFE14" box="[685,785,404,430]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Q. Arias</collectorName>
C.). –
C.).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF767AA7FCC4FE1BFB84FE4E" collectingDate="2020-02-15" collectionCode="ZFMK" county="Ar" elevation="100" latitude="10.8795" location="Guarico" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-68.4949" municipality="Ven" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" specimenCode="MIZA 105695, MAGS 988" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="3" stateProvince="Guarico">
–
<emphasis id="B935EAA9FF767AA7FCEDFE1CF996FE14" bold="true" box="[870,973,403,430]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">
<collectingRegion id="4985F859FF767AA7FCEDFE1CF996FE14" box="[870,973,403,430]" country="Venezuela" name="Guarico" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Guárico</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF767AA7FC62FE1BFB84FE4E" collectingDate="1982-04-10" collectionCode="R" collectorName="Torrealba" latitude="9.916" location="El Morrito" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-66.283" municipality="Altagracia de Orituco" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" specimenCode="MIZA 105695, MAGS 988" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Guarico">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF767AA7FC62FE1BFE43FE14" box="[1001,1048,404,430]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF767AA7FBACFE1BFE0FFE14" box="[1063,1108,404,430]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
@ -1011,7 +984,7 @@ C.). –
)
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF767AA7FE7CFE56FE3FFDAC" collectingDate="1997-11-22" collectionCode="MIZA" collectorName="Villarreal" elevation="540" latitude="9.163" location="Agua Salada" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-65.775" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" specimenCode="MIZA 1808" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Lara">
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF767AA7FE7CFE56FE5CFDAD" collectingDate="1997-11-22" collectionCode="MIZA" collectorName="Villarreal" elevation="540" latitude="9.163" location="Agua Salada" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-65.775" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" specimenCode="MIZA 1808" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Lara">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF767AA7FE7CFE56F879FE49" box="[503,546,473,499]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF767AA7FDBAFE56F82EFE49" box="[561,629,473,499]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="generic">1 juv.</specimenCount>
@ -1024,23 +997,21 @@ C.). –
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF767AA7FB6CFE56FF30FE49" box="[1255,1387,472,500]" degrees="65.775" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" precision="55" value="-65.775">65.775° W</geoCoordinate>
],
<elevation id="006CD188FF767AA7FF36FE74FB12FDAC" box="[189,329,507,534]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="540.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF767AA7FF36FE74FB53FDAC" box="[189,264,507,534]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="540.0">540 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
, “sistema cuevas y cañones”,
a.s.l., “sistema cuevas y cañones”,
<date id="FFFF107BFF767AA7FD24FE73F90BFDAC" box="[687,848,508,534]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="1997-11-22">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF767AA7FD24FE73F90BFDAC" box="[687,848,508,534]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="1997-11-22">22 Nov. 1997</collectingDate>
</date>
(O.
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF767AA7FC0CFE73F9A0FDAD" box="[903,1019,508,535]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Villarreal</collectorName>
). –
).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF767AA7FB84FE73FF54FDE1" collectingDate="1997-11-22" collectionCode="MIZA" collectorName="Villarreal" elevation="540" latitude="9.163" location="Agua Salada" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-65.775" municipality="Ar" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" specimenCode="MIZA 1808" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="5" stateProvince="Lara">
–
<emphasis id="B935EAA9FF767AA7FBADFE73FE3FFDAC" bold="true" box="[1062,1124,508,534]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">
<collectingRegion id="4985F859FF767AA7FBADFE73FE3FFDAC" box="[1062,1124,508,534]" country="Venezuela" name="Lara" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Lara</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF767AA7FBF4FE73FF54FDE1" collectingDate="2018-11-19" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Huber &amp; Villarreal" elevation="400" latitude="10.724" location="Ven" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-69.3008" municipality="Ar" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" specimenCount="11" specimenCount-female="6" specimenCount-male="5" stateProvince="Lara">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF767AA7FBF4FE73FE9FFDAC" box="[1151,1220,508,534]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="male">4 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF767AA7FB59FE74FF4DFDAC" box="[1234,1302,507,534]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="female">5 ♀♀</specimenCount>
@ -1059,11 +1030,8 @@ in pure ethanol,
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF767AA7FE3DFDCEF813FDE1" box="[438,584,577,603]" degrees="69.3008" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" precision="5" value="-69.3008">69.3008° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF767AA7FDD4FDCEF8B7FDE1" box="[607,748,577,603]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="400.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF767AA7FDD4FDCEF8F0FDE1" box="[607,683,577,603]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF767AA7FD71FDCEF9C6FDE1" box="[762,925,577,603]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="2018-11-19">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF767AA7FD71FDCEF9C6FDE1" box="[762,925,577,603]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="2018-11-19">19 Nov. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -1091,11 +1059,8 @@ in pure ethanol,
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF767AA7FE20FD09F861FD1B" box="[427,570,646,673]" degrees="69.8343" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" precision="5" value="-69.8343">69.8343° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF767AA7FDC6FD09F8B9FD1A" box="[589,738,646,673]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1370.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF767AA7FDC6FD09F8FFFD1B" box="[589,676,646,673]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1370.0">1370 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF767AA7FD66FD09F9D3FD1A" box="[749,904,646,673]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="2018-11-20">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF767AA7FD66FD09F9D3FD1A" box="[749,904,646,673]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="2018-11-20">20 Nov. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -1209,11 +1174,8 @@ S.)
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF767AA7FEA4FCF6FBC5FC29" box="[303,414,889,915]" degrees="71.80" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" precision="555" value="-71.8">71.80° W</geoCoordinate>
, ~
<elevation id="006CD188FF767AA7FE3CFCF6F815FC29" box="[439,590,888,916]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1350.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF767AA7FE3CFCF6F84BFC29" box="[439,528,889,916]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1350.0">1350 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
],
a.s.l.],
<date id="FFFF107BFF767AA7FDEFFCF6F8B6FC29" box="[612,749,889,915]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="1981-09-04">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF767AA7FDEFFCF6F8B6FC29" box="[612,749,889,915]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="1981-09-04">4 Sep. 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -1241,11 +1203,8 @@ S.)
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF767AA7FBBBFC13FE99FC0C" box="[1072,1218,924,950]" degrees="70.6448" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" precision="5" value="-70.6448">70.6448° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF767AA7FB5CFC13FF2BFC0C" box="[1239,1392,924,950]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.71" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1710.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF767AA7FB5CFC13FF6AFC0C" box="[1239,1329,924,950]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.71" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1710.0">1710 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<collectedFrom id="385D7546FF767AA7FF36FC31FB36FC63" box="[189,365,958,985]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">forest remnant</collectedFrom>
,
<date id="FFFF107BFF767AA7FEF7FC30F855FC62" box="[380,526,958,985]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="2020-02-07">
@ -1279,11 +1238,8 @@ in pure ethanol,
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF767AA7FF36FB8BFB16FBA4" box="[189,333,1028,1054]" degrees="70.6279" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" precision="5" value="-70.6279">70.6279° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF767AA7FEEAFB8BFBA3FBA4" box="[353,504,1028,1054]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1700.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF767AA7FEEAFB8BFBE1FBA4" box="[353,442,1028,1054]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1700.0">1700 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF767AA7FD8FFB8BF8D5FBA4" box="[516,654,1028,1054]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="2020-02-07">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF767AA7FD8FFB8BF8D5FBA4" box="[516,654,1028,1054]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="2020-02-07">7 Feb. 2020</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -1296,7 +1252,7 @@ M.,
C.)
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF767AA7FB16FB8BF8E3FBD9" collectingDate="2020-02-13" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Huber &amp; Villarreal &amp; Q. Arias" elevation="280" latitude="8.8543" location="Miranda" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-71.3651" municipality="Ar" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="6" stateProvince="Miranda" typeStatus="paratype">
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF767AA7FB16FB8BF87CFBD9" collectingDate="2020-02-13" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Huber &amp; Villarreal &amp; Q. Arias" elevation="280" latitude="8.8543" location="Miranda" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-71.3651" municipality="Ar" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="6" stateProvince="Miranda" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF767AA7FB16FB8BFEBBFBA4" box="[1181,1248,1028,1054]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="male">6 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF767AA7FB67FB8BFF4CFBA4" box="[1260,1303,1028,1054]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
@ -1323,13 +1279,14 @@ a.s.l.
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF767AA7FF68FBC6FB09FBD9" box="[227,338,1097,1123]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Villarreal</collectorName>
M.,
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF767AA7FE06FBC6FBA9FBD9" box="[397,498,1097,1123]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Q. Arias</collectorName>
C.). –
C.).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF767AA7FDBBFBC5F87DFB13" collectingDate="2020-02-13" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Huber &amp; Villarreal &amp; Q. Arias" elevation="280" latitude="8.8543" location="Miranda" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-71.3651" municipality="Ar" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="6" stateProvince="Miranda" typeStatus="paratype">
–
<emphasis id="B935EAA9FF767AA7FDC2FBC6F8E3FBD9" bold="true" box="[585,696,1097,1123]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">
<collectingRegion id="4985F859FF767AA7FDC2FBC6F8E3FBD9" box="[585,696,1097,1123]" country="Venezuela" name="Miranda" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">Miranda</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF767AA7FD5EFBC6F87DFB13" collectingDate="2018-11-07" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Huber &amp; Villarreal" elevation="1600" latitude="10.5245" location="El Avila National Park" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-66.8566" municipality="Ven" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Miranda" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF767AA7FD5EFBC6F95FFBDE" box="[725,772,1097,1124]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF767AA7FC9FFBC6F919FBDE" box="[788,834,1097,1124]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
@ -1613,11 +1570,8 @@ González-S.)
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF767AA7FB6EF936FF30F969" box="[1253,1387,1720,1747]" degrees="66.819" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" precision="55" value="-66.819">66.819° W</geoCoordinate>
], ~
<elevation id="006CD188FF767AA7FF47F954FB3CF94C" box="[204,359,1755,1782]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1500.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF767AA7FF47F954FB7CF94C" box="[204,295,1755,1782]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF767AA7FEFEF953F84DF94C" box="[373,534,1756,1782]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="1981-08-16">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF767AA7FEFEF953F84DF94C" box="[373,534,1756,1782]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="1981-08-16">16 Aug. 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -1675,11 +1629,8 @@ near La
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF767AA7FBB6F8AEFE90F886" box="[1085,1227,1825,1852]" degrees="66.8119" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" precision="5" value="-66.8119">66.8119° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF767AA7FB56F8AEFF2AF881" box="[1245,1393,1825,1852]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1090.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF767AA7FB56F8AEFF6FF886" box="[1245,1332,1825,1852]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1090.0">1090 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<collectedFrom id="385D7546FF767AA7FF36F8CBFBB0F8E4" box="[189,491,1860,1886]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">forest near dry brook bed</collectedFrom>
,
<date id="FFFF107BFF767AA7FE73F8CBF8CFF8E4" box="[504,660,1860,1886]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="2020-02-22">
@ -1710,11 +1661,8 @@ near La
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF767AA7FBA1F8E9FEE6F83B" box="[1066,1213,1894,1921]" degrees="66.8089" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" precision="5" value="-66.8089">66.8089° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF767AA7FB5FF8E9FF2BF83A" box="[1236,1392,1894,1921]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.46" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1460.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF767AA7FB5FF8E9FF74F83B" box="[1236,1327,1894,1921]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.46" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1460.0">1460 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<collectedFrom id="385D7546FF767AA7FF36F806F83DF81E" box="[189,614,1929,1956]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167">degraded forest along small stream</collectedFrom>
,
<date id="FFFF107BFF767AA7FDFFF806F94EF819" box="[628,789,1929,1955]" pageId="166" pageNumber="167" value="2020-02-22">
@ -1838,11 +1786,8 @@ S.)
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF777AA6FF36FE1AFB70FE15" box="[189,299,405,432]" degrees="66.85" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" precision="555" value="-66.85">66.85° W</geoCoordinate>
,
<elevation id="006CD188FF777AA6FEBFFE1AFB9CFE15" box="[308,455,404,431]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="1100.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF777AA6FEBFFE1AFBD1FE15" box="[308,394,405,431]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
],
a.s.l.],
<date id="FFFF107BFF777AA6FE50FE1AF82FFE15" box="[475,628,405,431]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="1970-12-28">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF777AA6FE50FE1AF82FFE15" box="[475,628,405,431]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="1970-12-28">28 Dec. 1970</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -1851,7 +1796,7 @@ a.s.l.
)
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FC91FE1AFE97FE68" collectingDate="2019-11-11" collectingDateMax="2019-11-13" collectingDateMin="2019-11-11" collectionCode="MIZA" collectorName="Villarreal &amp; Rodriguez" elevation="1450" latitude="10.417" location="Topotepuy" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-66.851" municipality="El Volcan" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Monagas" typeStatus="paratype">
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FC91FE1AFE61FE69" collectingDate="2019-11-11" collectingDateMax="2019-11-13" collectingDateMin="2019-11-11" collectionCode="MIZA" collectorName="Villarreal &amp; Rodriguez" elevation="1450" latitude="10.417" location="Topotepuy" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-66.851" municipality="El Volcan" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Monagas" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FC91FE1AF918FE15" box="[794,835,405,431]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FCDBFE1AF9CAFE15" box="[848,913,405,431]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="generic">1 juv.</specimenCount>
@ -1866,11 +1811,8 @@ a.s.l.
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF777AA6FF36FE38FB65FE68" box="[189,318,439,466]" degrees="66.851" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" precision="55" value="-66.851">66.851° W</geoCoordinate>
, ~
<elevation id="006CD188FF777AA6FED1FE38FBACFE68" box="[346,503,439,466]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="1450.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF777AA6FED1FE38FBEDFE68" box="[346,438,439,466]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="1450.0">1450 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
],
a.s.l.],
<date id="FFFF107BFF777AA6FD84FE37F887FE68" box="[527,732,440,466]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="2019-11-11" valueMax="2019-11-13" valueMin="2019-11-11">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF777AA6FD84FE37F887FE68" box="[527,732,440,466]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="2019-11-11" valueMax="2019-11-13" valueMin="2019-11-11">11–13 Nov. 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -1878,13 +1820,14 @@ a.s.l.
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF777AA6FC9FFE37F9DDFE68" box="[788,902,440,466]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">Villarreal</collectorName>
, J.
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF777AA6FC25FE37FE75FE69" box="[942,1070,440,467]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">Rodriguez</collectorName>
). –
).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FBC8FE37FBC7FDA3" collectingDate="2019-11-11" collectingDateMax="2019-11-13" collectingDateMin="2019-11-11" collectionCode="MIZA" collectorName="Villarreal &amp; Rodriguez" elevation="1450" latitude="10.417" location="Topotepuy" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-66.851" municipality="El Volcan" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="MIZA 105710, MAGS 1318" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Monagas" typeStatus="paratype">
–
<emphasis id="B935EAA9FF777AA6FBD1FE37FE97FE68" bold="true" box="[1114,1228,440,466]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">
<collectingRegion id="4985F859FF777AA6FBD1FE37FE97FE68" box="[1114,1228,440,466]" country="Venezuela" name="Monagas" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">Monagas</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FB62FE37FBC7FDA3" collectingDate="1991-10-12" collectionCode="R" collectorName="Delgado" latitude="10.174" location="Cueva del Guacharo" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-63.552" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="MIZA 105710, MAGS 1318" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Monagas" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FB62FE37FF4CFE68" box="[1257,1303,440,466]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FAACFE37FF29FE68" box="[1319,1394,440,466]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">8 juvs</specimenCount>
@ -1910,7 +1853,7 @@ Cueva del
, M.A. González-S.)
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FE3DFE71F9EDFD81" collectingDate="1991-10-14" collectionCode="R" collectorName="M. de Garcia &amp; Delgado &amp; Gonzalez" latitude="10.174" location="Nueva Esparta" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-63.552" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="MIZA 105752, MAGS 1313" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Nueva Esparta" typeStatus="paratype">
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FE3DFE71F881FD81" collectingDate="1991-10-14" collectionCode="R" collectorName="M. de Garcia &amp; Delgado &amp; Gonzalez" latitude="10.174" location="Nueva Esparta" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-63.552" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="MIZA 105752, MAGS 1313" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Nueva Esparta" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FE3DFE71FBB8FDA2" box="[438,483,510,536]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FE7AFE71F86FFDA2" box="[497,564,510,536]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
@ -1930,13 +1873,14 @@ Cueva del
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF777AA6FEF4FDAFFBBEFD80" box="[383,485,544,570]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">Delgado</collectorName>
, M.A.
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF777AA6FDB2FDAFF8F3FD80" box="[569,680,544,570]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">González</collectorName>
S.). –
S.).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FD69FDAEF9B5FDE4" collectingDate="1991-10-14" collectionCode="R" collectorName="M. de Garcia &amp; Delgado &amp; Gonzalez" latitude="10.174" location="Nueva Esparta" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-63.552" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="MIZA 105752, MAGS 1313" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Nueva Esparta" typeStatus="paratype">
–
<emphasis id="B935EAA9FF777AA6FD71FDAEF9EDFD81" bold="true" box="[762,950,545,571]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">
<collectingRegion id="4985F859FF777AA6FD71FDAEF9EDFD81" box="[762,950,545,571]" country="Venezuela" name="Nueva Esparta" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">Nueva Esparta</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FC59FDAEFEC0FDE4" collectingDate="1986-12" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="Contreras" latitude="11.047" location="Cerro Copei" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-63.891" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="MIZA 105780, MAGS 1007" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Portuguesa" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FC59FDAEFE5BFD81" box="[978,1024,545,571]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCode id="DBE79EC0FF777AA6FB9BFDAEFEE1FD81" box="[1040,1210,544,571]" collectionCode="MIZA" country="Venezuela" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" name="Museo del Instituto de Zoologia Agricola Francisco Fernandez Yepez" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="Museum">MIZA 105780</specimenCode>
@ -1954,13 +1898,14 @@ S.). –
</date>
(C.E.
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF777AA6FCC3FDCBF9E1FDE4" box="[840,954,580,606]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">Contreras</collectorName>
A.). –
A.).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FC7DFDCBF800FD1E" collectingDate="1991-10-14" collectionCode="R" collectorName="M. de Garcia &amp; Delgado &amp; Gonzalez" county="Paez" latitude="10.174" location="Nueva Esparta" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-63.552" municipality="Acarigua" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="MIZA 105752, MAGS 1313" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Nueva Esparta" typeStatus="paratype">
–
<emphasis id="B935EAA9FF777AA6FB86FDCBFEC0FDE4" bold="true" box="[1037,1179,580,606]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">
<collectingRegion id="4985F859FF777AA6FB86FDCBFEC0FDE4" box="[1037,1179,580,606]" country="Venezuela" name="Portuguesa" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">Portuguesa</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FB3EFDCBF882FD19" collectingDate="1995-07-07" collectionCode="R" collectorName="Delgado" county="Paez" latitude="9.52" location="Acarigua" longLatPrecision="779" longitude="-69.15" municipality="Acarigua" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="MIZA 105574, MAGS 1400" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Tachira" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FB3EFDCBFEB8FDE4" box="[1205,1251,580,606]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FB7AFDCBFF45FDE4" box="[1265,1310,580,606]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
@ -1982,13 +1927,14 @@ A.). –
</date>
(A.R.
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF777AA6FE8FFD06FB31FD19" box="[260,362,649,675]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">Delgado</collectorName>
, M.A. González-S.). –
, M.A. González-S.).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FDEAFD05F9ADFD53" collectingDate="1991-10-14" collectionCode="R" collectorName="M. de Garcia &amp; Delgado &amp; Gonzalez" county="Paez" elevation="1300" latitude="10.174" location="Nueva Esparta" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-63.552" municipality="Acarigua" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="MIZA 105752, MAGS 1313" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Nueva Esparta" typeStatus="paratype">
–
<emphasis id="B935EAA9FF777AA6FDFDFD07F882FD19" bold="true" box="[630,729,648,675]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">
<collectingRegion id="4985F859FF777AA6FDFDFD07F882FD19" box="[630,729,648,675]" country="Venezuela" name="Tachira" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">Táchira</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FD7AFD06FE2AFD53" collectingDate="2020-02-10" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Arias C." county="Ar" elevation="1300" latitude="7.9236" location="Trujillo" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-71.7152" municipality="Ven" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="5" stateProvince="Trujillo" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FD7AFD06F96FFD1E" box="[753,820,649,676]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="male">5 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FCB4FD05F9DAFD1E" box="[831,897,650,676]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
@ -2009,23 +1955,21 @@ in pure ethanol,
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF777AA6FB44FD23FF32FD7D" box="[1231,1385,684,711]" degrees="71.7152" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" precision="5" value="-71.7152">71.7152° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF777AA6FF36FD40FB08FD53" box="[189,339,719,746]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="1300.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF777AA6FF36FD40FB4EFD50" box="[189,277,719,746]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF777AA6FEEBFD40FBA3FD53" box="[352,504,719,745]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="2020-02-10">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF777AA6FEEBFD40FBA3FD53" box="[352,504,719,745]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="2020-02-10">10 Feb. 2020</collectingDate>
</date>
(B.A. Huber, O. Villarreal M., Q.
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF777AA6FC08FD40F9BCFD53" box="[899,999,719,745]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">Arias C.</collectorName>
). –
).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FC77FD5FFECAFC8A" collectingDate="1991-10-14" collectionCode="R" collectorName="M. de Garcia &amp; Delgado &amp; Gonzalez" county="Paez" elevation="1300" latitude="10.174" location="Nueva Esparta" longLatPrecision="77" longitude="-63.552" municipality="Acarigua" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="MIZA 105752, MAGS 1313" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Nueva Esparta" typeStatus="paratype">
–
<emphasis id="B935EAA9FF777AA6FB9AFD40FE2AFD53" bold="true" box="[1041,1137,719,745]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">
<collectingRegion id="4985F859FF777AA6FB9AFD40FE2AFD53" box="[1041,1137,719,745]" country="Venezuela" name="Trujillo" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">Trujillo</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FB0CFD5FFECAFC8A" collectingDate="2018-11-22" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Huber &amp; Villarreal" elevation="1820" latitude="9.3945" location="Ven" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-70.2674" municipality="Ar" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCount="12" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="7" stateProvince="Trujillo" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FB0CFD5FFE91FD50" box="[1159,1226,720,746]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="male">7 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FB5DFD40FF43FD50" box="[1238,1304,719,746]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="female">3 ♀♀</specimenCount>
@ -2042,11 +1986,8 @@ in pure ethanol,
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF777AA6FEC7FC9AFB80FC8A" box="[332,475,789,816]" degrees="70.2674" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" precision="5" value="-70.2674">70.2674° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF777AA6FE64FC9AF8DEFC95" box="[495,645,789,816]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8199999999999998" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="1820.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF777AA6FE64FC9AF81CFC8A" box="[495,583,789,816]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8199999999999998" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="1820.0">1820 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF777AA6FD1AFC9AF976FC95" box="[657,813,789,816]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="2018-11-22">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF777AA6FD1AFC9AF976FC95" box="[657,813,789,816]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="2018-11-22">22 Nov. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -2116,11 +2057,8 @@ S.)
,
<locationDeviation id="9A4C2F99FF777AA6FBD7FCF0FB41FC01" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">route to Buena Vista via La Gira</locationDeviation>
,
<elevation id="006CD188FF777AA6FEAEFC2EFBF5FC01" box="[293,430,929,956]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="650.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF777AA6FEAEFC2EFB2BFC06" box="[293,368,929,956]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="650.0">650 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF777AA6FE30FC2EF803FC06" box="[443,600,929,956]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="2005-05-14">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF777AA6FE30FC2EF803FC06" box="[443,600,929,956]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="2005-05-14">14 May 2005</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -2131,7 +2069,7 @@ M.,
)
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FC6BFC2EFE14FBBB" collectedFrom="among rocks" collectingDate="2020-02-13" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Huber &amp; Villarreal M. &amp; Q. Arias &amp; La Guaira" county="Ar" elevation="150" latitude="9.7562" location="El Encanto" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-70.7418" municipality="Ven" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Trujillo" typeStatus="paratype">
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FC6BFC2EF9F5FBBB" collectedFrom="among rocks" collectingDate="2020-02-13" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Huber &amp; Villarreal M. &amp; Q. Arias &amp; La Guaira" county="Ar" elevation="150" latitude="9.7562" location="El Encanto" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-70.7418" municipality="Ven" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Trujillo" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FC6BFC2EFE56FC06" box="[992,1037,929,956]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectionCode id="ED50AE7EFF777AA6FB91FC2DFE30FC06" box="[1050,1131,930,956]" collectionName="Germany, Bonn, Zoologische Forschungsinstitut und Museum &quot;Alexander Koenig&quot;" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" name="Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="Museum">ZFMK</collectionCode>
@ -2146,11 +2084,8 @@ in pure ethanol,
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF777AA6FC6BFC4BFE28FC64" box="[992,1139,964,990]" degrees="70.7418" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" precision="5" value="-70.7418">70.7418° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF777AA6FB01FC4BFF4CFC64" box="[1162,1303,964,991]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="150.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF777AA6FB01FC4BFE8DFC64" box="[1162,1238,964,991]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<collectedFrom id="385D7546FF777AA6FAACFC4BFAA4FBBB" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">among rocks</collectedFrom>
,
<date id="FFFF107BFF777AA6FE80FC68FBFDFBBB" box="[267,422,999,1025]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="2020-02-13">
@ -2162,13 +2097,14 @@ a.s.l.
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF777AA6FDFAFC68F950FBBB" box="[625,779,999,1025]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">Villarreal M.</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF777AA6FC93FC68F921FBBB" box="[792,890,999,1025]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">Q. Arias</collectorName>
C.). –
C.).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FC3EFC68FEE0FBFD" collectedFrom="among rocks" collectingDate="2020-02-13" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Huber &amp; Villarreal M. &amp; Q. Arias &amp; La Guaira" county="Ar" elevation="150" latitude="9.7562" location="El Encanto" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-70.7418" municipality="Ven" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Trujillo" typeStatus="paratype">
–
<emphasis id="B935EAA9FF777AA6FC40FC68FE14FBBB" bold="true" box="[971,1103,999,1025]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF777AA6FC40FC68FE14FBBB" box="[971,1103,999,1025]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">La Guaira</collectorName>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FBE3FC68FEE0FBFD" collectingDate="2018-11-09" collectionCode="ZFMK" collectorName="Huber &amp; O. Villarreal" county="Ar" elevation="1535" latitude="10.4566" location="El Limon" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-67.2548" municipality="Ven" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="4" stateProvince="Trujillo" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FBE3FC68FEF7FBBB" box="[1128,1196,999,1025]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="male">3 ♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FB32FC68FEBDFBBB" box="[1209,1254,999,1025]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
@ -2187,11 +2123,8 @@ in pure ethanol,
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF777AA6FEEBFBA2FBA8FBFD" box="[352,499,1069,1096]" degrees="67.2548" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" precision="5" value="-67.2548">67.2548° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF777AA6FD81FBA2F8FEFBFD" box="[522,677,1069,1096]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.535" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="1535.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF777AA6FD81FBA2F83FFBFD" box="[522,612,1069,1096]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.535" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="1535.0">1535 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<date id="FFFF107BFF777AA6FD3FFBA2F913FBFD" box="[692,840,1069,1095]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="2018-11-09">
<collectingDate id="EFBBE993FF777AA6FD3FFBA2F913FBFD" box="[692,840,1069,1095]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="2018-11-09">9 Nov. 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
@ -2257,11 +2190,8 @@ S.)
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF777AA6FF36FB37FB14FB69" box="[189,335,1208,1235]" degrees="67.3010" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" precision="5" value="-67.301">67.3010° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF777AA6FEEFFB37FBB4FB69" box="[356,495,1208,1235]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="600.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF777AA6FEEFFB37FBEBFB69" box="[356,432,1208,1235]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<collectedFrom id="385D7546FF777AA6FE75FB36F9C8FB69" box="[510,915,1209,1235]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">forest remnant along small stream</collectedFrom>
,
<date id="FFFF107BFF777AA6FC14FB36FE60FB69" box="[927,1083,1209,1235]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="2020-02-21">
@ -2293,11 +2223,8 @@ in pure ethanol,
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF777AA6FE35FB71F809FAA3" box="[446,594,1278,1305]" degrees="67.2819" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" precision="5" value="-67.2819">67.2819° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF777AA6FDE2FB71F95DFAA2" box="[617,774,1278,1305]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2349999999999999" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="1235.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF777AA6FDE2FB71F89EFAA3" box="[617,709,1278,1305]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2349999999999999" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="1235.0">1235 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<collectedFrom id="385D7546FF777AA6FC9DFB71F9A4FAA3" box="[790,1023,1278,1305]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">forest along stream</collectedFrom>
,
<date id="FFFF107BFF777AA6FB86FB70FEF7FAA3" box="[1037,1196,1278,1305]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="2020-02-21">
@ -2310,7 +2237,7 @@ a.s.l.
M.)
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FEFEFAADF89DFAE5" collectingDate="1996-06-26" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="Gonzalez" latitude="10.55" location="Galipan" longLatPrecision="779" longitude="-66.89" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="MIZA 105583, MAGS 1412" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Yaracuy" typeStatus="paratype">
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FEFEFAADF81BFAE5" collectingDate="1996-06-26" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="Gonzalez" latitude="10.55" location="Galipan" longLatPrecision="779" longitude="-66.89" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="MIZA 105583, MAGS 1412" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Yaracuy" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FEFEFAADFBFBFA86" box="[373,416,1314,1340]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FE25FAADFBAAFA81" box="[430,497,1313,1340]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="generic">1 juv.</specimenCount>
@ -2330,13 +2257,14 @@ M.)
</date>
(J.A.
<collectorName id="26B4536DFF777AA6FE17FACBF850FAE4" box="[412,523,1348,1374]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">González</collectorName>
D.). –
D.).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FDC3FACAF9E0FA38" collectingDate="1996-06-26" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="Gonzalez" latitude="10.55" location="Galipan" longLatPrecision="779" longitude="-66.89" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="MIZA 105583, MAGS 1412" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Yaracuy" typeStatus="paratype">
–
<emphasis id="B935EAA9FF777AA6FDD5FACAF89DFAE5" bold="true" box="[606,710,1349,1375]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">
<collectingRegion id="4985F859FF777AA6FDD5FACAF89DFAE5" box="[606,710,1349,1375]" country="Venezuela" name="Yaracuy" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">Yaracuy</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
•
<materialsCitation id="3B293CE6FF777AA6FD6BFACAF9E0FA38" collectingDate="1986-09-11" collectionCode="MIZA, MAGS" collectorName="Yustiz" latitude="10.48" location="Yurubi National Park" longLatPrecision="779" longitude="-68.66" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" specimenCode="MIZA 105641, MAGS 1085" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Yaracuy" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D47FD32FF777AA6FD6BFACAF956FAE5" box="[736,781,1349,1375]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCode id="DBE79EC0FF777AA6FC90FACAF998FAE5" box="[795,963,1348,1375]" collectionCode="MIZA" country="Venezuela" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33834" name="Museo del Instituto de Zoologia Agricola Francisco Fernandez Yepez" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" type="Museum">MIZA 105641</specimenCode>
@ -2397,11 +2325,8 @@ in pure ethanol,
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF777AA6FE1FFA5FF878FA51" box="[404,547,1488,1515]" degrees="68.6564" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" precision="5" value="-68.6564">68.6564° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF777AA6FDBDFA5FF8E0FA50" box="[566,699,1488,1515]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="140.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF777AA6FDBDFA5FF825FA51" box="[566,638,1488,1515]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="140.0">140 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<collectedFrom id="385D7546FF777AA6FD4CFA5FF9FDFA51" box="[711,934,1488,1515]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">forest along stream</collectedFrom>
,
<date id="FFFF107BFF777AA6FC3BFA5FFE1DFA50" box="[944,1094,1488,1514]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="2020-02-16">
@ -2427,11 +2352,8 @@ C.)
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF777AA6FBCAFA7CFE89F9B4" box="[1089,1234,1523,1550]" degrees="68.6535" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" precision="5" value="-68.6535">68.6535° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF777AA6FB6CFA7CFF2BF9B7" box="[1255,1392,1523,1550]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="120.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF777AA6FB6CFA7CFF6AF9B4" box="[1255,1329,1523,1550]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="120.0">120 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<collectedFrom id="385D7546FF777AA6FF36F999FBFBF98B" box="[189,416,1558,1585]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">forest along stream</collectedFrom>
,
<date id="FFFF107BFF777AA6FE20F999F81FF98A" box="[427,580,1558,1584]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="2020-02-16">
@ -2459,11 +2381,8 @@ C.)
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE75507CFF777AA6FD16F9B6F96BF9EE" box="[669,816,1593,1620]" degrees="68.6530" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" precision="5" value="-68.653">68.6530° W</geoCoordinate>
),
<elevation id="006CD188FF777AA6FCCCF9B6F98FF9E9" box="[839,980,1593,1620]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="150.0">
<quantity id="4CB99B5EFF777AA6FCCCF9B6F9C8F9EE" box="[839,915,1593,1620]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
a.s.l.,
<collectedFrom id="385D7546FF777AA6FC6FF9B6FE90F9EE" box="[996,1227,1593,1620]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168">forest along stream</collectedFrom>
,
<date id="FFFF107BFF777AA6FB52F9B6FF2CF9E9" box="[1241,1399,1593,1619]" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" value="2020-02-17">

82
data/03/E8/87/03E887ADFF777AAAFE49F8C9F818FB4C.xml
View file

@ -1,52 +1,52 @@
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<xref id="FBD5C3194F3446F308B37CE13FB2D6AB" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S2">, Suppl. material 2 Standard Japanese name: Yume-hatampo</xref>
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Cuvier in Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes, 1831: 299 (type locality:
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, fig. 1;
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;
<treatmentCitation id="6025614F6ACF5DAB4E89BAB04D004993" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="71" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="552C7B1ACEA777C6B04C25E0D290184B" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" pagination="65-73" refId="B56" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2012 a) First and southernmost records of Pempheris japonica (Pempherididae) from Okinawa Island with the description of juvenile growth. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 67: 65–73. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="First and southernmost records of Pempheris japonica (Pempherididae) from Okinawa Island with the description of juvenile growth." volume="67">Koeda et al. 2012 a</bibRefCitation>
: 71
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="1386AFC71053D6F614B16CF53C71583C" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="231" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="83471C5BF42468089772CEDBD90E1BE6" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="231-238" refId="B58" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 a) Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan. Zootaxa 3609: 231–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" title="Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan." volume="3609">Koeda et al. 2013 a</bibRefCitation>
: 231
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1 b;
<treatmentCitation id="3A527712F66E690C94930D94719709F4" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="126" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="8BABD668270B8355875F45A59ACBA6E1" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Ichthyology" pagination="123-128" refId="B59" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 b) Identificational keys of Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877 (Pempheridae) with comments on its standard Japanese name. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 60: 123–128. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Identificational keys of Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877 (Pempheridae) with comments on its standard Japanese name." volume="60">Koeda et al. 2013 b</bibRefCitation>
: 126
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="B40B16553D5F90FCF1EC9A2359F28B83" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" page="327" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="E426AC53628EF65950F6D9AF00F3A4D4" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" page="327" pagination="301-330" refId="B61" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2014) A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793: 301–330. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" title="A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species." volume="3793" year="2014">Koeda et al. 2014: 327</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="B02B4972E2039C506F10F7A65642D366" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" page="139" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="240AD4715DB1D2A9F35DEC22A8570061" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Nature of Kagoshima" page="139" pagination="139-144" refId="B51" refString="Koeda K, Motomura H (2015) First records of Pempheris adusta (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from Kuchierabujima, Nakano-shima, and Tokuno-shima islands in the Satsunan Islands and the Kagoshima mainland, southern Japan with some biological comments. Nature of Kagoshima 41: 139–144. [In Japanese]" title="First records of Pempheris adusta (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from Kuchierabujima, Nakano-shima, and Tokuno-shima islands in the Satsunan Islands and the Kagoshima mainland, southern Japan with some biological comments." volume="41" year="2015">Koeda and Motomura 2015: 139</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="A6F23D161F0D356AAFB0E64948EC5A74" author="Koeda K &amp; Kaburagi K &amp; Motomura H" page="276" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="0938DF8A3FB0DB541A3244D8AC267E61" author="Koeda K &amp; Kaburagi K &amp; Motomura H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" page="276" pagination="275-282" refId="B62" refString="Koeda K, Kaburagi K, Motomura H (2015) Records of Pempheris oualensis (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from the Satsunan Islands, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 70: 275–282. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Records of Pempheris oualensis (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from the Satsunan Islands, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan." volume="70" year="2015">Koeda et al. 2015: 276</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1;
<treatmentCitation id="90E24E7FC2E643AA855E144706CE7CFB" author="Koeda K &amp; Hibino Y &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Kimura Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Kunishima T &amp; Sasaki D &amp; Furukawa T &amp; Sakurai M &amp; Eguchi K &amp; Suzuki H &amp; Inaba T &amp; Uejo T &amp; Tanaka S &amp; Fujisawa M &amp; Wada H &amp; Uchiyama T" page="50" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="7C6C62CFE104D538D9DDCC8E16D0EB55" author="Koeda K &amp; Hibino Y &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Kimura Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Kunishima T &amp; Sasaki D &amp; Furukawa T &amp; Sakurai M &amp; Eguchi K &amp; Suzuki H &amp; Inaba T &amp; Uejo T &amp; Tanaka S &amp; Fujisawa M &amp; Wada H &amp; Uchiyama T" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" refId="B64" refString="Koeda K, Hibino Y, Yoshida T, Kimura Y, Miki R, Kunishima T, Sasaki D, Furukawa T, Sakurai M, Eguchi K, Suzuki H, Inaba T, Uejo T, Tanaka S, Fujisawa M, Wada H, Uchiyama T (2016 b) Annotated checklist of fishes of Yonagunijima Island, the westernmost island in Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 119 pp." title="Annotated checklist of fishes of Yonagunijima Island, the westernmost island in Japan.">Koeda et al. 2016 b</bibRefCitation>
: 50
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 225;
<treatmentCitation id="8DBA996C434979F4BA6B8F2F6330C581">
<bibRefCitation id="950E9D0DCB6ADF0E212D68E378279A17" DOI="10.1007/s10228-017-0586-3" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" refId="B52" refString="Koeda K, Motomura H (2017 a) A new species of Pempheris (Perciformes: Pempheridae) endemic to the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Ichthyological Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-017-0586-3 [also appeared in Ichthyological Research 65: 21–28]">Koeda and Motomura 2017 a</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="83474EC449CBB36A8C1AAD6CC5AB6113" author="Koeda K" page="7" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="C99B9145AFB5BE3DA6FD6C14BF0179CA" author="Koeda K" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" pagination="1-13" refId="B41" refString="Koeda K (2017 a) Fishes of family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) of the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 71: 1–13. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Fishes of family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) of the Ogasawara Islands, Japan." volume="71">Koeda 2017 a</bibRefCitation>
: 7
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 2 (upper fig.);
<treatmentCitation id="1208B23DF17CE247647E5CBB1737B0F2" author="Kimura Y &amp; Hibino Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Minetoma T &amp; Koeda K" page="119" year="2017">
<bibRefCitation id="059B47C10519F1D5070AB326958BA19E" author="Kimura Y &amp; Hibino Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Minetoma T &amp; Koeda K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kimura" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" page="119" refId="B39" refString="Kimura Y, Hibino Y, Miki R, Minetoma T, Koeda K (2017) Field guide to fishes of Kuchinoerabu-jima Island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima, southern Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 200 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Field guide to fishes of Kuchinoerabu-jima Island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima, southern Japan." year="2017">Kimura et al. 2017: 119</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 7;
<treatmentCitation id="561E514E1A3640C75FBFF4C3D0DE5104" author="" page="4" year="2017">
<bibRefCitation id="28AD984FF29F5FDF19540ED00C54897F" journalOrPublisher="Kikai Publication Relations" pagination="4-6" refId="B95" refString="Planning and Tourism Division of Kikai Town (2017) Traditional island’s fish “ Ufumi ”. Kikai Publication Relations 604: 4–6. [In Japanese]" title="Traditional island’s fish “ Ufumi ”." volume="604" year="2017">Planning and Tourism Division of Kikai Town 2017</bibRefCitation>
: 4
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="94021C7AD4C2BB17CCB3C568D33438C5" author="Nakae M &amp; Motomura H &amp; Hagiwara K &amp; Senou H &amp; Koeda K &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Tashiro S &amp; Jeong B &amp; Hata H &amp; Fukui Y &amp; Fujiwara K &amp; Yamakawa T &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Shinohara G &amp; Matsuura K" page="266" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="31311B1AD22C34B5951564CC5494C04A" author="Nakae M &amp; Motomura H &amp; Hagiwara K &amp; Senou H &amp; Koeda K &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Tashiro S &amp; Jeong B &amp; Hata H &amp; Fukui Y &amp; Fujiwara K &amp; Yamakawa T &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Shinohara G &amp; Matsuura K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nakae" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo)" page="266" pagination="205-361" refId="B89" refString="Nakae M, Motomura H, Hagiwara K, Senou H, Koeda K, Yoshida T, Tashiro S, Jeong B, Hata H, Fukui Y, Fujiwara K, Yamakawa T, Aizawa M, Shinohara G, Matsuura K (2018) An Annotated Checklist of Fishes of Amami-oshima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo) 52: 205–361." title="An Annotated Checklist of Fishes of Amami-oshima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan." volume="52" year="2018">Nakae et al. 2018: 266</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A4360D37046458A15FB185374D862EB" author="Koeda K" page="194" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="0F5F5DC58653D165362688F154335325" author="Koeda K" editor="Motomura H &amp; Hagiwara K &amp; Senou H &amp; Nakae M" journalOrPublisher="Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, Yokosuka City Museum, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Odawara, and National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba" pagination="193-194" refId="B43" refString="Koeda K (2018 a) Pempheridae. In: Motomura H, Hagiwara K, Senou H, Nakae M (Eds) Identification guide to fishes of the Amami Islands, Japan. Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, Yokosuka City Museum, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Odawara, and National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, 193–194. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Identification guide to fishes of the Amami Islands, Japan.">Koeda 2018 a</bibRefCitation>
: 194
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="3874A012FE16BA227210F4B853DDC983" author="Koeda K" page="298" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="5C51A4EEC3213E947095D4F982939F02" author="Koeda K" editor="Nakabo T" journalOrPublisher="Shogakukan, Tokyo" pagination="298-299" refId="B44" refString="Koeda K (2018 b) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) The natural history of the fishes of Japan. Shogakukan, Tokyo, 298–299. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="The natural history of the fishes of Japan.">Koeda 2018 b</bibRefCitation>
: 298
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="6B559725C7E65F6D00D3385492AB1F44" author="Mochida I &amp; Motomura H" page="30" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="3BBF7D14C9870F3E76B93D86B2A9993C" author="Mochida I &amp; Motomura H" firstAuthor="Mochida" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum" page="30" pagination="1-80" refId="B75" refString="Mochida I, Motomura H (2018) An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tokunoshima island in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 214 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum 10: 1–80." title="An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tokunoshima island in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 214 new records." volume="10" year="2018">Mochida and Motomura 2018: 30</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="BC7FD10DF8395EA85449F282A8A6DBFF" author="Koeda K" page="928" year="2019">
<bibRefCitation id="5A9B35A25D9452BBE57BFAA122ED6AB3" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Ho H-C" firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan" page="928" pagination="925-930" refId="B47" refString="Koeda K (2019) Family Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Ho H-C (Eds) Fishes of southern Taiwan. National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan, 925–930." title="Family Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of southern Taiwan." year="2019">Koeda 2019: 928</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="6DF5DD0BB4DB14C8B0031B7B62E098BF" author="Motomura H &amp; Uehara K" page="45" year="2020">
<bibRefCitation id="59EA5B833B76EF2F933CC6CB53F9B76F" author="Motomura H &amp; Uehara K" firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum" page="45" pagination="1-125" refId="B82" refString="Motomura H, Uehara K (2020) An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Okinoerabu Island in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 361 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum 12: 1–125." title="An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Okinoerabu Island in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 361 new records." volume="12" year="2020">Motomura and Uehara 2020: 45</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="9F2377254691A26C4936EBFF3C0D43DC" author="Koeda K" page="928" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="2ED153FE6B5DB78BDE83A67A2A4E5882" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Ho H-C" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan" pagination="925-930" refId="B49" refString="Koeda K (2020 b) Family Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Ho H-C (Eds) Fishes of southern Taiwan, 2 nd edn. National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan, 925–930." title="Family Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of southern Taiwan, 2 nd edn.">Koeda 2020 b</bibRefCitation>
: 928
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="CB50A6D8332A8E5D4652D2B77E313B1A" author="Motomura H" page="129" year="2023">
<bibRefCitation id="97D474E597E6148DAC6CCB32C4C394E1" author="Motomura H" firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum" page="129" pagination="1-250" refId="B80" refString="Motomura H (2023) An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tanega-shima amd Mage-shima islands in the Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 536 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum 20: 1–250." title="An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tanega-shima amd Mage-shima islands in the Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 536 new records." volume="20" year="2023">Motomura 2023: 129</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6DB12DDA9FDC63EC3DA8670DDEB3B7AE">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="DB0E574C34BD58EA0A1D16CEB64C74C8">
<treatmentCitation id="5E8D568A8BB83440336E9AB02E80D0B1">
<taxonomicName id="6BABA70A2AA4DD30CA86F8A2C6C750F0" ID-CoL="76FTD" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="otaitensis">
<emphasis id="931EE826464FEA1C9B9677D493BC5B2E" italics="true">Pempheris otaitensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="B117FA6E571B2A7F41D566759BCAAE98">
(not
<bibRefCitation id="E6C67B8B0D02D2E40CA612C5787BE313" author="Cuvier G" refId="B12" refString="Cuvier G (1831) Des Pempherides. In: Cuvier G, Valenciennes A (Eds) Historie Naturelle des Poissons, Vol. 7. F. G. Levraut, Paris-Strasbourg, [xx - xxi +] 296 - 309 [191 pls]." year="1831">Cuvier, 1831</bibRefCitation>
):
<treatmentCitation id="D87BAB7C23F6508E94032A2CBD9E984A" author="Schmidt PJ" page="121" year="1913">
<bibRefCitation id="2E259406D483C981EAA93D12FD0CBB69" author="Schmidt PJ" firstAuthor="Schmidt" page="121" refId="B102" refString="Schmidt PJ (1913) Fishes of the Riu-kiu Islands. Transactions of the Pacific Committee of the Academy of Science of the USSR 1: 19–156 [pls 1–6]." year="1913">Schmidt 1913: 121</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="7823DDC1BF03F48164CF1815852CFC17">
<bibRefCitation id="8C22C63371882E0EEBC262FE48446325" author="Randall" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Randall" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs" pagination="1-74" refId="B99" refString="Randall JE, Ida H, Kato K, Pyle RL, Earle JL (1997) Annotated checklist of the inshore fishes of the Ogasawara Islands. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs 11: 1–74." title="Annotated checklist of the inshore fishes of the Ogasawara Islands." volume="11" year="1997">Randall et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 35, pl. 8 (fig. F).
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FE61B5BF88EBD8653D661A2236A74406">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="14945E755DECFC639BE222F04CD5A96F">
<treatmentCitation id="64CF8079C18B3C9847F8414B5F8AEDA5">
<taxonomicName id="50043C052D11E14147389962558C3926" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="9AB253404825A97175BD83BE703839CC" italics="true">Pempheris</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="147537549457ECFBE680585E8BC3351B" author="Hatooka" firstAuthor="Hatooka" refId="B23" refString="Hatooka K (2002) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, English edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 878–879, 1562." year="2002">Hatooka 2002</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part), 878;
<treatmentCitation id="36438BA887837E21AB1D740574522213">
<bibRefCitation id="061BF4DFF5CF5C1E1D6E686FD170831A" author="Motomura" editor="Motomura H &amp; Matsuura K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo" pagination="65-247" refId="B83" refString="Motomura H, Kuriiwa K, Katayama E, Senou H, Ogihara G, Meguro M, Matsunuma M, Takata Y, Yoshida T, Yamashita M, Kimura S, Endo H, Murase A, Iwatsuki Y, Sakurai Y, Harazaki S, Hidaka K, Izumi H, Matsuura K (2010) Annotated checklist of marine and estuarine fishes of Yaku-shima Island, Kagoshima, southern Japan. In: Motomura H, Matsuura K (eds) Fishes of Yaku-shima Island – A World Heritage island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan. National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, 65–247." title="Annotated checklist of marine and estuarine fishes of Yaku-shima Island, Kagoshima, southern Japan." volumeTitle="Fishes of Yaku-shima Island - A World Heritage island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan." year="2010">Motomura et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 131, fig. 253;
<treatmentCitation id="B316396C5EB891DEB6EC6A1F73B35E55">
<bibRefCitation id="EE5182F1D2C116CDF4DB5C4ACCA159F2" author="Hatooka and Yagishita" editor="Nakabo T" firstAuthor="Hatooka" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 983-984" pagination="2020-2021" refId="B24" refString="Hatooka K, Yagishita N (2013) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3 rd edn. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 983–984, 2020–2021. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3 rd edn." year="2013">Hatooka and Yagishita 2013</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 984.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EUHAI" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="6141E9D3C635B82D62AD8FD58D1FBF05">
<heading id="598E0681B5654AB966F75F7387C248AA" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7789B949E7BA62D386528FE6C1CEB77C">
Counts of
<typeStatus id="ED3C26DF93588F4215775A48D7B4F6D3" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and non-types are given in Table
<tableCitation id="F2642124C4B5FE6CDDC1E8D017117945" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Counts of Pempheris schwenkii and P. xanthoptera." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0D1BE7BF4D3962627CF47C653C54CF4F" tableUuid="0D1BE7BF4D3962627CF47C653C54CF4F">2</tableCitation>
of
<bibRefCitation id="6168301BD464BA5BDE807FDF894E8277" author="Koeda K &amp; Imai H &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Biogeography" pagination="71-75" refId="B54" refString="Koeda K, Imai H, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2010 a) First and northernmost record of Pempheris oualensis (Pempheridae), from Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Biogeography 12: 71–75." title="First and northernmost record of Pempheris oualensis (Pempheridae), from Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan." volume="12">Koeda et al. (2010 a</bibRefCitation>
). Dorsal-fin rays
<collectionCode id="51386520D5F7E2AC95327915FC643BE1" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute">VI</collectionCode>
, 9–10; anal-fin rays III, 38–46; pectoral-fin rays 17–19; pored lateral-line scales 60–72; scale rows above lateral line 5 1 / 2–7 1 / 2, usually 6 1 / 2; scale rows below lateral line 13–17; predorsal scales 33–44; circumpeduncular scales 18–22; gill rakers 8–9 + 20 – 22 = 28–31; head length 27.7–31.5 %; body depth 40.9–48.2 %; eye diameter 36.4–43.9 %; upper jaw length 50.0–56.0 %; maximum
<quantity id="3988E47003E13484D10A7BE6B5F178DA" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.08" unit="mm" value="208.0">208 mm</quantity>
SL, usually &lt;
<quantity id="83D36A73EF65C97FF6A79ABACD889F27" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" unit="mm" value="180.0">180 mm</quantity>
SL; scales weakly ctenoid, deciduous, thin, semicircular in shape, far wider than long (
<bibRefCitation id="EA2DBA2FE91C64179A82D4CCD2AE425C" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="231-238" refId="B58" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 a) Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan. Zootaxa 3609: 231–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" title="Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan." volume="3609">Koeda et al. 2013 a</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2 a); body silver; distinct blackish blotch on pectoral-fin base; anterior margin of dorsal fin zonally blackish; blackish band on anal-fin base with rarely blackish band on its margin; upper margin of pectoral fin dusky; villiform tooth band extending outside lips on large specimen; abdomen cross-sectional outline V-shaped.
</paragraph>
<caption id="0D1BE7BF4D3962627CF47C653C54CF4F" ID-Table-UUID="0D1BE7BF4D3962627CF47C653C54CF4F" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0D1BE7BF4D3962627CF47C653C54CF4F" startId="T2" targetIsTable="true">
<paragraph id="1C241BE876A07280C3C23138885A4F9E">
<label id="5EF127621854DD24C086FB479441B41C">Table 2.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="050E37EE2C5E709CEF9DF21DEAA6844C">
Counts of
<taxonomicName id="D7B020CA9CA7E11FA58E3F2C9E2E4ADB" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="96BF0C776A85A5F9E0BCE9F2CB31A147" italics="true">Pempheris schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="43A792D5C3017A05BAFE70F2E6DBD382" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="3D4FB84D4729112AAADBB2A2D712091A" italics="true">P. xanthoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="10BBF8EB93D88945A881CF0FA1222904">
<table id="TID0E43DI" rules="all">
<tbody id="260C96319B8D4E7FC7E499345B4D4949">
<tr id="4926ED28C9F1455F7D216112CFDF1EF6">
<th id="11CCC22748DEE50EA427DE7F5A793CA8" colspan="1" isEmpty="true" rowspan="2">-</th>
<emphasis id="9C522908DCB431CAE4676A026F651F80" italics="true">
<th id="2D5CB9A809AB915AD2CD62D7E6C1428F" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="0EB625913713C00C8529CBEF990F6198" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">P. schwenkii</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="8C37B538F96104CA5A7E57E835E42825" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="7FF40917C86B65D663F54591BE969091" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">P. xanthoptera</taxonomicName>
</th>
</emphasis>
</tr>
<tr id="CBC3F3D65E23BAC73D27FCFDE2B27651">
<th id="A708842DCC8EB6665896190BE0F795E3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Syntypes</th>
<th id="C91ADA0182C00BC4AC8A766638183961" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Non-types</th>
<th id="C44E5212D0049CB1E43287D7AEF47449" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Holotype</th>
<th id="846CC271E3FE7FD5064192C65B88030E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Non-types</th>
</tr>
<tr id="4FA60EA3307F2ABE3CD438A38F43F8D7">
<td id="D35A00074F110EC9CD7EFAB06C8E4834" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Number of individuals</td>
<td id="ACE5FEF9CE3C994C111D00CC8727461B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td id="66FE04C0D4CDB300C9D82D143C33205E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">232</td>
<td id="DB92177ABE3E2B6708D8BD9167BFF50D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1</td>
<td id="452EE313A1B6BAF99F02B25682475693" colspan="1" rowspan="1">355</td>
</tr>
<tr id="224F317041C10CEAD30C545798519BF9">
<td id="C920D8B064821EB7C66610B35CC42402" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Number of individuals</td>
<td id="12CB860FC548CC80117A523C467328B5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">87.2, 89.7</td>
<td id="6AA0C27A6D9B4E9CE98D6A8DDC9676E9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">20.4–125.9</td>
<td id="4DE8FFF9D94E3153E432390129F9B049" colspan="1" rowspan="1">116.8</td>
<td id="F0B78C4DBA96CAD49AE254ED2EF48B9A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">28.2–136.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8F429D1686EEFF7AB316FD48393E3B3B">
<td id="29BED0164BC6E377AD24EBDDC717EFF9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Standard length</td>
<td id="53FFC8F87395E4C7E2C45EC4EB845CBF" colspan="1" isEmpty="true" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="E1F7ADE954C89F5DD86460948B238AF3" colspan="1" isEmpty="true" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="0C87879BCC09264AF1FC61A1C1DCC9DD" colspan="1" isEmpty="true" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td id="D416624142931D177FECA1532F991BC6" colspan="1" isEmpty="true" rowspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2747EC76EBB7159F158059E2EB5B1772">
<td id="DE78A07DF23F47AD2318F029E8D78548" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Dorsal fin rays</td>
<td id="C5E5C872A3A2B001E64D23007FC9B03C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">VI, 9</td>
<td id="B73EEF840616A8603C08AC7DE801F39B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">VI – VII, 9–10</td>
<td id="FA85B689FDBC4AD6823E74864C6420E8" colspan="1" rowspan="1">VI, 9</td>
<td id="0F020B684B9D437C230417F4CF748CD9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">VI – VII, 9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D997F80E3DE42FE753717AACC94EA963">
<td id="0E33B3BBC3F9ABC4C3754BFE10452815" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Anal fin rays</td>
<td id="071D7F69F35247A38D6A8AAC5F5D59AB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">III, 35–36</td>
<td id="0C224BD0FE0DF0AE8356AF082A268BBD" colspan="1" rowspan="1">III, 35–42</td>
<td id="7AC4F484D21DF320950DF05246499B61" colspan="1" rowspan="1">III, 38</td>
<td id="6F1A04C4FBE7961136AB0FDE02FD6DD2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">III, 35–42</td>
</tr>
<tr id="18466E0EECB33AAE81623F33AE0FC687">
<td id="85885901E1311301AF19000C32FC7E95" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Pectoral fin rays</td>
<td id="7CA4D8926D33234E92E0D86E19FE7283" colspan="1" rowspan="1">17–18</td>
<td id="DA17FF1248BB97DA7A8E0A6FA32F303B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">16–18</td>
<td id="95F5260FD2EB89C799E631D3547A3E9C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">18</td>
<td id="C8E5B0B3968A722E098D8DFDD0422521" colspan="1" rowspan="1">16–19</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7929D5EAC6F12BB6881EF3842B23BA0A">
<td id="5DF6C7148079AE477FBEF52122F6632D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Left pored lateral-line scales</td>
<td id="6EBA62AD1B73AF3D4F1B6C72CE4FA326" colspan="1" rowspan="1">48</td>
<td id="5D4901CA43121FF82C806A23837FF486" colspan="1" rowspan="1">44–53</td>
<td id="6F836053948C885B24E3557B3A8F79D1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">48</td>
<td id="FFA3AD744238DCD206B0BF293E297D91" colspan="1" rowspan="1">45–54</td>
</tr>
<tr id="82670B4FD8B5B135D0D436210A9FD445">
<td id="C90E1A394769685C0D5452CDDE75006C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Right pored lateral-line scales</td>
<td id="6CD10A690CFCBC969D1601D3849535C6" colspan="1" rowspan="1">48–49</td>
<td id="28855B7C522172E14CC88418403737B5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">45–53</td>
<td id="78225D75E168371CACBCDD6D93B58A1A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">47</td>
<td id="A2EDE8BD8A89FBD78029ED5982732266" colspan="1" rowspan="1">46–54</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3446DAC5786E50D63400F25F6C0769C1">
<td id="3C6D932BABD86F69211E5CB6C982ED0F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Scale above lateral line</td>
<td id="F9220BAC2ADE0496170CC901846E1263" colspan="1" rowspan="1">3 1 / 2</td>
<td id="C724B24BED0AD3989D530E8436AD1DA9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">3 1 / 2–4 1 / 2</td>
<td id="B6755F05DB4F481FA5808DDCBCB33A55" colspan="1" rowspan="1">3 1 / 2</td>
<td id="1DB6DFE2C9FF8C9FB42FC784D932522F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">3 1 / 2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="A2C830E8525F47650E81F53D342B1731">
<td id="5E963D6559D2AFF15184D760F90DA000" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Scale rows below lateral line</td>
<td id="3A53AD231821D045F93376D2994EF875" colspan="1" rowspan="1">10</td>
<td id="32DF1B15F748340934286FE545056DCB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">10–13</td>
<td id="7B5ED3A5E9FEC54E70F1F0D5CF56151B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">10</td>
<td id="4AB15A0FF70E90C5BFDEF1A023D927B9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">10–13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="495E7AB3E9FB85FEA685F42DCCFAB113">
<td id="511C8FE2498B8D876C42507E5CE3E7AF" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Circumpeduncular scales</td>
<td id="4B7E33494B61825F511E8B935F6362B1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12</td>
<td id="CB7EEC25BF25126DC886D42B60EF928B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">10–12</td>
<td id="1F5EA63119D422A9582B69D87DBD7FA2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12</td>
<td id="A2A4E40BCD3EA5119CA5D2AA5512569B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12–14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0625BF07634E6766B6E499961D1A3CD1">
<td id="9549B5316CF598473C206805C1B377CE" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Gill rakers</td>
<td id="B202B685E68EC82C9F16F9D722060C0A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7 + 18–19</td>
<td id="8BEEA689225ABE1934446648B265C9FB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">6–9 + 18 – 22</td>
<td id="287031B2F35A9739B41C7E7EE49E795C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">N / A</td>
<td id="E78C1434B4F5DF13355D0227F7746E9B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7 – 9 + 18 – 21</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EYQAI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="9707B17E7E3C1894E2F2801A64C67112">
<heading id="B6636D17561196789B2DB66D8226AE3C" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F7268F0B005EE0A842748C54045F3221">
Widely distributed in the western to central Pacific Ocean (not in the Hawaiian Islands), and
<collectingCountry id="AA9A959209A6D4E2A24EB35DFB20EFE4" name="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</collectingCountry>
and Cocos-Keeling Island in the Indian Ocean. In Japanese waters, this species is known from Tanega-shima to Yonaguni-jima islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Minamidaito-jima Island in the Daito Islands, and Haha-shima and Chichi-jima islands in the Ogasawara Islands. In Taiwanese waters, this species is known from Nang-fang-ao in Yilan County, Yeh Liu in New Taipei City, Tainan County, Chung-chou in Kaohsung County, Hengchung, and Kenting in Pingtung County, Fugang in Taitung County, and Lanyu (Fig.
<figureCitation id="492CD2E219F95B42450B2C222A731AD0" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Distribution of Pempheris oualensis based on the collection locality of the specimens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192473">10</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="41611B371CC2D381C09D3CB3F8F3AFCD" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure9" ID-arpha="E8D71BA9-6A81-53EE-AE24-53FB5E6FF199" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192472" startId="F9">
<paragraph id="67DB6DF4589F0AD6BA3BAF2D3D0B0A70">
<label id="87DE6B1286F092A357D4356CDD624049">Figure 9.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="87C51179BD6D5751C6E8E1829E3E9610">
<taxonomicName id="71D4153621A3AF677A0A8B735712C6ED" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oualensis">
<emphasis id="D98966B7C73A31FC4C5AB48AA6CC4896" italics="true">Pempheris oualensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EDDD47DAE620BDDF6EE1FE4559A5C546" bold="true">A</emphasis>
fresh specimen (NMMB-P 27821, 175.4 mm SL, Hengchung, Pingtung, Taiwan) and
<emphasis id="E48BDA76F75C162FD9281145A88B36A9" bold="true">B</emphasis>
underwater photograph (Dobuiso, Ogasawara Islands, Japan).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F2C2DE8B4DD3ABBBBBF03FE7EBCECFB6" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure10" ID-arpha="8D2279FC-6F18-53ED-B574-39CF9ADCEC70" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192473" startId="F10">
<paragraph id="2F36652F875486B72A4028830F660252">
<label id="769B3C98D3B2036357BB41E44D6B64DC">Figure 10.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="19B132A591C61684CE7C6E709B6C16D0">
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="F6FC2055CDFEEF7175CF1E18CDA4EDC1" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oualensis">
<emphasis id="153B9258E25511180312B80103DC39C7" italics="true">Pempheris oualensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the collection locality of the specimens.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EWSAI" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="F1BF41DCBBEF1802A290FE7DA2D4D0E2">
<heading id="F0F9B36FEE07F4490651CB1DF6625DEA" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="81943355FCE67D29D81805E8B6886B0C">
This species has similar characters as
<taxonomicName id="352748C82E18936375ED04CF75582407" authority="Cuvier, 1831" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="otaitensis">
<emphasis id="D6B0BE179448C18332BFD82BF6E51A21" italics="true">Pempheris otaitensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4E56D4E98356798227DB3B1826BBD5EB" author="Cuvier G" refId="B12" refString="Cuvier G (1831) Des Pempherides. In: Cuvier G, Valenciennes A (Eds) Historie Naturelle des Poissons, Vol. 7. F. G. Levraut, Paris-Strasbourg, [xx - xxi +] 296 - 309 [191 pls]." year="1831">Cuvier, 1831</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="485B53A377363D0E29A3DCDF954972F1" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ufuagari">
<emphasis id="D96162B5DB50E4CC764EFF6DE83CF819" italics="true">Pempheris ufuagari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which share a distinct black blotch on pectoral-fin base and whose large body sizes reaches&gt;
<quantity id="99C4F48DDC3ACE80B92A4324436CECE4" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" unit="mm" value="160.0">160 mm</quantity>
SL. However,
<taxonomicName id="7A4CE3FAF9C9884562DC61CAB0B4516E" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oualensis">
<emphasis id="9DA9C9E107B0576ED3068288BC4EB4BD" italics="true">P. oualensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique in having a dark coloration on the upper margin of its pectoral fin and a villiform tooth band extends outside the lips on large specimens. The scale count of this species varies among populations that specimens collected from the northwestern Pacific have 61–66 pored lateral-line scales, but specimens collected from southern Pacific have 67–71. Additionally, specimens collected from Andaman Sea have 5 ½ scale rows above lateral line, whereas those from the Pacific Ocean have 6 ½ or 7 ½, with the frequency of specimens with 7 ½ scale rows above lateral line being lower in the northwestern Pacific than in southern areas. In particular, the Andaman population may be a species distinct from the Pacific populations, but more specimens and genetic evidence are necessary to discuss whether the differences are interspecific or intraspecific.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4CC356B34CA93917B63CFC06A84791F6">
Although
<bibRefCitation id="9557F33A8B75D89CB2C6BE02E2BF6003" author="Okada Y" firstAuthor="Okada" refId="B93" refString="Okada Y (1938) A catalogue of vertebrates of Japan. Maruzen, Co. Ltd, Tokyo, [iv +] 412 pp." year="1938">Okada (1938)</bibRefCitation>
gave the Japanese name “ Ryukyu-hatampo ” to
<taxonomicName id="32DC2789E8D0A27E89C912C6CBE6507E" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oualensis">
<emphasis id="4270B0FBE9D52335F6ADFEE28D506D1B" italics="true">P. oualensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which was listed in
<bibRefCitation id="9D0BEE1C8F94230E183B0A710DFBD376" DOI="10.5479/si.00963801.42-1913.487" author="Snyder JO" firstAuthor="Snyder" refId="B117" refString="Snyder JO (1912) The fishes of Okinawa, one of the Riu Kiu Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 42: 487–519 [pls 62–70]. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.42-1913.487" year="1912">Snyder (1912)</bibRefCitation>
, specimen (
<collectionCode id="C329A6F08F891CE19A68E987275C6E6B" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
75468) used for the list was re-identified to
<taxonomicName id="1EF607E35A6BEF433F2E9358F883A29F" authority="(Koeda et al. 2013 b)" baseAuthorityName="Koeda" baseAuthorityYear="2013" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="95E8142E05DEF35B467CF179A3E41F5A" italics="true">P. adusta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="87D6179A813569BFB1ED8A55A74B1017" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Ichthyology" pagination="123-128" refId="B59" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 b) Identificational keys of Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877 (Pempheridae) with comments on its standard Japanese name. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 60: 123–128. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Identificational keys of Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877 (Pempheridae) with comments on its standard Japanese name." volume="60">Koeda et al. 2013 b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, the standard Japanese name “ Ryukyu-hatampo ” was adopted for
<taxonomicName id="8DA21D850DFCC8FA63E426E09B980814" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="35BE3704A4FEBBB3F074C4CE0B2EDA5A" italics="true">P. adusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the standard Japanese name “ Yume-hatampo ” was provided to
<taxonomicName id="657D363B6809FD6D1FEC975D58FAA9A3" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oualensis">
<emphasis id="A30375C6A213548AEB6F8B6D5F13D14D" italics="true">P. oualensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="71CB017FDA5AF36904F5C7A2F8178DB4" author="Koeda K &amp; Imai H &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Biogeography" pagination="71-75" refId="B54" refString="Koeda K, Imai H, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2010 a) First and northernmost record of Pempheris oualensis (Pempheridae), from Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Biogeography 12: 71–75." title="First and northernmost record of Pempheris oualensis (Pempheridae), from Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan." volume="12">Koeda et al. (2010 a</bibRefCitation>
) who first reported this species from Japanese waters. This species is the largest species of
<taxonomicName id="55E4277FA6810B68E00A9EBCCC6B35F3" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C9E2522BB787D0EBDDAA7C4840B571A0" italics="true">Pempheris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that reaches&gt;
<quantity id="9DB03B8D7DDFC0C0357141DE7B38B782" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 mm</quantity>
SL; the largest specimen was collected from the Ogasawara Islands and measured
<quantity id="F7C5DBFD9C8F23E4EC1903320E7B71D7" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.088" unit="mm" value="208.8">208.8 mm</quantity>
SL (
<collectionCode id="DF49C3D8F29FD990633C1A683B9E5F56" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r700-376n" name="Kagoshima University Museum" type="">KAUM</collectionCode>
– I. 74584).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

279
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<taxonomicName id="85B4808D49949CE53FEEA2640BF7E870" ID-CoL="76G3V" authority="Cuvier, 1831" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="8FD9C1F188F611C94CF30F75D768336B" italics="true">Pempheris vanicolensis</emphasis>
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<figureCitation id="4DEED858B98F627F4EDE4B733FEF00ED" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Distribution of Pempheris ufuagari (triangles) and P. vanicolensis (diamonds) based on the collection localities of the specimens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192478">Figs 15</figureCitation>
,
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<xref id="9A39B117434094804926787395277F8B" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S2">, Suppl. material 2 Standard Japanese name: Kibire-hatampo</xref>
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<emphasis id="526BD55476A3C7A85D8F7089DB433F28" italics="true">Pempheris vanicolensis</emphasis>
<comment id="5A745945311F4CEF56746696ABBF5086">
<bibRefCitation id="F95480116E21B4725D1148E87360C21E" author="Cuvier G" refId="B12" refString="Cuvier G (1831) Des Pempherides. In: Cuvier G, Valenciennes A (Eds) Historie Naturelle des Poissons, Vol. 7. F. G. Levraut, Paris-Strasbourg, [xx - xxi +] 296 - 309 [191 pls]." year="1831">Cuvier, 1831: 305</bibRefCitation>
(type locality: Vanikoro Island, Santa Cruz Islands);
<treatmentCitation id="BB970DF737DCE48D754CEA0146D569D4" author="Shao K-T &amp; Chen L-W" page="163" year="1991">
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</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="E875D5468F8E06E3DA7205977BBF02FF" author="Shao K-T &amp; Chen J-P &amp; Shen S-C" page="177" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="856E85F452D3AC686F906FF4E445D0B3" author="Shao K-T &amp; Chen J-P &amp; Shen S-C" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Shao" journalOrPublisher="Ken-Ting National Park Headquarters Construction and Planning Administration, Kenting" page="177" refId="B108" refString="Shao K-T, Chen J-P, Shen S-C (1992) Marine fishes of the Ken-ting National Park. Ken-Ting National Park Headquarters Construction and Planning Administration, Kenting, 427 pp." title="Marine fishes of the Ken-ting National Park." year="1992">Shao et al. 1992: 177</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="17E6F1A50DC32BC54E13C86625B2AA8F" author="Shen S-C" page="391" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="899F28564A2F3200A330F3F18B4C94F7" author="Shen S-C" firstAuthor="Shen" journalOrPublisher="National Taiwan University, Taipei" page="391" refId="B113" refString="Shen S-C (1993) Fishes of Taiwan. National Taiwan University, Taipei, 960 pp." title="Fishes of Taiwan." year="1993">Shen 1993: 391</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 114, fig. 2;
<treatmentCitation id="868FCD40B97DF5749506BF34BD57C6CB" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" page="78" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="DC7F310A2F1652F6ACEF249E097C4CAF" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Biogeography" pagination="77-82" refId="B55" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2010 b) Description of new Japanese and northernmost records of pempherid fish, Pempheris vanicolensis, from Iriomote Island, southern Ryukyu Archipelago. Biogeography 12: 77–82." title="Description of new Japanese and northernmost records of pempherid fish, Pempheris vanicolensis, from Iriomote Island, southern Ryukyu Archipelago." volume="12">Koeda et al. 2010 b</bibRefCitation>
: 78
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1;
<treatmentCitation id="40D2BA0349290BD21308A066F45B801F" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="71" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="210BD7F510ECA65373FA203DDE6F173D" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" pagination="65-73" refId="B56" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2012 a) First and southernmost records of Pempheris japonica (Pempherididae) from Okinawa Island with the description of juvenile growth. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 67: 65–73. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="First and southernmost records of Pempheris japonica (Pempherididae) from Okinawa Island with the description of juvenile growth." volume="67">Koeda et al. 2012 a</bibRefCitation>
: 71
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;
<treatmentCitation id="FC70259CDA3B32C17F6AC7907FBCAF29" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="237" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="C7ABDC7CFCC0A8378BECD3D26CD73B47" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="231-238" refId="B58" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 a) Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan. Zootaxa 3609: 231–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" title="Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan." volume="3609">Koeda et al. 2013 a</bibRefCitation>
: 237
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;
<treatmentCitation id="9B545E72EEF22D78122C8B44062F365E" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="127" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="4C15221FFF3672E39EB003BDFEA03646" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Ichthyology" pagination="123-128" refId="B59" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 b) Identificational keys of Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877 (Pempheridae) with comments on its standard Japanese name. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 60: 123–128. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Identificational keys of Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877 (Pempheridae) with comments on its standard Japanese name." volume="60">Koeda et al. 2013 b</bibRefCitation>
: 127
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;
<treatmentCitation id="FCDB0FEB220B4FA3FC807F3FD18E3D29" author="Chiang W-C &amp; Lin P-L &amp; Chen W-Y &amp; Liu D-C" page="183" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="9060C20E698F696C8FB45AFDC63CD2A3" author="Chiang W-C &amp; Lin P-L &amp; Chen W-Y &amp; Liu D-C" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chiang" page="183" refId="B10" refString="Chiang W-C, Lin P-L, Chen W-Y, Liu D-C (2014) Marine Fishes in Eastern Taiwan. Fisheries Research Institute, Keelung, [x +] 337 pp. [In Chinese]" year="2014">Chiang et al. 2014: 183</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="1DFDD0439AE6A4C0580C312C73ADCFBC" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" page="327" year="2014">
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="63EFDBA61416F2E7E99B0DF49FAB2E6E" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Nature of Kagoshima" page="139" pagination="139-144" refId="B51" refString="Koeda K, Motomura H (2015) First records of Pempheris adusta (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from Kuchierabujima, Nakano-shima, and Tokuno-shima islands in the Satsunan Islands and the Kagoshima mainland, southern Japan with some biological comments. Nature of Kagoshima 41: 139–144. [In Japanese]" title="First records of Pempheris adusta (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from Kuchierabujima, Nakano-shima, and Tokuno-shima islands in the Satsunan Islands and the Kagoshima mainland, southern Japan with some biological comments." volume="41" year="2015">Koeda and Motomura 2015: 139</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="8375186C34E408714B6EA371D67DF2F5" author="Koeda K &amp; Kaburagi K &amp; Motomura H" page="275" year="2015">
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;
<treatmentCitation id="E292CADB2C81BD3B98406D67AF288B55" author="Koeda K &amp; Hibino Y &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Kimura Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Kunishima T &amp; Sasaki D &amp; Furukawa T &amp; Sakurai M &amp; Eguchi K &amp; Suzuki H &amp; Inaba T &amp; Uejo T &amp; Tanaka S &amp; Fujisawa M &amp; Wada H &amp; Uchiyama T" page="50" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="C40CFBCF32FB05D2142EA75E87647ACE" author="Koeda K &amp; Hibino Y &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Kimura Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Kunishima T &amp; Sasaki D &amp; Furukawa T &amp; Sakurai M &amp; Eguchi K &amp; Suzuki H &amp; Inaba T &amp; Uejo T &amp; Tanaka S &amp; Fujisawa M &amp; Wada H &amp; Uchiyama T" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" refId="B64" refString="Koeda K, Hibino Y, Yoshida T, Kimura Y, Miki R, Kunishima T, Sasaki D, Furukawa T, Sakurai M, Eguchi K, Suzuki H, Inaba T, Uejo T, Tanaka S, Fujisawa M, Wada H, Uchiyama T (2016 b) Annotated checklist of fishes of Yonagunijima Island, the westernmost island in Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 119 pp." title="Annotated checklist of fishes of Yonagunijima Island, the westernmost island in Japan.">Koeda et al. 2016 b</bibRefCitation>
: 50
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 226;
<treatmentCitation id="04D80E056FA3A2FB1F57F51EE0D9C0DE" author="Koeda K" page="5" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="6F8D2D9E5F575A75FB589019DEAD4E68" author="Koeda K" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" pagination="1-13" refId="B41" refString="Koeda K (2017 a) Fishes of family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) of the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 71: 1–13. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Fishes of family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) of the Ogasawara Islands, Japan." volume="71">Koeda 2017 a</bibRefCitation>
: 5
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="8E028C6821E8654EA0757AC4834B3D96" author="Koeda K" editor="Nakabo T" journalOrPublisher="Shogakukan, Tokyo" pagination="298-299" refId="B44" refString="Koeda K (2018 b) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) The natural history of the fishes of Japan. Shogakukan, Tokyo, 298–299. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="The natural history of the fishes of Japan.">Koeda 2018 b</bibRefCitation>
: 299
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, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="DF7B6A353BADC26C5F5DE9E41C2FAF59" author="Koeda K" page="929" year="2019">
<bibRefCitation id="90B915CC39BDAF0D4226A8D7EBF749B6" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Ho H-C" firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan" page="929" pagination="925-930" refId="B47" refString="Koeda K (2019) Family Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Ho H-C (Eds) Fishes of southern Taiwan. National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan, 925–930." title="Family Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of southern Taiwan." year="2019">Koeda 2019: 929</bibRefCitation>
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, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="2246321D37BFA53ACB983892AD2C59E5" author="Koeda K &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Sakamoto K &amp; Ueshima R" page="11" year="2022">
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;
<treatmentCitation id="A3C7D6BF3A9A792178A7599184D4BDF6" author="Nakamura J &amp; Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" page="1" year="2022">
<bibRefCitation id="8AC35A2566235F8B799FD5E62ACD720A" DOI="10.11369/jji.22-004" author="Nakamura J &amp; Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nakamura" page="1" refId="B91" refString="Nakamura J, Koeda K, Motomura H (2022) Northernmost record of Pempheris vanicolensis (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from Kikai-jima Island, Amami Islands, Japan. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. https://doi.org/10.11369/jji.22-004 [also appeared in Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 69: 219–223]" year="2022">Nakamura et al. 2022: 1</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 1.
</comment>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1EB12CC38297EBC1017BF649C4316E36">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="03F4917EDDC87D5322BB37D1A64C3714">
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<taxonomicName id="6B12A9C1B06B9462150A737EB249C4AB" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="52E8CA77C81171D38B256B0C4F8572E0" italics="true">Pempheris</emphasis>
<comment id="80BDB3BAEFFDD6EE7A1055F9411D778F">
sp.:
<bibRefCitation id="79B89EF97A4A5F13D211F311FEEF18A3" author="Shao" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Shao" journalOrPublisher=", LTD., Taichung" refId="B110" refString="Shao K-T, Shao I-T, Lin P-L (2013) Coral reef fishes of Taiwan. Intimate., LTD., Taichung, 335 pp." title="Coral reef fishes of Taiwan. Intimate." year="2013">Shao et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
(in part): 161, unnumbered fig. (middle fig.);
<treatmentCitation id="C7C94575DE7EA2AF299D830519023E21" author="Shao K-T &amp; Ho H-C &amp; Lin P-L &amp; Lee P-F &amp; Lee M-Y &amp; Tsai C-Y &amp; Liao Y-C &amp; Lin Y-C" page="254" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="265BA2A0570336D101EB192972D9F62B" author="Shao K-T &amp; Ho H-C &amp; Lin P-L &amp; Lee P-F &amp; Lee M-Y &amp; Tsai C-Y &amp; Liao Y-C &amp; Lin Y-C" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Shao" journalOrPublisher="The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology supplement" page="254" pagination="233-271" refId="B109" refString="Shao K-T, Ho H-C, Lin P-L, Lee P-F, Lee M-Y, Tsai C-Y, Liao Y-C, Lin Y-C (2008) A checklist of the fishes of southern Taiwan, northern South China Sea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology supplement 19: 233–271." title="A checklist of the fishes of southern Taiwan, northern South China Sea." volume="19" year="2008">Shao et al. 2008: 254</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="CE80A67A477AF3EE05A1C03FA9EA0D1A">
<bibRefCitation id="E96F20A2FEB2097F406B9BC84A9546C5" author="Hatooka and Yagishita" editor="Nakabo T" firstAuthor="Hatooka" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 983-984" pagination="2020-2021" refId="B24" refString="Hatooka K, Yagishita N (2013) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3 rd edn. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 983–984, 2020–2021. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3 rd edn." year="2013">Hatooka and Yagishita 2013</bibRefCitation>
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(in part): 984.
</comment>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EUNCI" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="03672AA892A462FB25E7DA74A273B360">
<heading id="5546B0B9C6E3643176A6E810107FE174" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DAAD755F87E9D010B5DA32C2FFF27A79">
Counts of
<typeStatus id="5CCB28727327BC3FBCC6E88B2E9820D3" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and non-types are given in Table
<tableCitation id="97E24B7E1D7B873478ACCD5EDC784465" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Counts of Pempheris schwenkii and P. xanthoptera." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0D1BE7BF4D3962627CF47C653C54CF4F" tableUuid="0D1BE7BF4D3962627CF47C653C54CF4F">2</tableCitation>
of
<bibRefCitation id="BAA3B486DE7A55560E6A126D585662ED" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Biogeography" pagination="77-82" refId="B55" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2010 b) Description of new Japanese and northernmost records of pempherid fish, Pempheris vanicolensis, from Iriomote Island, southern Ryukyu Archipelago. Biogeography 12: 77–82." title="Description of new Japanese and northernmost records of pempherid fish, Pempheris vanicolensis, from Iriomote Island, southern Ryukyu Archipelago." volume="12">Koeda et al. (2010 b</bibRefCitation>
). Dorsal-fin rays
<collectionCode id="14DE2F44BDAE0CD4411729704D46EFB1" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute">VI</collectionCode>
, 9; anal-fin rays III, 38–43; pectoral-fin rays 17–19; pored lateral-line scales 56–65; scale rows above lateral line 5 ½ – 6 ½, usually 5 ½; scale rows below lateral line 12–15; predorsal scales 30–35; circumpeduncular scales 16–18; gill rakers 8 + 19–21 = 27–29; head length 29.1–31.7 %; body depth 42.4–46.3 %; eye diameter 37.5–42.9 %; upper jaw length 48.9–55.3 %; maximum
<quantity id="EE34D674C370F157623042650BA6698A" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.56" unit="mm" value="156.0">156 mm</quantity>
SL; snout rounded; scales weakly ctenoid, deciduous, thin, semicircular in shape, far wider than long (
<bibRefCitation id="E560524313348A7E0BBA0226B150DD2F" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="231-238" refId="B58" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 a) Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan. Zootaxa 3609: 231–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" title="Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan." volume="3609">Koeda et al. 2013 a</bibRefCitation>
: see fig. 2 a); body silverish to copperish in fresh specimen collected in day time, but silver in night time; tip of dorsal fin distinctly blackish; usually distinct blackish band on outer edge of anal fin; pectoral fin bright yellow (disappear in fixed specimens) with lacking blackish blotch on its base; posterior margin of caudal fin blackish; narrow band of villiform teeth in jaws; abdomen cross-sectional outline V-shaped.
</paragraph>
<caption id="88A8E19040CD4A827D5102CEE824E472" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure16" ID-arpha="BC34BE5A-6744-540C-BCF4-74A790EE7D94" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192479" startId="F16">
<paragraph id="BE90FC0EE1E4C9B69A877C282E530623">
<label id="7916063E7A9E8F4D489BF29DC4804125">Figure 16.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4DFB30B2F5C8651274B8073A98B70157">
<taxonomicName id="96188809102BE453F7CB318E85BB7370" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="394F97EAB8B0A0E4EC30675DE1910243" italics="true">Pempheris vanicolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D023312A9D7D08006BD47F3DE5CD2D53" bold="true">A</emphasis>
fresh specimen (KAUM – I. 65386, 132.7 mm SL, Hengchung, Pingtung, Taiwan) and underwater photograph (Palau).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EAPCI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8AE70F549CD763F50BD71C6C4F06ADD3">
<heading id="BC84EDCC0070C3602DE1E33537C1B985" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0FE809209FC22F62007215B2926D8A65">
Widely distributed in the western Pacific Ocean except for small islands and atolls in central Pacific. In Japanese waters, this species is known from Iriomote-jima and Yonaguni-jima islands in the southern Ryukyu Archipelago. In Taiwanese waters, this species is known from Yeh Liu and Wang-li in New Taipei City, and Hengchung and Kenting in Pingtung County (Fig.
<figureCitation id="302025B708DEB452E5A8862E19AAFDD3" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Distribution of Pempheris ufuagari (triangles) and P. vanicolensis (diamonds) based on the collection localities of the specimens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192478">15</figureCitation>
). Specimens were collected from
<quantity id="AAC7BEE114FF2EBEBF5771822646A8DB" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" unit="m" value="1.0" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.0">0–2 m</quantity>
depth in
<collectingCountry id="6584B47228C8E043F8B4EB48812E4BAC" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
but are known from deeper (ca
<quantity id="6733C2F41FFD91694AF92EE383FE6926" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
) in other areas. KK observed a small school of this species at Kuchinoerabu-jima Island (
<date id="D89D52595E79BFF5CFBE6A840E48C849" value="2016-08-24">24 Aug. 2016</date>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EKPCI" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="F4A89717FAA33C377E1CAE2C941E94F9">
<heading id="6FC7349CD08C494D238BAA04C1599BE6" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5222461EE9EBA277592B5A8A208B4EDA">
This species was described by
<bibRefCitation id="063EE921390D1740460DF00BA3717DE5" author="Cuvier G" firstAuthor="Cuvier" refId="B12" refString="Cuvier G (1831) Des Pemphérides. In: Cuvier G, Valenciennes A (Eds) Historie Naturelle des Poissons, Vol. 7. F. G. Levraut, Paris-Strasbourg, [xx – xxi +] 296–309 [191 pls]." year="1831">Cuvier (1831)</bibRefCitation>
, and the name
<taxonomicName id="065B79DE39E74CF34A0673CB73707137" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="3E5768D06F035914459D6E48CBF65DF5" italics="true">P. vanicolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been used for several species, particularly from the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. However, this species has only been collected from the Pacific Ocean and not from the Indian Ocean as shown in the present study.
<bibRefCitation id="DD69A7B97A9BEE8696F9D429A016C64F" DOI="10.5962/p.234844" author="Jordan DS &amp; Hubbs LC" firstAuthor="Jordan" refId="B32" refString="Jordan DS, Hubbs LC (1925) Record of the fishes obtained by David Starr Jordan in Japan, 1922. Mem Carnegie Mus 10 (2): 93–346, [pls 5–12]. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.234844" year="1925">Jordan and Hubbs (1925)</bibRefCitation>
reported that the “
<taxonomicName id="0595135840D8AEC8D479F7DA572929A0" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="717AB1ECBCEE29B915911515E3C32E77" italics="true">P. japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” documented by
<bibRefCitation id="EBF9EC0220A5F917D80969C87FC58851" DOI="10.5479/si.00963801.42-1913.487" author="Snyder JO" firstAuthor="Snyder" refId="B117" refString="Snyder JO (1912) The fishes of Okinawa, one of the Riu Kiu Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 42: 487–519 [pls 62–70]. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.42-1913.487" year="1912">Snyder (1912)</bibRefCitation>
from
<collectingRegion id="952C11844ADFB93F0E72FCE89DABDC45" country="Japan" name="Okinawa">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
Island was a misidentification of
<taxonomicName id="440086025E1B7AC91FDB8F12CC92B563" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="8308DFB7F98BDF0399976CCAEFBB85B3" italics="true">P. vanicolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The early period of modern-day ichthyology in
<collectingCountry id="EB87E1D54172F62BC89497D2E3B78A5D" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
probably followed Jordan and Hubbs (1952), and
<taxonomicName id="22F05F42355922DF7F451A88A61B1C81" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="F6CB36BE1FDC46DDF578D38345E819C4" italics="true">P. vanicolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recognized as “ Minami-hatampo ” in the species lists of Japanese waters (e. g.,
<bibRefCitation id="6BB271B979B8DE8F505E4E214A372CF7" author="Okada" firstAuthor="Okada" refId="B93" refString="Okada Y (1938) A catalogue of vertebrates of Japan. Maruzen, Co. Ltd, Tokyo, [iv +] 412 pp." year="1938">Okada 1938</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3125E93BC3F1E34EC0821CD91CFD32C9" author="Matsubara" firstAuthor="Matsubara" journalOrPublisher="Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo" refId="B73" refString="Matsubara K (1955) Fish morphology and hierarchy. Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo, 789 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Fish morphology and hierarchy." year="1955">Matsubara 1955</bibRefCitation>
). However,
<taxonomicName id="A666BFEFA0022DA8D6E202C3F5860721" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="5D2F41A593D71A43998F1FDB623D499D" italics="true">P. vanicolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very rare in
<collectingCountry id="F452A1A1B404B34DD6F7337A34407CCF" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
, and re-examination of Snyder’s specimen (
<collectionCode id="A5BAF1F2B9F16F333AC354B8956A962B" country="USA" name="Stanford University">SU</collectionCode>
22002) revealed that it was a misidentification of
<taxonomicName id="2D1E33806DCE13E19B3A1B30FB99B2B1" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="D71B9B5CC11128EF70553F257725D6EC" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is the most common species around
<collectingRegion id="4E204AC55E851D8FE985FBC8C7B95C19" country="Japan" name="Okinawa">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
Island.
</paragraph>
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1661
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<paragraph id="DEADBE7A3EF788C047729EF563E24538">
<taxonomicName id="9986F5C845059FEE4D8BF47941612241" ID-CoL="76FQB" authority="Bleeker, 1877" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="9CEDBEEF733E4145001ED3888C65377D" italics="true">Pempheris adusta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="5415FD8C1A9757E82DC5B4E9D807B819" author="Bleeker P" journalOrPublisher="Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles" pagination="42-54" refId="B5" refString="Bleeker P (1877) Revision des especes de Pempheris de l'inde archipelagique. Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles 12: 42 - 54." title="Révision des espèces de Pempheris de l’inde archipélagique." volume="12" year="1877">Bleeker, 1877</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="3DECEABE3A229647F4BB90EC5C05603C">
<figureCitation id="D3EC1957EA1371BB9768959272B0F583" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Pempheris adusta A fresh specimen (ZUMT 62301, Nishidomari, Otsuki, Kochi, Japan) and B underwater photograph (Maeda, Onna, Okinawa-jima Island, Japan)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192464">Figs 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="432780E2EA8FFADF73CEDCE54F618491" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution of Pempheris adusta based on the collection localities of specimens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192465">2</figureCitation>
<xref id="3074FBDD824BEB18690F3B118097802F" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S2">, Suppl. material 2 Standard Japanese name: Ryukyu-hatampo</xref>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AA7BB3A483AE4D877320708C4DB671AE" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="C47E783A6AEC826C783C460AE5BCAA4F">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="91870DBD1869A20B27913189813273CF">
<treatmentCitation id="C76F22E3AF322C397B3FE1C262C478B7" author="Bleeker P" page="50" year="1877">
<taxonomicName id="FA02C548CD53606BD33C7D0A02CF6797" ID-CoL="76FQB" authority="Bleeker, 1877: 50" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityPageNumber="50" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="56346D46EF2B00818D81728CB9EDCFDD" italics="true">Pempheris adusta</emphasis>
<comment id="F2E74F9C9026DC0CBBC18352AE116990">
<bibRefCitation id="D05B3E5CEC3844EF44F284D35772349F" author="Bleeker P" journalOrPublisher="Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles" pagination="42-54" refId="B5" refString="Bleeker P (1877) Revision des especes de Pempheris de l'inde archipelagique. Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles 12: 42 - 54." title="Révision des espèces de Pempheris de l’inde archipélagique." volume="12" year="1877">Bleeker, 1877: 50</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 383, fig. 1 (type locality:
<collectingCountry id="E5D736654069976595274D3F06E5B500" name="Ambon Island">Ambon Island</collectingCountry>
, Molucca Islands,
<collectingCountry id="7837F3B4769EDF7D78696BD506DA7076" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
);
<treatmentCitation id="EE53A631D21551BF5F2DDEB3D43B21FA" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="235" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="821CEB6122EC9C4A458866817EC2F597" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="231-238" refId="B58" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 a) Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan. Zootaxa 3609: 231–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" title="Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan." volume="3609">Koeda et al. 2013 a</bibRefCitation>
: 235
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;
<treatmentCitation id="7ECC57F55F129CA6196430E6A7D80280" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="221" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="B9211A170C39790EDF91BB461E3C9418" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Ichthyology" pagination="123-128" refId="B59" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 b) Identificational keys of Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877 (Pempheridae) with comments on its standard Japanese name. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 60: 123–128. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Identificational keys of Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877 (Pempheridae) with comments on its standard Japanese name." volume="60">Koeda et al. 2013 b</bibRefCitation>
: 221
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1;
<treatmentCitation id="AF5CEC04AB9C07CF5F2BA8ADD72B5E1D" author="Koeda K &amp; Fukagawa T &amp; Ishihara T &amp; Tachihara K" page="123" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="8F8CAD226AC745144A65B1F167975448" DOI="10.3755/galaxea.15.221" author="Koeda K &amp; Fukagawa T &amp; Ishihara T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Galaxea" pagination="221-228" refId="B60" refString="Koeda K, Fukagawa T, Ishihara T, Tachihara K (2013 c) Reproductive biology of nocturnal reef fish Pempheris adusta (Pempheridae) in Okinawa Island, Japan. Galaxea 15: 221–228. https://doi.org/10.3755/galaxea.15.221" title="Reproductive biology of nocturnal reef fish Pempheris adusta (Pempheridae) in Okinawa Island, Japan." volume="15">Koeda et al. 2013 c</bibRefCitation>
: 123
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1;
<treatmentCitation id="B182F758CEAB6AAB092A877D3D00CDBD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6124651" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6124651" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03869D6CFFF64131B9AAFCD3CD72F8D7" page="303" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="D173741F18FA9F495F57C01E55D0CD0D" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" page="303" pagination="301-330" refId="B61" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2014) A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793: 301–330. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" title="A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species." volume="3793" year="2014">Koeda et al. 2014: 303</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1;
<treatmentCitation id="C48CDF5DDBB23B427E5A961596729379" author="Motomura H &amp; Matsuura K" page="270" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="BF357147FD13D946234179F5C1EC4907" author="Motomura H &amp; Matsuura K" firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima and the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba" page="270" refId="B81" refString="Motomura H, Matsuura K (2014) Field guide to fishes of Yoron Island in the middle of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima and the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, 648 pp." title="Field guide to fishes of Yoron Island in the middle of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan." year="2014">Motomura and Matsuura 2014: 270</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="D7806E8FA85A4D5B37ADCFE84EB6EF1B" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" page="139" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="ABC272870CB54961406D38252724A62C" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Nature of Kagoshima" page="139" pagination="139-144" refId="B51" refString="Koeda K, Motomura H (2015) First records of Pempheris adusta (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from Kuchierabujima, Nakano-shima, and Tokuno-shima islands in the Satsunan Islands and the Kagoshima mainland, southern Japan with some biological comments. Nature of Kagoshima 41: 139–144. [In Japanese]" title="First records of Pempheris adusta (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from Kuchierabujima, Nakano-shima, and Tokuno-shima islands in the Satsunan Islands and the Kagoshima mainland, southern Japan with some biological comments." volume="41" year="2015">Koeda and Motomura 2015: 139</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1;
<treatmentCitation id="3DE34C5EA5C20214546A9DCD9AE7DFDD" author="Koeda K &amp; Kaburagi K &amp; Motomura H" page="279" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="F48A51E78BA804CAA90421FBD35ABCB3" author="Koeda K &amp; Kaburagi K &amp; Motomura H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" page="279" pagination="275-282" refId="B62" refString="Koeda K, Kaburagi K, Motomura H (2015) Records of Pempheris oualensis (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from the Satsunan Islands, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 70: 275–282. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Records of Pempheris oualensis (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from the Satsunan Islands, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan." volume="70" year="2015">Koeda et al. 2015: 279</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="170ADE897977D27064C67420B2743002" author="Kaburagi K" page="98" year="2016">
<bibRefCitation id="9122C05A4C6A252D8481711450BD4F57" author="Kaburagi K" firstAuthor="Kaburagi" journalOrPublisher="Tamashidasha, Nishinoomote" page="98" refId="B34" refString="Kaburagi K (2016) Field guide to fishes of Tanega-shima Island collected by line and hook. Tamashidasha, Nishinoomote, 158 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Field guide to fishes of Tanega-shima Island collected by line and hook." year="2016">Kaburagi 2016: 98</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, upper fig. (without scientific name; shown as “ Ryukyu-hatampo ” in Japanese);
<treatmentCitation id="5E9359214C031C6CD4E8016FA5107081" author="Koeda K &amp; Ishihara T &amp; Fukagawa T &amp; Tachihara K" page="519" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="0AB1483D417E469CD2F94A3532BF9B3D" DOI="10.1007/s10228-016-0526-7" author="Koeda K &amp; Ishihara T &amp; Fukagawa T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Ichthyological Research" pagination="519-528" refId="B63" refString="Koeda K, Ishihara T, Fukagawa T, Tachihara K (2016 a) Life cycle differences between two species of genus Pempheris based on age determination around Okinawa-jima Island. Ichthyological Research 63: 519–528https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-016-0526-7" title="Life cycle differences between two species of genus Pempheris based on age determination around Okinawa-jima Island." volume="63">Koeda et al. 2016 a</bibRefCitation>
: 519
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="CF5649628B3A1B79FD6D0C1800E7D817" author="Koeda K &amp; Hibino Y &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Kimura Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Kunishima T &amp; Sasaki D &amp; Furukawa T &amp; Sakurai M &amp; Eguchi K &amp; Suzuki H &amp; Inaba T &amp; Uejo T &amp; Tanaka S &amp; Fujisawa M &amp; Wada H &amp; Uchiyama T" page="50" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="563327877129ED89875A154F388EFFC9" author="Koeda K &amp; Hibino Y &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Kimura Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Kunishima T &amp; Sasaki D &amp; Furukawa T &amp; Sakurai M &amp; Eguchi K &amp; Suzuki H &amp; Inaba T &amp; Uejo T &amp; Tanaka S &amp; Fujisawa M &amp; Wada H &amp; Uchiyama T" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" refId="B64" refString="Koeda K, Hibino Y, Yoshida T, Kimura Y, Miki R, Kunishima T, Sasaki D, Furukawa T, Sakurai M, Eguchi K, Suzuki H, Inaba T, Uejo T, Tanaka S, Fujisawa M, Wada H, Uchiyama T (2016 b) Annotated checklist of fishes of Yonagunijima Island, the westernmost island in Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 119 pp." title="Annotated checklist of fishes of Yonagunijima Island, the westernmost island in Japan.">Koeda et al. 2016 b</bibRefCitation>
: 50
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 224;
<treatmentCitation id="9E298693FA07D555AACD8963470A25C9" author="Koeda K &amp; Fujii T &amp; Koeda S &amp; Motomura H" page="8" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="8669678F7FD4E5C2CF05D511D5827EDB" author="Koeda K &amp; Fujii T &amp; Koeda S &amp; Motomura H" journalOrPublisher="Memories of Facility of Fisheries Kagoshima University" pagination="1-20" refId="B65" refString="Koeda K, Fujii T, Koeda S, Motomura H (2016 c) Fishes of Yoro-jima and Uke-jima islands in the Amami Islands: 89 new specimen-based records. Memories of Facility of Fisheries Kagoshima University 65: 1–20." title="Fishes of Yoro-jima and Uke-jima islands in the Amami Islands: 89 new specimen-based records." volume="65">Koeda et al. 2016 c</bibRefCitation>
: 8
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 3 - G;
<treatmentCitation id="0EF91D7D655B0B2019587D7AAB4E0FEE">
<bibRefCitation id="F41790E4DD4D9D5C3D4039AB36A1E2B2" DOI="10.1007/s10228-017-0586-3" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" refId="B52" refString="Koeda K, Motomura H (2017 a) A new species of Pempheris (Perciformes: Pempheridae) endemic to the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Ichthyological Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-017-0586-3 [also appeared in Ichthyological Research 65: 21–28]">Koeda and Motomura 2017 a</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="B71E9904CC2C5EC5BBA03385C2DB4FD5" author="Koeda K" page="5" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="DC7D32824F5C00B8E317BCF04EDF83F0" author="Koeda K" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" pagination="1-13" refId="B41" refString="Koeda K (2017 a) Fishes of family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) of the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 71: 1–13. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Fishes of family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) of the Ogasawara Islands, Japan." volume="71">Koeda 2017 a</bibRefCitation>
: 5
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1 (middle fig.);
<treatmentCitation id="F59622BD405F6EA80DBA8BF992DAF603" author="Kimura Y &amp; Hibino Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Minetoma T &amp; Koeda K" page="119" year="2017">
<bibRefCitation id="28BE011D110856CAC775140EB44462C5" author="Kimura Y &amp; Hibino Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Minetoma T &amp; Koeda K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kimura" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" page="119" refId="B39" refString="Kimura Y, Hibino Y, Miki R, Minetoma T, Koeda K (2017) Field guide to fishes of Kuchinoerabu-jima Island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima, southern Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 200 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Field guide to fishes of Kuchinoerabu-jima Island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima, southern Japan." year="2017">Kimura et al. 2017: 119</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 5;
<treatmentCitation id="FB55941C7F11A0EF1B199B95424D1E7D" author="" page="4" year="2017">
<bibRefCitation id="2CA52EA8F40194739505827EED6E8380" journalOrPublisher="Kikai Publication Relations" pagination="4-6" refId="B95" refString="Planning and Tourism Division of Kikai Town (2017) Traditional island’s fish “ Ufumi ”. Kikai Publication Relations 604: 4–6. [In Japanese]" title="Traditional island’s fish “ Ufumi ”." volume="604" year="2017">Planning and Tourism Division of Kikai Town 2017</bibRefCitation>
: 4
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="98A57CB9D297BC5D54E2FA577C18AA67" author="Nakae M &amp; Motomura H &amp; Hagiwara K &amp; Senou H &amp; Koeda K &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Tashiro S &amp; Jeong B &amp; Hata H &amp; Fukui Y &amp; Fujiwara K &amp; Yamakawa T &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Shinohara G &amp; Matsuura K" page="266" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="11CADB72880BED5E2E9DD57DF7557E3A" author="Nakae M &amp; Motomura H &amp; Hagiwara K &amp; Senou H &amp; Koeda K &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Tashiro S &amp; Jeong B &amp; Hata H &amp; Fukui Y &amp; Fujiwara K &amp; Yamakawa T &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Shinohara G &amp; Matsuura K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nakae" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo)" page="266" pagination="205-361" refId="B89" refString="Nakae M, Motomura H, Hagiwara K, Senou H, Koeda K, Yoshida T, Tashiro S, Jeong B, Hata H, Fukui Y, Fujiwara K, Yamakawa T, Aizawa M, Shinohara G, Matsuura K (2018) An Annotated Checklist of Fishes of Amami-oshima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo) 52: 205–361." title="An Annotated Checklist of Fishes of Amami-oshima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan." volume="52" year="2018">Nakae et al. 2018: 266</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="801610377789F55BD26999C52F1985B2" author="Koeda K" page="193" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="2604E6EB6D8049E80A68C03746E758A5" author="Koeda K" editor="Motomura H &amp; Hagiwara K &amp; Senou H &amp; Nakae M" journalOrPublisher="Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, Yokosuka City Museum, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Odawara, and National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba" pagination="193-194" refId="B43" refString="Koeda K (2018 a) Pempheridae. In: Motomura H, Hagiwara K, Senou H, Nakae M (Eds) Identification guide to fishes of the Amami Islands, Japan. Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, Yokosuka City Museum, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Odawara, and National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, 193–194. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Identification guide to fishes of the Amami Islands, Japan.">Koeda 2018 a</bibRefCitation>
: 193
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="6B5438D3B21615ED5152B73869CF9615" author="Koeda K" page="298" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="7C12D5C0147594ED965EF17A9D0F5857" author="Koeda K" editor="Nakabo T" journalOrPublisher="Shogakukan, Tokyo" pagination="298-299" refId="B44" refString="Koeda K (2018 b) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) The natural history of the fishes of Japan. Shogakukan, Tokyo, 298–299. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="The natural history of the fishes of Japan.">Koeda 2018 b</bibRefCitation>
: 298
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="6DDEBA44BC1BA144493AEFDC6CBA7333" author="Koeda K" page="340" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="9EC4631A4022DC760917E19CDFABD508" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Hata H &amp; Yamada M &amp; Motomura H" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" pagination="339-343" refId="B45" refString="Koeda K (2018 c) Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Hata H, Yamada M, Motomura H (Eds) Field guide to fishes landed at Uchinoura Fishing Port, Kagoshima, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 339–343. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Field guide to fishes landed at Uchinoura Fishing Port, Kagoshima, Japan.">Koeda 2018 c</bibRefCitation>
: 340
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="EE0D037573BFDB64D9D69760E2767416" author="Mochida I &amp; Motomura H" page="30" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="255739EB1CFFB43CF7DB2A99E4ADD1DE" author="Mochida I &amp; Motomura H" firstAuthor="Mochida" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum" page="30" pagination="1-80" refId="B75" refString="Mochida I, Motomura H (2018) An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tokunoshima island in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 214 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum 10: 1–80." title="An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tokunoshima island in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 214 new records." volume="10" year="2018">Mochida and Motomura 2018: 30</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="C67E0C22EDAE7C7C454DE58B02AC2EC1" author="Koeda K" page="926" year="2019">
<bibRefCitation id="205C4D5834B8B6037E399FA6A40E797F" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Ho H-C" firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan" page="926" pagination="925-930" refId="B47" refString="Koeda K (2019) Family Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Ho H-C (Eds) Fishes of southern Taiwan. National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan, 925–930." title="Family Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of southern Taiwan." year="2019">Koeda 2019: 926</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="4988FDFD4EC3E8C79BB42315E3713E8B" author="Murase A &amp; Miki R &amp; Wada M &amp; Senou H" page="132" year="2019">
<bibRefCitation id="EBC6F154AA7B80CC464AA3D00BCEA0FC" author="Murase A &amp; Miki R &amp; Wada M &amp; Senou H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Murase" journalOrPublisher="Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, Nobeoka" page="132" refId="B87" refString="Murase A, Miki R, Wada M, Senou H (2019) Coastal and market fishes around Kadogawa Bay, northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan. Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, Nobeoka, 207 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Coastal and market fishes around Kadogawa Bay, northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan." year="2019">Murase et al. 2019: 132</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 283;
<treatmentCitation id="38B467402D92B7A2FA84CC0E9A7D4153" author="Fujiwara K &amp; Motomura H" page="28" year="2020">
<bibRefCitation id="EC4D98BCECD46FC12C13D5779098B403" author="Fujiwara K &amp; Motomura H" firstAuthor="Fujiwara" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum" page="28" pagination="1-73" refId="B16" refString="Fujiwara K, Motomura H (2020) An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Kikai Island in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 259 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum 14: 1–73." title="An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Kikai Island in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 259 new records." volume="14" year="2020">Fujiwara and Motomura 2020: 28</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="7FFE6C77354F1456E28BE3D9CC27A1B2" author="Koeda K" page="407" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="E4B16F78F6E2966243D2DDBE329FC8F6" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Hata H &amp; Yamada M &amp; Motomura H" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" pagination="406-411" refId="B48" refString="Koeda K (2020 a) Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Hata H, Yamada M, Motomura H (Eds) Fishes from markets in Osumi Peninsula, Kagoshima, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 406–411. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes from markets in Osumi Peninsula, Kagoshima, Japan.">Koeda 2020 a</bibRefCitation>
: 407
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="DB98D5EAB01657E97C48FE5C19127A86" author="Koeda K" page="926" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="57B1F3D0BBED9AC95DF79A6CF959A0C3" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Ho H-C" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan" pagination="925-930" refId="B49" refString="Koeda K (2020 b) Family Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Ho H-C (Eds) Fishes of southern Taiwan, 2 nd edn. National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan, 925–930." title="Family Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of southern Taiwan, 2 nd edn.">Koeda 2020 b</bibRefCitation>
: 926
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="903E4364EC5A0AFD15A38538CB9FAEA5" author="Motomura H &amp; Uehara K" page="45" year="2020">
<bibRefCitation id="8FCEBA7D7C2FCE3613B08FBD23B8F067" author="Motomura H &amp; Uehara K" firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum" page="45" pagination="1-125" refId="B82" refString="Motomura H, Uehara K (2020) An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Okinoerabu Island in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 361 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum 12: 1–125." title="An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Okinoerabu Island in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 361 new records." volume="12" year="2020">Motomura and Uehara 2020: 45</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="FF5918A7BB0312D5917D0D6214327576" author="Murase A &amp; Ogata Y &amp; Yamasaki Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Wada M &amp; Senou H" page="166" year="2021">
<bibRefCitation id="640D0ECE24622187F184536B76D7DCB3" author="Murase A &amp; Ogata Y &amp; Yamasaki Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Wada M &amp; Senou H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Murase" journalOrPublisher="Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, Nobeoka" page="166" refId="B88" refString="Murase A, Ogata Y, Yamasaki Y, Miki R, Wada M, Senou H (2021) Coastal, shelf and deep-sea fishes around Kadogawa Bay, northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan. Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, Nobeoka, 357 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Coastal, shelf and deep-sea fishes around Kadogawa Bay, northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan." year="2021">Murase et al. 2021: 166</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 339;
<treatmentCitation id="C96A7C4148DBCDBCDC17544EBA743344" author="Koeda K &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Sakamoto K &amp; Ueshima R" page="5" year="2022">
<bibRefCitation id="65F321A6EC2A9AA502B35CF2172C857E" author="Koeda K &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Sakamoto K &amp; Ueshima R" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="The University Museum, The University of Tokyo Material Reports" page="5" pagination="1-16" refId="B66" refString="Koeda K, Aizawa M, Sakamoto K, Ueshima R (2022) Report on specimens of the family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) deposited in the Department of Zoology, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo Material Reports 128: 1–16." title="Report on specimens of the family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) deposited in the Department of Zoology, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo." volume="128" year="2022">Koeda et al. 2022: 5</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="951AE06C1DF1C7828AC48A9AD7672D30" author="Motomura H" page="126" year="2023">
<bibRefCitation id="B45EE4AB7677265F4338E7F7C13F04AD" author="Motomura H" firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum" page="126" pagination="1-250" refId="B80" refString="Motomura H (2023) An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tanega-shima amd Mage-shima islands in the Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 536 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum 20: 1–250." title="An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tanega-shima amd Mage-shima islands in the Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 536 new records." volume="20" year="2023">Motomura 2023: 126</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FE3F4E034A9732038E34E86F1DD76533">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="74B1D28744CD1790A86EC013B1A2D5AA">
<treatmentCitation id="2938C0170AAB7C476C94F87698B5EBED">
<taxonomicName id="6DF842DC1C0EE06915E451D680B63F2C" ID-CoL="76FT7" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mangula">
<emphasis id="D8D8F71693CDBD224C2C53BB6F866872" italics="true">Pempheris mangula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="4694E919A8873F3101BF863A09630A21">
(not
<bibRefCitation id="D7DDFD6E15E5F3034B60570E91458B78" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.1964" author="Cuvier G" refId="B11" refString="Cuvier G (1829) Le Regne Animal, distribue d'apres son organisation, pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparee. 2 nd edn. Tome 2. Regne Animal. Poissons. Deterville, Paris, [xv +] 406 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1964" year="1829">Cuvier, 1829</bibRefCitation>
):
<treatmentCitation id="13D3BA97C6F9280A3E3BBE45070CD01A" author="Schmidt PJ" page="121" year="1913">
<bibRefCitation id="72F67B1AE99D433E1F4453EC08E70503" author="Schmidt PJ" firstAuthor="Schmidt" page="121" refId="B102" refString="Schmidt PJ (1913) Fishes of the Riu-kiu Islands. Transactions of the Pacific Committee of the Academy of Science of the USSR 1: 19–156 [pls 1–6]." year="1913">Schmidt 1913: 121</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="28EB16E796052F14F447C3610BFF9E56" author="Randall JE &amp; Lim KKP" page="622" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="C02112CC4D8CDB96559881D8D990997D" author="Randall JE &amp; Lim KKP" firstAuthor="Randall" journalOrPublisher="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology" page="622" pagination="569-667" refId="B96" refString="Randall JE, Lim KKP (2000) A checklist of the fishes of the South China Sea. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 8: 569–667." title="A checklist of the fishes of the South China Sea." volume="8" year="2000">Randall and Lim 2000: 622</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A48E3EBDAB63B10896EFA0E4F7C38A9F">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="9AEF03CB6F43199CD1E4C2673183123D">
<treatmentCitation id="D510E6F77A97984FB984B9CE1F86AE6F">
<taxonomicName id="6C3C177F9C4D5EF2F507940D46583E2E" ID-CoL="76FTG" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oualensis">
<emphasis id="28754BF94ED75F2D8CEA1D2DF323D91D" italics="true">Pempheris oualensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="C9F058E412E88089AD66411FB6EEFABF">
(not
<bibRefCitation id="CA7098121FCC74028C267108756C1D23" author="Cuvier G" refId="B12" refString="Cuvier G (1831) Des Pempherides. In: Cuvier G, Valenciennes A (Eds) Historie Naturelle des Poissons, Vol. 7. F. G. Levraut, Paris-Strasbourg, [xx - xxi +] 296 - 309 [191 pls]." year="1831">Cuvier, 1831</bibRefCitation>
):
<treatmentCitation id="EB0FD8B0C4BD38ACCBA37055AFC6FF57" author="Snyder JO" page="497" year="1912">
<bibRefCitation id="8BA6A1B070496E15F85FB7CD340BD29F" DOI="10.5479/si.00963801.42-1913.487" author="Snyder JO" firstAuthor="Snyder" page="497" refId="B117" refString="Snyder JO (1912) The fishes of Okinawa, one of the Riu Kiu Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 42: 487–519 [pls 62–70]. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.42-1913.487" year="1912">Snyder 1912: 497</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="2CEA58AFE2A90D3C22FCF42311C49086" author="Okada Y" page="179" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="DA2A9CBD3E17A03EBE75ACE3E9ED7A5B" author="Okada Y" firstAuthor="Okada" page="179" refId="B93" refString="Okada Y (1938) A catalogue of vertebrates of Japan. Maruzen, Co. Ltd, Tokyo, [iv +] 412 pp." year="1938">Okada 1938: 179</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="C9A15AB71E240B4F03013DBF1C7B2AF4" author="Okada Y &amp; Matsubara K" page="179" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="258DB359859169335D252BF63EFA11F3" author="Okada Y &amp; Matsubara K" firstAuthor="Okada" page="179" refId="B94" refString="Okada Y, Matsubara K (1938) Key to the fishes and fish-like animals of Japan. Sanseido, Tokyo." year="1938">Okada and Matsubara 1938: 179</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="2BE9372E99CE11330E3A52CA462BDDC0" author="Aoyagi H" page="49" year="1948">
<bibRefCitation id="054D09C101E1B457C84812F38C28DE3E" author="Aoyagi H" firstAuthor="Aoyagi" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Magazine" page="49" pagination="48-50" refId="B2" refString="Aoyagi H (1948) Study on coral reef fishes from the Ryukyu Archipelago II, Synodontidae, Plotosidae, Pempheridae, and others. Zoological Magazine 58: 48–50. [In Japanese]" title="Study on coral reef fishes from the Ryukyu Archipelago II, Synodontidae, Plotosidae, Pempheridae, and others." volume="58" year="1948">Aoyagi 1948: 49</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="B0BE4885CB485EDAB6DB64B80728AB60" author="Matsubara K" page="590" year="1955">
<bibRefCitation id="3560304B7932BE4B29CE94041F9E5010" author="Matsubara K" firstAuthor="Matsubara" journalOrPublisher="Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo" page="590" refId="B73" refString="Matsubara K (1955) Fish morphology and hierarchy. Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo, 789 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Fish morphology and hierarchy." year="1955">Matsubara 1955: 590</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="1B196FE297A823D97D22B8EDEF02C3FB" author="Tominaga Y" page="289" year="1963">
<bibRefCitation id="F53055B9218CA76F4B55B08C9A2F1358" author="Tominaga Y" firstAuthor="Tominaga" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo" page="289" pagination="269-290" refId="B128" refString="Tominaga Y (1963) A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo 10: 269–290." title="A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan." volume="10" year="1963">Tominaga 1963: 289</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="106FADC465E25739E5D037EC1849F041" author="Honda H" page="72" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="9CC93725B0B1252433B343D9AC8600DC" author="Honda H" firstAuthor="Honda" journalOrPublisher="KYANOΣ OIKΣ" page="72" pagination="41-48" refId="B27" refString="Honda H (1972) Fishes of Zamami-jima island. KYANOΣ OIKΣ 15: 41–48. [In Japanese]" title="Fishes of Zamami-jima island." volume="15" year="1972">Honda 1972: 72</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="B3EC95378D1631EAF25AD087FD0185D9">
<bibRefCitation id="422D78DB755F339648D3E50837E5C169" author="Masuda" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Masuda" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Tokyo" refId="B72" refString="Masuda H, Araga C, Yoshino T (1975) Coastal fishes of southern Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 379 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Coastal fishes of southern Japan." year="1975">Masuda et al. 1975</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 199, pl. 33 - D;
<treatmentCitation id="975FAF3B21D9EFF1D2FE11F4FBF18A38" author="Yoshino T &amp; Nishijima S &amp; Shinohara S" page="75" year="1975">
<bibRefCitation id="CA555E19732D2BC455A54000F75E9E72" author="Yoshino T &amp; Nishijima S &amp; Shinohara S" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yoshino" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Science and Engineering Division University of the Ryukyus; Mathematics &amp; Natural Sciences" page="75" pagination="61-118" refId="B139" refString="Yoshino T, Nishijima S, Shinohara S (1975) Catalogue of fishes of the Ryukyu Islands. Bulletin of Science and Engineering Division University of the Ryukyus; Mathematics &amp; Natural Sciences 20: 61–118." title="Catalogue of fishes of the Ryukyu Islands." volume="20" year="1975">Yoshino et al. 1975: 75</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="25BCC79B0F86F8C3FD912D12EABE0270">
<bibRefCitation id="EA41B3CCBF1987ABFA0F9542904A8850" author="Hayashi" firstAuthor="Hayashi" refId="B25" refString="Hayashi Y (1984) Pempheridae. In: Masuda H, Amaoka K, Araga C, Uyeno T, Yoshino T (Eds) The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 160–161 [pls 151, 350]. [In Japanese]" year="1984">Hayashi 1984</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 160, pl. 151 - E;
<treatmentCitation id="690F20E53C1BA01EB8110389DF92ABBA" author="Shen S-C" page="74" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="00A5231428179A7B9F2ACB38B94CF34C" author="Shen S-C" firstAuthor="Shen" journalOrPublisher="National Taiwan Museum, Taipei" page="74" refId="B112" refString="Shen S-C (1984) Coastal fishes of Taiwan. National Taiwan Museum, Taipei, 191 pp. [in Chinese and English]" title="Coastal fishes of Taiwan." year="1984">Shen 1984: 74</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 74, fig. 334-1;
<treatmentCitation id="3DC3FA813E5F194BD509C52ED3F751C8" author="Shao K-T &amp; Chen J-P &amp; Shen S-C" page="177" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="603637D2578D845756CD308187B66348" author="Shao K-T &amp; Chen J-P &amp; Shen S-C" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Shao" journalOrPublisher="Ken-Ting National Park Headquarters Construction and Planning Administration, Kenting" page="177" refId="B108" refString="Shao K-T, Chen J-P, Shen S-C (1992) Marine fishes of the Ken-ting National Park. Ken-Ting National Park Headquarters Construction and Planning Administration, Kenting, 427 pp." title="Marine fishes of the Ken-ting National Park." year="1992">Shao et al. 1992: 177</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="1B744D404782DD9A871B9E076DE2FC50" author="Shen S-C" page="390" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="6B6B9EC7EBFEB3F371659B92AB27076A" author="Shen S-C" firstAuthor="Shen" journalOrPublisher="National Taiwan University, Taipei" page="390" refId="B113" refString="Shen S-C (1993) Fishes of Taiwan. National Taiwan University, Taipei, 960 pp." title="Fishes of Taiwan." year="1993">Shen 1993: 390</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 114 (fig. 1);
<treatmentCitation id="7F949EFBA78ADBFEAB4B84FCDE6DED43" author="Shao K-T &amp; Chen L-W" page="162" year="1991">
<bibRefCitation id="E2DB4A6A949470DA0E938B744099FC80" author="Shao K-T &amp; Chen L-W" firstAuthor="Shao" journalOrPublisher="Holiday Press, Taipei" page="162" refId="B107" refString="Shao K-T, Chen L-W (1991) Field guide to observe nature of Taiwan. Reef angling fish (1). Holiday Press, Taipei, 235 pp." title="Field guide to observe nature of Taiwan. Reef angling fish (1)." year="1991">Shao and Chen 1991: 162</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="94926DB0EA2E8807380DE3ABBDFC41EF">
<bibRefCitation id="A18D570768F2C4C69843E1FA4139371D" author="Chen" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Taiwanica" pagination="13-40" refId="B8" refString="Chen J-P, Shao K-T, Lin C-P (1995) A checklist of reef fishes from Tungsha Tao (Pratas Island), South China Sea. Acta Zoologica Taiwanica 6: 13–40." title="A checklist of reef fishes from Tungsha Tao (Pratas Island), South China Sea." volume="6" year="1995">Chen et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(probably in part): 25;
<treatmentCitation id="1DEF927D69B32C82B1B3F24A96F378AE" author="Mochizuki K" page="389" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="6191868494F14CF9E1179CF9E244BBE6" author="Mochizuki K" editor="Konishi H" firstAuthor="Mochizuki" journalOrPublisher="Weekly Sunday Fishing Co. Ltd, Osaka" page="389" pagination="389-389" refId="B76" refString="Mochizuki K (1995) Pempheridae. In: Konishi H (Ed.) Fishes-new color guide for sportfishermen. Weekly Sunday Fishing Co. Ltd, Osaka, 389–389." title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes-new color guide for sportfishermen." year="1995">Mochizuki 1995: 389</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="010AE954B9C2CB975288E720C99E7E7E" author="Yoshigou H &amp; Naito J &amp; Nakamura S" page="141" year="2001">
<bibRefCitation id="5CCFEA5297317085034AEB1AAB3BBDFB" author="Yoshigou H &amp; Naito J &amp; Nakamura S" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yoshigou" journalOrPublisher="Hiwa Museum for Natural History Material Reports" page="141" pagination="119-168" refId="B137" refString="Yoshigou H, Naito J, Nakamura S (2001) Catalogue of fish specimens preserved in Hiwa Museum for Natural History. Hiwa Museum for Natural History Material Reports 2: 119–168. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Catalogue of fish specimens preserved in Hiwa Museum for Natural History." volume="2" year="2001">Yoshigou et al. 2001: 141</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="74CAE5660ABB37567F16202C32994E7D">
<bibRefCitation id="45CB2F11F587CD4B5470ACA983B242FC" author="Chen" firstAuthor="Chen" refId="B7" refString="Chen C-H (2003) Fishes of Penghu. Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Keelung, [xxxvi +] 379 pp. [In Chinese]" year="2003">Chen 2003</bibRefCitation>
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(in part): 134;
<treatmentCitation id="767A3E47DBCC7F957C02B3F9085C736E" author="Ito K" page="80" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="C749DEFC3EB74A81E8C0B3AA68F3B030" author="Ito K" firstAuthor="Ito" journalOrPublisher="Data house, Tokyo" page="80" refId="B30" refString="Ito K (2009) The underwater in Okinawa. Data house, Tokyo, 457 pp. [In Japanese]" title="The underwater in Okinawa." year="2009">Ito 2009: 80</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="76AADB2378E731673BE29E29C0A89BA3" author="Shao K-T &amp; Ho H-C &amp; Lin P-L &amp; Lee P-F &amp; Lee M-Y &amp; Tsai C-Y &amp; Liao Y-C &amp; Lin Y-C" page="254" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="5BFB6B93DE4CC26F17DC3AB1E8D15246" author="Shao K-T &amp; Ho H-C &amp; Lin P-L &amp; Lee P-F &amp; Lee M-Y &amp; Tsai C-Y &amp; Liao Y-C &amp; Lin Y-C" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Shao" journalOrPublisher="The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology supplement" page="254" pagination="233-271" refId="B109" refString="Shao K-T, Ho H-C, Lin P-L, Lee P-F, Lee M-Y, Tsai C-Y, Liao Y-C, Lin Y-C (2008) A checklist of the fishes of southern Taiwan, northern South China Sea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology supplement 19: 233–271." title="A checklist of the fishes of southern Taiwan, northern South China Sea." volume="19" year="2008">Shao et al. 2008: 254</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="BE05D0FF8AC8089FCD6E17CE2F99EC03" author="Chen J-P &amp; Shao K-T &amp; Jan R-Q &amp; Kuo J-W &amp; Chen J-Y" page="265" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="DF25F9D1BF4242D2F32930287008BB8D" author="Chen J-P &amp; Shao K-T &amp; Jan R-Q &amp; Kuo J-W &amp; Chen J-Y" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen" journalOrPublisher="Kenting National Park Headquarters, Hengchun" page="265" refId="B9" refString="Chen J-P, Shao K-T, Jan R-Q, Kuo J-W, Chen J-Y (2010) Marine fishes in Kenting National Park (1 st revised ed.). Kenting National Park Headquarters, Hengchun, 656 pp. [In Chinese]" title="Marine fishes in Kenting National Park (1 st revised ed.)." year="2010">Chen et al. 2010: 265</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. D;
<treatmentCitation id="7FEFF0EC543314DFE2238B3EE82537CD" author="Chang C-W &amp; Wang S-I &amp; Yang C-J &amp; Shao K-T" page="46" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="279609BDFB1CA861497372D01CCA7E3F" author="Chang C-W &amp; Wang S-I &amp; Yang C-J &amp; Shao K-T" etAl="et al" firstAuthor="Chang" journalOrPublisher="Platax" page="46" pagination="41-45" refId="B6" refString="Chang C-W, Wang S-I, Yang C-J, Shao K-T (2011) Fish fauna in subtidal waters adjacent to the National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium. Platax 8: 41–45." title="Fish fauna in subtidal waters adjacent to the National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium." volume="8" year="2011">Chang et al 2011: 46</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="212663CFF9E280B9BBE4BC0C58D86EE8" author="Shen S-C &amp; Wu K-Y" page="498" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="D0B9FA93EACFF17C97B7DFE858C6F749" author="Shen S-C &amp; Wu K-Y" firstAuthor="Shen" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Checheng" page="498" refId="B114" refString="Shen S-C, Wu K-Y (2011) Fishes of Taiwan. National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Checheng, 896 pp." title="Fishes of Taiwan." year="2011">Shen and Wu 2011: 498</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig;
<treatmentCitation id="CC307EB8D8D1B24B281AE2F1866AD355">
<bibRefCitation id="F6C36AA91E69F7700AC381A8564EECCF" author="Shao" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Shao" journalOrPublisher=", LTD., Taichung" refId="B110" refString="Shao K-T, Shao I-T, Lin P-L (2013) Coral reef fishes of Taiwan. Intimate., LTD., Taichung, 335 pp." title="Coral reef fishes of Taiwan. Intimate." year="2013">Shao et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 163, unnumbered fig. (upper left);
<treatmentCitation id="CC7EC1C54B417CE6A9A416E85C635EFC" author="Chiang W-C &amp; Lin P-L &amp; Chen W-Y &amp; Liu D-C" page="183" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="4FF79BF66E0DAD0DEBA4B0B4AE05FF4A" author="Chiang W-C &amp; Lin P-L &amp; Chen W-Y &amp; Liu D-C" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chiang" page="183" refId="B10" refString="Chiang W-C, Lin P-L, Chen W-Y, Liu D-C (2014) Marine Fishes in Eastern Taiwan. Fisheries Research Institute, Keelung, [x +] 337 pp. [In Chinese]" year="2014">Chiang et al. 2014: 183</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C63965767BB753DCF52A8D062C3FB084">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="1E645A61478738BE0450E56CDE38CFC2">
<taxonomicName id="794A98295403F8DC3E99C5CD66E31D19" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="9136158052D8F4A802F24DB6935DE327" italics="true">Pempheris</emphasis>
<comment id="2EB56C7E93CB7C5408784C5D287BF1F8">
sp.:
<treatmentCitation id="26D4D5BE50AC2A331F320B94299D3F9A" author="Uchida K" page="218" year="1933">
<bibRefCitation id="E55852AF637FFB26001AAE3AB4AD4967" author="Uchida K" firstAuthor="Uchida" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" page="218" pagination="207-218" refId="B132" refString="Uchida K (1933) Life history of Pempheris japonicus, and early development of congeners. Zoological Science 45: 207–218. [In Japanese]" title="Life history of Pempheris japonicus, and early development of congeners." volume="45" year="1933">Uchida 1933: 218</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part);
<treatmentCitation id="CF2371BA78A3968C1137C4406C79CD6C" author="Senou H &amp; Kodato H &amp; Nomura T &amp; Yunokawa K" page="77" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="D0C8EAD6F99052613C149A8DAD7D314F" author="Senou H &amp; Kodato H &amp; Nomura T &amp; Yunokawa K" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum (Natural Science)" pagination="67-92" refId="B104" refString="Senou H, Kodato H, Nomura T, Yunokawa K (2006 a) Coastal fishes of the Ie-jima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Okinawa, Japan. Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum (Natural Science) 35: 67–92." title="Coastal fishes of the Ie-jima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Okinawa, Japan." volume="35">Senou et al. 2006 a</bibRefCitation>
: 77
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;
<treatmentCitation id="01F0344ED4CF92399E164D3A9D2A71D7" author="Senou H &amp; Kobayashi Y &amp; Kobayashi N" page="56" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="5813D5C580225FB4FD35401309BB5C59" author="Senou H &amp; Kobayashi Y &amp; Kobayashi N" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Senou" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum (Natural Science)" page="56" pagination="47-74" refId="B106" refString="Senou H, Kobayashi Y, Kobayashi N (2007) Coastal fishes of the Miyako Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum (Natural Science) 36: 47–74." title="Coastal fishes of the Miyako Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan." volume="36" year="2007">Senou et al. 2007: 56</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="A16448C71383D9E4A665C58DDF4EAB30">
<bibRefCitation id="20D5C0A6FF06D4CA07CA9F249DD97CF2" author="Hatooka" firstAuthor="Hatooka" refId="B23" refString="Hatooka K (2002) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, English edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 878–879, 1562." year="2002">Hatooka 2002</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 878;
<treatmentCitation id="AAAD25ED179800477724F00C5D998AE4" author="Senou H &amp; Shinohara G &amp; Matsuura K &amp; Furuse K &amp; Kato S &amp; Kikuchi T" page="212" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="9AFC7852BC9CD24A8433F76BFC5CDF77" author="Senou H &amp; Shinohara G &amp; Matsuura K &amp; Furuse K &amp; Kato S &amp; Kikuchi T" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Senou" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo)" page="212" pagination="195-237" refId="B103" refString="Senou H, Shinohara G, Matsuura K, Furuse K, Kato S, Kikuchi T (2002) Fishes of Hachijo-jima Island, Izu Islands Group, Tokyo, Japan. Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo) 38: 195–237." title="Fishes of Hachijo-jima Island, Izu Islands Group, Tokyo, Japan." volume="38" year="2002">Senou et al. 2002: 212</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="DB4E18765B852EAB152C436DA0C2009E" author="Yoshino Y" page="211" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="CBC0498383F0E7562E8363F106454899" author="Yoshino Y" firstAuthor="Yoshino" journalOrPublisher=", LTD, Tokyo" page="211" refId="B138" refString="Yoshino Y (2008) Marine fishes of Japan. Yama-kei Publishers co., LTD, Tokyo, 543 pp." title="Marine fishes of Japan. Yama-kei Publishers co." year="2008">Yoshino 2008: 211</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs (lower two);
<treatmentCitation id="DD9E3BD05A060DFDA613AA659A4EC731" author="Koeda K &amp; Imai H &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="75" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="F70F1AB1893F742E116DE83961A0F01A" author="Koeda K &amp; Imai H &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Biogeography" pagination="71-75" refId="B54" refString="Koeda K, Imai H, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2010 a) First and northernmost record of Pempheris oualensis (Pempheridae), from Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Biogeography 12: 71–75." title="First and northernmost record of Pempheris oualensis (Pempheridae), from Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan." volume="12">Koeda et al. 2010 a</bibRefCitation>
: 75
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="CBEDAF70000A6A3EF178575E92420CFA">
<bibRefCitation id="9F405C1F5BA57691AD0C457BCC917F3D" author="Motomura" editor="Motomura H &amp; Matsuura K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo" pagination="65-247" refId="B83" refString="Motomura H, Kuriiwa K, Katayama E, Senou H, Ogihara G, Meguro M, Matsunuma M, Takata Y, Yoshida T, Yamashita M, Kimura S, Endo H, Murase A, Iwatsuki Y, Sakurai Y, Harazaki S, Hidaka K, Izumi H, Matsuura K (2010) Annotated checklist of marine and estuarine fishes of Yaku-shima Island, Kagoshima, southern Japan. In: Motomura H, Matsuura K (eds) Fishes of Yaku-shima Island – A World Heritage island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan. National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, 65–247." title="Annotated checklist of marine and estuarine fishes of Yaku-shima Island, Kagoshima, southern Japan." volumeTitle="Fishes of Yaku-shima Island - A World Heritage island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan." year="2010">Motomura et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 131;
<treatmentCitation id="50581A54C38AC222AB8CBA199DDEC758" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="71" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="62B8277F6E5CA3640C3AF308D7514D66" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" pagination="65-73" refId="B56" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2012 a) First and southernmost records of Pempheris japonica (Pempherididae) from Okinawa Island with the description of juvenile growth. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 67: 65–73. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="First and southernmost records of Pempheris japonica (Pempherididae) from Okinawa Island with the description of juvenile growth." volume="67">Koeda et al. 2012 a</bibRefCitation>
: 71
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="91E8548553374A17C74A2E2F2EB08F79" author="Koeda K &amp; Ishihara T &amp; Tachihara K" page="1086" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="DEEFD8643658770D4887856D22459E54" author="Koeda K &amp; Ishihara T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Studies" pagination="1086-1093" refId="B57" refString="Koeda K, Ishihara T, Tachihara K (2012 b) The reproductive biology of Pempheris schwenkii (Pempheridae) on Okinawa Island, southwestern Japan. Zoological Studies 51: 1086–1093." title="The reproductive biology of Pempheris schwenkii (Pempheridae) on Okinawa Island, southwestern Japan." volume="51">Koeda et al. 2012 b</bibRefCitation>
: 1086
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="6218E56EA28CE748C7E4C9B1D46BE674">
<bibRefCitation id="08A595CE543F66A11AC93251480F340A" author="Hatooka and Yagishita" editor="Nakabo T" firstAuthor="Hatooka" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 983-984" pagination="2020-2021" refId="B24" refString="Hatooka K, Yagishita N (2013) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3 rd edn. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 983–984, 2020–2021. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3 rd edn." year="2013">Hatooka and Yagishita 2013</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 984;
<treatmentCitation id="F4B02C2A22C7A725452CF4F068944669" author="Motomura H &amp; Dewa S &amp; Furuta K &amp; Matsuura K" page="169" year="2013">
<bibRefCitation id="7705D153720CF0C107DE9A062497E37F" author="Motomura H &amp; Dewa S &amp; Furuta K &amp; Matsuura K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima and the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba" page="169" refId="B84" refString="Motomura H, Dewa S, Furuta K, Matsuura K (2013) Fishes of Iou-jima and Take-shima islands, Mishima, Kagoshima, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima and the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, 390 pp." title="Fishes of Iou-jima and Take-shima islands, Mishima, Kagoshima, Japan." year="2013">Motomura et al. 2013: 169</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs.
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E00D36CFCED8DBF5F7A791A3115375B9">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="8C7B69BE93BDE019D9F8AA48160B47FC">
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<taxonomicName id="14F4D62F9122A70C6FABDE101466658F" ID-CoL="76G3V" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="9B11356C2AC6168DFA1CC4843A46165A" italics="true">Pempheris vanicolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="7147D6684681572503FC657442AE8553">
(not
<bibRefCitation id="177DDD1A08E17CB4E40C975B7581F056" author="Cuvier G" refId="B12" refString="Cuvier G (1831) Des Pempherides. In: Cuvier G, Valenciennes A (Eds) Historie Naturelle des Poissons, Vol. 7. F. G. Levraut, Paris-Strasbourg, [xx - xxi +] 296 - 309 [191 pls]." year="1831">Cuvier, 1831</bibRefCitation>
):
<treatmentCitation id="6E73A202FED9FDE45B58D04D2F39BD1B" author="Chen J-P &amp; Shao K-T &amp; Jan R-Q &amp; Kuo J-W &amp; Chen J-Y" page="266" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="56445E6BBD182B2CC78CB2C8DA8771C9" author="Chen J-P &amp; Shao K-T &amp; Jan R-Q &amp; Kuo J-W &amp; Chen J-Y" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen" journalOrPublisher="Kenting National Park Headquarters, Hengchun" refId="B9" refString="Chen J-P, Shao K-T, Jan R-Q, Kuo J-W, Chen J-Y (2010) Marine fishes in Kenting National Park (1 st revised ed.). Kenting National Park Headquarters, Hengchun, 656 pp. [In Chinese]" title="Marine fishes in Kenting National Park (1 st revised ed.)." year="2010">Chen et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
: 266
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. B.;
<treatmentCitation id="80683E647D3B940EE7B6960205E4AAB0" author="Shen S-C &amp; Wu K-Y" page="498" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="B80C48BEA8E1ED0EDFCF825820B53271" author="Shen S-C &amp; Wu K-Y" firstAuthor="Shen" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Checheng" page="498" refId="B114" refString="Shen S-C, Wu K-Y (2011) Fishes of Taiwan. National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Checheng, 896 pp." title="Fishes of Taiwan." year="2011">Shen and Wu 2011: 498</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EXEAG" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="1CE620F3DA4B15393A2D48DC8041CAFF">
<heading id="6870F4863B415CC51FCB9A7827C4B268" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FCF60BC76CB8E6BE3AB688D4A1A425B9">
Counts of
<typeStatus id="7762468B96591BA7470D73F86C6676E7" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and non-types are given in Table
<tableCitation id="850385835E5EAA74C79F688B545BFC52" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Counts of Pempheris nyctereutes and P. sasakii." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2AEBF4BC7A6BCE7B0095CE746A80540F" tableUuid="2AEBF4BC7A6BCE7B0095CE746A80540F">1</tableCitation>
of
<bibRefCitation id="13B16A44FABCA84C2D1C82E527B1D6CF" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Ichthyology" pagination="123-128" refId="B59" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 b) Identificational keys of Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877 (Pempheridae) with comments on its standard Japanese name. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 60: 123–128. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Identificational keys of Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877 (Pempheridae) with comments on its standard Japanese name." volume="60">Koeda et al. (2013 b</bibRefCitation>
). Dorsal-fin spines 5 or 6, very rarely 5, soft rays 8–10, very rarely 8 or 10; anal-fin spines 3, soft rays 37–45, usually&gt; 40; pectoral-fin rays 16–19, usually 17 or 18; pored lateral-line scales 51–62, usually&gt; 54; scale rows above lateral line 4 ½ – 5 ½ (usually 4 ½); scale rows below lateral line 11–16, usually 12–14; predorsal scales 26–38; circumpeduncular scales 12–18, usually 16; gill rakers 7–10 + 20 – 23 = 28–32, usually 8–9 + 20 – 22 = 29–31; head length 26.3–31.8 % SL; body depth 40.2–47.3 % SL; eye diameter 36.0–47.1 % HL; upper jaw length 48.1–57.1 % HL; maximum
<quantity id="1F9B2F4467554FA70C26D58C1D57C7A4" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.827" unit="mm" value="182.7">182.7 mm</quantity>
SL, usually &lt;
<quantity id="F934194C9356B56CC06C58416AC796AB" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" unit="mm" value="160.0">160 mm</quantity>
SL; scales weakly ctenoid, deciduous, thin, semicircular in shape, far wider than long; body copper to brownish, whiter in nighttime; faint blackish blotch on pectoral-fin base; tip and / or anterior margin of dorsal fin blackish; blackish band on outer margin of anal fin usually absent; blackish or dusky band on posterior edge of caudal fin; narrow band of villiform teeth in jaws; abdomen cross-sectional outline V-shaped.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2AEBF4BC7A6BCE7B0095CE746A80540F" ID-Table-UUID="2AEBF4BC7A6BCE7B0095CE746A80540F" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2AEBF4BC7A6BCE7B0095CE746A80540F" startId="T1" targetIsTable="true">
<paragraph id="FD0891CC379D8C5A63AC5725AF831278">
<label id="D2DBDF5ABBB939281F0377E6D20408BA">Table 1.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A0C22D939C85AFFD65835C92B9B1D9DD">
Counts of
<taxonomicName id="C030528F5847EF1CAE9A643B27492665" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">
<emphasis id="E59259365EFFEA5F961735092D1BA742" italics="true">Pempheris nyctereutes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5B7E19E35C6BF465EE6A351020424C79" baseAuthorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" baseAuthorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sasakii">
<emphasis id="72AC63DD7045B7CD7C920D9B60C4775F" italics="true">P. sasakii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="772F9D481C189F2C00E0ECE60F6824F7">
<table id="TID0E5ODI" rules="all">
<tbody id="874C86804ED2CE9E05B28DA0094FC15F">
<tr id="63FB19306F1A27F44C153FDFAC6486B0">
<th id="9F1876B1197C995D1B6E46A5047B7E39" colspan="1" isEmpty="true" rowspan="2">-</th>
<emphasis id="AEBA23EEB5349B51556A46D0075B867C" italics="true">
<th id="3B1597CD9E85AE59CD423F15AEFAF1DE" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="9551929324FD8ECF424191A97B60DB84" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">P. nyctereutes</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="5DCBF4B24BA2AC8CFD157903F8A4A179" colspan="2" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="8FE677558C903ED2DAA52F3B9CA3B549" baseAuthorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" baseAuthorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sasakii">P. sasakii</taxonomicName>
</th>
</emphasis>
</tr>
<tr id="CCCB41C78E5C4995EDB97C960079E224">
<th id="3A0C4A65CE7E00E2ECEF76B633D1D501" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Holotype</th>
<th id="2D66D010C3E05DD74F162F71E6D3134A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Non-types</th>
<th id="19A41811542C054AF6A7F971CADCB7D0" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Holotype</th>
<th id="4BA94DF94D18922180AD4FEA8DCB1B15" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Non-types</th>
</tr>
<tr id="F3B0ACAAF587EC7461318CEA24923610">
<td id="D666D7C9B0424826E9EAD3010E3CDC1A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Number of individuals</td>
<td id="CD0AB06A5F04133EBBE5BC5116F80592" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1</td>
<td id="7DAE7C6BE7681072A5F3449335B9C48D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">18</td>
<td id="BE0E00A5B05CCD54BB89CF0B13F31650" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1</td>
<td id="37CDA0EC1E282888DC33F8542B193597" colspan="1" rowspan="1">47</td>
</tr>
<tr id="F0E45D780BADFB075CCF4F49DA851665">
<td id="5B0D0FAFC59BFEE661DA035EC4BD58F2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Standard length (mm)</td>
<td id="E9F7137F38C61D8963A624A447C056EE" colspan="1" rowspan="1">160.5</td>
<td id="DEDDDD482A5DF71D6A539E6421C2235F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">100.5–162.4</td>
<td id="ABDAFBAD7E8C632946A9CE5128A14FDF" colspan="1" rowspan="1">93.1</td>
<td id="66D78C188AC11FFBB042D6407E0888BC" colspan="1" rowspan="1">87.7–169.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="13CD34B010AB36968079686FB000B8BF">
<td id="BCF9128D15F4E04CD6A2F31097EF6EAB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Dorsal fin rays</td>
<td id="2D506D01A93AEB25100FC58D22196354" colspan="1" rowspan="1">VI, 9</td>
<td id="652049B178B3AABD03BA7B1AB2EACDAD" colspan="1" rowspan="1">VI, 9</td>
<td id="2CB1A992E45AEDDA3A2748D2C4BCE4FF" colspan="1" rowspan="1">VI, 9</td>
<td id="381B2C88E1956E360D3154E555573015" colspan="1" rowspan="1">VI – VII, 9–10</td>
</tr>
<tr id="1C0A03E48E17A40EC118C526FA33C15B">
<td id="5C73533F55EA890336ECE6D69ECC283D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Anal fin rays</td>
<td id="82FC1106627AE48914D7BB44B72424BF" colspan="1" rowspan="1">III, 44</td>
<td id="278A5816FAE93E31B15D8371D4DC6B8C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">III, 42–44</td>
<td id="209006DB828FF2F10FF3DE1BFCEEC8BF" colspan="1" rowspan="1">III, 43</td>
<td id="04B0C896F7E19077690420C60CA0CB9E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">III, 40–46</td>
</tr>
<tr id="54F9256A4D14D3D5DC67D1BD9AB40BB3">
<td id="47DCAB14E6808E0616CE5E4AD871EDA2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Pectoral fin rays</td>
<td id="A4715575C89BC34CC2FE05352E6F0DC4" colspan="1" rowspan="1">19</td>
<td id="8709C6CCD8CB2198ABFB7833C4C0418E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">18–20</td>
<td id="32F39CE5081ACBC2B30473E6CA44331B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">19</td>
<td id="1B9DA4550CAC620D9B33BF8A3EB63FF5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">17–20</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3D5307F6F726AB40F6D6B1B7ABF4FE5F">
<td id="37E5037300DE4CA8070BCF4A16D4D9D0" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Left pored lateral-line scales</td>
<td id="DDC8E4EEC7EFFE8881F60236B0153890" colspan="1" rowspan="1">79</td>
<td id="705D9D11A91CE2E36C5FF9160F20D6B9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">72–81</td>
<td id="C7A8A20EFA579A55A22776F012C35511" colspan="1" rowspan="1">72</td>
<td id="98D2904D65A117745CCE455E36402684" colspan="1" rowspan="1">67–78</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9DEDBEB6511697206EA53CD7114A3793">
<td id="B9898961927B4C4A7C1444EE0BE1920E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Right pored lateral-line scales</td>
<td id="88B5A39D179FDB3D3E555473DE1AA12B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">77</td>
<td id="A9570AD67F87E39B841122ECBC7F70DF" colspan="1" rowspan="1">74–82</td>
<td id="B88C6F3828F97DB0C936A5221D130A1E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">73</td>
<td id="79F38762468F860DB701A09E91C956CD" colspan="1" rowspan="1">66–78</td>
</tr>
<tr id="983C93A428FEFA536BDA1F8311F4A78C">
<td id="016489278B8398CAF4AFBB85D206B434" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Scale above lateral line</td>
<td id="B571250C21E890EFD2085C6F1DC86ABF" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8 1 / 2</td>
<td id="C17A6546FA426D43B81AFA469E4188C2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8 1 / 2–9 1 / 2</td>
<td id="584973681C789EFC20295B7CC9D333DF" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8 1 / 2</td>
<td id="62007816F0C0C9C4B15274D6931D7F2B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8 1 / 2–10 1 / 2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ADA72659BC95E56DD786D541E3123FEB">
<td id="7E1FAA80F05F559627DAB271EC21F634" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Scale rows below lateral line</td>
<td id="6816D8AC6F8447DC331EA1AE4FCF3666" colspan="1" rowspan="1">23</td>
<td id="90AD29E55E9204AAB8BAA66B4A4D73C7" colspan="1" rowspan="1">23–28</td>
<td id="58B5B7A7C6FB0FA700A4005FFA98995A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">22</td>
<td id="D1F7499C5FC8B3C954A1C0C2A70D0056" colspan="1" rowspan="1">19–22</td>
</tr>
<tr id="AA02D85376EA9845388EDD9F7B8AD641">
<td id="33FD47914F67EE4A490DD66FBE45197B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Circumpeduncular scales</td>
<td id="150B58B73F4E7DA6DCAB6BDBADFA03E6" colspan="1" rowspan="1">22</td>
<td id="FC380CE3D34FDD9C3A80425721A205C5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">22–24</td>
<td id="8E59EFAF4C686AC232CD3A3E0DC76A3F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">damaged</td>
<td id="E2E8B4A9BF93CD835F3F639AD12B8AB1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">24</td>
</tr>
<tr id="34206ACB7B5E9FA6FEBDA06BCD957EE7">
<td id="6D15C913D1D1103EC62FE56890050D45" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Gill rakers</td>
<td id="C1878C3DF3F409ADDFD6101BD0876021" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8 + 20</td>
<td id="A92456177B37833CFC29C75EB19F6A07" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8 + 19–20</td>
<td id="778252ABC839435F4FA49D626E898FA8" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8 + 19</td>
<td id="3A705078144D07B56DE30DBE974B15E0" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7–9 + 19 – 22</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EHNAG" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="F6C9619F91B10190C4072083FE9F1847">
<heading id="7BD85A9B4A6DBFF9A2A9D0A7EDF4C142" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C4B4D1FFB9B730AC87E4CAC367DA15C">
Widely distributed in the western Pacific Ocean excepting small oceanic islands and atolls in central and southeastern Pacific. In Japanese waters, this species is known from Yaizu in
<collectingRegion id="F9B226BC1BA6CD579FB1CF35AB27604F" country="Japan" name="Shizuoka">Shizuoka Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, Iburi and Otsuki in
<collectingRegion id="D017DBA4172CB0617ABF7265E45D8E48" country="Japan" name="Kochi">Kochi Prefecture</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="DAE75BB3CD3391A339F209C50E2CBB64" country="Japan" name="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</collectingRegion>
in
<collectingRegion id="DC2B3C276613A9608CD092F1C60A2E8E" country="Japan" name="Nagasaki">Nagasaki Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, Uchinoura Bay in
<collectingRegion id="9C98528C09E06102AD07146F5569C06A" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima">Kagoshima Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, Hachijo-jima islands in Izu Islands, Tanega-shima to Yonaguni-jima islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Minamidaito-jima Island in the Daito Islands, Miyake-jima and Hachijo-jima islands in the Izu Islands, Haha-shima and Chichi-jima islands in the Ogasawara Islands. In Taiwanese waters, this species is known from Daxi in Yilan County, Yeh Liu in New Taipei City, Sihhu in Yunlin County, Tainan County, Checheng County, Hengchung, and Kenting in Pingtung County, Fugang in Taitung County, Lyudao, Lanyu, Xiao Liuqiu, and Penghu (Fig.
<figureCitation id="4F404EF36F7446ABD266B591380649C8" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution of Pempheris adusta based on the collection localities of specimens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192465">2</figureCitation>
). Common in coral-reef areas of the Ryukyu Archipelago of
<collectingCountry id="30BC7C567753402DC5F323FE18CA5B4B" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
, the southern coast, and eastern islands (Lyudao and Lanyu) of
<collectingCountry id="0B35B6259C0183E8F46426C9B48233EF" name="Taiwan">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, but few in other areas. Specimens collected from
<quantity id="12329CE83F088CC5422185D5D0FBB8AD" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" unit="m" value="10.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="0.0">0–20 m</quantity>
depth.
</paragraph>
<caption id="AE2F09889CEB89C9F9A564612F06F835" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure1" ID-arpha="7934FD60-BB39-5814-921E-B6B399DDC4E8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192464" startId="F1">
<paragraph id="DB82A6456E0FBF92702D398AFF0FB176">
<label id="683B4D2EE3EBC200A4ED263B672881B6">Figure 1.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C8FCF8E9194DD4B9A7B60193B7135B6A">
<taxonomicName id="4F5506522CD0A8F968803098C4FED312" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="C6C57F61D852A7A583D3147D26CE3157" italics="true">Pempheris adusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D736B9437ADBF7CA2C93B90A806B6008" bold="true">A</emphasis>
fresh specimen (ZUMT 62301, Nishidomari, Otsuki, Kochi, Japan) and
<emphasis id="D99F4C50F79A8183BA37DFDA86652BB2" bold="true">B</emphasis>
underwater photograph (Maeda, Onna, Okinawa-jima Island, Japan).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="83D9C3D3670FA91E5EE1CB739A494FD4" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure2" ID-arpha="D3613906-7B5F-50F1-8F26-4457A784B9FE" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192465" startId="F2">
<paragraph id="0409ECACDEE75B80BFDF77C364259A0F">
<label id="EB1F389A673CE05B12BA7ACF0E11E23B">Figure 2.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6784DD790C39607848A445D4ED41896">
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="2E7C9389767AA05790E0E9C1F4F3D25A" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="89D5F825BA1E7064140B463FD0D476F1" italics="true">Pempheris adusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the collection localities of specimens.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EFPAG" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="5C8940A90C66E4EAECF64A014A201870">
<heading id="D57A375B94F7FF2ACD9E02C7D4CB866C" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E463F05E5426F0ED400A61D0E5074B07">
Although the taxonomic position of
<taxonomicName id="F40C69B31AD5D2A8CDED608E50A163FA" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="8B4452C99B5B244DDEE548AA111633EA" italics="true">P. adusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was unsettled for a long time, the
<typeStatus id="4E3641870BDA08D769799FD749647714" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<collectionCode id="3E4C2BC201A66319BE1AC9D7DE38702E" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" type="Museum">RMNH</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="AFFA8A0CF609A6C7C5D74080FB100E9D">PISC</collectionCode>
. 6161:
<collectingCountry id="57A85AF888DE7AD607ECE8E7DB84F317" name="Indonesia">Ambon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D29CBE78F589F7601263147B0CF869B6" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
) matches well with the specimens in
<bibRefCitation id="26D31F5C06989193ED0F5EA9F41AFC84" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Ichthyology" pagination="123-128" refId="B59" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 b) Identificational keys of Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877 (Pempheridae) with comments on its standard Japanese name. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 60: 123–128. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Identificational keys of Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877 (Pempheridae) with comments on its standard Japanese name." volume="60">Koeda et al. (2013 b</bibRefCitation>
). The original description of the species is also supported as follows: figures of six species (
<taxonomicName id="F77E211972F1005ADFAE63234DA30FFD" authority="Cuvier, 1829" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mangula">
<emphasis id="A2D02CF0EFBC71E018E45B91AB27FF9D" italics="true">P. mangula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A110C7807C3ED6B71B53FF5D39E88E68" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.1964" author="Cuvier G" refId="B11" refString="Cuvier G (1829) Le Regne Animal, distribue d'apres son organisation, pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparee. 2 nd edn. Tome 2. Regne Animal. Poissons. Deterville, Paris, [xv +] 406 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1964" year="1829">Cuvier, 1829</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="EA3427310AB395B51359CC684F4AB7AF" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="1117442A31BAABA4B4336771492E96E9" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="66C9A300116FCE1AC61DC12C57C345A3" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="4CF56E82F9B7C716B1F840E834965E54" italics="true">P. vanicolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="52F19290467362A4D2221FDB81103FB6" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="A38387D66EFC86FAAB486464562DD3EB" italics="true">P. adusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4EAD64E3A01D0BA047C2AB353FC265B3" authority="Cuvier, 1831" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="otaitensis">
<emphasis id="4379FFD6D64C85B790A1581D16CBA9C5" italics="true">P. otaitensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D8F2BEF6F599B7B2C0B604374902971F" author="Cuvier G" refId="B12" refString="Cuvier G (1831) Des Pempherides. In: Cuvier G, Valenciennes A (Eds) Historie Naturelle des Poissons, Vol. 7. F. G. Levraut, Paris-Strasbourg, [xx - xxi +] 296 - 309 [191 pls]." year="1831">Cuvier, 1831</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="E868B27C6BDEF95BBCE557E8A63D83CE" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oualensis">
<emphasis id="008B3BE4B430373904AB52225C027E07" italics="true">P. oualensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) were illustrated in the plate of
<bibRefCitation id="8AF5EEBE23F4E4A145E7E5EE16BA5788" author="Bleeker P" firstAuthor="Bleeker" journalOrPublisher="Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles" pagination="42-54" refId="B5" refString="Bleeker P (1877) Révision des espèces de Pempheris de l’inde archipélagique. Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles 12: 42–54." title="Révision des espèces de Pempheris de l’inde archipélagique." volume="12" year="1877">Bleeker (1877)</bibRefCitation>
; the first three species have no black blotch and the latter three species possess a black blotch on the pectoral-fin base. This was also mentioned in the text descriptions, where he specified that
<taxonomicName id="91B94547518946F9993252A6AA37D232" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oualensis">
<emphasis id="15FA7E0FABCA0CD3D83BFDEB29444B10" italics="true">P. oualensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9838A0FAAA1D7B826EB7C832D6ED0334" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="otaitensis">
<emphasis id="92E4E69881B0FA48D809F77DF28C3116" italics="true">P. otaitensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had a black blotch, but
<taxonomicName id="F65E44260C9EEB2DCF8F937822026604" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="6F97F14920C315656D70E9BC33BD7C82" italics="true">P. adusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a black or brown blotch on the pectoral-fin base visible in the figure and clearly corresponding with the descriptions of the three species.
<bibRefCitation id="E7817A403D59DFBB20893AE30B5D0251" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="301-330" refId="B61" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2014) A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793: 301–330. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" title="A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species." volume="3793" year="2014">Koeda et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that
<taxonomicName id="DD0F1B320D05B042F60E5BAE214C166C" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="19E58C826B941D85416633CB664E96B7" italics="true">Pempheris adusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was widely distributed species from the Indian to Pacific oceans and had intraspecific variations in their morphology. The Pacific group differs from the Indian Ocean group in the following characters and individuals from Andaman Sea have characters intermediate between these two groups: pored lateral-line scales 51–62 (vs
<quantity id="D450970D286D87D6F6890D9FD23E3A75" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5112999999999999" metricValueMax="1.6002" metricValueMin="1.4224" unit="in" value="59.5" valueMax="63.0" valueMin="56.0">56–63 in</quantity>
Indian Ocean;
<quantity id="06A834E7B6B0336C83F8704BEA00ED65" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3969999999999998" metricValueMax="1.4478" metricValueMin="1.3462" unit="in" value="55.0" valueMax="57.0" valueMin="53.0">53–57 in</quantity>
Andaman Sea); scale rows above lateral line usually 4 ½ (vs usually 5 ½ in Indian Ocean; 4 ½ in Andaman Sea); usually no blackish band on anal fin (vs distinct blackish band on outer margin of anal fin in Indian Ocean and Andaman Sea); blackish band on anal-fin base (no band on anal-fin base in Indian Ocean and Andaman Sea); and anterior margin of dorsal fin blackish (tip of dorsal fin blackish in Indian Ocean and Andaman Sea). Furthermore,
<bibRefCitation id="2B017D276D390C28B3726E4A2554F57F" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="301-330" refId="B61" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2014) A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793: 301–330. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" title="A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species." volume="3793" year="2014">Koeda et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated that nucleotide sequences of specimens collected from the Red Sea, the Andaman Sea, and the Pacific Ocean showed only 0.4 % difference in mitochondrial
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVTAG" xlink_title="mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA">
<emphasis id="23C4A854B28938365F1CFC9B97DAB3D7" italics="true">16 S</emphasis>
</abbrev>
ribosomal DNA. Coupled with the observation of small morphological differences, they considered
<taxonomicName id="BA32E31EFA40A84E8124F6F84A4F8B75" authority="Randall, Satapoomin &amp; Alpermann, 2014" authorityName="Randall, Satapoomin &amp; Alpermann" authorityYear="2014" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavicycla">
<emphasis id="DA92FA7135F09023B9DF9C08B8965502" italics="true">Pempheris flavicycla</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DF9761835606C1A5D9DC7A4FEC115D4E" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3887.3.5" author="Randall JE &amp; Victor BC &amp; Alpermann TJ &amp; Bogorodsky SV &amp; Mal AO &amp; Satapoomin U &amp; Bineesh KK" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="377-392" refId="B100" refString="Randall JE, Victor BC, Alpermann TJ, Bogorodsky SV, Mal AO, Satapoomin U, Bineesh KK (2014) Rebuttal to Koeda et al. (2014) on the Red Sea fishes of the perciform genus Pempheris. Zootaxa 3887: 377 - 392. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3887.3. 5" title="Rebuttal to Koeda et al. (2014) on the Red Sea fishes of the perciform genus Pempheris." volume="3887" year="2014">Randall, Satapoomin &amp; Alpermann, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(type locality: Mafia Island, Chole Islands, Chole Bay,
<collectingCountry id="63BA614D7DF181C96EF710F7F28F627F" name="Tanzania">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
) to be a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="B03D78B03D7190BE268A281B00CDEA47" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="E5E773C65648931A161268387651C476" italics="true">P. adusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<bibRefCitation id="936EB331D07B6888B59D72FA43878E7A" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3887.3.5" author="Randall JE &amp; Victor BC &amp; Alpermann TJ &amp; Bogorodsky SV &amp; Mal AO &amp; Satapoomin U &amp; Bineesh KK" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Randall" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="377-392" refId="B100" refString="Randall JE, Victor BC, Alpermann TJ, Bogorodsky SV, Mal AO, Satapoomin U, Bineesh KK (2014) Rebuttal to Koeda et al. (2014) on the Red Sea fishes of the perciform genus Pempheris. Zootaxa 3887: 377–392. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3887.3.5" title="Rebuttal to Koeda et al. (2014) on the Red Sea fishes of the perciform genus Pempheris." volume="3887" year="2014">Randall et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
countered this opinion based on the 2.5 % difference in
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EUUAG" xlink_title="cytochrome oxidase I">
<emphasis id="C9CA36F5601FAE838415A84661B734BC" italics="true">COI</emphasis>
</abbrev>
sequences, stating that
<taxonomicName id="1821B97E0B04CD7B45CB5A82415176D9" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="467CC809FD838A8DF4FE1EE67AED074F" italics="true">P. adusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a species in Pacific Ocean,
<taxonomicName id="DC87149F89817692108DE8B8F4EC1FAF" authorityName="Randall, Satapoomin &amp; Alpermann" authorityYear="2014" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavicycla">
<emphasis id="740B3179F53834BAF7B94302BB14C386" italics="true">P. flavicycla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the valid species in Indian Ocean, and described the Andaman group as a subspecies
<taxonomicName id="E966BEC8D4AB31849E29AC852C81EFAF" authority="Randall, Bogorodsky &amp; Alpermann, 2014" authorityName="Randall, Bogorodsky &amp; Alpermann" authorityYear="2014" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="flavicycla" subSpecies="marisrubri">
<emphasis id="C13AFDBDEBF508EA08FE2995671E7A92" italics="true">Pempheris flavicycla marisrubri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="38163B7113CC6BBAAE4A57DA7E723026" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3887.3.5" author="Randall JE &amp; Victor BC &amp; Alpermann TJ &amp; Bogorodsky SV &amp; Mal AO &amp; Satapoomin U &amp; Bineesh KK" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="377-392" refId="B100" refString="Randall JE, Victor BC, Alpermann TJ, Bogorodsky SV, Mal AO, Satapoomin U, Bineesh KK (2014) Rebuttal to Koeda et al. (2014) on the Red Sea fishes of the perciform genus Pempheris. Zootaxa 3887: 377 - 392. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3887.3. 5" title="Rebuttal to Koeda et al. (2014) on the Red Sea fishes of the perciform genus Pempheris." volume="3887" year="2014">Randall, Bogorodsky &amp; Alpermann, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Based on the genetic comparison incorporating the
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E5VAG" xlink_title="cytochrome oxidase I">
<emphasis id="DA1A3103E303D13E5BA829FD7D468982" italics="true">COI</emphasis>
</abbrev>
and
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDWAG" xlink_title="mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA">
<emphasis id="EB91AAD11170F188E4E56835994337C8" italics="true">16 S</emphasis>
</abbrev>
genes in the present study, it was shown that there is more than a 2 % genetic difference between
<taxonomicName id="BB5ADA5ED8EFA3A74D2661AB887F68D3" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="728F75C627069A2DE991ED7769E17F70" italics="true">P. adusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E49B6D974D1CAF2A486C1DF7CCC69AF8" authorityName="Randall, Satapoomin &amp; Alpermann" authorityYear="2014" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavicycla">
<emphasis id="6163AB9AEA970A5CE154F479EAC9C11D" italics="true">P. flavicycla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="4F4DCDDBDB3D60C92E4C9EE0686B8463" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. The Maximum-Likelihood (ML) tree of Pempheris species recovered from mitochondria 16 S and COI. Values of the Shimodaira – Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood ratio test (SH-aLRT) for the ML tree, bootstrap values (BS) of the NJ tree, and the posterior probability (PP) for the BI tree are indicated at the nodes unless the branch lengths are &lt; 0.01. The museum voucher number of specimens are listed next to the taxon name." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192466">3</figureCitation>
), which is not a subtle difference when compared to differences among other similar species in the genus. Although the issue of overlapped morphological differences remains in
<taxonomicName id="10653CB5525615F2970FE6573DD541B9" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="AD376D5826E72945557AE6B0D7C6F137" italics="true">P. adusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="2141866F0D60DBF542ABA19D89FD00C6" authorityName="Randall, Satapoomin &amp; Alpermann" authorityYear="2014" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavicycla">
<emphasis id="DF2034361D376DE6FCC8240EC6C0DDFC" italics="true">P. flavicycla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is reasonable to support the opinion of
<bibRefCitation id="39A89F42A4B3D83160F3A7161A72BCCF" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3887.3.5" author="Randall JE &amp; Victor BC &amp; Alpermann TJ &amp; Bogorodsky SV &amp; Mal AO &amp; Satapoomin U &amp; Bineesh KK" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Randall" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="377-392" refId="B100" refString="Randall JE, Victor BC, Alpermann TJ, Bogorodsky SV, Mal AO, Satapoomin U, Bineesh KK (2014) Rebuttal to Koeda et al. (2014) on the Red Sea fishes of the perciform genus Pempheris. Zootaxa 3887: 377–392. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3887.3.5" title="Rebuttal to Koeda et al. (2014) on the Red Sea fishes of the perciform genus Pempheris." volume="3887" year="2014">Randall et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
that
<taxonomicName id="12137E1970D04B0E73222F759A7924DA" authorityName="Randall, Satapoomin &amp; Alpermann" authorityYear="2014" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavicycla">
<emphasis id="66DCC6A36329C430802A4B8FB99C929D" italics="true">P. flavicycla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considered as a valid species distributed in Indian Ocean at the present time.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6CA04A89533D2B8640A127F35695E569" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure3" ID-arpha="10C17F5D-EDBB-569E-A04D-F4E79F94B865" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192466" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="CBA9F9B65905FEDD24F6FCFDDA3DB990">
<label id="2DE98C6F104D797A819F819FC5B41A27">Figure 3.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="205B0055C55089560FFB51FF89B0C388">
The Maximum-Likelihood (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EOYAG" xlink_title="maximum-likelihood">ML</abbrev>
) tree of
<taxonomicName id="D30C6A7EEB73662E27D8E48EF3CD6EFA">
<emphasis id="55113D9EE0CDA46B97BD1214619CE904" italics="true">Pempheris</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
recovered from mitochondria
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E1YAG" xlink_title="mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA">
<emphasis id="20BBBDE9F2F0D5493F1D29AEE59B9CEE" italics="true">16 S</emphasis>
</abbrev>
and
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6YAG" xlink_title="cytochrome oxidase I">
<emphasis id="9EAB389EFFE4E1D3BB63479353BA7976" italics="true">COI</emphasis>
</abbrev>
. Values of the Shimodaira – Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood ratio test (SH-aLRT) for the
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDZAG" xlink_title="maximum-likelihood">ML</abbrev>
tree, bootstrap values (BS) of the
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHZAG" xlink_title="neighbor-joining">NJ</abbrev>
tree, and the posterior probability (PP) for the
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELZAG" xlink_title="Bayesian inference">BI</abbrev>
tree are indicated at the nodes unless the branch lengths are &lt;0.01. The museum voucher number of specimens are listed next to the taxon name.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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,
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;
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<xref id="D1D3D71E189E5621E180D17053EC8539" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S2">, Suppl. material 2 Standard Japanese name: Taiwan-hatampo</xref>
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<emphasis id="5B002B280655047A1AD56F6818DFA15B" italics="true">Pempheris nyctereutes</emphasis>
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, fig. 14 (type locality: Taipei City [Hokoto], Taiwan);
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<bibRefCitation id="434285795905BC6DB44232B50E6D87AB" author="Okada Y" firstAuthor="Okada" page="179" refId="B93" refString="Okada Y (1938) A catalogue of vertebrates of Japan. Maruzen, Co. Ltd, Tokyo, [iv +] 412 pp." year="1938">Okada 1938: 179</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="792E4A1FB3DCCE9CAFA42A4AC4ED7882" author="Okada Y &amp; Matsubara K" firstAuthor="Okada" page="179" refId="B94" refString="Okada Y, Matsubara K (1938) Key to the fishes and fish-like animals of Japan. Sanseido, Tokyo." year="1938">Okada and Matsubara 1938: 179</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="AA9FBD625BF77F6B7EB47F792F49F8A1" author="Matsubara K" page="590" year="1955">
<bibRefCitation id="C49723F8241ADA1BD2A818D1EDDC8337" author="Matsubara K" firstAuthor="Matsubara" journalOrPublisher="Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo" page="590" refId="B73" refString="Matsubara K (1955) Fish morphology and hierarchy. Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo, 789 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Fish morphology and hierarchy." year="1955">Matsubara 1955: 590</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="57BFF6F7087CBA682B07AD8D9EF5F208" author="" page="19" year="1966">
<bibRefCitation id="B33671B5786C4E48E4F59C979C5241C6" journalOrPublisher="KYANOΣ OIKΣ" pagination="1-60" refId="B126" refString="The Marine Ecological Researching Society of Kagoshima University (1966) Special report of Republic of China. KYANOΣ OIKΣ 9: 1–60." title="Special report of Republic of China." volume="9" year="1966">The Marine Ecological Researching Society of Kagoshima University 1966</bibRefCitation>
: 19
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="152D3FA5E48269D5D9447419F7F38055" author="Shen S-C" firstAuthor="Shen" journalOrPublisher="National Taiwan University, Taipei" page="390" refId="B113" refString="Shen S-C (1993) Fishes of Taiwan. National Taiwan University, Taipei, 960 pp." title="Fishes of Taiwan." year="1993">Shen 1993: 390</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
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<bibRefCitation id="6D9A24D7ED9763CC5E932051E6A2EBA1" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="231-238" refId="B58" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 a) Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan. Zootaxa 3609: 231–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" title="Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan." volume="3609">Koeda et al. 2013 a</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 8;
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;
<treatmentCitation id="743756CF665376DEB1E0DBB637DD7C8D">
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(in part): 877;
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(in part): 984;
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<bibRefCitation id="A08C9EB5E69321E52AE7EC8DCEE1E2CF" author="Shen S-C &amp; Wu K-Y" firstAuthor="Shen" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Checheng" page="497" refId="B114" refString="Shen S-C, Wu K-Y (2011) Fishes of Taiwan. National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Checheng, 896 pp." title="Fishes of Taiwan." year="2011">Shen and Wu 2011: 497</bibRefCitation>
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, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="2D6E95CBE7130CDA6370E1280551F609" author="Chiang W-C &amp; Lin P-L &amp; Chen W-Y &amp; Liu D-C" page="183" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="FC2BDB6503BB4C7FFDAB1E0005E6A745" author="Chiang W-C &amp; Lin P-L &amp; Chen W-Y &amp; Liu D-C" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chiang" page="183" refId="B10" refString="Chiang W-C, Lin P-L, Chen W-Y, Liu D-C (2014) Marine Fishes in Eastern Taiwan. Fisheries Research Institute, Keelung, [x +] 337 pp. [In Chinese]" year="2014">Chiang et al. 2014: 183</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="BDB61A3BE65555873A41E3E473F3F7BB" author="Koeda K" page="927" year="2019">
<bibRefCitation id="E4E4AF7F82586D749DE8367FBF2F61ED" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Ho H-C" firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan" page="927" pagination="925-930" refId="B47" refString="Koeda K (2019) Family Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Ho H-C (Eds) Fishes of southern Taiwan. National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan, 925–930." title="Family Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of southern Taiwan." year="2019">Koeda 2019: 927</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="BCECED9A29EE608123ED41DD3DB738FB" author="Koeda K" page="927" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="A897ADA43AFD11EFAFCF09CA2F68253F" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Ho H-C" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan" pagination="925-930" refId="B49" refString="Koeda K (2020 b) Family Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Ho H-C (Eds) Fishes of southern Taiwan, 2 nd edn. National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan, 925–930." title="Family Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of southern Taiwan, 2 nd edn.">Koeda 2020 b</bibRefCitation>
: 927
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="DC157BA62C2D52A36322649F11E58F62" author="Koeda K &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Sakamoto K &amp; Ueshima R" page="9" year="2022">
<bibRefCitation id="4C60F55B9A5F843C3FA755B853CC5B1D" author="Koeda K &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Sakamoto K &amp; Ueshima R" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="The University Museum, The University of Tokyo Material Reports" page="9" pagination="1-16" refId="B66" refString="Koeda K, Aizawa M, Sakamoto K, Ueshima R (2022) Report on specimens of the family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) deposited in the Department of Zoology, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo Material Reports 128: 1–16." title="Report on specimens of the family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) deposited in the Department of Zoology, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo." volume="128" year="2022">Koeda et al. 2022: 9</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1F51F810DE49B0767643725D310E19A">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="FF0F4B751D6A49040DEA2D1999F714BB">
<treatmentCitation id="55049132BAF1DF230FD903C2605834CD">
<taxonomicName id="79F7554B6E2FED8FE0D42D4C1B562CA3" ID-CoL="76FRP" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="8E136788B40F16162DC5EA2B52948431" italics="true">Pempheris schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="BC65924AE963A22B64FEA341BE60D531">
(not
<bibRefCitation id="154EB0AA4C8017312C6F434E41708EC8" author="Bleeker P" journalOrPublisher="Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië" pagination="305-328" refId="B4" refString="Bleeker P (1855) Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van de Batoe Eilanden. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie 8: 305 - 328." title="Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van de Batoe Eilanden." volume="8" year="1855">Bleeker, 1855</bibRefCitation>
):
<treatmentCitation id="C677A56B247BF816F56687BA7A6DB68E" author="Lee K-L" page="97" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="B38024372A04F2ADB832D2CF869A797A" author="Lee K-L" firstAuthor="Lee" journalOrPublisher=", Ltd., Taipei" page="97" refId="B70" refString="Lee K-L (1996) Field guide to common fishes of Taiwan 2. Deep sea demersal fishes. Outdoor Life Books Co., Ltd., Taipei, 188 pp. [In Chinese]" title="Field guide to common fishes of Taiwan 2. Deep sea demersal fishes. Outdoor Life Books Co." year="1996">Lee 1996: 97</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EOZBG" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="05EF65109E930B344FA5A29DC1C1D04E">
<heading id="EFE1FAF3B06D1A224E5BD79DB001B97E" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="65A59CAC4D8D7A8F9FA0CD7FD13D3623">
Counts of
<typeStatus id="7AF0217627575E0FED551C5D01188009" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and non-types are given in Table
<tableCitation id="8774148EBE4B0C8AB2E1684751DE2F74" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Counts of Pempheris nyctereutes and P. sasakii." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2AEBF4BC7A6BCE7B0095CE746A80540F" tableUuid="2AEBF4BC7A6BCE7B0095CE746A80540F">1</tableCitation>
. Dorsal-fin rays
<collectionCode id="34CE10F8DF1908B8DA6E2548E6729917" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute">VI</collectionCode>
, 9; anal-fin rays III, 42–44; pectoral-fin rays 18–20; pored lateral-line scales 72–81 usually&gt; 79; scale rows above lateral line 8 1 / 2–9 1 / 2; scale rows below lateral line 23–28; circumpeduncular scales 22–24; gill rakers 8 + 19–20 = 27–28; head length 30.0–30.9 %; body depth 44.6–46.9 %; eye diameter 41.0–46.4 %; upper jaw length 51.3–53.5 %; maximum
<quantity id="EEB52890E27680A171970F7FC4EC752D" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" unit="mm" value="161.0">161 mm</quantity>
SL; snout sharp; scales weakly ctenoid, deciduous, thin, semicircular in shape, far wider than long (see
<bibRefCitation id="78E6D7873345CEE17BE7362D745D175A" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="231-238" refId="B58" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 a) Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan. Zootaxa 3609: 231–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" title="Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan." volume="3609">Koeda et al. 2013 a</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2 a); body silver to dark brown in fresh specimens; tip and anterior margin of dorsal fin zonally blackish; anal fin pale with faint black band on base; paired fins pink; posterior half of caudal fin dusky; body light brown in fixed specimen; black pigmentation on each fin usually persistent, but not in
<typeStatus id="CAE087E6FB0FB4D8EA6B57FD631B8218" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; no blackish blotch on pectoral-fin base; narrow band of villiform teeth in jaws; abdomen cross-sectional outline is V-shaped.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E3ZBG" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="50AA28712FB4BF6A7D1D9C6694472112">
<heading id="08E079C50B1DE1DE39EED544E62BABB7" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="606B713D100F2E9BA25E9712292CE48C">
Recorded only from
<collectingCountry id="B6F081634A7A6125F7B6306BF5D6234C" name="Taiwan">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="47DFFC17544B13D74846C16694BDA5D0" name="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="14DFF5750DB6C7624B3C78F75DA27868" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
. In Taiwanese waters, this species is known from Nang-fang-ao in Yilan County, Keelung City, Aodi, Wanli, and Gongliao in New Taipei City, Tainan County, Fugang in Taitung County, Hengchung and Maobitou in Pingtung County, Lyudao, and Penghu (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8851215F90DEED6F3FA7E24D51E9D67F" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Distribution of Pempheris nyctereutes (solid triangles and solid star for holotype locality) and Pempheris sasakii (solid diamonds and open star for holotype locality) based on the collection localities of the specimens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192471">8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="F213B368636BCFE7AF8D8927198425B9" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure7" ID-arpha="F51550A5-E005-5FC7-92A4-FEA8438F6F7C" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192470" startId="F7">
<paragraph id="A970A42519DE4648680C25A26FF5E965">
<label id="4FA9DB511595AC5D9A8DF4E073F34B82">Figure 7.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B402841A420447EA61601A6193D59AD0">
Fresh specimen of
<taxonomicName id="04A1FD514036827ACF7F66DB599F2334" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">
<emphasis id="CF1BDD420E89964AD588D3BC2AAC41D9" italics="true">Pempheris nyctereutes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, NMMB-P 27469, 149.4 mm SL, Penghu, Taiwan.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8BA6C8A935212DD1F0301F66520A8C68" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure8" ID-arpha="708ED461-A780-52E9-B56A-4ED65B3DDB0A" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192471" startId="F8">
<paragraph id="1FCABC19DDD553D7F36EA7A52A0BC48F">
<label id="DF9903363E6618EF86DC216D8467883A">Figure 8.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5112EFCDF690AA37C72E29B6E7C9D9A6">
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="880F585C19B5B783FF19745817746307" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">
<emphasis id="D3C26F85DD5FEBA0EB480FB39EEB9E0B" italics="true">Pempheris nyctereutes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(solid triangles and solid star for holotype locality) and
<taxonomicName id="833292BB3D40DF9CCD4D21F8D65B902C" baseAuthorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" baseAuthorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sasakii">
<emphasis id="B96D9B3BFDAB94A6BC1AC2C01A803DC7" italics="true">Pempheris sasakii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(solid diamonds and open star for holotype locality) based on the collection localities of the specimens.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EB3BG" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="0AC91846E3F10194519FA1E038C76B05">
<heading id="8CB0DB5A7061FCC6EB2D7138B3C1F961" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD8646D43148D018C0C8DE73336D3B3D">
The taxonomic status of
<taxonomicName id="C62DC3738B6DA7DAB34E856E39AADAB9" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">
<emphasis id="754715F9EA956C57B30BCBBD5E464FB3" italics="true">P. nyctereutes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="874F45F8F13D36343167C2863E74AF14" baseAuthorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" baseAuthorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sasakii">
<emphasis id="02542B9D39F30F34A3C2C0679B5A9879" italics="true">P. sasakii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that have similar morphology have been commonly confused. A comparison between these two species is discussed in the remarks for
<taxonomicName id="BEA71E0C64E47E1FC772421ECFB165CD" baseAuthorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" baseAuthorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sasakii">
<emphasis id="1324347047940CB016AECCCC405DCC31" italics="true">P. sasakii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="FC49E0F861C70A374DF0E8903B8D4C13" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">
<emphasis id="7F1003AB8857ACD62856FDB75E03478C" italics="true">Pempheris nyctereutes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sometimes collected by fisherman in southern
<collectingCountry id="50ED2002DF644D8FE40D07E70935A92E" name="Taiwan">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
as bycatch with
<taxonomicName id="3A24245EA1115E55BC27CD4F18809858" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="F9A609C7457094BD03CBD6E2A854B4E7" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="DB7E9CC678901105F9DE98CB7AA60F5A" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="911867890CD7E4020E77C3F212C7C5E4" italics="true">P. adusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which are mainly distributed in coral-reef areas, suggesting that
<taxonomicName id="C0052C754BFB939A409DCCD5BBB45400" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">
<emphasis id="5C70E5AF84E78748C2E65570771DE86D" italics="true">P. nyctereutes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be distributed in coral-reef areas. This species is also known from Ha Long Bay in
<collectingCountry id="51793EDCB74221D5F78F349DE4AE9C14" name="Vietnam">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="6AF835187C22E040D68AAE971FA0A21F" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/qd7t-8998" name="Faculty of Fisheries, Mie University" type="">FRLM</collectionCode>
49700;
<bibRefCitation id="AB26FB284D31FB3CB30709DF78E1E402" author="Koeda K" editor="Kimura S &amp; Imamura H &amp; Nguyen VQ &amp; Pham TD" journalOrPublisher="Fisheries Research Laboratory, Mie University, Shima, Japan" pagination="195-196" refId="B46" refString="Koeda K (2018 d) Pempheridae. In: Kimura S, Imamura H, Nguyen VQ, Pham TD (Eds) Fishes of Ha Long Bay the World the world natural heritage site in northern Vietnam. Fisheries Research Laboratory, Mie University, Shima, Japan, 195–196." title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of Ha Long Bay the World the world natural heritage site in northern Vietnam.">Koeda 2018 d</bibRefCitation>
) and
<collectingCountry id="91EDC9267707E2738D2C56BF45AF2857" name="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="F3F0CF35CF770F2C1F0A12EBE4641AE1">BMNH</collectionCode>
1939.3. 23.48).
<bibRefCitation id="58ECB0AEEEF747D2E46D3EA187F69A38" author="Okada Y" firstAuthor="Okada" refId="B93" refString="Okada Y (1938) A catalogue of vertebrates of Japan. Maruzen, Co. Ltd, Tokyo, [iv +] 412 pp." year="1938">Okada (1938)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2BB70C319B47408220144B8FA6D0D6B9" author="Okada Y &amp; Matsubara K" firstAuthor="Okada" refId="B94" refString="Okada Y, Matsubara K (1938) Key to the fishes and fish-like animals of Japan. Sanseido, Tokyo." year="1938">Okada and Matsubara (1938)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="B0C8C95E02461A581BF5A77362A08303" author="Matsubara K" firstAuthor="Matsubara" journalOrPublisher="Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo" refId="B73" refString="Matsubara K (1955) Fish morphology and hierarchy. Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo, 789 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Fish morphology and hierarchy." year="1955">Matsubara (1955)</bibRefCitation>
admitted
<taxonomicName id="89182178A725C424CEDE8FF211F9D9EE" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">
<emphasis id="D257A6D56A0E4616EC1DACA7CC71336D" italics="true">P. nyctereutes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="CB0756F8D8E1CFDE3DCF544B95835560" baseAuthorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" baseAuthorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sasakii">
<emphasis id="69B1A2D391418CE5450B0A73097B1C4E" italics="true">P. sasakii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as valid species being endemic to
<collectingCountry id="D16E7CE3C0BF9A2DA9B10EDBD1BA6ADA" name="Taiwan">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="A9AD5A8A4E0C0E47A896E60553AA352A" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
, respectively, and
<bibRefCitation id="B7213906A8A8C8CF5120B4AEFEEDB7E0" author="Okada Y" firstAuthor="Okada" refId="B93" refString="Okada Y (1938) A catalogue of vertebrates of Japan. Maruzen, Co. Ltd, Tokyo, [iv +] 412 pp." year="1938">Okada (1938)</bibRefCitation>
gave the Japanese name “ Taiwan-hatampo ” and “ Mie-hatampo ” to them.
<bibRefCitation id="97595E172229D3E52E4E2AE922B2B043" author="Tominaga Y" firstAuthor="Tominaga" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo" pagination="269-290" refId="B128" refString="Tominaga Y (1963) A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo 10: 269–290." title="A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan." volume="10" year="1963">Tominaga (1963)</bibRefCitation>
later proposed “ Takasago-hatampo ” for
<taxonomicName id="CC4A84F394F4DC003954113E6210E2B7" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">
<emphasis id="DCAAA42D33B77160A6B788EFAD820FA3" italics="true">P. nyctereutes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a new Japanese name without any reasons (probably overlooking the original designation), and
<bibRefCitation id="92460F89E62ABD7BE358A14F50E1F6A4" author="Koeda K &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Sakamoto K &amp; Ueshima R" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="The University Museum, The University of Tokyo Material Reports" pagination="1-16" refId="B66" refString="Koeda K, Aizawa M, Sakamoto K, Ueshima R (2022) Report on specimens of the family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) deposited in the Department of Zoology, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo Material Reports 128: 1–16." title="Report on specimens of the family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) deposited in the Department of Zoology, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo." volume="128" year="2022">Koeda et al. (2022)</bibRefCitation>
followed that. Based on Rule 6 of the guidelines for the naming of standard Japanese names for fishes (
<bibRefCitation id="51AF2737BA5095EB2A9F9DACA6FED30C" refId="B125" refString="The Ichthyological Society of Japan (2021) Guidelines for naming of standard Japanese names for fishes. https://www.fish-isj.jp/iin/standname/guideline/guidelines2020.pdf [accessed 15 November 2021]" url="https://www.fish-isj.jp/iin/standname/guideline/guidelines2020.pdf" year="2021">
The Ichthyological Society of
<collectingCountry id="7011D93E73EBC8AB5FB23B5A5C7E4556" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
), “ Taiwan-hatampo ” proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="45FB044FCFB6E4410D26D2D5400FC1A1" author="Okada Y" firstAuthor="Okada" refId="B93" refString="Okada Y (1938) A catalogue of vertebrates of Japan. Maruzen, Co. Ltd, Tokyo, [iv +] 412 pp." year="1938">Okada (1938)</bibRefCitation>
should be adopted for
<taxonomicName id="3F4D6BD9FF3FB879934FEEFAEF02D5FB" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">
<emphasis id="FE5E8B6B45D0D36CAE43CB22442CE173" italics="true">P. nyctereutes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:role id="1F5AF81A2086BCF05CD4215EA5D861C1">
<mods:roleTerm id="DAC8B25032F94DC35ADC24AEA4631A1C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E3F25B4F824634D004C10C3919E2561C">Wen, Fang</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="34DFDE75EA593CAA7EC1DFBB437614E3" type="ORCID">0000-0002-3889-8835</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="22271D15FCFAAC84F73C87896C87BC35">Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst &amp; Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Science, Guilin 541006, China &amp; Gesneriad Committee of China Wild Plant Conservation Association (GC), National Gesneriaceae Germplasm Resources Bank of GXIB (NGGRB), Gesneriad Conservation Center of China (GCCC), Guilin 541006, Guangxi, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="D2F5ED0E13CCD91B439E1C6A59F4C09C" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="AC9769E466D5A8AF42D829DB7F7E21CD">Fan, Qiang</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="42E2B98E69CA9696C90890BEFF5E4171" type="ORCID">0000-0003-4254-6936</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="6AD49171C993B9858F0E4E60F0323A74">State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="6E7D52AFDFE5C8BE186AD52DC73E3A30">PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="B9E7EDD849BCE399CBCAA6DDD029EF64">
<mods:date id="FA89EFAEABA67B50738C3475C7FA053C">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="F8BD97D6045876751D215C5524999F26" type="DOI">10.3897/phytokeys.250.138694</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="A4C6E988719C5E53BB51DBFB013336D6" ID-arpha="A4C6E988-719C-5E53-BB51-DBFB013336D6" ID-ipni="urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77353134-1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A4C6E988719C5E53BB51DBFB013336D6" LSID-IPNI="urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77353134-1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A4C6E988719C5E53BB51DBFB013336D6">
<subSubSection id="A36F7E5939E0050009523A33F83E4F11" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D90135250C78CF82B585E02B1825DEA1">
<taxonomicName id="4E0E6AA955638822D687A17618B6427D" authority="(Xin Hong &amp; F. Wen) F. Wen &amp; Q. Fan" authorityName="F. Wen &amp; Q. Fan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Xin Hong &amp; F. Wen" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Palmatiboea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gamosepalus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="CD902D0E782CBD380C03D457EBA28AC1" italics="true">Palmatiboea gamosepalus</emphasis>
(Xin Hong &amp; F. Wen) F. Wen &amp; Q. Fan
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DEDF66B3A1080D5D35A793E229C14CA4" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="234CB53F35034DAB4900FCB2D1CFD848" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="7B78EF2ABD5EA49988536B6137F9AB5C">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0FDBE200F9E26B0C397AA1D5C35680B0">
<treatmentCitation id="232A490948A8A6ECFEEC5EB16644003F">
<comment id="2223B885AE102D8CD11B930315363B8D">
≡
<treatmentCitation id="02E82CF1322A99FDCF99AEBEEE98CBB7" author="Xin Hong &amp; F. Wen" journal="PhytoKeys" page="34" score="9.729594737742866" volume="128" year="2019">
<taxonomicName id="09E1A73B882C907DF2DE4BEF667B123D" ID-CoL="5NK3M" authority="Xin Hong &amp; F. Wen" authorityName="Xin Hong &amp; F. Wen" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Didymocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="heucherifolius" variety="gamosepalus">
<emphasis id="B5E78A9AF5082BF3D22F460682DAED1F" italics="true">Didymocarpus heucherifolius var. gamosepalus</emphasis>
Xin Hong &amp; F. Wen
</taxonomicName>
, in
<bibCitation id="B38FCCA5FCD6162D1D24A7C37A953910" journal="PhytoKeys" page="34" score="9.729594737742866" volume="128" year="2019">PhytoKeys 128: 34. 2019</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B7E98DA6FCC997C0476E2B14653334F">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="93E145B26351BA9A7256EE0BA54A3777">
<treatmentCitation id="0E1ADE2429EE359F28A2461BD9DD890E">
≡
<taxonomicName id="F2A45F7C17808FF6A690CCE2EB6A1BAF" authority="(Xin Hong &amp; F. Wen) F. P. Liu &amp; Y. Z. Wang" authorityName="F. P. Liu &amp; Y. Z. Wang" baseAuthorityName="Xin Hong &amp; F. Wen" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Palmatiboea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="heucherifolia" variety="gamosepala">
<emphasis id="A26D1A24F5AD1D3CF18D9BAA54DAA62E" italics="true">Palmatiboea heucherifolia var. gamosepala</emphasis>
(Xin Hong &amp; F. Wen) F. P. Liu &amp; Y. Z. Wang
</taxonomicName>
, in Journal of Systematic and Evolution doi:
<ext-link id="D091E03878C3A497910CEB88D3B41E7F" ext-link-type="doi" xlink_href="10.1111/jse.13124" xlink_type="simple">10.1111/jse.13124</ext-link>
: 13. 2024.
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EFZAE" type="material">
<paragraph id="2012D95643B2AB811FB3B86E07FDA629">
<heading id="A0879D403476D97D4460373CC8F50026" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="363CFFC0EB590A13A61D84CA932A6E56">Type</typeStatus>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5DDECB7809C0C4E21D388CBF1BEA60A5">
<collectingCountry id="F0B7E6739F885F49068391DE7738F931" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
•
<materialsCitation id="9CAE084346619A7965298BD74FB52357" collectingDate="2019-02-22" collectionCode="GCCC, IBK, AHU" country="China" county="Pingyuan County" location="Gesneriad Conservation Center" municipality="Meizhou City" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Guangxi" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingRegion id="82FD4BDB415B0FDD0BCA0B2F1DFAEDA5" country="China" name="Guangxi">Guangxi Province</collectingRegion>
, cultivated in the nursery of
<location id="B0165EE044B183F631A1815A62686998" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A4C6E988719C5E53BB51DBFB013336D6:B0165EE044B183F631A1815A62686998" country="China" county="Pingyuan County" municipality="Meizhou City" name="Gesneriad Conservation Center" stateProvince="Guangxi">Gesneriad Conservation Center</location>
of
<collectingCountry id="3337299C682868418B4A999B4A633069" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
(
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELZAE" xlink_title="Gesneriad Conservation Center of China">
<collectionCode id="C9390D1E9581BF9B9FD4315A995D4218">GCCC</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
), introduced from north of
<collectingRegion id="EED27BC8D781906A98165A7E7E2D6796" country="China" name="Guangdong">Guangdong Province</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingCounty id="585269D64FCF729555481A388FD3DAE6">Pingyuan County</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="BB0A03F925131725D3D8B38C55105555">Meizhou City</collectingMunicipality>
, growing in rocky crevices at the foot of a calcareous sedimentary rocky hill.
<date id="A4F1846EBA1CFAB89A428B0AA687DD43" value="2019-02-22">
<collectingDate id="79541AA05FDBD02F60D88C121164698D" value="2019-02-22">22 February 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
, flowering, WF 20190222-05 (
<typeStatus id="A6CFBC269D778D316375ECF6F4D0321A" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="80942D55175884D7EFC2FA07D47C8338" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13150" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13150" name="Guangxi Institute of Botany" type="Herbarium">IBK</collectionCode>
!;
<typeStatus id="3FDFA9D75D44B57E18043C2897FF7647" type="isotype">isotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="4C79D8E65112221A76FDFA034FFA9609" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/yffg-d8ah" name="AHU Culture Collection" type="">AHU</collectionCode>
!)
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EPZAE" type="notes">
<paragraph id="DAFF0DEFD0AB93BB7D159084E29B46F6">
<heading id="4AAEAAB89EC4B7760A476A019CF92BA3" reason="title">Notes.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6F0430201860CE810610875035486AA5">
We have noticed that several newly revised species and genera names use the name abbreviation of the corresponding author Yin-Zheng Wang as “
<collectionCode id="5F0B2E642E587A4535FE8BDA45E4887E" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14792" name="Yale University" type="Herbarium">Y</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="B6311AF09B2F7F7E9C68CB5DE3247F11" country="Switzerland" name="Universität Zürich" type="Herbarium">Z</collectionCode>
. Wang, ” such as the names of the two new genera,
<taxonomicName id="39AADA6BBBE1001CB23E331817C988FB" authority="F. P. Liu &amp; Y. Z. Wang and Hequnia Y. Z. Wang &amp; F. P. Liu" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Palmatiboea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="774ABFC721201ECD0F45598DB5E309BF" italics="true">Palmatiboea</emphasis>
F. P. Liu &amp; Y. Z. Wang and
<emphasis id="1BDF78CAFA9611C067EDBF9B8E4ED044" italics="true">Hequnia</emphasis>
Y. Z. Wang &amp; F. P. Liu
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="45CA35261F5E7F5951C9FDAE156E32CB" DOI="10.1111/jse.13124" author="Liu FP &amp; Han MQ &amp; Li PW &amp; Wang YZ" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Liu" refId="B8" refString="Liu FP, Han MQ, Li PW, Wang YZ (2024) Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Didymocarpus and Related Genera in Gesneriaceae with Establishment of Two New Genera. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, jse. 13124. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.13124" year="2024">Liu et al. (2024)</bibRefCitation>
. However, the name abbreviation “
<collectionCode id="558BC2F70F9C0A42AB1CB87598BC52BC" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14792" name="Yale University" type="Herbarium">Y</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="704B7D02E9FCEC662BF07A838AFB3CE9" country="Switzerland" name="Universität Zürich" type="Herbarium">Z</collectionCode>
. Wang ” originates from Prof. Wang Yun-Zhang, a renowned Chinese mycologist and plant pathologist, whose name abbreviation first appeared in the 1980 s when he described 15 new species of Rust Fungi (
<bibRefCitation id="0EA62B18A810D005C9A7F6C933F10E92" author="Wang" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wang" issue="1" journalOrPublisher="Acta Microbiologica Sinica" pagination="16-28" refId="B12" refString="Wang YZ, Han SJ, Wei SX, Guo L, Chen MM (1980) New Rust Fungi from Western China. Acta Microbiologica Sinica 20 (1): 16–28." title="New Rust Fungi from Western China." volume="20" year="1980">Wang et al. 1980</bibRefCitation>
). Prof. Wang Yin-Zheng, on the other hand, first published a new taxon in the mid- 1990 s,
<taxonomicName id="FDA3C80026029070E5FB8DE56EA73BE9" authority="Yin Z. Wang" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Whytockia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurascens">
<emphasis id="2ADAA24657B090C8CF1722FB5828AA8E" italics="true">Whytockia purpurascens</emphasis>
Yin Z. Wang
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="CF52035E8BAAFBCE6B17192C8FC28A6A" authority="Yin Z. Wang" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Whytockia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hekouensis">
<emphasis id="55D6C36A412DD321CBEB87F2326680B7" italics="true">W. hekouensis</emphasis>
Yin Z. Wang
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D19891A4BE3F5E41A84BDC1BFA0D0DF5" author="Wang" firstAuthor="Wang" issue="3" journalOrPublisher="Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica" pagination="297-301" refId="B11" refString="Wang YZ (1995) Two new species of Whytockia (Gesneriaceae) from Yunnan. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 33 (3): 297–301. [in Chinese]" title="Two new species of Whytockia (Gesneriaceae) from Yunnan." volume="33" year="1995">Wang 1995</bibRefCitation>
). When
<taxonomicName id="7FE45B855E7E523820055093FC22C94B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Whytockia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurascens">
<emphasis id="84E8A991C6F3DA4F3CE37C1C60422688" italics="true">W. purpurascens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F7E52F56EBF2B47C809809B4F6073200" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Whytockia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hekouensis">
<emphasis id="75FE2ADBFF57F91E40A83B6560C21428" italics="true">W. hekouensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were published, the author’s name abbreviation was mistakenly written as “
<collectionCode id="40A86E98DA15BA72606425023AE26618" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14792" name="Yale University" type="Herbarium">Y</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="17911152CFDDF8618659F961FDDF09C6" country="Switzerland" name="Universität Zürich" type="Herbarium">Z</collectionCode>
. Wang. ” However, the abbreviation “
<collectionCode id="F4BAA37F129D5D5E26BCA3E9D67D16FB" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14792" name="Yale University" type="Herbarium">Y</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="6C1AB3842389E828A44122E87A969D42" country="Switzerland" name="Universität Zürich" type="Herbarium">Z</collectionCode>
. Wang ” for Prof. Wang Yun-Zhang appeared 15 years earlier than that of Prof. Wang Yin-Zheng when describing new taxa (
<bibRefCitation id="7EC930F2B9B14EE7B6CB9A2FE487DDD8" refId="B3" refString="IPNI (2024) [continuously updated] International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, the Harvard University Herbaria and the Australian National Herbarium. https://www.ipni.org/ [Accessed 1 st November 2024]" url="https://www.ipni.org/" year="2024">IPNI 2024</bibRefCitation>
); therefore, for the aforementioned nomenclature, including the new genera
<taxonomicName id="3C0726088570138AD17FD96578BAAF86" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Palmatiboea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E90C48FAFD0C61A552473AC645BBCA1D" italics="true">Palmatiboea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="2E6B9F9B155BC45F7153AB19BAD25331" italics="true">Hequnia</emphasis>
and their respective species. Additionally, there are quite a few revised species of
<taxonomicName id="A1F3CE4D907A03DA4890D2E1B99A65A3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Gesneriaceae</taxonomicName>
that incorrectly use “
<collectionCode id="2837C5E5E2ABD7BA648DEC39022AA3D0" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14792" name="Yale University" type="Herbarium">Y</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="09E9CB45DC559A0B71546BA762C53062" country="Switzerland" name="Universität Zürich" type="Herbarium">Z</collectionCode>
. Wang ” to refer to Prof. Wang Yin-Zheng. For example,
<taxonomicName id="01CB373D6054B4DEC9F4923A28C1E1FF" authority="T. F. Lu &amp; Y. Z. Wang" authorityName="T. F. Lu &amp; Y. Z. Wang" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Petrocosmea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="shilinensis" variety="changhuensis">
<emphasis id="444F7421F56EBE1EE017B3B77BC4D7F7" italics="true">Petrocosmea shilinensis</emphasis>
Y. M. Shui &amp; H. T. Zhao
<emphasis id="C74A512351E1DCE482CF7B6EDA9C79B8" italics="true">var. changhuensis</emphasis>
T. F. Lü &amp; Y. Z. Wang
</taxonomicName>
should be changed as
<taxonomicName id="C20608494803D4C02A211FF492490CB4" authority="T. F. Lu &amp; Yin Z. Wang" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Petrocosmea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="shilinensis" variety="changhuensis">
<emphasis id="0039F3EA9A8274E9D89EDB8F0F9A7D15" italics="true">P. shilinensis var. changhuensis</emphasis>
T. F. Lü &amp; Yin Z. Wang
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5765235274E1CAE7660E80FF5BB68BF6" DOI="10.1111/jse.12541" author="Li" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Li" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematics and Evolution" pagination="145-158" refId="B6" refString="Li CQ, Lü TF, Han MQ, Dong Y, Li PW, Liu Y, Wang YZ (2020) Reversal versus specialization in floral morphological evolution in Petrocosmea (Gesneriaceae). Journal of Systematics and Evolution 58 (2): 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12541" title="Reversal versus specialization in floral morphological evolution in Petrocosmea (Gesneriaceae)." volume="58" year="2020">Li et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
), and so on. In summary, the correct name abbreviation should be “ Yin
<collectionCode id="567534CBC966AA48CA1DA57BC35EE63F" country="Switzerland" name="Universität Zürich" type="Herbarium">Z</collectionCode>
. Wang, ” not “
<collectionCode id="D3D3D8C87CA31C78A33BDF05BDA0B079" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14792" name="Yale University" type="Herbarium">Y</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="200180F5C5D8F8B581920592033EA75F" country="Switzerland" name="Universität Zürich" type="Herbarium">Z</collectionCode>
. Wang ” among the many revised species epithets of
<taxonomicName id="29B5F4B487E5F4B9B8B7474E88E22BF9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Gesneriaceae</taxonomicName>
mentioned above.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:namePart id="F0CDD43303226ACF220064DEB44AA897">Koeda, Keita</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6D435990485CDC83A5E09774396B5E14">Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903 - 0213, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4A2B631CE24ED9BBF0B6D086FC884FAB">Bessho-Uehara, Manabu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="52D74A3A30EA4E8C53B3A5B2B77213EE">The Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="4B1D2A438CE38199E5604C7C0B6EF595" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="216E1BE726E46F40C3D5A0F8C06901E7">
<taxonomicName id="3837100600B1971A660D8F80736B95DC" ID-CoL="76G3W" authority="Tominaga, 1963" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="4C331D18806E6CA2F184069F11B91892" italics="true">Pempheris xanthoptera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B40D77258BA029CDE746F68C5E60C60B" author="Tominaga Y" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo" pagination="269-290" refId="B128" refString="Tominaga Y (1963) A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo 10: 269 - 290." title="A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan." volume="10" year="1963">Tominaga, 1963</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C5D7CC3153B3AF1D2CE8E49085D97639" type="description">
<paragraph id="5F13ADF9A0E7DC8C8CEEF52802DA1F20">
<figureCitation id="9D9DAE13D2DF1591F062641D3CE973AF" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Distribution of Pempheris schwenkii (diamonds) and P. xanthoptera (solid triangles and star for type locality) based on the collection locality of the specimens. Open triangles for literature records of P. xanthoptera." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192476">Figs 13</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="6AE61580E01B74BC93893C9485879327" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Fresh specimen of Pempheris xanthoptera, KBF-I 00268, 123.0 mm SL, Amaji, Otsuki, Kochi." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192480">17</figureCitation>
<xref id="BE528882D743EDA39ADEE4B92CF8AD9A" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S2">, Suppl. material 2 New standard Japanese name: Mizuho-hatampo</xref>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A9FB7DFFD3B9A68E77F4D8A22EAAD28B" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="C83468C91856255D26FD8DDA9F52E764">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="72132D276BDF0C706C1708C7410DA87F">
<treatmentCitation id="27D2DA1C843B489EDDA047672DDEEC25" author="Tominaga Y" page="286" year="1963">
<taxonomicName id="C7A504A739F55FD608AA949DEB3EBB3E" ID-CoL="76G3W" authority="Tominaga, 1963: 286" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityPageNumber="286" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="A45471938D48DEAEF74D9FFA942863DD" italics="true">Pempheris xanthoptera</emphasis>
<comment id="EE41B51CFA441EC93341755EF5F9DA5A">
<bibRefCitation id="4BEDF981C5B36F86780926E70DFAFBAB" author="Tominaga Y" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo" pagination="269-290" refId="B128" refString="Tominaga Y (1963) A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo 10: 269 - 290." title="A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan." volume="10" year="1963">Tominaga, 1963: 286</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 12 (type locality: Manazuri,
<collectingRegion id="282DADE2223E61442896AE778BC48C35" country="Japan" name="Kanagawa">Kanagawa Prefecture</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="75DE195B95C9630AD34FBB4D654B6652" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
);
<treatmentCitation id="98062C04768D4557564CC0B64A92C4CA" author="Hiyama Y &amp; Yasuda T" page="204" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation id="F50DB08A044B45469DB872594C1ED280" author="Hiyama Y &amp; Yasuda T" firstAuthor="Hiyama" journalOrPublisher="Kodansha, Tokyo" page="204" refId="B26" refString="Hiyama Y, Yasuda T (1971) Living fishes of the Japanese coastal waters. Kodansha, Tokyo, 337 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Living fishes of the Japanese coastal waters." year="1971">Hiyama and Yasuda 1971: 204</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 440;
<treatmentCitation id="56A879E89B5B66DB4C7D2A84B1244568" author="Masuda H &amp; Araga C &amp; Yoshino T" page="199" year="1975">
<bibRefCitation id="BCF55A024D480DA1A80ADFEE702A11D8" author="Masuda H &amp; Araga C &amp; Yoshino T" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Masuda" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Tokyo" page="199" refId="B72" refString="Masuda H, Araga C, Yoshino T (1975) Coastal fishes of southern Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 379 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Coastal fishes of southern Japan." year="1975">Masuda et al. 1975: 199</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 33 - C;
<treatmentCitation id="0CD9BBE69E05E601A4E5603035A3719D" author="Hayashi Y" page="160" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="36E7C424C7C3CDDA7597864C96582396" author="Hayashi Y" firstAuthor="Hayashi" page="160" refId="B25" refString="Hayashi Y (1984) Pempheridae. In: Masuda H, Amaoka K, Araga C, Uyeno T, Yoshino T (Eds) The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 160–161 [pls 151, 350]. [In Japanese]" year="1984">Hayashi 1984: 160</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 151 - D;
<treatmentCitation id="FB7FBBB7239B5EC53B7D1F6D89118B10" author="Kohno H" page="135" year="1986">
<bibRefCitation id="3682C872899B96BEEEBD386F98371149" DOI="10.1007/BF02905841" author="Kohno H" firstAuthor="Kohno" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Ichthyology" page="135" pagination="135-144" refId="B67" refString="Kohno H (1986) Larvae and juveniles of pempherid fishes, Pempheris xanthoptera and P. japonica. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 33: 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02905841" title="Larvae and juveniles of pempherid fishes, Pempheris xanthoptera and P. japonica." volume="33" year="1986">Kohno 1986: 135</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1;
<treatmentCitation id="2BADF5CFFEA3BD5C9A55C4CF69DE23A6" author="Randall JE &amp; Ida H &amp; Kato K &amp; Pyle RL &amp; Earle JL" page="35" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="A888215E3965863025F110ED0324E574" author="Randall JE &amp; Ida H &amp; Kato K &amp; Pyle RL &amp; Earle JL" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Randall" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs" page="35" pagination="1-74" refId="B99" refString="Randall JE, Ida H, Kato K, Pyle RL, Earle JL (1997) Annotated checklist of the inshore fishes of the Ogasawara Islands. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs 11: 1–74." title="Annotated checklist of the inshore fishes of the Ogasawara Islands." volume="11" year="1997">Randall et al. 1997: 35</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="668C04536768CE7DB5637E5F0D47DFDB" author="Koeda K &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Sakamoto K &amp; Ueshima R" page="11" year="2022">
<bibRefCitation id="146462BB930D4A06933614E5E2934C91" author="Koeda K &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Sakamoto K &amp; Ueshima R" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="The University Museum, The University of Tokyo Material Reports" page="11" pagination="1-16" refId="B66" refString="Koeda K, Aizawa M, Sakamoto K, Ueshima R (2022) Report on specimens of the family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) deposited in the Department of Zoology, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo Material Reports 128: 1–16." title="Report on specimens of the family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) deposited in the Department of Zoology, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo." volume="128" year="2022">Koeda et al. 2022: 11</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E4DDA2A305D2C42A9092531C7AB182B3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6E870D80740FA18E9FC9E38674EDD94F">
<treatmentCitation id="28FC1825C7B0468D29C3572CB9205316">
<taxonomicName id="4E8AB0D834DA47EFEAA3A4D0AB62D911" ID-CoL="76G58" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molucca">
<emphasis id="C26E541BCC2EEF762C28F685A8CFF285" italics="true">Pempheris molucca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(not
<bibRefCitation id="A947A83AC2CCE910D2526B64AEFDF163" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.1964" author="Cuvier G" refId="B11" refString="Cuvier G (1829) Le Regne Animal, distribue d'apres son organisation, pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparee. 2 nd edn. Tome 2. Regne Animal. Poissons. Deterville, Paris, [xv +] 406 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1964" year="1829">Cuvier, 1829</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
): Temminck and Schlegel 1844: 85, pl. 44, fig. 3.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9C99BEA1560CF0A8E5101E9AE65DAE18">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="B505F602D387AFCB1E294D9429AC3386">
<treatmentCitation id="227A8D8EBDC685D75811A9A1C53A9E1F">
<taxonomicName id="D60DCFD5F4548DF5BEF87C46C4A84BE7" ID-CoL="76FTG" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oualensis">
<emphasis id="87FC1E35BBD142F29306357F00FA8A58" italics="true">Pempheris oualensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="8377D608A6870CCC7AD99DCA192A41EB">
(not
<bibRefCitation id="AA9F27FB28A962373CD3F942FF9DDA0C" author="Cuvier G" refId="B12" refString="Cuvier G (1831) Des Pempherides. In: Cuvier G, Valenciennes A (Eds) Historie Naturelle des Poissons, Vol. 7. F. G. Levraut, Paris-Strasbourg, [xx - xxi +] 296 - 309 [191 pls]." year="1831">Cuvier, 1831</bibRefCitation>
):
<treatmentCitation id="EF7121939DE1CB5B5323E91C92927729" author="Mochizuki K" page="389" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="7C705B0CB2025423CE1F98B37C781F85" author="Mochizuki K" editor="Konishi H" firstAuthor="Mochizuki" journalOrPublisher="Weekly Sunday Fishing Co. Ltd, Osaka" page="389" pagination="389-389" refId="B76" refString="Mochizuki K (1995) Pempheridae. In: Konishi H (Ed.) Fishes-new color guide for sportfishermen. Weekly Sunday Fishing Co. Ltd, Osaka, 389–389." title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes-new color guide for sportfishermen." year="1995">Mochizuki 1995: 389</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig. (in part).
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02722256D81FDD88A4BD182F7CEDDEFA">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AC218B4C63A19956493286E0F23AA97D">
<treatmentCitation id="ED1163334DADE0CB5E7D92BEC517B103">
<taxonomicName id="E5BF8877F491CFF6A40A13E86E6892E6" ID-CoL="76FRP" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="BDA050C826E36E3B75F7F863BF8D56FF" italics="true">Pempheris schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="18C2403F0DFAE5216CA3FD2E3B44A796">
(not
<bibRefCitation id="FB12B6DA45BDB333970A6A9CA8A23557" author="Bleeker P" journalOrPublisher="Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië" pagination="305-328" refId="B4" refString="Bleeker P (1855) Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van de Batoe Eilanden. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie 8: 305 - 328." title="Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van de Batoe Eilanden." volume="8" year="1855">Bleeker, 1855</bibRefCitation>
):
<treatmentCitation id="B624421341B9F38C67FA85B45D6E825F" author="Masuda H &amp; Kobayashi Y" page="180" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="673E0AAA0FA108DC3C12EAD1AE60DEE2" author="Masuda H &amp; Kobayashi Y" firstAuthor="Masuda" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Tokyo" page="180" refId="B71" refString="Masuda H, Kobayashi Y (1994) Grand atlas of fish life modes. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 379 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Grand atlas of fish life modes." year="1994">Masuda and Kobayashi 1994: 180</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 6;
<treatmentCitation id="E4CA50FF05F98D64B8311BD74C0154AA" author="Mochizuki K" page="389" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="E89EFDF832F501DF0827AC468DD14BBE" author="Mochizuki K" editor="Konishi H" firstAuthor="Mochizuki" journalOrPublisher="Weekly Sunday Fishing Co. Ltd, Osaka" page="389" pagination="389-389" refId="B76" refString="Mochizuki K (1995) Pempheridae. In: Konishi H (Ed.) Fishes-new color guide for sportfishermen. Weekly Sunday Fishing Co. Ltd, Osaka, 389–389." title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes-new color guide for sportfishermen." year="1995">Mochizuki 1995: 389</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="D4C30AB49899A4D14FEBECC78EF6A07E">
<bibRefCitation id="1900737A5B6B7C996AA387270DCE16E4" author="Hatooka" editor="Okamura O &amp; Amaoka K" firstAuthor="Hatooka" journalOrPublisher="Yama-kei Publishers co., Ltd., Tokyo" pagination="380-381" refId="B21" refString="Hatooka K (1997) Pempheridae. In: Okamura O, Amaoka K (Eds) Sea fishes of Japan. Yama-kei Publishers co., Ltd., Tokyo, 380–381. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Sea fishes of Japan." year="1997">Hatooka 1997</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 380, unnumbered fig. (p. 381, lower left fig.);
<treatmentCitation id="2F1ECC7A8B1CA0A5D8E1040E45D4FFC4">
<bibRefCitation id="0676C93F2D0BE77F94D1F78E4D477328" author="Hatooka" firstAuthor="Hatooka" refId="B23" refString="Hatooka K (2002) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, English edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 878–879, 1562." year="2002">Hatooka 2002</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 878;
<treatmentCitation id="48EE157BF3BF5C80ED7E35FD52957A23" author="Takayama M &amp; Onuki A &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Yoshimoto M &amp; Ito H &amp; Kohbara J &amp; Somiya H" page="1317" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="813C0E3C4623E14DBB0A03958324E205" DOI="10.1017/S0025315403008750" author="Takayama M &amp; Onuki A &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Yoshimoto M &amp; Ito H &amp; Kohbara J &amp; Somiya H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Takayama" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK" page="1317" pagination="1317-1320" refId="B121" refString="Takayama M, Onuki A, Yoshino T, Yoshimoto M, Ito H, Kohbara J, Somiya H (2003) Sound characteristics and the sound producing system in silver sweeper, Pempheris schwenkii (Perciformes: Pempheridae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 83: 1317–1320. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315403008750" title="Sound characteristics and the sound producing system in silver sweeper, Pempheris schwenkii (Perciformes: Pempheridae)." volume="83" year="2003">Takayama et al. 2003: 1317</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 2;
<treatmentCitation id="3EF4C4C20794054E103DBCBDB8505FF3" author="Senou H &amp; Matsuura K &amp; Shinohara G" page="463" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="ECCB21610F7A10B7E1777872423A1B39" author="Senou H &amp; Matsuura K &amp; Shinohara G" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo)" pagination="389-542" refId="B105" refString="Senou H, Matsuura K, Shinohara G (2006 b) Checklist of fishes in the Sagami Sea with zoogeographical comments on shallow water fishes occurring along the coastlines under the influence of Kuroshio Current. Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo) 41: 389–542." title="Checklist of fishes in the Sagami Sea with zoogeographical comments on shallow water fishes occurring along the coastlines under the influence of Kuroshio Current." volume="41">Senou et al. 2006 b</bibRefCitation>
: 463
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="262B3BBB622B8F8DB72CCB96DB783909" author="Aramata H" page="172" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="391BFE0AF84739B2846EC2AC0EC7223E" author="Aramata H" firstAuthor="Aramata" journalOrPublisher="Shinshokan, Tokyo" page="172" refId="B3" refString="Aramata H (2007) The Aramata atlas of wonder fishes. Shinshokan, Tokyo, 390 pp. [In Japanese]" title="The Aramata atlas of wonder fishes." year="2007">Aramata 2007: 172</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="84E2346C251BEE35B5201316FD169DED">
<bibRefCitation id="621785393B2936E024DB275B002D6C7F" author="Yoshino" firstAuthor="Yoshino" journalOrPublisher=", LTD, Tokyo" refId="B138" refString="Yoshino Y (2008) Marine fishes of Japan. Yama-kei Publishers co., LTD, Tokyo, 543 pp." title="Marine fishes of Japan. Yama-kei Publishers co." year="2008">Yoshino 2008</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 211;
<treatmentCitation id="3118D19C5E8094352041154717FADC81" author="Takagi M &amp; Hirata T &amp; Hirata S &amp; Nakata C" page="69" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="DC225D7DEC6364851B14CC5DBC26319D" author="Takagi M &amp; Hirata T &amp; Hirata S &amp; Nakata C" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Takagi" journalOrPublisher="Soufusha shuppan, Matsuyama" page="69" refId="B119" refString="Takagi M, Hirata T, Hirata S, Nakata C (2010) Fishes of Ainan Ehime. Soufusha shuppan, Matsuyama, 250 pp." title="Fishes of Ainan Ehime." year="2010">Takagi et al. 2010: 69</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="C624F6E929D1C0000FE8653CE5357E28" author="Kohno H &amp; Konou K &amp; Tokoo T" page="208" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="887FA978935A283916803C2C7F3C6804" author="Kohno H &amp; Konou K &amp; Tokoo T" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kohno" journalOrPublisher="Heibonsha, Tokyo" page="208" refId="B68" refString="Kohno H, Konou K, Tokoo T (2011) A photographic guide to the fishes in Tokyo Bay. Heibonsha, Tokyo, 374 pp. [In Japanese]" title="A photographic guide to the fishes in Tokyo Bay." year="2011">Kohno et al. 2011: 208</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.; Senou et al. 2012: 212;
<treatmentCitation id="1E346B0E90FB3E3FAB21BD03ADA1EEE1">
<bibRefCitation id="9E5EEA614CC0B6DDF66862D2EAA7DA2B" author="Hatooka and Yagishita" editor="Nakabo T" firstAuthor="Hatooka" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 983-984" pagination="2020-2021" refId="B24" refString="Hatooka K, Yagishita N (2013) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3 rd edn. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 983–984, 2020–2021. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3 rd edn." year="2013">Hatooka and Yagishita 2013</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 984;
<treatmentCitation id="F3288CD31355B1634C782327984C5EC3" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="237" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="AA9B7BC6892250A2D6A3F0A0843C8F21" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="231-238" refId="B58" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 a) Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan. Zootaxa 3609: 231–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" title="Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan." volume="3609">Koeda et al. 2013 a</bibRefCitation>
: 237
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="659A7153B83AB035018081960F7FA625">
<bibRefCitation id="200233F3FFC89787CFBC1A6596EDFE6F" author="Motomura" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima and the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba" refId="B84" refString="Motomura H, Dewa S, Furuta K, Matsuura K (2013) Fishes of Iou-jima and Take-shima islands, Mishima, Kagoshima, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima and the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, 390 pp." title="Fishes of Iou-jima and Take-shima islands, Mishima, Kagoshima, Japan." year="2013">Motomura et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 168, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="307B728BB5BC556013190706D06895DD" author="Kawano M &amp; Doi H &amp; Hori S" page="48" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="6CB3112149F120CA835F8F5E337B5EE7" author="Kawano M &amp; Doi H &amp; Hori S" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kawano" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Yamaguchi Prefecture Fisheries Research Center" page="48" pagination="1-30" refId="B37" refString="Kawano M, Doi H, Hori S (2014) List of the fishes in the southwestern Japan Sea off Yamaguchi Prefecture. Bulletin of Yamaguchi Prefecture Fisheries Research Center 11: 1–30. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="List of the fishes in the southwestern Japan Sea off Yamaguchi Prefecture." volume="11" year="2014">Kawano et al. 2014: 48</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="472CEB42BAA88A0F2726EAADE54ED5C8" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" page="327" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="0B3549B606B97A1BB15BD7DD54326260" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" page="327" pagination="301-330" refId="B61" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2014) A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793: 301–330. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" title="A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species." volume="3793" year="2014">Koeda et al. 2014: 327</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="B1EE462E652F2020AD3FC2B2E611D62C" author="Ikeda H &amp; Nakabo T" page="160" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="1FC7D31E2853A2854B0D0C9E5D451736" author="Ikeda H &amp; Nakabo T" firstAuthor="Ikeda" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Hadano" page="160" refId="B29" refString="Ikeda H, Nakabo T (2015) Fishes of the Pacific coasts of southern Japan. Tokai University Press, Hadano, 597 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Fishes of the Pacific coasts of southern Japan." year="2015">Ikeda and Nakabo 2015: 160</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 1–3;
<treatmentCitation id="CFEE1EC256339CFFA34C7162444CD7BB" author="Takeuchi N &amp; Senou H &amp; Seino H" page="8" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="5F56352EAD89B0B4224530751417F497" author="Takeuchi N &amp; Senou H &amp; Seino H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Takeuchi" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" page="8" pagination="1-11" refId="B123" refString="Takeuchi N, Senou H, Seino H (2015) Fish fauna of Tsushima Island, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan - researches from 1948 to 2015. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 70: 1–11." title="Fish fauna of Tsushima Island, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan - researches from 1948 to 2015." volume="70" year="2015">Takeuchi et al. 2015: 8</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; Iwatsubo et al. 2016: 22, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="612A76DC50B71228E8AE1D25D1FCB23D" author="Kaburagi K" page="98" year="2016">
<bibRefCitation id="7B0C7DF5E6E402A843B34BF647D893D9" author="Kaburagi K" firstAuthor="Kaburagi" journalOrPublisher="Tamashidasha, Nishinoomote" page="98" refId="B34" refString="Kaburagi K (2016) Field guide to fishes of Tanega-shima Island collected by line and hook. Tamashidasha, Nishinoomote, 158 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Field guide to fishes of Tanega-shima Island collected by line and hook." year="2016">Kaburagi 2016: 98</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, lower fig. (without scientific name; indicated as “ Minami-hatampo ”);
<treatmentCitation id="C05A348C80A0A641D3AF6DD0267F60E0">
<bibRefCitation id="5B2B0C476DD4621D3C337DB16D1F411F" author="Kimura" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kimura" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" refId="B39" refString="Kimura Y, Hibino Y, Miki R, Minetoma T, Koeda K (2017) Field guide to fishes of Kuchinoerabu-jima Island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima, southern Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 200 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Field guide to fishes of Kuchinoerabu-jima Island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima, southern Japan." year="2017">Kimura et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 120, fig. 2;
<treatmentCitation id="2EF34D1BCBCE1B3AD5C9BE77CA9165E2" author="Koeda K" page="9" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="A477FC404B9D44E92E82DF0AE172F0E0" author="Koeda K" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" pagination="1-13" refId="B41" refString="Koeda K (2017 a) Fishes of family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) of the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 71: 1–13. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Fishes of family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) of the Ogasawara Islands, Japan." volume="71">Koeda 2017 a</bibRefCitation>
: 9
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 2 (middle);
<treatmentCitation id="BDA71D164187763D27F3D65B08434815" author="Koeda K" page="190" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="E1093ECA404E8865A5B5FF68190F9753" author="Koeda K" editor="Iwatsubo H &amp; Motomura H" journalOrPublisher="Kagoshima Museum of Aquatic Biodiversity, Kagoshima and the Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" pagination="189-190" refId="B42" refString="Koeda K (2017 b) Pempheridae. In: Iwatsubo H, Motomura H (Eds) Field guide to fishes of Kagoshima Bay in southern Kyushu, Japan. Kagoshima Museum of Aquatic Biodiversity, Kagoshima and the Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 189–190. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Field guide to fishes of Kagoshima Bay in southern Kyushu, Japan.">Koeda 2017 b</bibRefCitation>
: 190
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="306D8EBBF8B057855934127FA149BDA5">
<bibRefCitation id="35E5C1164145375A98C0C1F5AD88EC2A" DOI="10.1007/s10228-017-0586-3" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" refId="B52" refString="Koeda K, Motomura H (2017 a) A new species of Pempheris (Perciformes: Pempheridae) endemic to the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Ichthyological Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-017-0586-3 [also appeared in Ichthyological Research 65: 21–28]">Koeda and Motomura 2017 a</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="DC77817F74E9D8EF52C505AB2EFE9C3E" author="" page="210" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="1ACC00C0664F98570E7094800DC71BAF" journalOrPublisher="Kagoshima City Aquarium Foundation, Kagoshima" refId="B35" refString="Kagoshima City Aquarium Foundation (2018) Fishes collected with set nets in Kagoshima and confirmed by Kagoshima City Aquarium, 2 nd edn. Kagoshima City Aquarium Foundation, Kagoshima, 335 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Fishes collected with set nets in Kagoshima and confirmed by Kagoshima City Aquarium, 2 nd edn." year="2018">
<collectingRegion id="C1CAA0D485CBA69CF81F0DB72E3C7F0E" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</collectingRegion>
City Aquarium Foundation 2018
</bibRefCitation>
: 210
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="1B704355B5812684DCEBC8B1E06AB664" author="Koeda K" page="298" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="D338735F8DAFC8145A6383E4F628340E" author="Koeda K" editor="Nakabo T" journalOrPublisher="Shogakukan, Tokyo" pagination="298-299" refId="B44" refString="Koeda K (2018 b) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) The natural history of the fishes of Japan. Shogakukan, Tokyo, 298–299. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="The natural history of the fishes of Japan.">Koeda 2018 b</bibRefCitation>
: 298
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig. (lower left fig.);
<treatmentCitation id="B016A26F9CEBEFC77D2B8440F95CBBF3" author="Koeda K" page="343" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="73E7CBD20421713DEE4F83FD68C855A7" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Hata H &amp; Yamada M &amp; Motomura H" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" pagination="339-343" refId="B45" refString="Koeda K (2018 c) Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Hata H, Yamada M, Motomura H (Eds) Field guide to fishes landed at Uchinoura Fishing Port, Kagoshima, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 339–343. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Field guide to fishes landed at Uchinoura Fishing Port, Kagoshima, Japan.">Koeda 2018 c</bibRefCitation>
: 343
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="6230CE16E7BA9EDFA756674BBCCD3C00" author="Murase A &amp; Miki R &amp; Wada M &amp; Senou H" page="132" year="2019">
<bibRefCitation id="D819251EA7AF6D031D5BED2E4A178471" author="Murase A &amp; Miki R &amp; Wada M &amp; Senou H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Murase" journalOrPublisher="Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, Nobeoka" page="132" refId="B87" refString="Murase A, Miki R, Wada M, Senou H (2019) Coastal and market fishes around Kadogawa Bay, northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan. Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, Nobeoka, 207 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Coastal and market fishes around Kadogawa Bay, northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan." year="2019">Murase et al. 2019: 132</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 284;
<treatmentCitation id="2D40E53CCDE3D47F1AABC0596D3DDBE5" author="Koeda K" page="407" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="9813F7AFC728BE94AC9491EC1BE8CC1A" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Hata H &amp; Yamada M &amp; Motomura H" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" pagination="406-411" refId="B48" refString="Koeda K (2020 a) Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Hata H, Yamada M, Motomura H (Eds) Fishes from markets in Osumi Peninsula, Kagoshima, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 406–411. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes from markets in Osumi Peninsula, Kagoshima, Japan.">Koeda 2020 a</bibRefCitation>
: 407
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="CC4F11F5F3ACE75AB561D678B3C0D14B" author="Murase A &amp; Ogata Y &amp; Yamasaki Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Wada M &amp; Senou H" page="166" year="2021">
<bibRefCitation id="D53977430962666506E9682D30B0C9EF" author="Murase A &amp; Ogata Y &amp; Yamasaki Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Wada M &amp; Senou H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Murase" journalOrPublisher="Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, Nobeoka" page="166" refId="B88" refString="Murase A, Ogata Y, Yamasaki Y, Miki R, Wada M, Senou H (2021) Coastal, shelf and deep-sea fishes around Kadogawa Bay, northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan. Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, Nobeoka, 357 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Coastal, shelf and deep-sea fishes around Kadogawa Bay, northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan." year="2021">Murase et al. 2021: 166</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 340;
<treatmentCitation id="C7E6F5936B3163AAB6F81E4BE0893D9E" author="Koeda K" page="158" year="2022">
<bibRefCitation id="5D31AAABF8E9946F3289357557C0E5C3" author="Koeda K" editor="Iwatsubo H &amp; Ito M &amp; Yamada M &amp; Motomura H" firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Kagoshima Museum of Aquatic Biodiversity, Kagoshima and the Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" page="158" pagination="158-158" refId="B50" refString="Koeda K (2022) Family Pempheridae. In: Iwatsubo H, Ito M, Yamada M, Motomura H (Eds) Field guide to fishes of the East China Sea side of Satsuma Peninsula in Kagoshima, southern Kyushu, Japan. Kagoshima Museum of Aquatic Biodiversity, Kagoshima and the Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 158–158." title="Family Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Field guide to fishes of the East China Sea side of Satsuma Peninsula in Kagoshima, southern Kyushu, Japan." year="2022">Koeda 2022: 158</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="5CDD46AFFB356936A6D6D48FA311CFB6" author="Motomura H" page="129" year="2023">
<bibRefCitation id="50F190EE9CD57C34686765E3706CE736" author="Motomura H" firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum" page="129" pagination="1-250" refId="B80" refString="Motomura H (2023) An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tanega-shima amd Mage-shima islands in the Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 536 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum 20: 1–250." title="An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tanega-shima amd Mage-shima islands in the Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 536 new records." volume="20" year="2023">Motomura 2023: 129</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part).
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="63D36E7B12C79345CC95DD0ED11A6E5F">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="55E79DF408B821552374A54C8E2E7197">
<treatmentCitation id="7A4A23E9BBF50B3147B2CA5AA8D0DC0A">
<taxonomicName id="5739E127934232BD78BF3D483D2086DE" ID-CoL="76G3V" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="B4872CF5D54EE5D00512B3112A65CE93" italics="true">Pempheris vanicolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="A0AFD9BE55532AD536F9248F134E1EAE">
(not
<bibRefCitation id="117F3C3A0A0FB06625FD686AC3F47B37" author="Cuvier G" refId="B12" refString="Cuvier G (1831) Des Pempherides. In: Cuvier G, Valenciennes A (Eds) Historie Naturelle des Poissons, Vol. 7. F. G. Levraut, Paris-Strasbourg, [xx - xxi +] 296 - 309 [191 pls]." year="1831">Cuvier, 1831</bibRefCitation>
):
<treatmentCitation id="4BB3F3E3A86124082DBD316511D8AC6D" author="Okada Y" page="179" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="1F1B49C0A7B45CF0E2E79C443F9A703D" author="Okada Y" firstAuthor="Okada" page="179" refId="B93" refString="Okada Y (1938) A catalogue of vertebrates of Japan. Maruzen, Co. Ltd, Tokyo, [iv +] 412 pp." year="1938">Okada 1938: 179</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part);
<treatmentCitation id="84F5572B6A19EC3776133719230D7E50" author="Okada Y &amp; Matsubara K" page="179" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="5184C2851BB0D0A8C3E2309EEE8DC60D" author="Okada Y &amp; Matsubara K" firstAuthor="Okada" page="179" refId="B94" refString="Okada Y, Matsubara K (1938) Key to the fishes and fish-like animals of Japan. Sanseido, Tokyo." year="1938">Okada and Matsubara 1938: 179</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part);
<treatmentCitation id="78A0A042F5EB9361C44860F64B8521CA" author="Matsubara K" page="590" year="1955">
<bibRefCitation id="F9047D6C43808E7B5C2B101F7520CF08" author="Matsubara K" firstAuthor="Matsubara" journalOrPublisher="Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo" page="590" refId="B73" refString="Matsubara K (1955) Fish morphology and hierarchy. Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo, 789 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Fish morphology and hierarchy." year="1955">Matsubara 1955: 590</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part);
<treatmentCitation id="F2A82A2C5B05BFB97B4F0FEDC2D5C837" author="Abekawa Y &amp; Nishi G" page="24" year="1969">
<bibRefCitation id="0337A757C06BA7FE03DDDC6AFC510903" author="Abekawa Y &amp; Nishi G" firstAuthor="Abekawa" journalOrPublisher="KYANOΣ OIKΣ" page="24" pagination="23-27" refId="B1" refString="Abekawa Y, Nishi G (1969) Fish fauna of Hanaze, Ibusuki-gun, Kagoshima Prefecture. KYANOΣ OIKΣ 13: 23–27. [In Japanese]" title="Fish fauna of Hanaze, Ibusuki-gun, Kagoshima Prefecture." volume="13" year="1969">Abekawa and Nishi 1969: 24</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A9FC573D5ECEF1B5101C044FDDA15BB5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7D07FC9CBDFC3335B740EAA96DA4970E">
<treatmentCitation id="9DAD3037A0B2C1B01FF558959FBE2535">
<taxonomicName id="35C44698C8F9B68E2B06D602ECDE72AC" ID-CoL="76G53" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="9A27376F26B06DD33657C4C27D92679F" italics="true">Pempheris japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(not
<bibRefCitation id="D0E4C0E9B837CCD9278DEA485688EA52" author="Döderlein L" editor="Steindachner F &amp; Döderlein L" journalOrPublisher="). Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 20 (15)" pagination="123-130" refId="B13" refString="Doderlein L (1883) Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Sitzung der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen classe vom 14. Juni 1883. In: Steindachner F, Doderlein L (Eds) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan's (II.). Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 20 (15), 123 - 130." title="Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Sitzung der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen classe vom 14. Juni 1883." volumeTitle="Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan’s (II." year="1883">Döderlein, 1883</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
): Nakamura 1993: 148, fig. 6.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EJ2CI" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="6B31E04BE5400A98CD49F18CE6C5790E">
<heading id="DEB57F95429D463926736F7B0EACEFA2" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="295C930A6BE21E42D64DA763EBDFE087">
Counts of of
<typeStatus id="43193DC826637C31C8DDEBA6E29B20F6" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and
<typeStatus id="3005BD530360171058ED526592734C8B" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
are given in Table
<tableCitation id="9FCE6B275F96DAFC5FB35B9D912A0814" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Counts of Pempheris schwenkii and P. xanthoptera." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0D1BE7BF4D3962627CF47C653C54CF4F" tableUuid="0D1BE7BF4D3962627CF47C653C54CF4F">2</tableCitation>
. Dorsal-fin rays
<collectionCode id="AF4312327A2B98C0E04EFA896CAC71DB" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute">VI</collectionCode>
– VII, 9; anal-fin rays III, 35–42; pectoral-fin rays 16–19; pored lateral-line scales 45–54; scale rows above lateral line 3 1 / 2; scale rows below lateral line 10–13; predorsal scales 23–28; circumpeduncular scales 12–14; gill rakers 7–9 + 18 – 21 = 25–27; head length 27.9–31.9 %; body depth 39.3–45.4 %; eye diameter 36.4–44.1 %; upper jaw length 48.3–57.1 %; maximum
<quantity id="5D46EBF1555DEBE7082DEF9CD715D4E6" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" unit="mm" value="137.0">137 mm</quantity>
SL; scales weakly ctenoid, very deciduous, thin, semicircular in shape, far wider than long (see
<bibRefCitation id="1539A2A2358E68EE4D6CB1D571AAC2E5" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="231-238" refId="B58" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 a) Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan. Zootaxa 3609: 231–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" title="Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan." volume="3609">Koeda et al. 2013 a</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2 a); body golden in daytime, but silver in night time; no blackish blotch on; tip of dorsal fin distinctly blackish; anal-fin base zonal blackish, and margin very faintly blackish; caudal fin yellow (disappears in fixed specimens); pectoral and pelvic fin hyaline or pink; posterior margin of caudal fin dusky; body light brown to dark brown in fixed specimen; black pigmentation on each fins usually persistent; no blackish blotch on pectoral-fin base; posterior nostril usually open, not compressed; narrow band of villiform teeth in jaws; abdomen cross-sectional outline V-shaped.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A47BD2EA1E680BC9E528B1A8378704FF" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure17" ID-arpha="5D43F23B-06A2-54EC-861E-043090D6B483" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192480" startId="F17">
<paragraph id="BFA6411D7F4C3A871F76982040181241">
<label id="7602F2691A80E4BC5FBC4B84336D985D">Figure 17.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EA28D44CE57F58549234276144BEE364">
Fresh specimen of
<taxonomicName id="8DC0BFBF04FDCCC6FC4C32AC32910710" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="5FD97CD3A9257E773D6769DAC8BA5994" italics="true">Pempheris xanthoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, KBF-I 00268, 123.0 mm SL, Amaji, Otsuki, Kochi.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EP3CI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B9D3991F1BC388A71DE4AF12F42046AF">
<heading id="020C9354B22AF8467ECC35C3F8631260" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4B51AC4F46A66747DF9DA3285710D827">
Endemic to the Northwest Pacific, recorded only from
<collectingCountry id="FB0BBE336EBF9C3E4787628406270506" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="825D7A4AEF736C192F2F29164B9BD0AF" country="South Korea" name="Jeju">Jeju</collectingRegion>
Island in
<collectingCountry id="FD1B3BD9BE1C6BD3D09B01FE716A8FF3" name="South Korea">Korea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E6D55DDBD183341CAD5DB9A632C359A0" author="Kim and Sakai" firstAuthor="Kim" issue="2" journalOrPublisher="Korean Journal of Ichthyology" pagination="181-184" refId="B38" refString="Kim B-J, Sakai K (2004) On the occurrence of Pempheris schwenkii (Pempheridae) at Jeju Island: an addition to Korean ichthyofauna. Korean Journal of Ichthyology 16 (2): 181–184." title="On the occurrence of Pempheris schwenkii (Pempheridae) at Jeju Island: an addition to Korean ichthyofauna." volume="16" year="2004">Kim and Sakai 2004</bibRefCitation>
), and
<collectingCountry id="0DC60332AE50722E3C1AA369220F2844" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
. In Japanese waters, this species is known from Pacific coast (north to Boso Peninsula in Chiba Prefecture, south to Kagoshima Prefecture), Tsushima Island, East
<collectingCountry id="57A7687B5E9D804B32210F6E88A5737B" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
Sea coast (north to Goto Islands in Nagasaki Prefecture, south to Kagoshima Prefecture), Izu-oshima, Miyake-jima and Hachijo-jima islands in Izu Islands, Chichi-jima, Haha-jima, Ototo-jima islands in Ogasawara Islands, Tanega-shima, Yaku-shima, Kuchinoerabu-jima, Iou-jima and Take-shima islands in northern Ryukyu Archipelago (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F4E8A56A38A5F676C393FA3681DEA3A7" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Distribution of Pempheris schwenkii (diamonds) and P. xanthoptera (solid triangles and star for type locality) based on the collection locality of the specimens. Open triangles for literature records of P. xanthoptera." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192476">13</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E43CI" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="92FEC718130968E84EC57EC5637C23B7">
<heading id="94CD463F77741FACD2C677FD3DC6A7B3" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DAB04B8BA723BD6C8D1F86B457237339">
Although
<bibRefCitation id="50AF5C65BED643DC305E6C021BC04E56" author="Tominaga Y" firstAuthor="Tominaga" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo" pagination="269-290" refId="B128" refString="Tominaga Y (1963) A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo 10: 269–290." title="A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan." volume="10" year="1963">Tominaga (1963)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="27692C9996E95378BA82F3BEC3126EE5" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="73BC2889DBB3EA99C3142D9B9EFE6948" italics="true">P. xanthoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on its differences in fin color and distributional pattern from
<taxonomicName id="09A8DE778CA31283B3E389F25B56D79B" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="373AF7BC0021251D4981F3633F5E4FF0" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the former has been usually considered as a junior synonym of the latter in recent publications in
<collectingCountry id="46C39548426007BDC915499C7A7BC973" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
(see the synonym list) without any discussion. Our genetic analysis revealed apparent differences between these two species with high node support values (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E3B01C0A1D94B3AB24F8047D94D2D575" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. The Maximum-Likelihood (ML) tree of Pempheris species recovered from mitochondria 16 S and COI. Values of the Shimodaira – Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood ratio test (SH-aLRT) for the ML tree, bootstrap values (BS) of the NJ tree, and the posterior probability (PP) for the BI tree are indicated at the nodes unless the branch lengths are &lt; 0.01. The museum voucher number of specimens are listed next to the taxon name." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192466">3</figureCitation>
). The morphological comparison showed the additional small difference between these two species, such as
<taxonomicName id="A7EA2F381015BA9169928AE74DF5C49D" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="A902DBE9B77230C60ACE9E09E461BB20" italics="true">P. xanthoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the posterior nostril usually open, not compressed (vs slit-like; see
<bibRefCitation id="73C2F937C5BAFB9318AEEEF8B139744C" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" author="Koeda" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="301-330" refId="B61" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2014) A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793: 301–330. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" title="A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species." volume="3793" year="2014">Koeda et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 8), and caudal fin yellow (vs pink to brown). The validity of
<taxonomicName id="0FB0EC20022C52A12DD27D5241F60C05" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="9177073C46C6C7F521436D40AA0FBEE9" italics="true">P. xanthoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was discussed in the remarks of
<taxonomicName id="BF197B8152DC4D04E56A5C306C536EE0" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="D541434DABF96C836D935209E800E920" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FDA7F2822A70F6BB17AE7B7F19C9DC16">
The standard Japanese name “ Minami-hatampo ” was used for both species and caused confusion, but this name should be adopted for
<taxonomicName id="A3C9652F1B1E2ADD94B442B90B0E72FB" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="27B522775B38606715D501F69A494FC0" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see remarks of
<taxonomicName id="862A4AEE337121275021D1CB159CDC20" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="FF77E923D822B6D964F35F179F391E21" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Therefore, a new standard Japanese “ Mizuho-hatampo ” is proposed for
<taxonomicName id="BE2CA5975DD2662CD6839A8BCD343A7A" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="0EF9D3C22C61B519A289AD30E6CD9696" italics="true">P. xanthoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. “ Mizuho ” is an alternative name for
<collectingCountry id="BFE790B5ACE629B83CF9D999706EEA59" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
that frequently appears in ancient Japanese mythology and poetry, and it derives from the fact that the species is primarily distributed across the Japanese mainland.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="78404811320BF7222D708FC0DA0626FE">Several new combinations from previous Didymocarpus to Palmatiboea (Gesneriaceae)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="DBBB3E5955541F4DABDA64B7539C01EC">
<taxonomicName id="0440A7DBF34A54638D2321D116074FF8" authority="(J. M. Li &amp; S. J. Li.) F. Wen &amp; Q. Fan" authorityName="F. Wen &amp; Q. Fan" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="J. M. Li &amp; S. J. Li." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Palmatiboea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yinzhengii" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="E5D97BE764D6C82F8B4E84BA026C7602" italics="true">Palmatiboea yinzhengii</emphasis>
(J. M. Li &amp; S. J. Li.) F. Wen &amp; Q. Fan
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="AA408FB3ADBB98289E2FB094D4B3BDC8" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="660AF3DB15271D8BDED39770E4D22F59">
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<comment id="350F38EF632BF7853DEC0595705FD8D4">
≡
<treatmentCitation id="31729707283E434766FDF330B46D7C81" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5128006" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5128006" author="J. M. Li &amp; S. J. Li" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/006EDF5C983FFF88FF6FF90DFE7769BF" issue="3" journal="Phytotaxa" page="187" score="9.729594737742866" volume="156" year="2014">
<taxonomicName id="C36FFC01F156819B98AF5936FE3657E2" ID-CoL="5NK3N" authority="J. M. Li &amp; S. J. Li" authorityName="J. M. Li &amp; S. J. Li" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Didymocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="heucherifolius" variety="yinzhengii">
<emphasis id="BA50F378C9CDB470085DFFB35F2A310D" italics="true">Didymocarpus heucherifolius var. yinzhengii</emphasis>
J. M. Li &amp; S. J. Li
</taxonomicName>
, in
<bibCitation id="6A73279D5E0CFC8B44FCBD5B8B4D303A" issue="3" journal="Phytotaxa" page="187" score="9.729594737742866" volume="156" year="2014">Phytotaxa 156 (3): 187. 2014</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D9C793166B1E7CDD0DC30DCBF7C979EF">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BC13E446501EB3BF24C72E2E1B15F8DF">
<treatmentCitation id="096BED680ABF6433FBF20FF02B6ECABE">
≡
<taxonomicName id="A82B66C4176C749F425D778E092C07B4" authority="(J. M. Li &amp; S. J. Li) F. P. Liu &amp; Y. Z. Wang" authorityName="F. P. Liu &amp; Y. Z. Wang" baseAuthorityName="J. M. Li &amp; S. J. Li" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gesneriaceae" genus="Palmatiboea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="heucherifolia" variety="yinzhengii">
<emphasis id="89D341976C78FA928AD0E130D9F6B455" italics="true">Palmatiboea heucherifolia var. yinzhengii</emphasis>
(J. M. Li &amp; S. J. Li) F. P. Liu &amp; Y. Z. Wang
</taxonomicName>
, in Journal of Systematic and Evolution doi:
<ext-link id="A97EE3135422D2E37FC90CCA82BF795A" ext-link-type="doi" xlink_href="10.1111/jse.13124:13.2024" xlink_type="simple">10.1111/jse.13124:13.2024</ext-link>
.
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<paragraph id="D9940150ED73BC5F63BDA57D3A62650C">
<heading id="D40B9556A45CD0E50D20C1A3C673C7EC" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="AA7B7BF534E23555248001CA0660EAE7">Type</typeStatus>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="28E379B1F0CBBE666E6E636C73089C40">
<materialsCitation id="025D5D5231BBF58E4465A0DEB736AB90" collectingDate="2011-05-06" collectionCode="HEAC, IBK" country="China" county="Yongxing County" elevation="300" latitude="26.28611" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="113.19028" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Hunan" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="8E53225EFA1E2897B60736454EB4807F" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
•
<collectingRegion id="7E2BE5719E04171CAE8A68D6EE841D62" country="China" name="Hunan">Hunan</collectingRegion>
: near
<collectingCounty id="8512F83E085C435B4518AEE5B2037B1F">Yongxing County</collectingCounty>
. alt.
<quantity id="843CC795EB428EB7153B0F9FB6A158A7" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="m" value="300.0">
<elevation id="4057A366820D1CDD2F634DCE5C4D2973" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EJWAE" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[113.190278,26.286111]}">
<geoCoordinate id="8A52B8264AE06ED191494432E60C20B1" degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="10" value="26.28611">26 ° 17 ' 10 &quot; N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="04AC3752BA0976C224AC86694A9B0AA5" degrees="113" direction="east" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="25" value="113.19028">113 ° 11 ' 25 &quot; E</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
,
<date id="216C443F0C43254F574F72103642CCC2" value="2011-05-06">
<collectingDate id="A640FCA4E741E43CC6BC9009E9FF5BB8" value="2011-05-06">6 May 2011</collectingDate>
</date>
, Jia-Mei Li 1105062 (
<typeStatus id="B77EB07F725710AA37589FAA1EAAF2FE" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="81EA59F1FAEF792BD96909D625579243" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13216" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13216" name="Henan Agricultural University" type="Herbarium">HEAC</collectionCode>
!); ibid. Jia-Mei Li 11501 (
<typeStatus id="ABAF3312CCE7FA089000F14965DD726A" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="6FC3BFEAE156518C57A055BFAAEB67B6" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13150" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13150" name="Guangxi Institute of Botany" type="Herbarium">IBK</collectionCode>
!)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<mods:title id="B39530F5597D1E7FA54E0DD35FBF2ED3">A review of the genus Pempheris (Teleostei, Pempheridae) found in Japan and Taiwan</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="D218E5B31AA4EDF5CB8A912386CFDC13">Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903 - 0213, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="7A3E568C576C9E7A36463AF8F83F9EC3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3A20145F3A7B4F3B3695FCAE982968C4">
<heading id="40BE710A7FE9926C0AE8AE629ED40565" reason="label">Genus</heading>
<taxonomicName id="1E2DC4610A2054580163B4E6E47F6F2A" ID-CoL="6KJX" authority="Cuvier, 1829" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D9E862757E24FDC34381C93AEB30C799" italics="true">Pempheris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A2C1AA469682F825CF76DD1DC323EBB3" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.1964" author="Cuvier G" refId="B11" refString="Cuvier G (1829) Le Regne Animal, distribue d'apres son organisation, pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparee. 2 nd edn. Tome 2. Regne Animal. Poissons. Deterville, Paris, [xv +] 406 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1964" year="1829">Cuvier, 1829</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EB3D5A4ED0AA7DA4835445031A247B81" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="977146645427E26FDA5551FB919A2FAD">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="06BC65C5DB8921BB307F42F4C4EF1D00">
<treatmentCitation id="E1271E324405AFD37B80F8A498EC9E4D" author="Cuvier G" page="195" year="1829">
<taxonomicName id="2068AE255E2683CF331C7285378554CE" ID-CoL="6KJX" authority="Cuvier, 1829: 195" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityPageNumber="195" authorityYear="1829" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="83FCBDAF91C46177ACFE2EC4A48034CC" italics="true">Pempheris</emphasis>
<comment id="691E486B4567E4CC04C4A1ABF690F98C">
<bibRefCitation id="842502C7DB5365E58F4745C8910374E6" DOI="10.5962/bhl.title.1964" author="Cuvier G" refId="B11" refString="Cuvier G (1829) Le Regne Animal, distribue d'apres son organisation, pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparee. 2 nd edn. Tome 2. Regne Animal. Poissons. Deterville, Paris, [xv +] 406 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1964" year="1829">Cuvier, 1829: 195</bibRefCitation>
[type species:
<taxonomicName id="5F04B811F34ABF8856826174164F9475" ID-CoL="76FRT" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="touea">
<emphasis id="FC88E24E06A79FCB9ED7B8213A862DBB" italics="true">Pempheris touea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="01396C11C2813B8369CBF642CBD65FF0" authority="Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801" authorityName="Bloch &amp; Schneider" authorityYear="1801" family="Kurtidae" genus="Kurtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argenteus">
<emphasis id="862ABD80A99A57C556261BD0A19B030C" italics="true">Kurtus argenteus</emphasis>
Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801
</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="30E4CFBC4FA45E7AE7813F93E6D3FB7D" authority="(Shaw, 1790)" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1790" family="Sparidae" genus="Sparus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="compressus">
<emphasis id="00BF2A7F19627A3E51EAD8F5824A5A6A" italics="true">Sparus</emphasis>
?
<emphasis id="152AADD34947ADBF7361296D0B8CE756" italics="true">compressus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EDD9CF6EBB62AE6FBB463D5A9B02FC49" author="Shaw G" journalOrPublisher="Piccadilly, London" refId="B111" refString="Shaw G (1790) Doubtful, or compressed Sparus. In: White J (Ed.) Journal of a voyage to New South Wales with sixty-five plates of non descript animals, birds, lizards, serpents, curious cones of trees and other natural productions. J. Debrett. Piccadilly, London, 267 pp. [pl. 53]" title="Doubtful, or compressed Sparus. In: White J (Ed.) Journal of a voyage to New South Wales with sixty-five plates of non descript animals, birds, lizards, serpents, curious cones of trees and other natural productions. J. Debrett." year="1790">Shaw, 1790</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
: junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="43805A77F995161E226F17CBF85DAFF2" ID-CoL="76G2H" authority="(Shaw, 1790)" authorityName="Tominaga" authorityYear="1968" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1790" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="compressa">
<emphasis id="3B1927EEF07E0983DDB575A7C1CBD5C5" italics="true">Pempheris compressa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4E60227CE4F2E787C595CAD7FAD3ECDA" author="Shaw G" journalOrPublisher="Piccadilly, London" refId="B111" refString="Shaw G (1790) Doubtful, or compressed Sparus. In: White J (Ed.) Journal of a voyage to New South Wales with sixty-five plates of non descript animals, birds, lizards, serpents, curious cones of trees and other natural productions. J. Debrett. Piccadilly, London, 267 pp. [pl. 53]" title="Doubtful, or compressed Sparus. In: White J (Ed.) Journal of a voyage to New South Wales with sixty-five plates of non descript animals, birds, lizards, serpents, curious cones of trees and other natural productions. J. Debrett." year="1790">Shaw, 1790</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
].
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F6A5C760D1A842E4C9D6F8BD5E10E1C6">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="52C61640F4462086ECB27ED654724FDC">
<treatmentCitation id="603F938F5126142B601584CFA399DFA1" author="Fowler HW" page="122" year="1906">
<taxonomicName id="5F8353D093A18E28C95633D13DA87C5B" authority="Fowler, 1906: 122" authorityName="Fowler" authorityPageNumber="122" authorityYear="1906" family="Pempheridae" genus="Priacanthopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E90C3F6C58A4F904E5C6E3EB2A031FDB" italics="true">Priacanthopsis</emphasis>
<comment id="11C7F2DC4E92A12BA27442DDAFAA8E64">
<bibRefCitation id="9326F61688B63016323714A3D465D2BA" author="Fowler HW" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pagination="114-122" refId="B14" refString="Fowler HW (1906) New, rare or little known scombroids, No. 3. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 58: 114 - 122." title="New, rare or little known scombroids, No. 3." volume="58" year="1906">Fowler, 1906: 122</bibRefCitation>
(type species:
<taxonomicName id="FD747EFAFB000A0C2A878F1FE7D9F231" ID-CoL="76G4X" authorityName="Poey" authorityYear="1860" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mulleri">
<emphasis id="578C3C881EEAFD8E28F1C38BD9FDAA1B" italics="true">Pempheris mulleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="C6BFFAEB379A95418393B80704BB59C0" ID-CoL="76FRM" authority="Muller &amp; Troschel, 1848" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1848" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schomburgki">
<emphasis id="5C3A85FEF09182C9BC6E74C725D3B416" italics="true">Pempheris schomburgki</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="BCFDFD107ABBB647A1A62DF9B4469834" author="Müller J &amp; Troschel FH" refId="B86" refString="Muller J, Troschel FH (1848) In: Schomburgk RH (Ed.) The history of Barbados; comprising a geographical description of the island and an account of its geology and natural productions. London. The history of Barbados; comprising a geographical description of the island and an account of its geology and natural productions, [xx +] 722 pp [17 pls]." year="1848">Müller &amp; Troschel, 1848</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
)].
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85C3B016B5CA7C7A3FFDD1ED0F9CC0C0">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="81E0F42F26004BCC1E3B42AAD07BFB30">
<treatmentCitation id="FE38DDA76C32188A8A369DCF3FEA3BE5" author="Snyder JO" page="528" year="1911">
<taxonomicName id="E3795D4974F249C578D061AB6626B932" authority="Snyder, 1911: 528" authorityName="Snyder" authorityPageNumber="528" authorityYear="1911" family="Pempheridae" genus="Catalufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="67103E95BE51B2A7C05144510440B483" italics="true">Catalufa</emphasis>
<comment id="139F456C225293AD0DF3FF2DC31C843E">
<bibRefCitation id="AC03CAE63C3C7EAAB1295105FC64E3DC" DOI="10.5479/si.00963801.42-1909.399" author="Snyder JO" refId="B116" refString="Snyder JO (1911) Japanese shore fishes collected by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer '' Albatross' ' expedition of 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 42: 399 - 450 [pls 51 - 61]. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.42 - 1909.399" year="1911">Snyder, 1911: 528</bibRefCitation>
(type species:
<taxonomicName id="9D0D38891C3D21D79873522480EAAEF4" ID-CoL="RRZG" authorityName="Snyder" authorityYear="1911" family="Pempheridae" genus="Catalufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbra">
<emphasis id="CCFFC9EEE757C02707FF50E18BC1DB71" italics="true">Catalufa umbra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="3A533D59192E01C8C1973CBB23E58B41" ID-CoL="76G53" authority="Doderlein, 1883" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1883" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="77F805398E3FA3565550B5ABF54A856E" italics="true">Pempheris japonica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F267D3B88786CD2439D4EC7CBA078961" author="Döderlein L" editor="Steindachner F &amp; Döderlein L" journalOrPublisher="). Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 20 (15)" pagination="123-130" refId="B13" refString="Doderlein L (1883) Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Sitzung der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen classe vom 14. Juni 1883. In: Steindachner F, Doderlein L (Eds) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan's (II.). Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 20 (15), 123 - 130." title="Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Sitzung der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen classe vom 14. Juni 1883." volumeTitle="Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan’s (II." year="1883">Döderlein, 1883</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DDC04D02C3A6EFBA1CF9A1F9FBC81D94">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="8741F9DE4A894EFCCA86790B96AA171C">
<treatmentCitation id="A3BF6E9B7C27FE0229CBC0DC3950CE81" author="Ogilby JD" page="61" year="1913">
<taxonomicName id="968922FCF6091E75384245657B502AC0" authority="Ogilby, 1913: 61" authorityName="Ogilby" authorityPageNumber="61" authorityYear="1913" family="Pempheridae" genus="Liopempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2299B454C70292F3E4F1467E6C22F0FA" italics="true">Liopempheris</emphasis>
<comment id="CEFF088E9E642E5F4DC8C385A38DD4A5">
<bibRefCitation id="E4C996E1B9BE402B906FEAB9A7259846" author="Ogilby JD" refId="B92" refString="Ogilby JD (1913) Edible fishes of Queensland. Part I. Family Pempheridae. Part II. The gadopseiform percoids. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 2: 60 - 80 [pls 18 - 20]." year="1913">Ogilby, 1913: 61</bibRefCitation>
(type species:
<taxonomicName id="00C8EB4FD415F002E70A29107FEF861A" ID-CoL="76G4Y" authority="Klunzinger, 1879" authorityName="Klunzinger" authorityYear="1879" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="multiradiatus">
<emphasis id="2BD626EB87EF79CEE1F780CD07849749" italics="true">Pempheris multiradiatus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="1557605DEDA4FAB72708E72EE41092BA">
<bibRefCitation id="8E31A1617BFAA6BB68B87C4569F5D7BE" author="Klunzinger CB" journalOrPublisher="Anzeiger der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften" pagination="254-261" refId="B40" refString="Klunzinger CB (1879) Die von Muller'sche Sammlung Australischer Fische. Anzeiger der Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften 16: 254 - 261." title="Die von Müller’sche Sammlung Australischer Fische." volume="16" year="1879">Klunzinger, 1879</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EWEAE" type="description">
<paragraph id="E9EEF38E12B4EECE51B392BC5C46E8EA">
<heading id="C278A28649C3E8D3AC0407D01F2C1F01" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D20B238BF121A2692532292E07B55EE9">Body shape oval, strongly compressed laterally; body deep, deepest at or near origin of dorsal fin; dorsal outline of head nearly straight or generally curved from snout to origin of dorsal fin; ventral outline of body generally curved to origin of pelvic fin; body depth rapidly decreases at posterior half of body; depth of caudal peduncle &lt;1 / 4 of maximum body depth.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1A901DD4E86B25F3EBA826AD0CA7FBE6">Eye large; snout very short; interorbital space slightly convex or flat; two nostrils located just anterior to anterior margin of eye. Mouth large, strongly oblique; lower jaw slightly project beyond upper jaw; villiform teeth on jaws; tip of tongue free from floor of mouth. Lips thin. Gill opening large; outer margin of opercle and preopercle smooth. Gill membranes on left and right sides separate, free from isthmus. Gill rakers long, 6–13 (upper) + 17–28 (lower) on first gill arch.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="28B0ECBFBE68A3F3B92D071D14ED31A7">Body and head almost fully covered by strongly or weakly ctenoid scales except for lips and anterior to eye; ~ 1 / 3 of basal part of anal fin covered with small scales. Lateral line starts from uppermost position of opercle, generally follows dorsal outer margin, through middle of caudal peduncle, and extending to middle of posterior end of caudal fin. Anus slit-like, located just anterior to anal fin. Light organ present in some species (absent in species distributed in the Northern Hemisphere).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D0BF2F6E1B5F53545C57058EED99A6FC">
Vertebral counts 10 + 15 (abdominal + caudal), very rarely 10 + 16; predorsal interneurals 3; 4
<superScript id="50B2FA5CEFB611FC1546746410C10568">th</superScript>
interneural supporting 1
<superScript id="7CD86451B426B3190CE86DD521A3C6DC">st</superScript>
dorsal-fin spine, inserted between 2
<superScript id="703A1DE056E869A648A5770874ACF266">nd</superScript>
and 3
<superScript id="08589B4ECF05941D42E67CDCE1DE1CDC">rd</superScript>
vertebrae; last interneural with last dorsal ray inserted between neural spines of 11
<superScript id="FBC54776AFC07F3B5CCF1209848B4328">th</superScript>
and 12
<superScript id="9E0536ABCB26F44B4ADAD3F0BCCD66E9">th</superScript>
vertebrae, or 12
<superScript id="F2B32E7E1FEA94E2F804C13EDE6744EB">th</superScript>
and 13
<superScript id="5D7DE1EC5A86EFC11764267DEEE326C5">th</superScript>
. First interhaemal supporting 1
<superScript id="A6537F01DCA195A5F8C82B6450780C19">st</superScript>
and 2
<superScript id="ED28C45382FD77B492C158DBC05E4DB8">nd</superScript>
anal-fin spine, inserted in front of haemal spine of 11
<superScript id="6DA8D775917214CFA971721DF5A444E7">th</superScript>
vertebra, and pointing to posterior end of dorsal fin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3DEB3389D934C9452363CEA61D08D3A6">
Dorsal fin single, triangular; its base short, shorter than longest ray; 5–7 spines, last longest; 8–13 soft rays, 1
<superScript id="32A6CDC4CD5840FD9C85A14C04F45F8A">st</superScript>
or 2
<superScript id="D3061F25B968D1D1289EE7DFBEFC0BBD">nd</superScript>
longest, rapidly shorter posteriorly. Anal fin low, its base very long, length longer than body depth; three spines, last longest; 24–49 soft rays, 1
<superScript id="BD70375F563F509D97A7BD2F8C0FED23">st</superScript>
longest, gradually shorter posteriorly. Pectoral fin pointed posterodorsally; 15–20 rays, uppermost two rays unbranched, 3
<superScript id="F8A8B2CFB6A3912EB2DD6345E9B8EE2C">rd</superScript>
or 4
<superScript id="A55335F4D0AB2EF476851F5A27A115B6">th</superScript>
ray longest, shorter in lower; pectoral-fin length longer than length of longest dorsal-fin ray. Pelvic fin small, with one spine and five soft rays, 1
<superScript id="B783C0FB927464DD78550D5506CB5C28">st</superScript>
longest; last ray not connected to body with membrane. Caudal fin triangular, weakly forked.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="256CD45318465541766157DB3933B0BA">
Body color uniformly silver, copper, or golden without distinct patterns except for
<taxonomicName id="3E8F2716D64D92BD194FB15653242DE8" authority="Mooi &amp; Jubb, 1996" authorityName="Mooi &amp; Jubb" authorityYear="1996" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornata">
<emphasis id="3AAF16289877D586CACF82911F56E394" italics="true">Pempheris ornata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DEF113433D330968A45CE00A1DA1DDCC" DOI="10.3853/j.0067-1975.48.1996.284" author="Mooi RD &amp; Jubb RN" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pagination="117-130" refId="B79" refString="Mooi RD, Jubb RN (1996) Description of two new species of the genus Pempheris (Pisces: Pempherididae) from Australia, with a provisional key to Australian species. Records of the Australian Museum 45: 117 - 130. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.48. 1996.284" title="Description of two new species of the genus Pempheris (Pisces: Pempherididae) from Australia, with a provisional key to Australian species." volume="45" year="1996">Mooi &amp; Jubb, 1996</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(not in the Northern Hemisphere) which has longitudinal golden stripes on body laterally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EQGAE" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2B5BD3B2D0389BF818A3A1EB8C3265FE">
<heading id="A655844B33FD15B343D3A101C283674A" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="394F13FE2855D5D8B6370ECCA8548A16">
Indo-Pacific Ocean: north to southern
<collectingCountry id="96757F0046D2E5E6825FF43D8ACC6051" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
, east to Easter Island (not including Hawaii Islands), south to Tasmania, west to
<collectingCountry id="3DCCBE01C737E0620933C016B2D57416" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, and the Red Sea (some species migrated from the Red Sea to the eastern part of Mediterranean); western Atlantic Ocean: north to Florida; south to
<collectingCountry id="8141D0988994A154BEAAEC6D565AF059" name="Brazil">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="CAE6F274E5FD93D5BBE81941B421591E" author="Mouneimne" firstAuthor="Mouneimne" journalOrPublisher="Cybium" pagination="105-110" refId="B85" refString="Mouneimne N (1979) Poissons nouveaux pour les côtes Libanaises. Cybium 6: 105–110. [in French]" title="Poissons nouveaux pour les côtes Libanaises." volume="6" year="1979">Mouneimne 1979</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7100497453509F0AA8551BC75C66A4EE" author="Golani and Ben-Tuvia" firstAuthor="Golani" journalOrPublisher="Cybium" pagination="285-291" refId="B18" refString="Golani D, Ben-Tuvia A (1986) New records of fishes from the Mediterranean coast of Israel including Red Sea immigrants. Cybium 10: 285–291." title="New records of fishes from the Mediterranean coast of Israel including Red Sea immigrants." volume="10" year="1986">Golani and Ben-Tuvia 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="ABB4FFCB854891B98CC3493674727878" DOI="10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb03621.x" author="Golani and Diamant" firstAuthor="Golani" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Fish Biology" pagination="819-827" refId="B19" refString="Golani D, Diamant A (1991) Biology of the sweeper, Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes, a Lessepsian migrant in the eastern Mediterranean, with a comparison with the original Red Sea population. Journal of Fish Biology 38: 819–827. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb03621.x" title="Biology of the sweeper, Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier &amp; Valenciennes, a Lessepsian migrant in the eastern Mediterranean, with a comparison with the original Red Sea population." volume="38" year="1991">Golani and Diamant 1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="274C72CCBD7A0F8F60432DC3330A9C39" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" author="Koeda" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="301-330" refId="B61" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2014) A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793: 301–330. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" title="A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species." volume="3793" year="2014">Koeda et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EGHAE" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="6C601CC008FF35AECBAEE675199A13E8">
<heading id="188162ECAC2594345A342EDC94DB9D68" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B68E0D546307F42E969BD04CDB059C5E">This genus includes a large number of species, and the counts, measurements, and colorations are not very informative in distinguishing them from each other because of the interspecific uniformity and the intraspecific diversity of the results. This had led to significant taxonomic confusions, and the recent jumbled descriptions of abnormally high numbers of new species reported from the Indian Ocean have caused further misunderstandings in the taxonomy of the genus.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6782559C0BC1FBE0EE9973516D7DD8A2">
<bibRefCitation id="5A48CDDCE7002984436F5B116144E51A" author="Fowler HW" firstAuthor="Fowler" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pagination="114-122" refId="B14" refString="Fowler HW (1906) New, rare or little known scombroids, No. 3. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 58: 114–122." title="New, rare or little known scombroids, No. 3." volume="58" year="1906">Fowler (1906)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F5C07C16DDD10D9DD2C908E97A85D080" DOI="10.5479/si.00963801.42-1909.399" author="Snyder JO" firstAuthor="Snyder" refId="B116" refString="Snyder JO (1911) Japanese shore fishes collected by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer ‘‘ Albatross’ ’ expedition of 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 42: 399–450 [pls 51–61]. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.42-1909.399" year="1911">Snyder (1911)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="3CD025D9F903813B3FC220CAB97E035C" author="Ogilby JD" firstAuthor="Ogilby" refId="B92" refString="Ogilby JD (1913) Edible fishes of Queensland. Part I. Family Pempheridae. Part II. The gadopseiform percoids. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 2: 60–80 [pls 18–20]." year="1913">Ogilby (1913)</bibRefCitation>
attempted to divide the genus
<taxonomicName id="3C0EDD6C5F9E5588E1AD060EEAB1FE0F" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6435CF9A1B2ADC7EB242A55125A21C1B" italics="true">Pempheris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into two genera based on scale morphology.
<bibRefCitation id="7530D17442327E7A3D09901FC4A271AA" author="Tominaga Y" firstAuthor="Tominaga" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Ichthyology" pagination="43-95" refId="B129" refString="Tominaga Y (1968) Internal morphology, mutual relationships and systematic position of the fishes belonging to the family Pempheridae. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 15: 43–95." title="Internal morphology, mutual relationships and systematic position of the fishes belonging to the family Pempheridae." volume="15" year="1968">Tominaga (1968)</bibRefCitation>
described and compared the internal anatomy of many species of the genus and suggested that several species of genus
<taxonomicName id="F7A5FD086D11D2AEF2193D8FE0CFC298" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8A4C56C444D994A59CE020F934C9FF4" italics="true">Pempheris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possess transitional characteristics to the genus
<taxonomicName id="D06F4C2F7C90D568B1458866A563E783" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1870" family="Pempheridae" genus="Parapriacanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C35696A0F2257623D2A68E642CEDF0D4" italics="true">Parapriacanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, he subdivided the genus
<taxonomicName id="A9B91F110FB189249A3E162FC30318D5" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C8444913A85DE90CD6226E39126D3E08" italics="true">Pempheris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into seven groups. That work indicated that a systematic revision of the genus should be pursued. Although the authors of the present study are now revising the systematic taxonomy of the family
<taxonomicName id="B7137401BE389F15E8EE0589065CBC74" family="Pempheridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pempheridae</taxonomicName>
on the basis of morphology and molecular approaches, the present classification of the genus
<taxonomicName id="B0BF16DC4C972AFB6F12B627614CA93E" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CECB1148A24AE12DB8A9B3E3315FA03" italics="true">Pempheris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is tentatively used only for the species of
<collectingCountry id="B9316EEDF73633E1D44A65BBE369BFF5" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="1441F8A2DFA8EB5B179332A6AB449F47" name="Taiwan">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C1F2BDE18B3F62D88B777142108B6076">
Molecular phylogenetic analysis using three methods (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHJAE" xlink_title="maximum-likelihood">
<collectionCode id="9AA2FD5CA5686647BA42A682978C035D" country="France" name="Musee de Lectoure">ML</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
,
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ELJAE" xlink_title="neighbor-joining">NJ</abbrev>
, and
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPJAE" xlink_title="Bayesian inference">BI</abbrev>
) showed consistent topology, except for the placement of
<taxonomicName id="DF23712AB29969161B2253B4CBD05035" authorityName="Koeda, Yoshino &amp; Tachihara" authorityYear="2013" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ufuagari">
<emphasis id="86F12769DC1823208B1BCCCB871346DA" italics="true">P. ufuagari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E5JAE" xlink_title="maximum-likelihood">
<collectionCode id="C082C530C76E0D5922ACAF4D73298586" country="France" name="Musee de Lectoure">ML</collectionCode>
</abbrev>
and
<abbrev id="ABBRID0ECKAE" xlink_title="Bayesian inference">BI</abbrev>
trees,
<taxonomicName id="5D109BC7C950DE3DE3A98ABBDAF7F62F" authorityName="Koeda, Yoshino &amp; Tachihara" authorityYear="2013" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ufuagari">
<emphasis id="19CD380B6B635C184F125A55EA0DDA62" italics="true">P. ufuagari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is positioned as a sister to a clade composed of
<taxonomicName id="D33D36E057A2D74ECCD6066CF5FA6137" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="39416A30B9A9C1925ABE95027201BDB2" italics="true">P. vanicolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="DA242D62629F72E0B6F3F5C95DD44048" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oualensis">
<emphasis id="F256B4A657D7AC104A39AD59D0B64283" italics="true">P. oualensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with low node supporting values. In contrast, the
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EHLAE" xlink_title="neighbor-joining">NJ</abbrev>
tree places
<taxonomicName id="E6A0387186C9717582524391C5EE1640" authorityName="Koeda, Yoshino &amp; Tachihara" authorityYear="2013" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ufuagari">
<emphasis id="7C8F4B6E84E0E517682A373D317C2FC0" italics="true">P. ufuagari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a sister to a clade composed of
<taxonomicName id="7F2E311E1810C2484191DD41005E31D7" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="932864E0340F75AD01D216BC7D34F435" italics="true">P. vanicolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D201E97A6EA0F31661D591E49FF425BA" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="DC98F4A096FD235B341036DF78D8D1AC" italics="true">P. adusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All species analyzed in this study displayed monophyly with high supporting values on their respective nodes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:affiliation id="6B9A96B978F03E6DEEDF8B8AFE1D320B">Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills, Kottayam- 686560, Kerala, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="DD0B87E39411760CFF62F971FF1C5253" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD0B87E39411760CFF62F971FF1C5253" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD0B87E39411760CFF62F971FF1C5253" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="567" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">
<treatment id="DD0B87E39411760CFF62F971FAD155C3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD0B87E39411760CFF62F971FAD155C3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD0B87E39411760CFF62F971FAD155C3" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="567" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E94117609FF62F971FDAC50A3" box="[151,621,1734,1761]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="551D36F594117609FF62F971FDAC50A3" blockId="1.[151,621,1734,1797]" box="[151,621,1734,1761]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">
<heading id="0E55819994117609FF62F971FDAC50A3" bold="true" box="[151,621,1734,1761]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" reason="1">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794117609FF62F971FDAC50A3" bold="true" box="[151,621,1734,1761]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">
<taxonomicName id="92A24D7694117609FF62F971FDC250A3" authority="Narayanan" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Jose &amp; Kurien &amp; Thomas" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,515,1734,1761]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jatinderi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794117609FF62F971FEAF50A3" bold="true" box="[151,366,1734,1761]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">Drawida jatinderi</emphasis>
Narayanan
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C94117609FDE5F970FDAC50A3" box="[528,621,1735,1761]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
@ -87,29 +85,28 @@ Narayanan
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E94117609FF62F884FA80519F" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="551D36F594117609FF62F884FA8B51FB" blockId="1.[151,1437,1842,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794117609FF62F884FE80510E" bold="true" box="[151,321,1842,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="E5CA3CA894117609FEB0F884FA5C51D7" collectingDate="2016-08-31" collectionCode="ZSIK, WGRC, R" collectorName="Reg. No. &amp; S. Prasanth Narayanan &amp; S. Sathrumithra." country="India" county="Ernakulam District" elevation="144" latitude="10.054973" location="Aclitellate" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.76192" municipality="Neriamangalam town" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="holotype">
<materialsCitation id="E5CA3CA894117609FEB0F884FA5C51D7" collectingDate="2016-08-31" collectionCode="ZSIK" collectorName="S. Prasanth Narayanan &amp; S. Sathrumithra." country="India" county="Ernakulam District" elevation="144" latitude="10.054973" location="Neriamangalam" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.76192" municipality="Neriamangalam town" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" specimenCode="ZSI/WGRC/I.R.INV.26787" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala State" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794117609FEB0F884FE6D510F" box="[325,428,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">
<typeStatus id="8A19885794117609FEB0F884FE6D510F" box="[325,428,1843,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<location id="507D602E94117609FE40F884FDEB510F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD0B87E39411760CFF62F971FF1C5253:507D602E94117609FE40F884FDEB510F" box="[437,554,1843,1869]" country="India" county="Ernakulam District" latitude="10.054973" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.76192" municipality="Neriamangalam town" name="Aclitellate" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" stateProvince="Kerala">Aclitellate</location>
<specimenCount id="43A4FD7C94117609FE40F884FDEB510F" box="[437,554,1843,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">Aclitellate</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="33B3AE3094117609FDC0F884FDB4510F" box="[565,629,1843,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">ZSIK</collectionCode>
<collectorName id="F857532394117609FD8DF884FD1B510F" box="[632,730,1843,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">Reg.No.</collectorName>
ZSI/
<collectionCode id="33B3AE3094117609FCE4F884FCAB510F" box="[785,874,1843,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">WGRC</collectionCode>
/I.
<collectionCode id="33B3AE3094117609FC8BF884FC50510F" box="[894,913,1843,1869]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">R</collectionCode>
.INV.26787),
<location id="507D602E94117609FBD6F884FB17510F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD0B87E39411760CFF62F971FF1C5253:507D602E94117609FBD6F884FB17510F" box="[1059,1238,1843,1869]" country="India" county="Ernakulam District" latitude="10.054973" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.76192" municipality="Neriamangalam town" name="Neriamangalam" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" stateProvince="Kerala">Neriamangalam</location>
Reg.No.
<specimenCode id="05049E8E94117609FD28F884FBD5510F" box="[733,1044,1843,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">ZSI/WGRC/I.R.INV.26787</specimenCode>
),
<location id="507D602E94117609FBD6F884FB17510F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD0B87E39411760CFF62F971FAD155C3:507D602E94117609FBD6F884FB17510F" box="[1059,1238,1843,1869]" country="India" county="Ernakulam District" latitude="10.054973" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.76192" municipality="Neriamangalam town" name="Neriamangalam" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" stateProvince="Kerala State">Neriamangalam</location>
(
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,
<geoCoordinate id="3096503294117609FF62F8E0FE8A5133" box="[151,331,1879,1905]" degrees="76.76191667" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" precision="1" value="76.76192">76.76191667°E</geoCoordinate>
), around
),
<locationDeviation id="44AF2FD794117609FE95F8E0FC8D5133" box="[352,844,1879,1905]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">
around
<quantity id="925A9B1094117609FE43F8E0FE305133" box="[438,497,1879,1905]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
west of
<collectingMunicipality id="B579AC8F94117609FDA3F8E0FC8D5133" box="[598,844,1879,1905]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">Neriamangalam town</collectingMunicipality>
west of Neriamangalam town
</locationDeviation>
,
<collectingCounty id="BC7C4E7994117609FCACF8E0FBF55133" box="[857,1076,1879,1905]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">Ernakulam District</collectingCounty>
,
@ -130,32 +127,32 @@ asl
and
<collectorName id="F857532394117609FB11F8CCFA5C51D7" box="[1252,1437,1915,1941]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">S. Sathrumithra.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="E5CA3CA894117609FF62F828FA8651FB" box="[151,1351,1951,1977]" collectingDate="2016-08-31" collectionCode="ZSIK, WGRC, R" collectorName="Reg. No." country="India" county="Ernakulam District" elevation="144" latitude="10.054973" location="Aclitellate" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.76192" municipality="Neriamangalam town" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<materialsCitation id="E5CA3CA894117609FF62F828FA8651FB" box="[151,1351,1951,1977]" collectingDate="2016-08-31" collectionCode="ZSIK" collectorName="Reg. No." country="India" county="Ernakulam District" elevation="144" latitude="10.054973" location="Aclitellate" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.76192" municipality="Neriamangalam town" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" specimenCode="ZSI/WGRC/I.R.INV.26788" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794117609FF62F828FEC851FA" box="[151,265,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">
<typeStatus id="8A19885794117609FF62F828FEC851FA" box="[151,265,1951,1976]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: 3 aclitellates (
:
<specimenCount id="43A4FD7C94117609FEE2F828FE6551FB" box="[279,420,1951,1977]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">3 aclitellates</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="33B3AE3094117609FE46F828FE3251FB" box="[435,499,1951,1977]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">ZSIK</collectionCode>
<collectorName id="F857532394117609FE0FF828FD9E51FB" box="[506,607,1951,1977]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">Reg. No.</collectorName>
ZSI/
<collectionCode id="33B3AE3094117609FD6CF828FD3351FB" box="[665,754,1951,1977]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">WGRC</collectionCode>
/I.
<collectionCode id="33B3AE3094117609FCF2F828FCDB51FB" box="[775,794,1951,1977]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">R</collectionCode>
.INV.26788), same collection data as for holotype
Reg. No.
<specimenCode id="05049E8E94117609FD90F828FC5D51FB" box="[613,924,1951,1977]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">ZSI/WGRC/I.R.INV.26788</specimenCode>
), same collection data as for holotype
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="551D36F594117609FF32F875FA80519F" blockId="1.[151,1437,1842,2013]" box="[199,1345,1986,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">
<materialsCitation id="E5CA3CA894117609FF32F875FAFC519F" box="[199,1341,1986,2013]" collectingDate="2016-08-31" collectionCode="ACESSD" collectorName="Reg. No. &amp; S. Prasanth Narayanan &amp; S. Sathrumithra." country="India" county="Ernakulam District" elevation="144" latitude="10.054973" location="Aclitellate" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.76192" municipality="Neriamangalam town" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-juvenile="1" stateProvince="Kerala">
<materialsCitation id="E5CA3CA894117609FF32F875FAFC519F" box="[199,1341,1986,2013]" collectingDate="2016-08-31" collectionCode="ACESSD" collectorName="Reg. No. &amp; S. Prasanth Narayanan &amp; S. Sathrumithra." country="India" county="Ernakulam District" elevation="144" latitude="10.054973" location="Aclitellate" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.76192" municipality="Neriamangalam town" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" specimenCode="ACESSD/EW/1768" specimenCount="12" specimenCount-juvenile="1" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="other material">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794117609FF32F875FE40519E" bold="true" box="[199,385,1986,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">
<typeStatus id="8A19885794117609FF32F875FEBD519E" box="[199,380,1986,2012]" isOtherTypeStatus="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">Other material</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
11 aclitellates,
<specimenCount id="43A4FD7C94117609FE7DF874FDE4519F" box="[392,549,1987,2013]" count="11" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" type="generic">11 aclitellates</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="43A4FD7C94117609FDC5F874FD5E519F" box="[560,671,1987,2013]" count="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="564" type="juvenile">1 juvenile</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="33B3AE3094117609FD5BF874FCDC519F" box="[686,797,1987,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">ACESSD</collectionCode>
/EW/1768), same collection data as for holotype
<specimenCode id="05049E8E94117609FD5BF874FC52519F" box="[686,915,1987,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="564">ACESSD/EW/1768</specimenCode>
), same collection data as for holotype
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
@ -249,7 +246,7 @@ On the left side of a specimen, the spermathecal pore is slightly aligned median
on the left hand side, the atrium is large and longitudinally placed in segments 7 and 8.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E9412760CFF32F971FD785697" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="567" pageId="2" pageNumber="565" type="etymology">
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E9412760AFF32F971FBD45133" pageId="2" pageNumber="565" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="551D36F59412760AFF32F971FCE5510F" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="565">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79412760AFF32F971FE8350A3" bold="true" box="[199,322,1734,1761]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="565">Etymology</emphasis>
. Specific epithet ‘
@ -265,6 +262,8 @@ is a masculine noun in genitive case. The species is named in honour of Dr. Jati
</emphasis>
Mainly fine soil, small pebbles, mica, and very few pieces of bark.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E9412760CFF32F8CDFD785697" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="567" pageId="2" pageNumber="565" type="description">
<paragraph id="551D36F59412760CFF32F8CDFD785697" blockId="2.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,897]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="567" pageId="2" pageNumber="565">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79412760AFF32F8CDFEE451D7" bold="true" box="[199,293,1914,1941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="565">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79412760AFF32F8CDFEDF51D7" bold="true" box="[199,286,1914,1941]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="565">Habitat</emphasis>
@ -404,7 +403,7 @@ locality.
: Ernakulam District: Neriamangalam.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E9414760CFF32FE01FF1C5253" pageId="4" pageNumber="567" type="discussion">
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E9414760CFF32FE01FAD155C3" pageId="4" pageNumber="567" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="551D36F59414760CFF32FE01FAD155C3" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="567">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79414760CFF32FE01FEEF5793" bold="true" box="[199,302,438,465]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="567">Remarks</emphasis>
.
@ -482,24 +481,9 @@ mushroom-shaped, erect; capsule vertical ovoid). Characteristics of the
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79414760CFD6CFCD0FCFF55C2" box="[665,830,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="567">travancorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group members are compared in
<tableCitation id="1820034E9414760CFB43FCD0FACB55C3" box="[1206,1290,871,897]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,980,1004]" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of characters of Drawida jatinderi Narayanan sp. nov. with related species of the travancorensis" pageId="4" pageNumber="567">Table 1</tableCitation>
<tableCitation id="1820034E9414760CFB43FCD0FACB55C3" box="[1206,1290,871,897]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,980,1004]" captionTargetBox="[159,1425,1054,1991]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of characters of Drawida jatinderi Narayanan sp. nov. with related species of the travancorensis group." pageId="4" pageNumber="567">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="01DD667D9414760CFF62FC63FA5C55AE" box="[151,1437,980,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="567" startId="4.[151,239,980,1004]" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="551D36F59414760CFF62FC63FA5C55AE" blockId="4.[151,1437,980,1041]" box="[151,1437,980,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="567">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79414760CFF62FC63FECB55AE" bold="true" box="[151,266,980,1004]" pageId="4" pageNumber="567">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Comparison of characters of
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769414760CFDB0FC63FC4155AF" authority="Narayanan" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Jose &amp; Kurien &amp; Thomas" authorityYear="2024" box="[581,896,980,1005]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="4" pageNumber="567" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="jatinderi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79414760CFDB0FC63FCC655AE" box="[581,775,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="567">Drawida jatinderi</emphasis>
Narayanan
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79414760CFC72FC62FC1D55AF" bold="true" box="[903,988,981,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="567">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C9414760CFC72FC62FC1D55AF" box="[903,988,981,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="567" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
with related species of the travancorensis
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="551D36F59414760CFF62FC4EFF1C5253" blockId="4.[151,1437,980,1041]" box="[151,221,1017,1041]" pageId="4" pageNumber="567">group.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

535
data/DD/0B/87/DD0B87E39415760EFF62FD3BFB84510F.xml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,535 @@
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<mods:title id="EB83C91662B0248000ACF6CCF32F2B45">On three new species of the earthworm genus Drawida Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Moniligastridae) from south-western India</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="03F04C376C5D6077DEF89DE831405F65">Narayanan, S. Prasanth</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C1C1BD5EFD27FE67ADDE2FB2238173EC">Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills, Kottayam- 686560, Kerala, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A40FB5F4DA4FAEF7B5FE2502D1A49409">Jose, Divya</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="741A317E055E0988500B212B7DCE5CE3">Department of Zoology, Christ College (Autonomous), Affiliated with University of Calicut, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur- 680 125, Kerala, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1F14E501150B1B87E4ADA0A2557CC6FA">Kurien, Vijo Thomas</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D8B1A488F4F1237AD8FF1A94FA430713">Department of Zoology, C. M. S. College (Autonomous), Affiliated with Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam- 686 001, Kerala, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6428072EF0D35FE8E4173F732A2E4E5A">Thomas, A. P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="838430B2F7F30BCA2743C6A5A2C0432F">Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills, Kottayam- 686560, Kerala, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="D1C16432B87C9BB24F5ACF832BD25A5F">2024</mods:date>
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<heading id="0E5581999415760DFF62FD3BFDA654E5" bold="true" box="[151,615,652,679]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" reason="1">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFF62FD3BFDA654E5" bold="true" box="[151,615,652,679]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769415760DFF62FD3BFE3D54E5" authority="Narayanan" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Jose &amp; Kurien &amp; Thomas" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,508,652,679]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="paliwali" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFF62FD3BFEA654E5" bold="true" box="[151,359,652,679]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">Drawida paliwali</emphasis>
Narayanan
</taxonomicName>
,
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<paragraph id="551D36F59415760DFF62FD06FEFE5489" blockId="5.[151,615,652,715]" box="[151,319,689,715]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">
(
<figureCitation id="CD992A709415760DFF6AFD06FEF65489" box="[159,311,689,715]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,179,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[180,1407,179,1848]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Drawida paliwali Narayanan sp. nov. A, B. Anterior region, ventral view; C. Prostate, slightly stretched, right side, dorsal view; D. Prostate, right side, dorsal view; E, F. Prostatic capsule, right side, dorsal view; G. Spermathecal atrium, slightly stretched, right side, dorsal view; H. Spermathecal apparatus, right side, dorsal view. At—Atrium, Cl—Clitellum, Hl—Hairpin loops, Pc—Prostatic capsule, Pd—Prostatic duct, Pr—Prostate, Sa—Spermathecal ampulla, Sd—Spermathecal duct, Se—Septum, Sm—Secondary male aperture, Sp—Spermathecal aperture, Ts—Testis sac, Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241314/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">Figure 2A–H</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="551D36F59415760DFF62FD4EFDF355E1" blockId="5.[151,1437,761,2012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFF62FD4EFE8A5551" bold="true" box="[151,331,761,787]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="E5CA3CA89415760DFEADFD4EFD52553D" collectingDate="2016-08-02" collectionCode="ZSIK, T" collectorName="S. Prasanth Narayanan &amp; Augustine &amp; S. Sathrumithra" country="India" county="Palakkad District" elevation="1153" latitude="10.363334" location="Karimala Gopuram Hill" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.75259" municipality="Parambikulam" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" specimenCode="ZSI/WGRC/I.R.INV.26789" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala State" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFEADFD4EFE7E5551" box="[344,447,761,787]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">
<typeStatus id="8A1988579415760DFEADFD4EFE7E5551" box="[344,447,761,787]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="43A4FD7C9415760DFE26FD4EFDFB5551" box="[467,570,761,787]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">Clitellate</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="33B3AE309415760DFDBBFD4EFD4F5551" box="[590,654,761,787]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">ZSIK</collectionCode>
Reg. No.
<specimenCode id="05049E8E9415760DFCE7FD4EFB885551" box="[786,1097,761,787]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">ZSI/WGRC/I.R.INV.26789</specimenCode>
),
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in Parambikulam Tiger Reserve (
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,
<geoCoordinate id="309650329415760DFD30FCAAFCB8557A" box="[709,889,797,824]" degrees="76.75258333" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" precision="1" value="76.75259">76.75258333°E</geoCoordinate>
),
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around
<quantity id="925A9B109415760DFC19FCAAFBEB5575" box="[1004,1066,797,823]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
south of Parambikulam round
</locationDeviation>
,
<collectingCounty id="BC7C4E799415760DFF62FCF6FEA05519" box="[151,353,833,859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">Palakkad District</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingRegion id="9766F8179415760DFE85FCF6FDC35519" box="[368,514,833,859]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">Kerala State</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="2DB576659415760DFDE7FCF6FD8F5519" box="[530,590,833,859]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">India</collectingCountry>
,
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<quantity id="925A9B109415760DFDABFCF6FD765519" box="[606,695,833,860]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.153" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" unit="m" value="1153.0">1153 m</quantity>
asl
</elevation>
, evergreen forest,
<date id="211C10359415760DFC34FCF6FBB05519" box="[961,1137,833,859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" value="2016-08-02">
<collectingDate id="3158E9DD9415760DFC34FCF6FBB05519" box="[961,1137,833,859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" value="2016-08-02">2 August 2016</collectingDate>
</date>
, collected by
<collectorName id="F85753239415760DFAECFCF6FED2553D" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">S. Prasanth Narayanan</collectorName>
,
<collectionCode id="33B3AE309415760DFEE8FCD2FEEE553D" box="[285,303,869,895]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">T</collectionCode>
.
<collectorName id="F85753239415760DFECDFCD2FE6A553D" box="[312,427,869,895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">Augustine</collectorName>
and
<collectorName id="F85753239415760DFE15FCD2FD52553D" box="[480,659,869,895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">S. Sathrumithra</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="E5CA3CA89415760DFD69FCD1FDEE55E1" collectingDate="2016-08-02" collectionCode="ZSIK" collectorName="Reg. No." country="India" county="Palakkad District" elevation="1153" latitude="10.363334" location="Clitellate" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.75259" municipality="Parambikulam" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" specimenCode="ZSI/WGRC/I.R.INV.26790" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFD69FCD1FCCF553D" box="[668,782,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">
<typeStatus id="8A1988579415760DFD69FCD1FCCF553D" box="[668,782,870,895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="43A4FD7C9415760DFCE9FCD2FC5A553D" box="[796,923,869,895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">4 clitellates</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="33B3AE309415760DFC5CFCD2FC28553D" box="[937,1001,869,895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">ZSIK</collectionCode>
Reg. No.
<specimenCode id="05049E8E9415760DFBACFCD2FA50553D" box="[1113,1425,869,895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">ZSI/WGRC/I.R.INV.26790</specimenCode>
), same collection data as for holotype
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="551D36F59415760DFF32FC1AFB6B5585" blockId="5.[151,1437,761,2012]" box="[199,1194,941,968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">
<materialsCitation id="E5CA3CA89415760DFF32FC1AFB675585" box="[199,1190,941,968]" collectingDate="2016-08-02" collectionCode="ACESSD" collectorName="Reg. No. &amp; S. Prasanth Narayanan &amp; Augustine &amp; S. Sathrumithra" country="India" county="Palakkad District" elevation="1153" latitude="10.363334" location="Clitellate" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.75259" municipality="Parambikulam" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" specimenCode="ACESSD/EW/1728" specimenCount="5" stateProvince="Kerala">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFF32FC1AFE405585" bold="true" box="[199,385,941,967]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">Other material.</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="43A4FD7C9415760DFE7DFC1AFDC95585" box="[392,520,941,968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">5 clitellates</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="05049E8E9415760DFDE2FC1AFD3D5585" box="[535,764,941,967]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">ACESSD/EW/1728</specimenCode>
), same collection data as for holotype
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E9415760DFF32FC66FD75536D" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="551D36F59415760DFF32FC66FD75536D" blockId="5.[151,1437,761,2012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFF32FC66FEFB55A9" bold="true" box="[199,314,977,1003]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Length
<quantity id="925A9B109415760DFE68FC66FDD655A9" box="[413,535,977,1004]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.85" metricValueMax="8.3" metricValueMin="5.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="68.5" valueMax="83.0" valueMin="54.0">54–83 mm</quantity>
, width
<quantity id="925A9B109415760DFD92FC66FD2C55A9" box="[615,749,977,1004]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="3.5">3.5–4.5 mm</quantity>
at segment 9, segments 122–141. Setae present from segment 2. Dorsal pores absent. Clitellum annular on segments ¼9– ½14 (= 4¾), portion on ½14 visible only at high magnification. Spermathecal apertures paired, in intersegmental furrow 7/8, aligned at
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFBA8FBAEFBB15271" box="[1117,1136,1049,1075]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">C</emphasis>
. Secondary male apertures paired in transverse slits, in intersegmental furrow 10/11, at mid
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFC60FB8AFC785215" box="[917,953,1085,1111]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">BC</emphasis>
. Genital markings absent. Gizzards three to four within segments 13–16. Vas deferens forming a large mass of hairpin loops, mass smaller than testis sac or somewhat equal in size, entering prostate directly, at sub-ental portion of glandular prostate at median side. Prostates paired, glandular, somewhat spheroidal or pear-shaped, erect or bend on itself; prostatic capsule smooth, club-shaped; prostatic duct shorter than glandular portion, vas enters at ental end of capsule. Atrium large, erect, distinctly bilobed, sac-like, surface wrinkled, one lobe each in segments 7 and 8, anterior lobe slightly shorter; duct entering at centre of junction of two atrial lobes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E9415760EFF32FA8EFC015423" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="569" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" type="description">
<paragraph id="551D36F59415760DFF32FA8EFB4F5165" blockId="5.[151,1437,761,2012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFF32FA8EFE8C5311" bold="true" box="[199,333,1337,1363]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">Description</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFEABFA8EFE7F5311" box="[350,446,1337,1363]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">External</emphasis>
: Colour, dorsum brownish grey, ventrum pale in preservation. Body circular in cross section. Dimensions:
<typeStatus id="8A1988579415760DFE7CFAEAFE375335" box="[393,502,1373,1399]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: length
<quantity id="925A9B109415760DFDB8FAEAFD5F5335" box="[589,670,1373,1399]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="83.0">83 mm</quantity>
, width
<quantity id="925A9B109415760DFD05FAEAFC875335" box="[752,838,1373,1400]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
at segment 9, segments 141;
<typeStatus id="8A1988579415760DFB7AFAEAFB3E5335" box="[1167,1279,1373,1399]" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
: length
<quantity id="925A9B109415760DFAA3FAEAFF0453D9" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.65" metricValueMax="7.3" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="66.5" valueMax="73.0" valueMin="60.0">60–73 mm</quantity>
, width
<quantity id="925A9B109415760DFEEDFA36FE4B53D9" box="[280,394,1409,1436]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="3.75" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.5">3.5–4 mm</quantity>
at segment 9, segments 122–137; other materials: length
<quantity id="925A9B109415760DFBFAFA36FB4B53D9" box="[1039,1162,1409,1436]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="7.1" metricValueMin="5.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="62.5" valueMax="71.0" valueMin="54.0">54–71 mm</quantity>
, width
<quantity id="925A9B109415760DFB29FA36FADC53D9" box="[1244,1309,1409,1435]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
at segment 9, segments 124–139. Setae lumbricine, small, closely paired, present from segment 2; setal formula
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFB02FA12FAD853FD" box="[1271,1305,1445,1471]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">AA</emphasis>
= 5.5–6
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFA8FFA12FA5D53FD" box="[1402,1436,1445,1471]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">AB</emphasis>
= 0.88–1.09
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFED1FA7EFE8953A1" box="[292,328,1481,1507]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">BC</emphasis>
= 7.33–8
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFE4DFA7EFE1E53A1" box="[440,479,1481,1507]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">CD</emphasis>
= 0.22–0.27
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFD87FA7DFD5B53A1" box="[626,666,1482,1507]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">DD</emphasis>
at segment 8 and
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFC97FA7EFC4553A1" box="[866,900,1481,1507]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">AA</emphasis>
= 14–14.5
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFBF7FA7EFBE553A1" box="[1026,1060,1481,1507]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">AB</emphasis>
= 0.933–1.07
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFB30FA7EFB2853A1" box="[1221,1257,1481,1507]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">BC</emphasis>
= 14–19.33
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFA80FA7EFA5D53A1" box="[1397,1436,1481,1507]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">CD</emphasis>
= 0.36–0.38
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFED1FA59FE8D5045" box="[292,332,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">DD</emphasis>
at segment 20 (n = 2). Prostomium prolobous. Dorsal pores absent. Clitellum, annular on ¼9– ½14 (= 4¾) (
<figureCitation id="CD992A709415760DFF02F9A6FEB55069" box="[247,372,1553,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,179,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[180,1407,179,1848]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Drawida paliwali Narayanan sp. nov. A, B. Anterior region, ventral view; C. Prostate, slightly stretched, right side, dorsal view; D. Prostate, right side, dorsal view; E, F. Prostatic capsule, right side, dorsal view; G. Spermathecal atrium, slightly stretched, right side, dorsal view; H. Spermathecal apparatus, right side, dorsal view. At—Atrium, Cl—Clitellum, Hl—Hairpin loops, Pc—Prostatic capsule, Pd—Prostatic duct, Pr—Prostate, Sa—Spermathecal ampulla, Sd—Spermathecal duct, Se—Septum, Sm—Secondary male aperture, Sp—Spermathecal aperture, Ts—Testis sac, Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241314/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
), well demarcated by slight swelling in segments 10–13, portion on ½14 visible only at high magnification, reddish colour in preservation, intersegmental furrows distinct, setae visible. Spermathecal apertures paired, in intersegmental furrow 7/8, aligned at
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFD5CF9EEFD7D5031" box="[681,700,1625,1651]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">C</emphasis>
, nearly concealed in furrow, with puckered lips in segments 7 and 8 (
<figureCitation id="CD992A709415760DFF46F9CAFEEA50D5" box="[179,299,1661,1687]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,179,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[180,1407,179,1848]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Drawida paliwali Narayanan sp. nov. A, B. Anterior region, ventral view; C. Prostate, slightly stretched, right side, dorsal view; D. Prostate, right side, dorsal view; E, F. Prostatic capsule, right side, dorsal view; G. Spermathecal atrium, slightly stretched, right side, dorsal view; H. Spermathecal apparatus, right side, dorsal view. At—Atrium, Cl—Clitellum, Hl—Hairpin loops, Pc—Prostatic capsule, Pd—Prostatic duct, Pr—Prostate, Sa—Spermathecal ampulla, Sd—Spermathecal duct, Se—Septum, Sm—Secondary male aperture, Sp—Spermathecal aperture, Ts—Testis sac, Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241314/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
). Secondary male apertures paired, in transverse slits, in intersegmental furrow 10/11, at mid
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFAC1F9CAFA9950D5" box="[1332,1368,1661,1687]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">BC</emphasis>
; male genital region is demarcated by a pair of small asymmetrical pale whitish patches, present anterior and posterior of intersegmental furrow 10/11 (
<figureCitation id="CD992A709415760DFDF0F972FD41509D" box="[517,640,1733,1759]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,179,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[180,1407,179,1848]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Drawida paliwali Narayanan sp. nov. A, B. Anterior region, ventral view; C. Prostate, slightly stretched, right side, dorsal view; D. Prostate, right side, dorsal view; E, F. Prostatic capsule, right side, dorsal view; G. Spermathecal atrium, slightly stretched, right side, dorsal view; H. Spermathecal apparatus, right side, dorsal view. At—Atrium, Cl—Clitellum, Hl—Hairpin loops, Pc—Prostatic capsule, Pd—Prostatic duct, Pr—Prostate, Sa—Spermathecal ampulla, Sd—Spermathecal duct, Se—Septum, Sm—Secondary male aperture, Sp—Spermathecal aperture, Ts—Testis sac, Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241314/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
). Female pores minute in intersegmental furrow 11/12 at mid
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFAC9F972FA9F509D" box="[1340,1374,1733,1759]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">AB</emphasis>
; pale whitish patch present behind female pores on segment 12, reach up to setal arc (
<figureCitation id="CD992A709415760DFBE5F95EFB495141" box="[1040,1160,1769,1795]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,179,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[180,1407,179,1848]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Drawida paliwali Narayanan sp. nov. A, B. Anterior region, ventral view; C. Prostate, slightly stretched, right side, dorsal view; D. Prostate, right side, dorsal view; E, F. Prostatic capsule, right side, dorsal view; G. Spermathecal atrium, slightly stretched, right side, dorsal view; H. Spermathecal apparatus, right side, dorsal view. At—Atrium, Cl—Clitellum, Hl—Hairpin loops, Pc—Prostatic capsule, Pd—Prostatic duct, Pr—Prostate, Sa—Spermathecal ampulla, Sd—Spermathecal duct, Se—Septum, Sm—Secondary male aperture, Sp—Spermathecal aperture, Ts—Testis sac, Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241314/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
). Nephridiopores visible from intersegmental furrow 5/6, in single line at
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFD4DF8BAFD1E5165" box="[696,735,1805,1831]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">CD</emphasis>
, throughout. Genital markings absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="551D36F59415760EFF32F886FDFE57B7" blockId="5.[151,1437,761,2012]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,1869]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="569" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79415760DFF32F886FEE05109" box="[199,289,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="568">Internal</emphasis>
: Pale brownish pigmentation in circular muscle layer. Septum 5/6 weak, septa 6/7/8/9 lightly muscular. Gizzards three to four, within segments 13–16, constantly present on segments 14, 15, anterior one smaller; intestine origin in segment 25±1. Last pair of hearts, commissures of extra oesophageal vessel on posterior face of septum 8/9 and 9/10 not recognizable. Testis sacs paired, large, asymmetrical, dislocated to posterior segments, generally extends in segments
<quantity id="925A9B109415760DFE74F876FE245199" box="[385,485,1985,2012]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.175" metricValueMax="3.81" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" unit="in" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 in</quantity>
left side, and
<quantity id="925A9B109415760DFD71F876FD265199" box="[644,743,1985,2011]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.175" metricValueMax="3.556" metricValueMin="2.794" pageId="5" pageNumber="568" unit="in" value="12.5" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="11.0">11–14 in</quantity>
right side, not constricted by septum; vas deferens very long, thick, coiled to form a large mass of hairpin loops, aggregated mass smaller than testis sac or somewhat equal in size, entering prostate directly, at sub-ental portion of glandular prostate at median side. Prostates paired, glandular, somewhat spheroidal or pear-shaped, erect or bend on itself, posteriorly or laterally directed (
<figureCitation id="CD992A709416760EFB59FF68FAE756BB" box="[1196,1318,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,179,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[180,1407,179,1848]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Drawida paliwali Narayanan sp. nov. A, B. Anterior region, ventral view; C. Prostate, slightly stretched, right side, dorsal view; D. Prostate, right side, dorsal view; E, F. Prostatic capsule, right side, dorsal view; G. Spermathecal atrium, slightly stretched, right side, dorsal view; H. Spermathecal apparatus, right side, dorsal view. At—Atrium, Cl—Clitellum, Hl—Hairpin loops, Pc—Prostatic capsule, Pd—Prostatic duct, Pr—Prostate, Sa—Spermathecal ampulla, Sd—Spermathecal duct, Se—Septum, Sm—Secondary male aperture, Sp—Spermathecal aperture, Ts—Testis sac, Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241314/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation>
); prostatic capsule smooth, club-shaped (
<figureCitation id="CD992A709416760EFE12FEB4FD9A575F" box="[487,603,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,179,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[180,1407,179,1848]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Drawida paliwali Narayanan sp. nov. A, B. Anterior region, ventral view; C. Prostate, slightly stretched, right side, dorsal view; D. Prostate, right side, dorsal view; E, F. Prostatic capsule, right side, dorsal view; G. Spermathecal atrium, slightly stretched, right side, dorsal view; H. Spermathecal apparatus, right side, dorsal view. At—Atrium, Cl—Clitellum, Hl—Hairpin loops, Pc—Prostatic capsule, Pd—Prostatic duct, Pr—Prostate, Sa—Spermathecal ampulla, Sd—Spermathecal duct, Se—Septum, Sm—Secondary male aperture, Sp—Spermathecal aperture, Ts—Testis sac, Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241314/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Fig. 2E, F</figureCitation>
); prostatic duct shorter than gland, vas deferens entering at ental end of the capsule. Spermathecal ampulla paired in segment 8, ampulla ovoid or flattish ovoid; atrium large, erect, distinctly bilobed, sac-like, surface of each lobe wrinkled (
<figureCitation id="CD992A709416760EFD3DFEFCFC865727" box="[712,839,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1875,1899]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,179,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-19@7.[180,1407,179,1848]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Drawida paliwali Narayanan sp. nov. A, B. Anterior region, ventral view; C. Prostate, slightly stretched, right side, dorsal view; D. Prostate, right side, dorsal view; E, F. Prostatic capsule, right side, dorsal view; G. Spermathecal atrium, slightly stretched, right side, dorsal view; H. Spermathecal apparatus, right side, dorsal view. At—Atrium, Cl—Clitellum, Hl—Hairpin loops, Pc—Prostatic capsule, Pd—Prostatic duct, Pr—Prostate, Sa—Spermathecal ampulla, Sd—Spermathecal duct, Se—Septum, Sm—Secondary male aperture, Sp—Spermathecal aperture, Ts—Testis sac, Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241314/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Fig. 2G, H</figureCitation>
), one lobe each in segments 7 and 8, occupying the cavity of respected segments, anterior lobe slightly shorter; duct long, thick, coiled on the posterior face of septum 7/8, penetrates septum 7/8 close to body wall, entering at centre of junction of two atrial lobes. Ovarian chamber present; ovisacs paired, long, irregular-shaped, extends in segments 12–14, 15, tapering end, occasionally hooked entally. Nephridia holoic, avesiculate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="551D36F59416760EFF32FE48FC015423" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFF32FE48FE85545B" bold="true" box="[199,324,511,537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFF32FE48FEFC545B" bold="true" box="[199,317,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Variations</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
In
<specimenCount id="43A4FD7C9416760EFE9DFE48FDC2545B" box="[360,515,511,537]" count="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
, the tip of the penis-like organ is slightly everted from the secondary male aperture. Testis sac position: in
<specimenCount id="43A4FD7C9416760EFE7BFD94FDE6547F" box="[398,551,547,573]" count="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
it extends in segments 9–10 on right side, 10–13 on left side, another specimen it is in segments 12–15 on right side and in segments 12–14 on left side.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E9416760EFF32FDDDFEAA5253" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="551D36F59416760EFF32FDDDFDF954B3" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFF32FDDDFE8354C7" bold="true" box="[199,322,618,645]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Etymology</emphasis>
. The specific epithet ‘
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFDC3FDDCFD5954C7" box="[566,664,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">paliwali’</emphasis>
is a masculine eponym in the genitive case. Species is dedicated to Dr. Rahul Paliwal (retired scientist, Zoological Survey of
<collectingCountry id="2DB576659416760EFD00FD38FCF254EB" box="[757,819,655,681]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">India</collectingCountry>
), as a recognition of his significant contributions to the taxonomic studies on the earthworms in
<collectingCountry id="2DB576659416760EFD95FD04FD5C548F" box="[608,669,691,717]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">India</collectingCountry>
. He supported the first author’s works on the studies on earthworms by providing materials and expertise.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="551D36F59416760EFF32FD4CFBE15557" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1869]" box="[199,1056,763,789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFF32FD4CFEE55557" bold="true" box="[199,292,763,789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFF32FD4CFEDC5557" bold="true" box="[199,285,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Ingesta</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Chiefly colloids of fine soil with sparse bark-like organic materials.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="551D36F59416760EFF32FCA9FEAA5253" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFF32FCA9FEDF557B" bold="true" box="[199,286,798,825]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Habitat</emphasis>
. Higher altitude evergreen forest with dark forest-loam soil. Due to the topographical peculiarity, altitudinal variations and the plant species combination in the Karimalagopuram and surrounding areas are unique, and often the forest of this region is referred to as shola forest (
<bibRefCitation id="31334B049416760EFCAAFCD0FBE155C3" author="Sasidharan, N." box="[863,1056,871,897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" refId="ref13175" refString="Sasidharan, N. (2002) Floristic studies in Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary. KFRI Research Report No. 246. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, 408 pp." type="book" year="2002">Sasidharan 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Common vegetation of this area is dominated by trees, shrubs, and other plants such as
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFD0BFC3CFC5255E7" box="[766,915,907,933]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Calophyllaceae" genus="Mesua" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferrea">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFD0BFC3CFC5255E7" box="[766,915,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Mesua ferrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFC35FC3CFAD755E7" authority="A. Robyns" authorityName="A. Robyns" box="[960,1302,907,933]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Cullenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="exarillata">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFC35FC3CFB5455E7" box="[960,1173,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Cullenia exarillata</emphasis>
A. Robyns
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFAD4FC3CFE79558B" authority="(Dalzell) Baill." authorityName="Baill." baseAuthorityName="Dalzell" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Palaquium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ellipticum">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFAD4FC3CFEC6558B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Palaquium ellipticum</emphasis>
(Dalzell) Baill.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFE36FC18FC4B558B" authority="(Nees) Benth. &amp; Hook." authorityName="Benth. &amp; Hook." baseAuthorityName="Nees" box="[451,906,943,969]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Litsea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wightiana">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFE36FC18FDBE558B" box="[451,639,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Litsea wightiana</emphasis>
(Nees) Benth. &amp; Hook.
</taxonomicName>
fil.,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFC4BFC18FA59558B" authority="Wall. Ex Choisy" authorityName="Wall. Ex Choisy" box="[958,1432,943,969]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Calophyllaceae" genus="Calophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polyanthum">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFC4BFC18FB18558B" box="[958,1241,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Calophyllum polyanthum</emphasis>
Wall. Ex Choisy
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFF62FC64FEA455AF" box="[151,357,979,1005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Strobilanthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFF62FC64FEEA55AF" box="[151,299,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Strobilanthes</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFE87FC64FC4E55AF" authority="(Wight) Benth. Ex Hook." authorityName="Benth. Ex Hook." baseAuthorityName="Wight" box="[370,911,979,1005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Christisonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tubulosa">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFE87FC64FDA455AF" box="[370,613,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Christisonia tubulosa</emphasis>
(Wight) Benth. Ex Hook.
</taxonomicName>
fil,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFC4AFC64FAAC55AF" authority="(J. Graham) Hook." authorityName="Hook." baseAuthorityName="J. Graham" box="[959,1389,979,1005]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Arisaema" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="murrayi">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFC4AFC64FB4F55AE" box="[959,1166,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Arisaema murrayi</emphasis>
(J. Graham) Hook.
</taxonomicName>
etc. (
<bibRefCitation id="31334B049416760EFF6AFC40FE9E5253" author="Sasidharan, N." box="[159,351,1015,1041]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" refId="ref13175" refString="Sasidharan, N. (2002) Floristic studies in Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary. KFRI Research Report No. 246. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, 408 pp." type="book" year="2002">Sasidharan 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E9416760EFF32FBADFBA452E3" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="551D36F59416760EFF32FBADFBA452E3" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFF32FBADFEEA5277" bold="true" box="[199,299,1050,1077]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFF32FBADFEE55277" bold="true" box="[199,292,1050,1077]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Ecology</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Appears to be an endogeic species, as indicated by the pale colour and large quantity of fine soil and a few small particles of organic matter in the intestine.
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFD1BFB88FCAD521B" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Jose &amp; Kurien &amp; Thomas" authorityYear="2024" box="[750,876,1087,1113]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="paliwali" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFD1BFB88FCAD521B" box="[750,876,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. paliwali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFC86FB88FC0C521B" bold="true" box="[883,973,1087,1113]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C9416760EFC86FB88FC0C521B" box="[883,973,1087,1113]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
was found to share the
<typeStatus id="8A1988579416760EFB2DFB88FAC9521B" box="[1240,1288,1087,1113]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">type</typeStatus>
locality with other earthworm species such as
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFDFEFBD4FBC6523F" authority="Narayanan &amp; Julka, 2021" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Julka" authorityYear="2021" box="[523,1031,1123,1149]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bahli">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFDFEFBD4FD1C523F" box="[523,733,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Moniligaster bahli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="31334B049416760EFD10FBD4FBC6523F" author="Narayanan, S. P. &amp; Sathrumithra, S. &amp; Anuja, R. &amp; Christopher, G. &amp; Thomas, A. P. &amp; Julka, J. M." box="[741,1031,1123,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" pagination="381 - 397" refId="ref12550" refString="Narayanan, S. P., Sathrumithra, S., Anuja, R., Christopher, G., Thomas, A. P. &amp; Julka, J. M. (2021) Three new species and four new species records of earthworms of the genus Moniligaster Perrier, 1872 (Clitellata: Moniligastridae) from Kerala region of the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot, India. Zootaxa, 4949 (2), 381 - 397. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4949.2.11" type="journal article" year="2021">Narayanan &amp; Julka, 2021</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFBE6FBD4FACA523F" authority="Gates, 1940" authorityName="Gates" authorityYear="1940" box="[1043,1291,1123,1149]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Moniligaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="horsti">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFBE6FBD4FBBB523F" box="[1043,1146,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">M. horsti</emphasis>
Gates, 1940
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFAE2FBD4FDA352E3" authority="Stephenson, 1915" authorityName="Stephenson" authorityYear="1915" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Megascolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="cochinensis" subSpecies="phaseolus">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFAE2FBD4FE5052E3" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Megascolex cochinensis phaseolus</emphasis>
Stephenson, 1915
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFD69FB30FBA052E3" authority="(Stephenson, 1915)" baseAuthorityName="Stephenson" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[668,1121,1158,1185]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Notoscolex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hastatus">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFD69FB30FCBC52E3" box="[668,893,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Notoscolex hastatus</emphasis>
(Stephenson, 1915)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E9416760EFF32FB1DFF3852AB" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="551D36F59416760EFF32FB1DFF3852AB" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFF32FB1DFE925287" bold="true" box="[199,339,1194,1221]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Distribution</emphasis>
. Endemic to
<collectingCountry id="2DB576659416760EFE13FB1CFDE55287" box="[486,548,1195,1221]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">India</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="9766F8179416760EFDD8FB1CFD7B5287" box="[557,698,1195,1221]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Kerala State</collectingRegion>
: Palakkad District: Karimala Gopuram hill in Parambikulam Tiger Reserve.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E9416760EFF32FB45FB84510F" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="551D36F59416760EFF32FB45FE6C504B" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFF32FB45FEEF534F" bold="true" box="[199,302,1266,1293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Remarks</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFECEFB44FDC0534F" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Jose &amp; Kurien &amp; Thomas" authorityYear="2024" box="[315,513,1267,1293]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="paliwali" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFECEFB44FDC0534F" box="[315,513,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Drawida paliwali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFDF2FB44FDA1534F" bold="true" box="[519,608,1267,1293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C9416760EFDF2FB44FDA1534F" box="[519,608,1267,1293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
belongs to the
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFCFDFB44FC9C534F" baseAuthorityName="Bourne" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[776,861,1267,1293]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFCFDFB44FC9C534F" box="[776,861,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group. Species of this group have glandular prostates and bilobed spermathecal atria. The group consists of eight species, including two of them described in this work:
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFEE6FA8CFD625317" authority="(Bourne, 1886)" baseAuthorityName="Bourne" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[275,675,1339,1365]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="robusta" subSpecies="robusta">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFEE6FA8CFE2A5317" box="[275,491,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. robusta robusta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="31334B049416760EFE0EFA8CFD5A5317" author="Bourne, A. G." box="[507,667,1339,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" pagination="662 - 672" refId="ref10823" refString="Bourne, A. G. (1886) On Indian earthworms - part I. preliminary notice of earthworms from the Nilgiris and Shevaroys. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, 1886, 662 - 672." type="book chapter" year="1886">Bourne, 1886</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFD44FA8CFBAE5317" authority="(Bourne, 1894)" baseAuthorityName="Bourne" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[689,1135,1339,1365]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="robusta" subSpecies="ophidioides">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFD44FA8CFC775317" box="[689,950,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. robusta ophidioides</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="31334B049416760EFC32FA8CFBA65317" author="Bourne, A. G." box="[967,1127,1339,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" pagination="307 - 384" refId="ref10867" refString="Bourne, A. G. (1894) On Moniligaster grandis, A. G. B., from the Nilgiris, S. India; together with descriptions of other species of the genus Moniligaster. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 36, 307 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jcs. s 2 - 36.143.307" type="journal article" year="1894">Bourne, 1894</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFB88FA8CFF13533B" authority="Michaelsen, 1910" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1910" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ghatensis">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFB88FA8CFACA5317" box="[1149,1291,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. ghatensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="31334B049416760EFAE1FA8CFF13533B" author="Michaelsen, W." pageId="6" pageNumber="569" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref11837" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1910) Die Oligochatenfauna der vorderindisch-ceylonischen region. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 19 (5), 1 - 108. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1910">Michaelsen, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFF15FAE8FDF6533B" authority="Rao, 1921" authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1921" box="[224,567,1375,1401]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="somavarpatana">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFF15FAE8FE75533A" box="[224,436,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. somavarpatana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="31334B049416760EFE4BFAE8FDF6533B" author="Rao, C. R. N." box="[446,567,1375,1401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" pagination="496 - 536" refId="ref13028" refString="Rao, C. R. N. (1921) On the anatomy of some new species of Drawida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 8 (47), 496 - 536. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932108632613" type="journal article" year="1921">Rao, 1921</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFDB3FAE8FBE5533B" authority="Stephenson, 1925" authorityName="Stephenson" authorityYear="1925" box="[582,1060,1374,1401]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="robusta" subSpecies="cochinensis">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFDB3FAE8FC8C533B" box="[582,845,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. robusta cochinensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="31334B049416760EFCA2FAE8FBE5533B" author="Stephenson, J." box="[855,1060,1374,1401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" pagination="43 - 73" refId="ref13309" refString="Stephenson, J. (1925) On some Oligochaeta mainly from Assam, South India, and the Andaman Islands. Records of the Indian Museum, 27 (2), 43 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 27 / i 2 / 1925 / 163458" type="journal article" year="1925">Stephenson, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFBC7FAE8FEDC53DF" authority="Narayanan &amp; Julka, 2017" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Julka" authorityYear="2017" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="thomasi">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFBC7FAE8FB38533B" box="[1074,1273,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Drawida thomasi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="31334B049416760EFAF6FAE8FEDC53DF" author="Narayanan, S. P. &amp; Sathrumithra, S. &amp; Christopher, G. &amp; Julka, J. M." pageId="6" pageNumber="569" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref12232" refString="Narayanan, S. P., Sathrumithra, S., Christopher, G. &amp; Julka, J. M. (2017) New species and new records of earthworm of the genus Drawida from Kerala part of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, India (Oligochaeta, Moniligastridae). ZooKeys, 691, 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 691.13174" type="journal article" year="2017">Narayanan &amp; Julka, 2017</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFEDCFA34FE6953DF" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Jose &amp; Kurien &amp; Thomas" authorityYear="2024" box="[297,424,1411,1437]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="paliwali" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFEDCFA34FE6953DF" box="[297,424,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. paliwali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFE45FA34FDCA53DF" bold="true" box="[432,523,1411,1437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C9416760EFE45FA34FDCA53DF" box="[432,523,1411,1437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFDBEFA34FD3653DF" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Jose &amp; Kurien &amp; Thomas" authorityYear="2024" box="[587,759,1411,1437]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="proboscidea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFDBEFA34FD3653DF" box="[587,759,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. proboscidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFCF5FA34FC9A53DF" bold="true" box="[768,859,1411,1437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C9416760EFCF5FA34FC9A53DF" box="[768,859,1411,1437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Characters of the group members are compared in detail in
<tableCitation id="1820034E9416760EFF0CFA10FE915383" box="[249,336,1447,1473]" captionStart="TABEL 2" captionStartId="13.[151,238,521,547]" captionTargetBox="[161,2027,597,1630]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABEL 2. Comparison of characters of Drawida paliwali Narayanan sp. nov. and D. proboscidea Narayanan, sp. nov. along with related species of the D. robusta robusta group (adapted and modified table based on Narayanan et al. 2017)" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Table 2</tableCitation>
. Within this group, two subgroups are recognized: 1) with a distinctly bilobed atrium, and 2) with a slightly bilobed atrium (lobes are like light protuberances). Differences of
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFC12FA7CFBA553A7" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Jose &amp; Kurien &amp; Thomas" authorityYear="2024" box="[999,1124,1483,1509]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="paliwali" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFC12FA7CFBA553A7" box="[999,1124,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. paliwali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFB9EFA7CFB0553A7" bold="true" box="[1131,1220,1483,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C9416760EFB9EFA7CFB0553A7" box="[1131,1220,1483,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, to other species of the group are as follows:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="551D36F59416760EFF32F9A4FB84510F" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFF32F9A4FE89506F" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Jose &amp; Kurien &amp; Thomas" authorityYear="2024" box="[199,328,1555,1581]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="paliwali" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFF32F9A4FE89506F" box="[199,328,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. paliwali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFEA4F9A4FE6C506F" bold="true" box="[337,429,1555,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C9416760EFEA4F9A4FE6C506F" box="[337,429,1555,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
belongs to the first subgroup with distinctly bilobed atrium. Due to the presence of the large distinct bilobed atrium, it can be readily differentiated from
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFC63F980FBE75013" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1910" box="[918,1062,1591,1617]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ghatensis">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFC63F980FBE75013" box="[918,1062,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. ghatensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFBC3F980FAFF5013" authorityName="Stephenson" authorityYear="1925" box="[1078,1342,1591,1617]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="robusta" subSpecies="cochinensis">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFBC3F980FAFF5013" box="[1078,1342,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. robusta cochinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFA74F980FEE15037" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Jose &amp; Kurien &amp; Thomas" authorityYear="2024" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="proboscidea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFA74F980FEE15037" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. proboscidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFED2F9ECFE405037" bold="true" box="[295,385,1627,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C9416760EFED2F9ECFE405037" box="[295,385,1627,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, described herein.
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFDA1F9ECFD135037" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Jose &amp; Kurien &amp; Thomas" authorityYear="2024" box="[596,722,1627,1653]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="paliwali" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFDA1F9ECFD135037" box="[596,722,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. paliwali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFD2DF9ECFCF05037" bold="true" box="[728,817,1627,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C9416760EFD2DF9ECFCF05037" box="[728,817,1627,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
can be easily distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFB5DF9ECFABB5037" baseAuthorityName="Bourne" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[1192,1402,1627,1653]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="robusta" subSpecies="robusta">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFB5DF9ECFABB5037" box="[1192,1402,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. robusta robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the shape of the spermathecal atrium (saccular, wrinkled, anterior lobe shorter
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFC09F9C8FBD250DA" box="[1020,1043,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">vs</emphasis>
tubular, anterior lobe larger). It can be differentiated from
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFE66F914FD5250FF" baseAuthorityName="Bourne" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[403,659,1699,1725]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="robusta" subSpecies="ophidioides">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFE66F914FD5250FF" box="[403,659,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. robusta ophidioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by small body size (length
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<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFBB2F914FB9F50FE" box="[1095,1118,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">vs</emphasis>
<quantity id="925A9B109416760EFB90F914FB0550FF" box="[1125,1220,1699,1725]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" unit="mm" value="310.0">310 mm</quantity>
, width
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<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFF62F970FF6F50A2" box="[151,174,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">vs</emphasis>
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), and shape of the spermathecal atrium (saccular
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFCDAF970FC8750A2" box="[815,838,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">vs</emphasis>
teat like). Based on the
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of prostate,
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C9416760EFF62F95CFF335147" box="[151,242,1771,1797]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
can be ascertained from the
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<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFDCFF95CFCCA5146" box="[570,779,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. somavarpatana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(single
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFC9DF95CFCBE5146" box="[872,895,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">vs</emphasis>
bifid). Shape of the atrium differentiates the
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<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFA74F95CFF32516B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. paliwali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFF0EF8B8FE94516B" bold="true" box="[251,341,1807,1833]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C9416760EFF0EF8B8FE94516B" box="[251,341,1807,1833]" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from the
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFE31F8B8FD81516B" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Julka" authorityYear="2017" box="[452,576,1807,1833]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="thomasi">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFE31F8B8FD81516B" box="[452,576,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">D. thomasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(large saccular
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFD06F8B8FCCB516A" box="[755,778,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">vs</emphasis>
tubular, each lobe very long, coiled into a compact mass). A detailed comparison of the
<taxonomicName id="92A24D769416760EFE17F884FDF6510F" baseAuthorityName="Bourne" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[482,567,1843,1869]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="6" pageNumber="569" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE79416760EFE17F884FDF6510F" box="[482,567,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group members is provided in
<tableCitation id="1820034E9416760EFC1EF884FB80510F" box="[1003,1089,1843,1869]" captionStart="TABEL 2" captionStartId="13.[151,238,521,547]" captionTargetBox="[161,2027,597,1630]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABEL 2. Comparison of characters of Drawida paliwali Narayanan sp. nov. and D. proboscidea Narayanan, sp. nov. along with related species of the D. robusta robusta group (adapted and modified table based on Narayanan et al. 2017)" pageId="6" pageNumber="569">Table 2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

595
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View file

@ -0,0 +1,595 @@
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<mods:title id="543B119570A09D933116C658704FFEB0">On three new species of the earthworm genus Drawida Michaelsen, 1900 (Clitellata: Moniligastridae) from south-western India</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="E6E1F77ABA6C269ACC7202A7E146A7E2">Department of Zoology, Christ College (Autonomous), Affiliated with University of Calicut, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur- 680 125, Kerala, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FF62FF20FE5956F0" bold="true" box="[151,408,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Drawida proboscidea</emphasis>
Narayanan
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(
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)
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<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FF62FEB4FE8C575F" bold="true" box="[151,333,259,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Type material.</emphasis>
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Reg. No.
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around
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south of Muvattupuzha town
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asl
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, riverbank of Thodupuzhayar,
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</date>
, collected by
<collectorName id="F857532394187600FCBEFEFCFC115724" box="[843,976,331,358]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Divya Jose.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="E5CA3CA894187600FC2CFEFBFCB857CB" collectingDate="2023-10-29" collectionCode="ZSIK" collectorName="Reg. No." country="India" county="Thodupuzhayar" elevation="95" latitude="9.956126" location="Clitellate" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.607254" municipality="Ernakulam District" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" specimenCode="ZSI/WGRC/I.R.INV.26792" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Kerala" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FC2CFEFBFB8A5727" box="[985,1099,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">
<typeStatus id="8A19885794187600FC2CFEFBFB8A5727" box="[985,1099,332,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="43A4FD7C94187600FBAEFEFCFB1C5727" box="[1115,1245,331,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">4 clitellates</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="33B3AE3094187600FB18FEFCFAEC5727" box="[1261,1325,331,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">ZSIK</collectionCode>
Reg. No.
<specimenCode id="05049E8E94187600FF62FED8FE0E57CB" box="[151,463,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">ZSI/WGRC/I.R.INV.26792</specimenCode>
), same collection data as for holotype
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="551D36F594187600FF32FE24FCE35554" blockId="8.[151,1437,259,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FF32FE24FE5057EF" bold="true" box="[199,401,403,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Other materials.</emphasis>
Altogether
<specimenCount id="43A4FD7C94187600FDD4FE24FDFC57EC" box="[545,573,403,430]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">53</specimenCount>
(38 clitellates, 13 aclitellates and 2 juveniles) specimens. 9 clitellates, 6 aclitellates,
<specimenCount id="43A4FD7C94187600FED7FE00FE605793" box="[290,417,439,465]" count="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" type="juvenile">2 juveniles</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="33B3AE3094187600FE40FE00FDE55793" box="[437,548,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">ACESSD</collectionCode>
/EW/1718), same collection data as for holotype; 10 clitellates (clitellum is indicated by light colouration) (
<collectionCode id="33B3AE3094187600FE0CFE6CFDA957B7" box="[505,616,475,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">ACESSD</collectionCode>
/EW/1717),
<location id="507D602E94187600FD04FE6CFCAE57B7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD0B87E394187602FF62FF20FDD950A3:507D602E94187600FD04FE6CFCAE57B7" box="[753,879,475,501]" country="India" county="Thodupuzhayar" latitude="9.956126" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.607254" municipality="Ernakulam District" name="Peringuzha" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" stateProvince="Kerala State">Peringuzha</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="3096503294187600FC88FE6CFBCB57B4" box="[893,1034,475,502]" degrees="9.956126" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" precision="1" value="9.956126">9.956126°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="3096503294187600FBE0FE6CFB6C57B4" box="[1045,1197,475,502]" degrees="76.607257" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" precision="1" value="76.607254">76.607257°E</geoCoordinate>
),
<collectingMunicipality id="B579AC8F94187600FB35FE6CFA5957B7" box="[1216,1432,475,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Ernakulam District</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="9766F81794187600FF62FE48FEE4545B" box="[151,293,511,537]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Kerala State</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="2DB5766594187600FEC5FE48FEAD545B" box="[304,364,511,537]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">India</collectingCountry>
,
<elevation id="DE8FD1C694187600FE8CFE48FE1D545B" box="[377,476,511,538]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="m" value="95.0">
<quantity id="925A9B1094187600FE8CFE48FE735458" box="[377,434,511,538]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="m" value="95.0">95 m</quantity>
asl
</elevation>
, riverbank of
<collectingCounty id="BC7C4E7994187600FD8CFE48FCEA545B" box="[633,811,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Thodupuzhayar</collectingCounty>
,
<date id="211C103594187600FCC2FE48FBD4545B" box="[823,1045,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" value="2023-09-29">
<collectingDate id="3158E9DD94187600FCC2FE48FBD4545B" box="[823,1045,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" value="2023-09-29">29 September 2023</collectingDate>
</date>
, collected by
<collectorName id="F857532394187600FB44FDB7FAC95458" box="[1201,1288,512,538]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">D. Jose</collectorName>
; 9 clitellates, 3 aclitellates (
<collectionCode id="33B3AE3094187600FEC8FD94FE6D547F" box="[317,428,547,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">ACESSD</collectionCode>
/EW/1719),
<location id="507D602E94187600FDCCFD94FD76547F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD0B87E394187602FF62FF20FDD950A3:507D602E94187600FDCCFD94FD76547F" box="[569,695,547,573]" country="India" county="Thodupuzhayar" latitude="9.956126" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.607254" municipality="Ernakulam District" name="Peringuzha" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" stateProvince="Kerala State">Peringuzha</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="3096503294187600FD3EFD94FC99547C" box="[715,856,547,574]" degrees="9.956126" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" precision="1" value="9.956126">9.956126°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="3096503294187600FC9DFD94FBC0547C" box="[872,1025,547,574]" degrees="76.607257" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" precision="1" value="76.607254">76.607257°E</geoCoordinate>
),
<collectingMunicipality id="B579AC8F94187600FBEDFD94FB37547F" box="[1048,1270,547,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Ernakulam District</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="9766F81794187600FAF3FD94FA59547F" box="[1286,1432,547,573]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Kerala State</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="2DB5766594187600FF62FDF0FF125423" box="[151,211,583,609]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">India</collectingCountry>
,
<elevation id="DE8FD1C694187600FF17FDF0FE8A5423" box="[226,331,583,610]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="m" value="95.0">
<quantity id="925A9B1094187600FF17FDF0FEDE5420" box="[226,287,583,610]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="m" value="95.0">95 m</quantity>
asl
</elevation>
, riverbank of
<collectingCounty id="BC7C4E7994187600FE04FDF0FD625423" box="[497,675,583,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Thodupuzhayar</collectingCounty>
,
<date id="211C103594187600FD44FDF0FC555423" box="[689,916,583,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" value="2023-11-27">
<collectingDate id="3158E9DD94187600FD44FDF0FC555423" box="[689,916,583,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" value="2023-11-27">27 November 2023</collectingDate>
</date>
, collected by
<collectorName id="F857532394187600FBCCFDFFFB535420" box="[1081,1170,584,610]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">D. Jose</collectorName>
; 3 clitellates (clitellum is indicated by light colouration), 3 aclitellates (
<collectionCode id="33B3AE3094187600FD3BFDDCFCFC54C7" box="[718,829,619,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">ACESSD</collectionCode>
/EW/1720),
<location id="507D602E94187600FC3EFDDCFB8854C7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD0B87E394187602FF62FF20FDD950A3:507D602E94187600FC3EFDDCFB8854C7" box="[971,1097,619,645]" country="India" county="Thodupuzhayar" latitude="9.956126" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.607254" municipality="Ernakulam District" name="Peringuzha" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" stateProvince="Kerala State">Peringuzha</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="3096503294187600FBA9FDDCFB2854C4" box="[1116,1257,619,646]" degrees="9.956126" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" precision="1" value="9.956126">9.956126°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="3096503294187600FB0CFDDCFA5054C4" box="[1273,1425,619,646]" degrees="76.607257" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" precision="1" value="76.607254">76.607257°E</geoCoordinate>
),
<collectingMunicipality id="B579AC8F94187600FF62FD38FEB154EB" box="[151,368,655,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Ernakulam District</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="9766F81794187600FE8FFD38FDC654EB" box="[378,519,655,681]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Kerala State</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="2DB5766594187600FDE4FD38FD8C54EB" box="[529,589,655,681]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">India</collectingCountry>
,
<elevation id="DE8FD1C694187600FDACFD38FD7B54EB" box="[601,698,655,682]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="m" value="95.0">
<quantity id="925A9B1094187600FDACFD38FD5054E8" box="[601,657,655,682]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="m" value="95.0">95 m</quantity>
asl
</elevation>
, riverbank of
<collectingCounty id="BC7C4E7994187600FCA1FD38FBC754EB" box="[852,1030,655,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Thodupuzhayar</collectingCounty>
,
<date id="211C103594187600FBE5FD38FB2954EB" box="[1040,1256,655,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" value="2023-12-28">
<collectingDate id="3158E9DD94187600FBE5FD38FB2954EB" box="[1040,1256,655,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" value="2023-12-28">28 December 2023</collectingDate>
</date>
, collected by
<collectorName id="F857532394187600FA74FD27FF0A548C" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">D. Jose</collectorName>
; 7 clitellate (clitellum is well indicated in
<specimenCount id="43A4FD7C94187600FD5BFD03FC8D548F" box="[686,844,691,718]" count="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
, other by light colouration), 1 aclitellate (
<collectionCode id="33B3AE3094187600FAD2FD04FA52548F" box="[1319,1427,691,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">ACESSD</collectionCode>
/ EW/1721),
<location id="507D602E94187600FEECFD60FE7A54B3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DD0B87E394187602FF62FF20FDD950A3:507D602E94187600FEECFD60FE7A54B3" box="[281,443,727,753]" country="India" county="Thodupuzhayar" latitude="9.956126" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="76.607254" municipality="Ernakulam District" name="Muvattupuzha" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" stateProvince="Kerala State">Muvattupuzha</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="3096503294187600FE3DFD60FD9454B0" box="[456,597,727,754]" degrees="9.956126" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" precision="1" value="9.956126">9.956126°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="3096503294187600FDAAFD60FD3954B0" box="[607,760,727,754]" degrees="76.607257" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" precision="1" value="76.607254">76.607257°E</geoCoordinate>
),
<collectingMunicipality id="B579AC8F94187600FCFCFD60FC2054B3" box="[777,993,727,753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Ernakulam District</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="9766F81794187600FC1EFD60FBB754B3" box="[1003,1142,727,753]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Kerala State</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="2DB5766594187600FB75FD60FB7D54B3" box="[1152,1212,727,753]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">India</collectingCountry>
,
<elevation id="DE8FD1C694187600FB32FD60FAE654B3" box="[1223,1319,727,754]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="m" value="95.0">
<quantity id="925A9B1094187600FB32FD60FB3E54B0" box="[1223,1279,727,754]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="m" value="95.0">95 m</quantity>
asl
</elevation>
, riverbank of
<collectingCounty id="BC7C4E7994187600FF40FD4CFEA65557" box="[181,359,763,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Thodupuzhayar</collectingCounty>
,
<date id="211C103594187600FE87FD4CFDEF5557" box="[370,558,763,790]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" value="2024-01-27">
<collectingDate id="3158E9DD94187600FE87FD4CFDEF5557" box="[370,558,763,790]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" value="2024-01-27">27 January 2024</collectingDate>
</date>
, collected by
<collectorName id="F857532394187600FD3DFD4BFCE35554" box="[712,802,764,790]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">D. Jose.</collectorName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E94187600FF32FCA8FEBF52E3" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="551D36F594187600FF32FCA8FEBF52E3" blockId="8.[151,1437,259,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FF32FCA8FEFB557B" bold="true" box="[199,314,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Colour bluish purple. Length
<quantity id="925A9B1094187600FD6AFCA8FCDD5578" box="[671,796,799,826]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="8.4" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="mm" value="63.5" valueMax="84.0" valueMin="43.0">43–84 mm</quantity>
, width
<quantity id="925A9B1094187600FC86FCA8FC135578" box="[883,978,799,826]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3–6 mm</quantity>
at segment 9, segments 168–205. Setae present from segment 2. Prostomium prolobous, occasionally anterior portion of the buccal cavity is everted, with a protruded cylindrical knob-like proboscis. Clitellum, annular on segments ½9–½14 (= 5). Spermathecal apertures small in intersegmental furrow 7/8, aligned at
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FD55FC3BFD7255E4" box="[672,691,908,934]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">C</emphasis>
. Secondary male apertures at intersegmental furrow 10/11, in
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FA84FC3BFA5455E4" box="[1393,1429,908,934]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">BC</emphasis>
, close to
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FF01FC07FEC4558B" box="[244,261,944,969]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">B</emphasis>
than
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FEB6FC07FE975588" box="[323,342,944,970]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">C</emphasis>
; primary male pores, on the tips of short tubular penes, eversible from a broad flower-like base or wholly concealed within the aperture in retracted condition. Genital markings absent. Gizzards two, within segments 12–14. Vas deferens form a mass of loops, mass smaller than testis sac, entering prostate directly, in middle prostate at median side. Prostates glandular, ovate or club-shaped, erect or bent on itself; prostatic capsule elongately club-shaped, smooth, shiny; duct shorter than gland, ectal end broad dome-shaped, sessile. Atrium, confined to segment 7, bilobed, heart-like, generally bend towards median side, duct long, with a few coils, discharge in atrium at the middle of two lobes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E94187602FF32FB1CFF0D557B" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="573" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" type="description">
<paragraph id="551D36F594187600FF32FB1CFDF150A3" blockId="8.[151,1437,259,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FF32FB1CFE8C5287" bold="true" box="[199,333,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Description</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FEABFB1CFE7F5287" box="[350,446,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">External</emphasis>
: Colour bluish purple on dorsum pale ventrum in life; body circular in cross section. Dimensions:
<typeStatus id="8A19885794187600FEDAFB78FE5D52AB" box="[303,412,1231,1257]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: length
<quantity id="925A9B1094187600FE0FFB78FD8E52A8" box="[506,591,1231,1258]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="mm" value="74.0">74 mm</quantity>
, width
<quantity id="925A9B1094187600FD5DFB78FD2D52A8" box="[680,748,1231,1258]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
at segment 9, segments 172;
<typeStatus id="8A19885794187600FBBEFB67FB7A52A8" box="[1099,1211,1232,1258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
: length
<quantity id="925A9B1094187600FAECFB78FA5952A8" box="[1305,1432,1231,1258]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" metricValueMax="8.4" metricValueMin="7.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="mm" value="77.5" valueMax="84.0" valueMin="71.0">71–84 mm</quantity>
, width
<quantity id="925A9B1094187600FF2BFB44FE91534C" box="[222,336,1267,1294]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="mm" value="4.75" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="4.0">4–5.5 mm</quantity>
at segment 9, segments 166–189; other materials: length
<quantity id="925A9B1094187600FC23FB44FB90534C" box="[982,1105,1267,1294]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="8.4" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="mm" value="63.5" valueMax="84.0" valueMin="43.0">43–84 mm</quantity>
, width
<quantity id="925A9B1094187600FB51FB44FAC0534C" box="[1188,1281,1267,1294]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3–6 mm</quantity>
at segment 9, segments 168–205. Setae lumbricine, small, closely paired, present from segment 2; setal formula
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FB12FAA0FAC85373" box="[1255,1289,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">AA</emphasis>
= 6–6.33
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FA8FFAA0FA5D5373" box="[1402,1436,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">AB</emphasis>
= 0.75–0.84
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FED6FA8BFE865314" box="[291,327,1340,1366]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">BC</emphasis>
= 6–7.6
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FE5DFA8BFE0E5314" box="[424,463,1340,1366]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">CD</emphasis>
= 0.19–0.21
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FD94FA8BFD485317" box="[609,649,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">DD</emphasis>
at segment 8 and
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FCA5FA8CFCB35317" box="[848,882,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">AA</emphasis>
= 6–7
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FC4BFA8CFC215317" box="[958,992,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">AB</emphasis>
= 0.75–0.92
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FB87FA8BFB575314" box="[1138,1174,1340,1366]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">BC</emphasis>
= 7.5–8.75
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FAEFFA8BFA805314" box="[1306,1345,1340,1366]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">CD</emphasis>
= 0.19– 0.24
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FF3BFAD7FF37533B" box="[206,246,1376,1401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">DD</emphasis>
at segment 20 (n = 2). Prostomium prolobous; in many clitellate specimens anterior portion of buccal cavity is everted and, in addition to prostomium, a cylindrical knob-like proboscis (
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FC01FA33FBC653DF" box="[1012,1031,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">c.</emphasis>
<quantity id="925A9B1094187600FBFAFA34FBA453DC" box="[1039,1125,1411,1438]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="571" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
long) is protruded out (
<figureCitation id="CD992A7094187600FA9AFA34FF1D5383" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1869,1893]" captionTargetBox="[151,1425,179,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-19@9.[151,1436,179,1842]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawida proboscidea Narayanan sp. nov. A. Knob-like proboscis from the buccal cavity, dorsal view, B. Ventral view of the anterior region; C. Male genital region, ventral view; D. Everted penis from the flower-like base, right side, lateral view. Cl—Clitellum, Mg—Male genital region, Mp—Male pore, Pb—Proboscis, Pn—Penis, Sp—Spermathecal aperture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241316/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
). Dorsal pores absent. Clitellum, annular on ½9–½14 (= 5) (
<figureCitation id="CD992A7094187600FC8EFA10FC335383" box="[891,1010,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1869,1893]" captionTargetBox="[151,1425,179,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-19@9.[151,1436,179,1842]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawida proboscidea Narayanan sp. nov. A. Knob-like proboscis from the buccal cavity, dorsal view, B. Ventral view of the anterior region; C. Male genital region, ventral view; D. Everted penis from the flower-like base, right side, lateral view. Cl—Clitellum, Mg—Male genital region, Mp—Male pore, Pb—Proboscis, Pn—Penis, Sp—Spermathecal aperture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241316/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Fig. 3B, C</figureCitation>
), well demarcated in segments 10–13, buff or reddish buff colour (preserved specimens), intersegmental furrows distinct, setae visible. Spermathecal apertures paired, small transverse slits in intersegmental furrow 7/8, pores minute, aligned at
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FB55FA47FB725048" box="[1184,1203,1520,1546]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">C</emphasis>
, puckered epidermal thickenings may present in front and back of spermathecal apertures at segments 7 and 8 (
<figureCitation id="CD992A7094187600FB8BF9A4FB14506F" box="[1150,1237,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1869,1893]" captionTargetBox="[151,1425,179,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-19@9.[151,1436,179,1842]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawida proboscidea Narayanan sp. nov. A. Knob-like proboscis from the buccal cavity, dorsal view, B. Ventral view of the anterior region; C. Male genital region, ventral view; D. Everted penis from the flower-like base, right side, lateral view. Cl—Clitellum, Mg—Male genital region, Mp—Male pore, Pb—Proboscis, Pn—Penis, Sp—Spermathecal aperture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241316/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). Secondary male apertures paired, in broad transverse slit, in intersegmental furrow 10/11, situated in
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FBC8F98FFBA05010" box="[1085,1121,1592,1618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">BC</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="CD992A7094187600FB9AF980FB045013" box="[1135,1221,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1869,1893]" captionTargetBox="[151,1425,179,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-19@9.[151,1436,179,1842]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawida proboscidea Narayanan sp. nov. A. Knob-like proboscis from the buccal cavity, dorsal view, B. Ventral view of the anterior region; C. Male genital region, ventral view; D. Everted penis from the flower-like base, right side, lateral view. Cl—Clitellum, Mg—Male genital region, Mp—Male pore, Pb—Proboscis, Pn—Penis, Sp—Spermathecal aperture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241316/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
), close to
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FAC1F98FFA845013" box="[1332,1349,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">B</emphasis>
than
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FA77F98FFA545010" box="[1410,1429,1592,1618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">C</emphasis>
; male pore situated on tip of short tubular penes (
<figureCitation id="CD992A7094187600FD4CF9ECFCD35037" box="[697,786,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1869,1893]" captionTargetBox="[151,1425,179,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-19@9.[151,1436,179,1842]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawida proboscidea Narayanan sp. nov. A. Knob-like proboscis from the buccal cavity, dorsal view, B. Ventral view of the anterior region; C. Male genital region, ventral view; D. Everted penis from the flower-like base, right side, lateral view. Cl—Clitellum, Mg—Male genital region, Mp—Male pore, Pb—Proboscis, Pn—Penis, Sp—Spermathecal aperture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241316/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
), eversible from a broad, ovoid, multi-layered flower-like base (
<figureCitation id="CD992A7094187600FF2CF9C8FE9350DB" box="[217,338,1663,1689]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1869,1893]" captionTargetBox="[151,1425,179,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-19@9.[151,1436,179,1842]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawida proboscidea Narayanan sp. nov. A. Knob-like proboscis from the buccal cavity, dorsal view, B. Ventral view of the anterior region; C. Male genital region, ventral view; D. Everted penis from the flower-like base, right side, lateral view. Cl—Clitellum, Mg—Male genital region, Mp—Male pore, Pb—Proboscis, Pn—Penis, Sp—Spermathecal aperture." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241316/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Fig. 3B, C</figureCitation>
) or wholly concealed within aperture in retracted condition. Female pores minute, hardly visible, one pair on intersegmental furrow 11/12, in
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FD89F913FD4C50FF" box="[636,653,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">B</emphasis>
line. Nephridiopores present from intersegmental furrow 2/3, in single line at
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FF16F97FFECB50A0" box="[227,266,1736,1762]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">CD</emphasis>
. Genital markings absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="551D36F594187602FF32F95CFB2F5793" blockId="8.[151,1437,259,2014]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,1761]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="573" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794187600FF32F95CFEE05147" box="[199,289,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Internal</emphasis>
: Brownish pigmentation in circular muscle layer. Septum 4/5 thin, weak, septa 5/6/7/8/9 thickly muscular. Gizzards globular, two within segments 12–14, constantly present on segment 13, anterior one smaller; intestine origin in segment 20±1. Last pair of hearts in segment 9; commissures of extra oesophageal vessel present on posterior face of septum 8/9, not recognizable on posterior face of 9/10. Testis sac paired, confined to segments 9, 10–11, irregular-shaped; vas deferens, very long, slender, coiled to form a mass of loops, aggregated mass significantly smaller than testis sac, entering prostate directly, in middle of the glandular portion and at its median side. Prostates paired, glandular (reddish orange colour), starkly ovate or club-shaped (
<figureCitation id="CD992A7094187600FB8DF874FB37519F" box="[1144,1270,1987,2013]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[152,255,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[211,1386,179,1873]" captionTargetId="figure-19@11.[201,1386,179,1883]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Drawida proboscidea Narayanan sp. nov. A, B. Prostate, with testis sac, right side, dorsal view; C, D. Prostatic capsule, right side, dorsal view; E. Spermathecal atrium, right side, dorsal view, F. Spermathecal apparatus, right side, dorsal view. At—Atrium, Pc—Prostatic capsule, Pd—Prostatic duct, Pr—Prostate, Sa—Spermathecal ampulla, Sd—Spermathecal duct, Ts—Testis sac, Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241318" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241318/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="571">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
), erect or bent on itself (at ental end of prostatic duct) posteriorly, in median or lateral directions; prostatic capsule elongately club-shaped, smooth, shiny (
<figureCitation id="CD992A70941A7602FE22FF0CFD915697" box="[471,592,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[152,255,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[211,1386,179,1873]" captionTargetId="figure-19@11.[201,1386,179,1883]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Drawida proboscidea Narayanan sp. nov. A, B. Prostate, with testis sac, right side, dorsal view; C, D. Prostatic capsule, right side, dorsal view; E. Spermathecal atrium, right side, dorsal view, F. Spermathecal apparatus, right side, dorsal view. At—Atrium, Pc—Prostatic capsule, Pd—Prostatic duct, Pr—Prostate, Sa—Spermathecal ampulla, Sd—Spermathecal duct, Ts—Testis sac, Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241318" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241318/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Fig. 4C, D</figureCitation>
); prostatic duct smaller than gland, about one fourth of the combined length of gland and duct, duct form a broad sessile hemispherical or dome-shaped muscular ectal end (penial chamber), before entering parietes (penis retracted) or without dome-shape (penis everted). Spermathecal ampulla paired in segment 8, small, ovoid; atrium, confined to segment 7, small to medium size, with two slight lobe-like anterior and posterior protuberances, heart figure-like (
<figureCitation id="CD992A70941A7602FD56FEFCFCD65727" box="[675,791,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[152,255,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[211,1386,179,1873]" captionTargetId="figure-19@11.[201,1386,179,1883]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Drawida proboscidea Narayanan sp. nov. A, B. Prostate, with testis sac, right side, dorsal view; C, D. Prostatic capsule, right side, dorsal view; E. Spermathecal atrium, right side, dorsal view, F. Spermathecal apparatus, right side, dorsal view. At—Atrium, Pc—Prostatic capsule, Pd—Prostatic duct, Pr—Prostate, Sa—Spermathecal ampulla, Sd—Spermathecal duct, Ts—Testis sac, Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241318" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241318/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Fig. 4E, F</figureCitation>
), generally bend towards median side; spermathecal duct long, slender, with a few coils, penetrating septum 7/8 to discharge in at atrium at middle of two lobes, at ental end towards median side. Ovarian chamber incomplete; ovisacs paired, lobed, rarely converges at mid dorsal surface, thick ectally, tapering towards ental end, extends in segments 11–14. Nephridia holoic, avesiculate.
</paragraph>
<caption id="01DD667D94197601FF6DF8FAFAB651EE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241316" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14241316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241316/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="572" startId="9.[152,255,1869,1893]" targetBox="[151,1425,179,1831]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="551D36F594197601FF6DF8FAFAB651EE" blockId="9.[151,1436,1869,1965]" pageId="9" pageNumber="572">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794197601FF6DF8FAFED85127" bold="true" box="[152,281,1869,1893]" pageId="9" pageNumber="572">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="92A24D7694197601FED5F8FAFDB35127" authority="Narayanan" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Jose &amp; Kurien &amp; Thomas" authorityYear="2024" box="[288,626,1869,1893]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="9" pageNumber="572" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="proboscidea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794197601FED5F8FAFE3D5127" box="[288,508,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="572">Drawida proboscidea</emphasis>
Narayanan
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794197601FD8DF8FAFD205127" bold="true" box="[632,737,1869,1893]" pageId="9" pageNumber="572">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C94197601FD8DF8FAFD085127" box="[632,713,1869,1893]" pageId="9" pageNumber="572" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
A
</emphasis>
. Knob-like proboscis from the buccal cavity, dorsal view,
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794197601FAC0F8FAFA8D5127" bold="true" box="[1333,1356,1869,1893]" pageId="9" pageNumber="572">B.</emphasis>
Ventral view of the anterior region;
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794197601FE41F8C6FE0D51CB" bold="true" box="[436,460,1905,1929]" pageId="9" pageNumber="572">C.</emphasis>
Male genital region, ventral view;
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794197601FCC7F8C6FC8A51CB" bold="true" box="[818,843,1905,1929]" pageId="9" pageNumber="572">D.</emphasis>
Everted penis from the flower-like base, right side, lateral view.
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794197601FF26F822FF2D51EF" bold="true" box="[211,236,1941,1965]" pageId="9" pageNumber="572">Cl</emphasis>
—Clitellum,
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794197601FE87F822FE5651EF" bold="true" box="[370,407,1941,1965]" pageId="9" pageNumber="572">Mg</emphasis>
—Male genital region,
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794197601FD76F822FD6851EF" bold="true" box="[643,681,1941,1965]" pageId="9" pageNumber="572">Mp</emphasis>
—Male pore,
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794197601FCC2F822FC9451EF" bold="true" box="[823,853,1941,1965]" pageId="9" pageNumber="572">Pb</emphasis>
—Proboscis,
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794197601FC28F822FC3A51EF" bold="true" box="[989,1019,1941,1965]" pageId="9" pageNumber="572">Pn</emphasis>
—Penis,
<emphasis id="67D6EAE794197601FBA2F822FBB251EF" bold="true" box="[1111,1139,1941,1965]" pageId="9" pageNumber="572">Sp</emphasis>
—Spermathecal aperture.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="551D36F5941A7602FF32FE6CFF0D557B" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1761]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FF32FE6CFEFC57B7" bold="true" box="[199,317,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Variations</emphasis>
. Everted knob-like proboscis from buccal cavity is bent to dorsal surface and directed posteriorly in a few specimens. Eversible penes and flower-like bases are retracted in a few specimens: in such individuals, the secondary male aperture has puckered tumid lips on the anterior and posterior sides of segments 10 and 11. In such specimens, the dome-shaped ectal end of the prostatic duct (penial chamber) is much more pronounced than others. In certain specimens, everted penes are found only on one side. In
<specimenCount id="43A4FD7C941A7602FC89FDDCFBD954C7" box="[892,1048,619,645]" count="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
, ovisacs extend in segments 11–12 on the right side, whereas on the left side they extend in 11–14. In another specimen, the right atrium is of unusual shape, which is erect and digitiform-kind with a middle portion notch and with the spermathecal duct entering at its middle notch. Another
<specimenCount id="43A4FD7C941A7602FE4CFD60FD9454B3" box="[441,597,727,753]" count="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
, the right atrium is large, and the anterior and posterior lobes are somewhat longitudinally placed, visible in segments 7 and 8. Occasionally, ovisacs may be twisted to the anterior or dorsal side.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E941A7602FF32FCF5FBBD55E7" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="551D36F5941A7602FF32FCF5FBBD55E7" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1761]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FF32FCF5FE88551F" bold="true" box="[199,329,834,861]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FF32FCF5FE83551F" bold="true" box="[199,322,834,861]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Etymology</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The specific epithet ‘
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FDB7FCF4FD14551F" box="[578,725,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">proboscidea’</emphasis>
(feminine, adjective) is a morphonym. Derived from the Latin word “
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FF10FCD0FE9055C3" box="[229,337,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">proboscis</emphasis>
”, meaning ‘an elongated tube from the head or connected to the mouth of an animal’. It refers to the presence of everted proboscis-like projection on the peristomium of this new species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E941A7602FF32FC18FA99558B" box="[199,1368,943,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="551D36F5941A7602FF32FC18FA99558B" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1761]" box="[199,1368,943,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FF32FC18FEDC558B" bold="true" box="[199,285,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Ingesta</emphasis>
. Mainly fine soil, with small sand particles and a few particles of small bark-like organic matter.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E941A7602FF32FC65FD86523F" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" type="description">
<paragraph id="551D36F5941A7602FF32FC65FD86523F" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1761]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FF32FC65FEDF55AF" bold="true" box="[199,286,978,1005]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Habitat</emphasis>
. Riverbank of Thodupuzhayar, a tributary of the Muvattupuzha River at Peringuzha with sandy-loam soil. Common vegetation of this area is dominated by native trees, herbs, and grasses such as
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FB02FC40FDF45277" authority="(Wall. Ex G. Don) Ridsdale" authorityName="Ridsdale" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ochreinauclea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="missionis">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FB02FC40FF3E5276" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Ochreinauclea missionis</emphasis>
(Wall. Ex G.Don) Ridsdale
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FDCAFBACFD305276" box="[575,753,1051,1076]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="racemosa">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FDCAFBACFD305276" box="[575,753,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Ficus racemosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FCE9FBACFC045277" box="[796,965,1051,1077]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Cocos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nucifera">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FCE9FBACFC045277" box="[796,965,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Cocos nucifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FC04FBACFA595277" authority="(Sw.) P. Beauv." authorityName="P. Beauv." baseAuthorityName="Sw." box="[1009,1432,1051,1077]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Axonopus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="compressus">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FC04FBACFB265276" box="[1009,1255,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Axonopus compressus</emphasis>
(Sw.) P. Beauv.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FF62FB88FEDF521B" box="[151,286,1087,1113]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Cyperus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FF62FB88FF35521B" box="[151,244,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Cyperus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FEDEFB88FE15521B" box="[299,468,1087,1113]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Polygonum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FEDEFB88FE6A521B" box="[299,427,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Polygonum</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, and exotic invasive herbaceous plants and vines such as
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FB95FB88FAAB521B" box="[1120,1386,1087,1113]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Sphagneticola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trilobata">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FB95FB88FAAB521B" box="[1120,1386,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Sphagneticola trilobata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Pruski,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FF18FBD4FDD5523F" authority="Kunth" authorityName="Kunth" box="[237,532,1123,1149]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Mikania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="micrantha">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FF18FBD4FE05523F" box="[237,452,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Mikania micrantha</emphasis>
Kunth
</taxonomicName>
, etc.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E941A7602FF32FB31FD4C533B" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="551D36F5941A7602FF32FB31FCC85287" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1761]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FF32FB31FEE152E3" bold="true" box="[199,288,1158,1185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Biology</emphasis>
. Autotomy and regeneration of lost parts are noticed. Many specimens were found with regenerated segments (mainly 12–22 segments) at the posterior end.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="551D36F5941A7602FF32FB79FD4C533B" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1761]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FF32FB79FEE552AB" bold="true" box="[199,292,1230,1257]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Ecology</emphasis>
. Appears to be an endogeic species, as indicated by the large quantity of fine soil with a small amount of sand and a few particles of bark-like organic matter in the intestine.
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FC52FB44FB90534F" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Jose &amp; Kurien &amp; Thomas" authorityYear="2024" box="[935,1105,1267,1293]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="proboscidea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FC52FB44FB90534F" box="[935,1105,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">D. proboscidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FBADFB44FB70534F" bold="true" box="[1112,1201,1267,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C941A7602FBADFB44FB70534F" box="[1112,1201,1267,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
was found to coexist with various endemic (
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FE56FAA0FDF25373" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1910" box="[419,563,1303,1329]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ghatensis">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FE56FAA0FDF25373" box="[419,563,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">D. ghatensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FDB1FAA0FCCF5372" box="[580,782,1303,1328]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="travancorensis">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FDB1FAA0FCCF5372" box="[580,782,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">D. travancorensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FCD5FAA0FAD35373" authority="Aiyer, 1929" authorityName="Aiyer" authorityYear="1929" box="[800,1298,1303,1329]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Megascolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="polytheca" subSpecies="uniquus">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FCD5FAA0FB405372" box="[800,1153,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Megascolex polytheca uniquus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="31334B04941A7602FB7CFAA0FAD35373" author="Aiyer, K. S. P." box="[1161,1298,1303,1329]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" pagination="13 - 76" refId="ref10350" refString="Aiyer, K. S. P. (1929) An account of the Oligochaeta of Travancore. Records of the Indian Museum, 31 (1), 13 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 31 / i 1 / 1929 / 162534" type="journal article" year="1929">Aiyer, 1929</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) and exotic (
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FF54FA8CFDA25317" authority="(Muller, 1857)" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[161,611,1338,1365]" class="Clitellata" family="Rhinodrilidae" genus="Pontoscolex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corethrurus">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FF54FA8CFE755317" box="[161,436,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Pontoscolex corethrurus</emphasis>
(Müller, 1857)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FD9AFA8CFC2E5317" authority="(Perrier, 1872)" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[623,1007,1339,1365]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="houlleti">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FD9AFA8CFC805317" box="[623,833,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Metaphire houlleti</emphasis>
(Perrier, 1872)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FBD9FA8CFF11533B" authority="Eisen, 1878" authorityName="Eisen" authorityYear="1878" class="Clitellata" family="Ocnerodrilidae" genus="Ocnerodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FBD9FA8CFA8E5317" box="[1068,1359,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Ocnerodrilus occidentalis</emphasis>
Eisen, 1878
</taxonomicName>
) earthworm species at the
<typeStatus id="8A198857941A7602FE09FAE8FDED533B" box="[508,556,1375,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">type</typeStatus>
locality.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E941A7602FF32FA35FB4F53DF" box="[199,1166,1410,1437]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="551D36F5941A7602FF32FA35FB4F53DF" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1761]" box="[199,1166,1410,1437]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FF32FA35FE9253DF" bold="true" box="[199,339,1410,1437]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Distribution</emphasis>
. Endemic to
<collectingCountry id="2DB57665941A7602FE1CFA34FDE653DF" box="[489,551,1411,1437]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">India</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="9766F817941A7602FDC4FA34FD7E53DF" box="[561,703,1411,1437]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Kerala State</collectingRegion>
: Ernakulam District: Peringuzha (
<figureCitation id="CD992A70941A7602FBCEFA34FB4053DF" box="[1083,1153,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[152,255,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[211,1386,179,1873]" captionTargetId="figure-19@11.[201,1386,179,1883]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Drawida proboscidea Narayanan sp. nov. A, B. Prostate, with testis sac, right side, dorsal view; C, D. Prostatic capsule, right side, dorsal view; E. Spermathecal atrium, right side, dorsal view, F. Spermathecal apparatus, right side, dorsal view. At—Atrium, Pc—Prostatic capsule, Pd—Prostatic duct, Pr—Prostate, Sa—Spermathecal ampulla, Sd—Spermathecal duct, Ts—Testis sac, Vd—Vas deferens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14241318" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14241318/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1DB8657E941A7602FF32FA11FDD950A3" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="551D36F5941A7602FF32FA11FDD950A3" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1761]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FF32FA11FEEF5383" bold="true" box="[199,302,1446,1473]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Remarks</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FEC9FA10FDEE5383" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Jose &amp; Kurien &amp; Thomas" authorityYear="2024" box="[316,559,1447,1473]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="proboscidea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FEC9FA10FDEE5383" box="[316,559,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Drawida proboscidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FDC3FA10FD515383" bold="true" box="[566,656,1447,1473]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C941A7602FDC3FA10FD515383" box="[566,656,1447,1473]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
belongs to the second subgroup ‘with slightly bilobed (lobes are light protuberances) atrium’ of the
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FE19FA7CFD8053A7" baseAuthorityName="Bourne" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[492,577,1483,1509]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FE19FA7CFD8053A7" box="[492,577,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group. Members of this group comprise the new species described here,
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FF2DFA58FE47504B" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Jose &amp; Kurien &amp; Thomas" authorityYear="2024" box="[216,390,1519,1545]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="proboscidea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FF2DFA58FE47504B" box="[216,390,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">D. proboscidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FE64FA58FE34504B" bold="true" box="[401,501,1519,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C941A7602FE64FA58FE2F504B" box="[401,494,1519,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FE0BFA58FD4C504B" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1910" box="[510,653,1519,1545]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ghatensis">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FE0BFA58FD4C504B" box="[510,653,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">D. ghatensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FD25FA58FC16504B" authorityName="Stephenson" authorityYear="1925" box="[720,983,1519,1545]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="robusta" subSpecies="cochinensis">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FD25FA58FC16504B" box="[720,983,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">D. robusta cochinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FC12FA58FB54504B" authorityName="Narayanan &amp; Jose &amp; Kurien &amp; Thomas" authorityYear="2024" box="[999,1173,1519,1545]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="proboscidea" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FC12FA58FB54504B" box="[999,1173,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">D. proboscidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FB55FA58FB3D504B" bold="true" box="[1184,1276,1519,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7CE5579C941A7602FB55FA58FB3D504B" box="[1184,1276,1519,1545]" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
can be easily distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FE80F9A4FDC2506F" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1910" box="[373,515,1555,1581]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ghatensis">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FE80F9A4FDC2506F" box="[373,515,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">D. ghatensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the shape of the prostate (club-shaped
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FC1CF9A4FBC1506E" box="[1001,1024,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">vs</emphasis>
mushroom-shaped) and the number of gizzards (
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segments 12–14
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FDD7F980FDF85012" box="[546,569,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">vs</emphasis>
<quantity id="925A9B10941A7602FDB6F980FD4C5013" box="[579,653,1591,1617]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" metricValueMax="1.524" metricValueMin="1.016" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" unit="in" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4–6 in</quantity>
segments 14–22). Whereas it can be differentiated from
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FAD6F980FEDB5037" authorityName="Stephenson" authorityYear="1925" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="robusta" subSpecies="cochinensis">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FAD6F980FEDB5037" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">D. robusta cochinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the body length (
<quantity id="925A9B10941A7602FDAFF9ECFD195037" box="[602,728,1627,1653]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="8.4" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="63.5" valueMax="84.0" valueMin="43.0">43–84 mm</quantity>
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FD17F9ECFD385036" box="[738,761,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">vs</emphasis>
<quantity id="925A9B10941A7602FCF6F9EDFC5E5037" box="[771,927,1626,1653]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.275" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.25" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" unit="mm" value="127.5" valueMax="130.0" valueMin="125.0">125–130 mm</quantity>
), shape of the prostate (club-shaped
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FABEF9ECFAA35036" box="[1355,1378,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">vs</emphasis>
subspherical), and number of gizzards and their position (two in segmental range of 12–14
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FBADF9C8FBA550DA" box="[1112,1124,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">v</emphasis>
s five to six in the segmental range of 15–21 of 15–21). It can be easily distinguished from other members of the
<taxonomicName id="92A24D76941A7602FBA3F914FB6A50FF" baseAuthorityName="Bourne" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1110,1195,1699,1725]" class="Clitellata" family="Moniligastridae" genus="Drawida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Moniligastrida" pageId="10" pageNumber="573" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="67D6EAE7941A7602FBA3F914FB6A50FF" box="[1110,1195,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group by the characteristics as given in
<tableCitation id="1820034E941A7602FE4BF970FDD550A3" box="[446,532,1735,1761]" captionStart="TABEL 2" captionStartId="13.[151,238,521,547]" captionTargetBox="[161,2027,597,1630]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABEL 2. Comparison of characters of Drawida paliwali Narayanan sp. nov. and D. proboscidea Narayanan, sp. nov. along with related species of the D. robusta robusta group (adapted and modified table based on Narayanan et al. 2017)" pageId="10" pageNumber="573">Table 2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

379
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<treatment id="F34475CC5F345A9484F995135C7D54F4" ID-arpha="F34475CC-5F34-5A94-84F9-95135C7D54F4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F34475CC5F345A9484F995135C7D54F4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F34475CC5F345A9484F995135C7D54F4" scope_family="Pempheridae">
<subSubSection id="FA530B96F62577D0EDC1F851130E1457" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3B751E59030507F08F1297DCAF1814C4">
<taxonomicName id="8657D80E03B77FE033E1819B7B862444" ID-CoL="3V73L" authority="Jordan &amp; Hubbs, 1925" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" authorityYear="1925" baseAuthorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" baseAuthorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sasakii">
<emphasis id="92D9AFD0392BE898126A9E91B6B7298A" italics="true">Pempheris sasakii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E10277E7F565D5418F8420C44405871A" DOI="10.5962/p.234844" author="Jordan DS &amp; Hubbs LC" refId="B32" refString="Jordan DS, Hubbs LC (1925) Record of the fishes obtained by David Starr Jordan in Japan, 1922. Mem Carnegie Mus 10 (2): 93 - 346, [pls 5 - 12]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 234844" year="1925">Jordan &amp; Hubbs, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AC9F2FCA95952FE37411C3D79979CADA" type="description">
<paragraph id="71DE333B87B0040977D7B9F2AEE1D9FE">
<figureCitation id="94844F19A68F9B37EAC1E34F06620A7F" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Distribution of Pempheris nyctereutes (solid triangles and solid star for holotype locality) and Pempheris sasakii (solid diamonds and open star for holotype locality) based on the collection localities of the specimens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192471">Figs 8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5AA09B97E0B047EA32FE3634D63E32CD" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Pempheris sasakii A fresh specimen (KAUM – I. 94368, 126.7 mm SL, Uchinoura Bay, Kimotsuki, Kagoshima) and B underwater photograph (lower: Minamisatsuma, Kagoshima, Japan)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192474">11</figureCitation>
<xref id="B080FC39438A7903C2A37FC465F0B82C" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S2">, Suppl. material 2 Standard Japanese name: Mie-hatampo</xref>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5DB1313114593105BA5328207674B3EE" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="E015C2B39DDD8321208262CC87339A87">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2D5DB95F8DE37C35793973C23894A4F5">
<taxonomicName id="6B4C9C02085E8D6A93D0EB8B99B797A1" ID-CoL="3V73L" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" authorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Liopempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sasakii">
<emphasis id="C1735B5FE9EBF72DD3E941248E3A08E7" italics="true">Liopempheris sasakii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="2775DFC104C88D8EFD6A745E630135A3">
<treatmentCitation id="8E9A54C8F4798182654E41565214D67E" author="Jordan DS &amp; Hubbs LC" page="228" year="1925">
<bibRefCitation id="D12A42636010473B3B66A50A91248973" DOI="10.5962/p.234844" author="Jordan DS &amp; Hubbs LC" refId="B32" refString="Jordan DS, Hubbs LC (1925) Record of the fishes obtained by David Starr Jordan in Japan, 1922. Mem Carnegie Mus 10 (2): 93 - 346, [pls 5 - 12]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 234844" year="1925">Jordan &amp; Hubbs, 1925: 228</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 10, fig. 1 (type locality: Toba,
<collectingRegion id="03D319768F47D74A8D257DF3C9F6D2C0" country="Japan" name="Mie">Mie Prefecture</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="3DE3AFCF2DF38D25D0C811D7A6B4510E" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
);
<treatmentCitation id="D2F3273A58E73FCE729ED9DF8D8FBD51" author="Tanaka S" page="25" year="1931">
<bibRefCitation id="522E8F67CE2E4A6C32B197A82E26D7C6" author="Tanaka S" firstAuthor="Tanaka" page="25" refId="B124" refString="Tanaka S (1931) On the distribution of fishes in Japanese waters. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Section IV, Zoology 3: 3–90 [3 pls]." year="1931">Tanaka 1931: 25</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FDF285658AFEC3DBC391281FF98FE650">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F3001A3221E94532C729B6843D261C85">
<taxonomicName id="C6F1806E0DC3BEB62EBD5926A5988B67" ID-CoL="3V73L" baseAuthorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" baseAuthorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sasakii">
<emphasis id="33F0A3EDA72AABD4F4BAD2E38B86E06E" italics="true">Pempheris sasakii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="A950FA68E3484DDB42537CF39DD6A494">
:
<treatmentCitation id="2EDA27789D333F4B7AD0AD3325E5D9A6" author="Uchida K" page="217" year="1933">
<bibRefCitation id="7AF2CBE6A464182ECEAA1BBC5D46CE7B" author="Uchida K" firstAuthor="Uchida" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" page="217" pagination="207-218" refId="B132" refString="Uchida K (1933) Life history of Pempheris japonicus, and early development of congeners. Zoological Science 45: 207–218. [In Japanese]" title="Life history of Pempheris japonicus, and early development of congeners." volume="45" year="1933">Uchida 1933: 217</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="B2C4398022CF9BD737264676282C1A3A" author="Okada Y" page="179" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="0DA26B3D99EAC8AE4FD96A213BA88FBD" author="Okada Y" firstAuthor="Okada" page="179" refId="B93" refString="Okada Y (1938) A catalogue of vertebrates of Japan. Maruzen, Co. Ltd, Tokyo, [iv +] 412 pp." year="1938">Okada 1938: 179</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="3A4C219E9AF61D2241477A7F93A126C2" author="Okada Y &amp; Matsubara K" page="180" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="FB0C98DCE98E8608D64E82CF801C11FD" author="Okada Y &amp; Matsubara K" firstAuthor="Okada" page="180" refId="B94" refString="Okada Y, Matsubara K (1938) Key to the fishes and fish-like animals of Japan. Sanseido, Tokyo." year="1938">Okada and Matsubara 1938: 180</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="16A2456DB9281D9A578CADFCA3CF67F7" author="Matsubara K" page="590" year="1955">
<bibRefCitation id="348FBB1D84B7705BF9961AEFBEF164DD" author="Matsubara K" firstAuthor="Matsubara" journalOrPublisher="Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo" page="590" refId="B73" refString="Matsubara K (1955) Fish morphology and hierarchy. Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo, 789 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Fish morphology and hierarchy." year="1955">Matsubara 1955: 590</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="37DF8E66665677D7FFE3BF9999A6317B" author="Tominaga Y" page="283" year="1963">
<bibRefCitation id="68B876708A16A50118DAAD87CFA314E0" author="Tominaga Y" firstAuthor="Tominaga" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo" page="283" pagination="269-290" refId="B128" refString="Tominaga Y (1963) A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo 10: 269–290." title="A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan." volume="10" year="1963">Tominaga 1963: 283</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 10;
<treatmentCitation id="DD27ED059FF12CB3E2EB86EDCB7249FC" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="231" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="3AD084DB90B42FF17FC70741EB46791A" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="231-238" refId="B58" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 a) Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan. Zootaxa 3609: 231–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" title="Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan." volume="3609">Koeda et al. 2013 a</bibRefCitation>
: 231
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="C04D5D4895CA533DA6F7B4E97B9066EF" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" page="327" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="FAD5A9B2795F5EA3C0432A36ADC49043" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" page="327" pagination="301-330" refId="B61" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2014) A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793: 301–330. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" title="A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species." volume="3793" year="2014">Koeda et al. 2014: 327</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="41ADFEFB2EDF74C764A3F595340C881C">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="E42C121952C52A6C419E99D0111ABF9D">
<treatmentCitation id="8C8AA544B1D3AD110393E92255F8673E">
<taxonomicName id="6037FC34DD716E310D0667F83120F5FC" ID-CoL="76FTB" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">
<emphasis id="1526D78A7CFC9BBF31EA7CE4380E3FAA" italics="true">Pempheris nyctereutes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="89F5712DAC1506D7033281575CA838BB">
(not
<bibRefCitation id="BEE3A1F7BD05D7BB18623743498953A8" DOI="10.5479/si.00963801.25-1289.315" author="Jordan DS &amp; Evermann WB" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pagination="315-368" refId="B31" refString="Jordan DS, Evermann WB (1903) Note on a collection of fishes from the island of Formosa. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 25: 315 - 368. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.25 - 1289.315" title="Note on a collection of fishes from the island of Formosa." volume="25" year="1903">Jordan &amp; Evermann, 1903</bibRefCitation>
):
<treatmentCitation id="7E958EF7763394DE61AF2D9E7F3C5CAE">
<bibRefCitation id="2FDC015598A92F230E99C9916E0EEE6F" author="Hayashi" firstAuthor="Hayashi" refId="B25" refString="Hayashi Y (1984) Pempheridae. In: Masuda H, Amaoka K, Araga C, Uyeno T, Yoshino T (Eds) The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 160–161 [pls 151, 350]. [In Japanese]" year="1984">Hayashi 1984</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 160, pl. 350 - G;
<treatmentCitation id="804C0C0C3FBBF896DDE524AECB51C464">
<bibRefCitation id="122EEC3CBB73516C6DBD6D2796ED52BA" author="Hatooka" firstAuthor="Hatooka" refId="B23" refString="Hatooka K (2002) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, English edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 878–879, 1562." year="2002">Hatooka 2002</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 879;
<treatmentCitation id="F136A113BB186B528FF1F46A88CF1596" author="Senou H &amp; Matsuura K &amp; Shinohara G" page="463" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="0F414880B931D393DA4D6EC04C104CF2" author="Senou H &amp; Matsuura K &amp; Shinohara G" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo)" pagination="389-542" refId="B105" refString="Senou H, Matsuura K, Shinohara G (2006 b) Checklist of fishes in the Sagami Sea with zoogeographical comments on shallow water fishes occurring along the coastlines under the influence of Kuroshio Current. Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo) 41: 389–542." title="Checklist of fishes in the Sagami Sea with zoogeographical comments on shallow water fishes occurring along the coastlines under the influence of Kuroshio Current." volume="41">Senou et al. 2006 b</bibRefCitation>
: 463
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="213CC36B77BC512B7944F86ABFFAD578" author="Koeda K &amp; Imai H &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="75" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="516280053C173B78540F884435BF3FEF" author="Koeda K &amp; Imai H &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Biogeography" pagination="71-75" refId="B54" refString="Koeda K, Imai H, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2010 a) First and northernmost record of Pempheris oualensis (Pempheridae), from Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Biogeography 12: 71–75." title="First and northernmost record of Pempheris oualensis (Pempheridae), from Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan." volume="12">Koeda et al. 2010 a</bibRefCitation>
: 75
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="92BBAE58F88BBC21BF05CB0F075B535D" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" page="81" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="A58006590FCCBCC23E0697184FF86EC2" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Biogeography" pagination="77-82" refId="B55" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2010 b) Description of new Japanese and northernmost records of pempherid fish, Pempheris vanicolensis, from Iriomote Island, southern Ryukyu Archipelago. Biogeography 12: 77–82." title="Description of new Japanese and northernmost records of pempherid fish, Pempheris vanicolensis, from Iriomote Island, southern Ryukyu Archipelago." volume="12">Koeda et al. 2010 b</bibRefCitation>
: 81
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="5BE8E7BB8FB98527697F2914A8645C57">
<bibRefCitation id="BB08BCF469FE4484040C326F8218F2D0" author="Hatooka and Yagishita" editor="Nakabo T" firstAuthor="Hatooka" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 983-984" pagination="2020-2021" refId="B24" refString="Hatooka K, Yagishita N (2013) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3 rd edn. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 983–984, 2020–2021. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3 rd edn." year="2013">Hatooka and Yagishita 2013</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 984;
<treatmentCitation id="32FEBF6A9783EF9AD545162FDE1201DF" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" page="139" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="2867AB0044F7A886F47A1726DDA8E014" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Nature of Kagoshima" page="139" pagination="139-144" refId="B51" refString="Koeda K, Motomura H (2015) First records of Pempheris adusta (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from Kuchierabujima, Nakano-shima, and Tokuno-shima islands in the Satsunan Islands and the Kagoshima mainland, southern Japan with some biological comments. Nature of Kagoshima 41: 139–144. [In Japanese]" title="First records of Pempheris adusta (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from Kuchierabujima, Nakano-shima, and Tokuno-shima islands in the Satsunan Islands and the Kagoshima mainland, southern Japan with some biological comments." volume="41" year="2015">Koeda and Motomura 2015: 139</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="DE7A94622F15FAEB4C68A5700197E610" author="Koeda K &amp; Kaburagi K &amp; Motomura H" page="275" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="D74F8A733620CFBCB56BCC1A08985114" author="Koeda K &amp; Kaburagi K &amp; Motomura H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" page="275" pagination="275-282" refId="B62" refString="Koeda K, Kaburagi K, Motomura H (2015) Records of Pempheris oualensis (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from the Satsunan Islands, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 70: 275–282. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Records of Pempheris oualensis (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from the Satsunan Islands, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan." volume="70" year="2015">Koeda et al. 2015: 275</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="43C3EB7FCCB0C2AE07D0349DD614F6A9" author="Ikeda H &amp; Nakabo T" page="160" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="84D3D44F5FC7A9DFD9BF50CF3C278BAD" author="Ikeda H &amp; Nakabo T" firstAuthor="Ikeda" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Hadano" page="160" refId="B29" refString="Ikeda H, Nakabo T (2015) Fishes of the Pacific coasts of southern Japan. Tokai University Press, Hadano, 597 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Fishes of the Pacific coasts of southern Japan." year="2015">Ikeda and Nakabo 2015: 160</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 4–6;
<treatmentCitation id="031ABB8C7815EE4A6D939F704CC93127" author="Kaburagi K" page="99" year="2016">
<bibRefCitation id="FBDC860DAAE5447D51F8B8096AE167DF" author="Kaburagi K" firstAuthor="Kaburagi" journalOrPublisher="Tamashidasha, Nishinoomote" page="99" refId="B34" refString="Kaburagi K (2016) Field guide to fishes of Tanega-shima Island collected by line and hook. Tamashidasha, Nishinoomote, 158 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Field guide to fishes of Tanega-shima Island collected by line and hook." year="2016">Kaburagi 2016: 99</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, upper fig. (without scientific name; shown as “ Mie-hatampo ”);
<treatmentCitation id="4C513FEE7BE0084790E61058FF466696" author="Kimura Y &amp; Hibino Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Minetoma T &amp; Koeda K" page="119" year="2017">
<bibRefCitation id="CE701762C4A839B9B82F1B260504AF34" author="Kimura Y &amp; Hibino Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Minetoma T &amp; Koeda K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kimura" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" page="119" refId="B39" refString="Kimura Y, Hibino Y, Miki R, Minetoma T, Koeda K (2017) Field guide to fishes of Kuchinoerabu-jima Island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima, southern Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 200 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Field guide to fishes of Kuchinoerabu-jima Island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima, southern Japan." year="2017">Kimura et al. 2017: 119</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 6;
<treatmentCitation id="451130B3E4DFA88D018C9AE97F81E3EE" author="" page="210" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="97F81767527E4E5CDAA0CFFBF37DC6B8" journalOrPublisher="Kagoshima City Aquarium Foundation, Kagoshima" refId="B35" refString="Kagoshima City Aquarium Foundation (2018) Fishes collected with set nets in Kagoshima and confirmed by Kagoshima City Aquarium, 2 nd edn. Kagoshima City Aquarium Foundation, Kagoshima, 335 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Fishes collected with set nets in Kagoshima and confirmed by Kagoshima City Aquarium, 2 nd edn." year="2018">Kagoshima City Aquarium Foundation 2018</bibRefCitation>
: 210
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="8FB5D5EAEFC5F7712137405D1FC361A7" author="Koeda K" page="298" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="4255C46DA55DF3705BB2CF11CA1F9A22" author="Koeda K" editor="Nakabo T" journalOrPublisher="Shogakukan, Tokyo" pagination="298-299" refId="B44" refString="Koeda K (2018 b) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) The natural history of the fishes of Japan. Shogakukan, Tokyo, 298–299. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="The natural history of the fishes of Japan.">Koeda 2018 b</bibRefCitation>
: 298
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="63F26C31F4C9F2048B64A098963F0CCA" author="Koeda K" page="342" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="3AC18F4490D8587A97F704EF488AF5AA" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Hata H &amp; Yamada M &amp; Motomura H" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" pagination="339-343" refId="B45" refString="Koeda K (2018 c) Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Hata H, Yamada M, Motomura H (Eds) Field guide to fishes landed at Uchinoura Fishing Port, Kagoshima, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 339–343. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Field guide to fishes landed at Uchinoura Fishing Port, Kagoshima, Japan.">Koeda 2018 c</bibRefCitation>
: 342
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="176864A3E684E28DDFF28C25BD2DDB4B" author="Murase A &amp; Miki R &amp; Wada M &amp; Senou H" page="132" year="2019">
<bibRefCitation id="BF909558ED0647838FA65E385E45760C" author="Murase A &amp; Miki R &amp; Wada M &amp; Senou H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Murase" journalOrPublisher="Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, Nobeoka" page="132" refId="B87" refString="Murase A, Miki R, Wada M, Senou H (2019) Coastal and market fishes around Kadogawa Bay, northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan. Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, Nobeoka, 207 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Coastal and market fishes around Kadogawa Bay, northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan." year="2019">Murase et al. 2019: 132</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 285;
<treatmentCitation id="051D400A1DE69B773E24DECF62980353" author="Koeda K" page="409" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="18BF93577EF3C3929BB679C20E74DBD4" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Hata H &amp; Yamada M &amp; Motomura H" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" pagination="406-411" refId="B48" refString="Koeda K (2020 a) Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Hata H, Yamada M, Motomura H (Eds) Fishes from markets in Osumi Peninsula, Kagoshima, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 406–411. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes from markets in Osumi Peninsula, Kagoshima, Japan.">Koeda 2020 a</bibRefCitation>
: 409
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="3F10456CA40464A4A323A1FA5E9F077D" author="Murase A &amp; Ogata Y &amp; Yamasaki Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Wada M &amp; Senou H" page="166" year="2021">
<bibRefCitation id="1512306454AAE9676BDCF7797651BD46" author="Murase A &amp; Ogata Y &amp; Yamasaki Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Wada M &amp; Senou H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Murase" journalOrPublisher="Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, Nobeoka" page="166" refId="B88" refString="Murase A, Ogata Y, Yamasaki Y, Miki R, Wada M, Senou H (2021) Coastal, shelf and deep-sea fishes around Kadogawa Bay, northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan. Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, Nobeoka, 357 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Coastal, shelf and deep-sea fishes around Kadogawa Bay, northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan." year="2021">Murase et al. 2021: 166</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 341;
<treatmentCitation id="D2BC4E984E09F1D999A950B273D7FADE" author="Koeda K" page="158" year="2022">
<bibRefCitation id="EE6BE5F703763569EEA557133785BEF0" author="Koeda K" editor="Iwatsubo H &amp; Ito M &amp; Yamada M &amp; Motomura H" firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Kagoshima Museum of Aquatic Biodiversity, Kagoshima and the Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" page="158" pagination="158-158" refId="B50" refString="Koeda K (2022) Family Pempheridae. In: Iwatsubo H, Ito M, Yamada M, Motomura H (Eds) Field guide to fishes of the East China Sea side of Satsuma Peninsula in Kagoshima, southern Kyushu, Japan. Kagoshima Museum of Aquatic Biodiversity, Kagoshima and the Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 158–158." title="Family Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Field guide to fishes of the East China Sea side of Satsuma Peninsula in Kagoshima, southern Kyushu, Japan." year="2022">Koeda 2022: 158</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="CBF3D3B374FAEE4D7ACBC9712B0E32AF" author="Koeda K &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Sakamoto K &amp; Ueshima R" page="9" year="2022">
<bibRefCitation id="EA4C08EB4C36C0C8705C885AF3231E02" author="Koeda K &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Sakamoto K &amp; Ueshima R" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="The University Museum, The University of Tokyo Material Reports" page="9" pagination="1-16" refId="B66" refString="Koeda K, Aizawa M, Sakamoto K, Ueshima R (2022) Report on specimens of the family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) deposited in the Department of Zoology, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo Material Reports 128: 1–16." title="Report on specimens of the family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) deposited in the Department of Zoology, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo." volume="128" year="2022">Koeda et al. 2022: 9</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="73C8192295FC8211D6CF879D70AFD421" author="Motomura H" page="128" year="2023">
<bibRefCitation id="8FDD3932598BA47E00CF17F85D19D394" author="Motomura H" firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum" page="128" pagination="1-250" refId="B80" refString="Motomura H (2023) An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tanega-shima amd Mage-shima islands in the Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 536 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum 20: 1–250." title="An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tanega-shima amd Mage-shima islands in the Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 536 new records." volume="20" year="2023">Motomura 2023: 128</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EM3AI" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="51053F037C3265BF91FB2F3BF856403D">
<heading id="2B34172A60EAD426B8636DAC4A00E7E8" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E32109AE2DDDFE309D6EFFFCB328E78">
Counts of
<typeStatus id="725FA3C5DACF6F7CFB7904D14A324E4F" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and non-types are given in Table
<tableCitation id="7F8F6863576B03B1C769D81CB88F4C06" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Counts of Pempheris nyctereutes and P. sasakii." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2AEBF4BC7A6BCE7B0095CE746A80540F" tableUuid="2AEBF4BC7A6BCE7B0095CE746A80540F">1</tableCitation>
. Dorsal-fin rays
<collectionCode id="0B08BE04C6667EFF685624F7FD34C164" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute">VI</collectionCode>
– VII, 9–10; anal-fin rays III, 40–46; pectoral-fin rays 17–20; pored lateral-line scales 67–78, usually fewer than 73; scale rows above lateral line 8 ½ – 10 ½; scale rows below lateral line 19–22; circumpeduncular scales 24; gill rakers 7–9 + 19 – 22 = 28–30; head length 28.1–29.7 %; body depth 40.6–44.6 %; eye diameter 38.9–43.2 %; upper jaw length 50.0–55.6 %; maximum
<quantity id="2E709A699523D28DF53034FC8EC3298F" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 mm</quantity>
SL; snout sharp; scales weakly ctenoid, deciduous, thin, semicircular in shape, far wider than long (see
<bibRefCitation id="67A75567AA5247E1E9B88826AD465617" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="231-238" refId="B58" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 a) Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan. Zootaxa 3609: 231–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" title="Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan." volume="3609">Koeda et al. 2013 a</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2 a); dorsal half of body brown, with golden reflection in fresh specimen; ventral half golden; tip and anterior margin of dorsal fin zonally blackish; faint blackish band on anal-fin base; dusky band on outer edge of anal fin; paired fins pink; posterior half of caudal fin dusky; body pale brown in fixed specimen; black pigmentation on each fins usually persistent, but not in
<typeStatus id="83C9DCB5A19188D73ABB1562C83CEC41" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; no blackish blotch on pectoral-fin base; narrow band of villiform teeth in jaws; abdomen cross-sectional outline V-shaped.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E13AI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="C0D9777D1B904349AACFE2779895DD51">
<heading id="A0FB4C1290F8DB696DFD50A66B8507B8" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2EAD35624BEEEA6189701706432CECF5">
Endemic to southern
<collectingCountry id="42C5765A8F5E2A1620D3AD5970A06DD6" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
known from Tateyama at Boso Peninsular in
<collectingRegion id="391DE6ED891EF2083E0318BD78AC87AB" country="Japan" name="Chiba">Chiba Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, Misaki and Manazuru in
<collectingRegion id="77641186CA93B5432CE6FBD29218D13D" country="Japan" name="Kanagawa">Kanagawa Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, Nishi-izu at Izu Peninsular in
<collectingRegion id="015CAF8D89A1CA3BAEC239CF05C9C55A" country="Japan" name="Shizuoka">Shizuoka Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, Toba and Shima in
<collectingRegion id="6D0BA3F61C92B47F51F30FAF3B0777AE" country="Japan" name="Mie">Mie Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, Muroto, Susaki, Tosashimizu, Iburi, and Otsuki in
<collectingRegion id="7CF74D5199793F97A3715E1818319EC4" country="Japan" name="Kochi">Kochi Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, Nobeoka and Nango in
<collectingRegion id="533324995B7BFD23F2F623EC50AB6C4C" country="Japan" name="Miyazaki">Miyazaki Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, Uchinoura Bay,
<collectingRegion id="FA5B71229E869A5069CA4329FDDD456A" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</collectingRegion>
Bay, Ibusuki, and Minami-satsuma in
<collectingRegion id="A7BC1F6F980B9233E1616422BEA83678" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima">Kagoshima Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, Miyake-jima Island in Izu Islands, Tanega-shima, Yaku-shima, and Kuchinoerabu-jima islands in the northern Ryukyu Archipelago (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C925FA19EBC241CA1C7CCABF4AAE9E96" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Distribution of Pempheris nyctereutes (solid triangles and solid star for holotype locality) and Pempheris sasakii (solid diamonds and open star for holotype locality) based on the collection localities of the specimens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192471">8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EE4AI" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="A60469BD22F9B8BF455933C604734CA6">
<heading id="59F4A61B958A78E091BDF41B977C42D5" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F729400F8D463A84FF4BACF0D256441">
<taxonomicName id="5A734B3693B98777BC54EAE8AF4C766B" baseAuthorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" baseAuthorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sasakii">
<emphasis id="91DBDFF6DCBEC64F528C4FDBABBEA522" italics="true">Pempheris sasakii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been commonly confused with
<taxonomicName id="E3447B743EAC3CCC90196C15575AEB1D" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">
<emphasis id="FF80D55E29650CCEE5032FCF7F0CB636" italics="true">P. nyctereutes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and has been presumed to be the junior synonym (e. g.,
<bibRefCitation id="CF497491DE412AA6F23F4DBDF68B197D" author="Hayashi" firstAuthor="Hayashi" refId="B25" refString="Hayashi Y (1984) Pempheridae. In: Masuda H, Amaoka K, Araga C, Uyeno T, Yoshino T (Eds) The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 160–161 [pls 151, 350]. [In Japanese]" year="1984">Hayashi 1984</bibRefCitation>
), even though both species were described by the same first author. Only
<bibRefCitation id="370EB7E7487AC71374C1E552B6BCD3DA" author="Tominaga Y" firstAuthor="Tominaga" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo" pagination="269-290" refId="B128" refString="Tominaga Y (1963) A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo 10: 269–290." title="A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan." volume="10" year="1963">Tominaga (1963)</bibRefCitation>
showed the difference in anal fin coloration (
<taxonomicName id="5B6A50B6382FE130E288B4B06FF9D628" baseAuthorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" baseAuthorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sasakii">
<emphasis id="AC845285E69E63C3FCE0795D2733471C" italics="true">P. sasakii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: margin of anal fin fuscous vs
<taxonomicName id="D0CE5563F788F32FFE46320381EF28AA" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">
<emphasis id="0A9EE5A5A67273D36A43B49E43874681" italics="true">P. nyctereutes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: margin of anal fin pale) between these two species and described the details of both as valid species. In our morphological observations, however, several
<taxonomicName id="370A4F4A89E4B7C16E0E2D11B5273700" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">
<emphasis id="F019F4EB42932927AB880F6FC18C745B" italics="true">P. nyctereutes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens have dusky margins on the anal fin; thus, this character was not diagnostic for identifying those species. The present comparison based on both species indicated that these two species can be distinguished by the counts of scale rows below lateral line (
<quantity id="14C9112CB8FB6198FFB45474ADD55BFA" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.207" metricValueMax="5.588" metricValueMin="4.826" unit="in" value="20.5" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="19.0">19–22 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="7245EB929A473A0EEBF61EA75F0972A8" baseAuthorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" baseAuthorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sasakii">
<emphasis id="82B7B38A521E427798C65DFDD020D10D" italics="true">P. sasakii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs
<quantity id="D7147B7A8AC5C8815B303FD3791652BB" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.604" metricValueMax="6.858" metricValueMin="6.35" unit="in" value="26.0" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="25.0">25–27 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="7056A317715121C9D237EC8B1C28935B" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">
<emphasis id="8A0890AEB2A559E66D04E6A11E906481" italics="true">P. nyctereutes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with modal difference of pored lateral-line scales (72–81 usually&gt; 79 vs 67–78 usually fewer than 73). The coloration of the species slightly differs in that the former has golden body (sometimes silverish) in fresh condition, but the latter has copper to silver coloration: compare Figs
<figureCitation id="09D3D2FCBFFE4ED42043303407C865D4" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Fresh specimen of Pempheris nyctereutes, NMMB-P 27469, 149.4 mm SL, Penghu, Taiwan." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192470">7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8F8A61649A7759A1A95A7628AACE5141" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Pempheris sasakii A fresh specimen (KAUM – I. 94368, 126.7 mm SL, Uchinoura Bay, Kimotsuki, Kagoshima) and B underwater photograph (lower: Minamisatsuma, Kagoshima, Japan)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192474">11</figureCitation>
). Although the morphological differences between the two species are very few, the molecular analyses strongly supported the intraspecific difference which revealed that sequences of
<taxonomicName id="BA4A8D63AE16121A4576507CB5D6688B" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">
<emphasis id="A2C9C0DF66566B52A74A8AA4348C0A6B" italics="true">P. nyctereutes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5AABEEC0BFE279367871353C0152CCB1" baseAuthorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" baseAuthorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sasakii">
<emphasis id="90FBACFD6567015F7376B525662D6F17" italics="true">P. sasakii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differed by more than 3.1 % over mitochondrial
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E5ABI" xlink_title="mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA">
<emphasis id="15DCA298743D9CD54561F01103A13055" italics="true">16 S</emphasis>
</abbrev>
ribosomal DNA and
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EDBBI" xlink_title="cytochrome oxidase I">
<emphasis id="C4704338A395A90975E79AEB245A206B" italics="true">COI</emphasis>
</abbrev>
, comprising different monophyletic groups (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A0D819856DE1A49FB769446F61B44601" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. The Maximum-Likelihood (ML) tree of Pempheris species recovered from mitochondria 16 S and COI. Values of the Shimodaira – Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood ratio test (SH-aLRT) for the ML tree, bootstrap values (BS) of the NJ tree, and the posterior probability (PP) for the BI tree are indicated at the nodes unless the branch lengths are &lt; 0.01. The museum voucher number of specimens are listed next to the taxon name." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192466">3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="F1414875C3C9608B82DFC3790190FF66" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure11" ID-arpha="F1A74126-D73B-5625-BD61-127A7CA7C895" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192474" startId="F11">
<paragraph id="8191E27F46FD5B87F2A1ECECA6ACF9C4">
<label id="6E3ACCF3987B95AD7231CE87F71A9A92">Figure 11.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="21C73B20EA3AA58EE7B25984F51761FB">
<taxonomicName id="BA51150A2E2F415E4D6516F89D5DFD18" baseAuthorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" baseAuthorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sasakii">
<emphasis id="6DC3E592FA94FB1491342B915A1BC03A" italics="true">Pempheris sasakii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1C06335723CD4F7AB236FB5E3BDB61CD" bold="true">A</emphasis>
fresh specimen (KAUM – I. 94368, 126.7 mm SL, Uchinoura Bay, Kimotsuki, Kagoshima) and
<emphasis id="A4EC1DEB8262502F91273421B8FE1C55" bold="true">B</emphasis>
underwater photograph (lower: Minamisatsuma, Kagoshima, Japan).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="1929D0D838ACBE7BB951029E1D068597">
<taxonomicName id="AE8F4F2152056EFDD5251ADD8915205F" baseAuthorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" baseAuthorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sasakii">
<emphasis id="033EA1D68CABA377AD93AD786D753B64" italics="true">Pempheris sasakii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed in the Pacific coast of southern
<collectingCountry id="D67359B2ED7E25016B6301C0A8F922F7" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
, and commonly collected by set nets (but not abundant compared to
<taxonomicName id="B855CF27D3A4F87B448C39EFF71D6C66" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="F9E0F5902BE0445B9246C1E6777D1F87" italics="true">P. xanthoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). However, no specimens of this species have ever been collected from the
<collectingCountry id="853B30328D9F07966643B5B0FC97F95F" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
Sea coast, East
<collectingCountry id="0A0F81D9DA0A9A5989574090FF8F87E0" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
Sea coast, and the Ryukyu Archipelago. The distributions of both
<taxonomicName id="E6E94FF8D05E542F5F00B1CDD3BB7D5F" baseAuthorityName="Jordan &amp; Hubbs" baseAuthorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sasakii">
<emphasis id="B15BD64DD27FCB13A3EECDA61FFE9CA3" italics="true">P. sasakii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1A0FA037209319A8164392971A808F9A" authorityName="Jordan &amp; Evermann" authorityYear="1902" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nyctereutes">
<emphasis id="2E3D4D5E203D27EF43CA4563D9F18A97" italics="true">P. nyctereutes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are clearly isolated from each other (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2D839398FC4FFB0B11A75F9E9AF14DA0" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Distribution of Pempheris nyctereutes (solid triangles and solid star for holotype locality) and Pempheris sasakii (solid diamonds and open star for holotype locality) based on the collection localities of the specimens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192471">8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<emphasis id="4DD2D5D751C8CA025E0F565A24EE3BF5" italics="true">Palmatiboea pingyuanensis</emphasis>
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≡
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<emphasis id="BA9F70336FC201D959847C8AC7350DB8" italics="true">Didymocarpus pingyuanensis</emphasis>
Ling H. Yang, Q. Fan &amp; F. Wen
</taxonomicName>
in
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Yang et al.,
<bibCitation id="5154DB1F8CE8D37936ACD85AF8775839" journal="Phytokeys" page="218" score="9.729594737742866" volume="224" year="2024">Phytokeys 224: 218 (2024)</bibCitation>
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<heading id="2CBD7DF1FAB95D53690DA21D32668781" reason="title">
<typeStatus id="9B98531F61CBC18166F95BE1528CE172">Type</typeStatus>
.
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<collectingCountry id="34664EE8EFF6D31D85DF0A32F745A35A" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
•
<collectingRegion id="D1CD4D5BB9F911F737689AFD5726105D" country="China" name="Guangdong">Guangdong Province</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingMunicipality id="8128DB875D2F2F17A71229D064D52AE0">Meizhou City</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="C895DEF85C2684FAA92B12B70973B784" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="32" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="24.533333">24 ° 32 ' N</geoCoordinate>
,
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a. s. l.
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,
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<collectingDate id="7F23346AB2530C307438B9D6905BE24F" value="2023-04-01">1 April 2023</collectingDate>
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(fl.), Qiang Fan, Xing-yue Zhang, Li-Juan Liao, Jie-Hao Jin, Ling-Han Yang
<specimenCode id="46EA9BF2FCA7FB8A47E797BD294DD919" collectionCode="DNPC">DNPC 3352</specimenCode>
(
<typeStatus id="6ED20FC018526F7C7C3ACBFABB668114" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="74D477808D47E6132241274A49EF7CBD" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14836" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14836" name="Zhongshan (Sun Yatsen) University" type="Herbarium">SYS</collectionCode>
!;
<typeStatus id="7BEA5DD31ADE037C585BCF8B3C02ADF5" type="isotype">isotypes</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="986797635D2A7B2D762600D54204FC10" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13150" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13150" name="Guangxi Institute of Botany" type="Herbarium">IBK</collectionCode>
!
<collectionCode id="C2FB60DA1E648CA9BE9F631F87A7F5DA" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15606" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15606" name="South China Botanical Garden" type="Herbarium">IBSC</collectionCode>
!
<collectionCode id="80B9EF5FEFAF6707A8CE8A8E3C645866" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14836" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14836" name="Zhongshan (Sun Yatsen) University" type="Herbarium">SYS</collectionCode>
!)
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EETAE" type="The Chinese vernacular name">
<paragraph id="9F27CFDDBBAC11B04B1B87EE1D1BD62D">
<heading id="0CEF91F99C7F19E10724A50A4CACC941" reason="title">The Chinese vernacular name.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D3130BBF6283FCACE102C2072024A4F6">平远掌脉苣苔 (Píng Yuǎn Zhǎng Mài Jù Tái).</paragraph>
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745
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<xref id="D2302D4499AED4BA68F6B149C97492BB" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S2">, Suppl. material 2 Standard Japanese name: Minami-hatampo</xref>
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(type locality: Batu Islands,
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(in part): 380, unnumbered fig. (p. 381, lower middle fig.);
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;
<treatmentCitation id="89852BD0B595C8C5651F04FCFAAE703C">
<bibRefCitation id="CCB9052B2DEC55F2B4F721EC1A3C77C9" author="Hatooka" firstAuthor="Hatooka" refId="B23" refString="Hatooka K (2002) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, English edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 878–879, 1562." year="2002">Hatooka 2002</bibRefCitation>
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(in part): 878;
<treatmentCitation id="634A4AEB36A815B657BA4C5FB0FC24E2" author="Yoshigou H &amp; Nakamura S" page="107" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="E5D09B198573F1BFD95E7996C04E5094" author="Yoshigou H &amp; Nakamura S" firstAuthor="Yoshigou" page="107" refId="B135" refString="Yoshigou H, Nakamura S (2002) Catalogue of fish specimens preserved in Hiwa Museum for Natural History II. Hiwa Museum for Natural History Material Reports 3: 85–136 [pl. 1]. [In Japanese with English abstract]" year="2002">Yoshigou and Nakamura 2002: 107</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="83A8C1B8052E524FB79E054D64D28253" author="Yoshigou H &amp; Nakamura S" page="49" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="6195751BEEBDA2B352CB57F20C569EB5" author="Yoshigou H &amp; Nakamura S" firstAuthor="Yoshigou" page="49" refId="B136" refString="Yoshigou H, Nakamura S (2003) Catalogue of fish specimens preserved in Hiwa Museum for Natural History III. Hiwa Museum for Natural History Material Reports 4: 29–75 [pl. 1]. [In Japanese with English abstract]" year="2003">Yoshigou and Nakamura 2003: 49</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="0BE30DE67CF7E9775BD43D42080956E1" author="Yoshigou H" page="19" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="AAF03ADF5607ABF875CF0DB088D861EA" author="Yoshigou H" firstAuthor="Yoshigou" page="19" refId="B134" refString="Yoshigou H (2004) The fishes found from tide-pools and surge sublittoral zone in the Minami-daito (South-Borodino) Island, Japan. Hiwa Museum for Natural History Material Reports 43: 1–51 [10 pls]. [In Japanese with English abstract]" year="2004">Yoshigou 2004: 19</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="5CBF63299E4E59E867B0A8B3E9BAAC3D" author="Chen C-H" page="134" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="0CC630206D2FF143D9E87922CE824849" author="Chen C-H" firstAuthor="Chen" page="134" refId="B7" refString="Chen C-H (2003) Fishes of Penghu. Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Keelung, [xxxvi +] 379 pp. [In Chinese]" year="2003">Chen 2003: 134</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="854FF9985CFC67B23B2E80817186A167" author="Senou H &amp; Kodato H &amp; Nomura T &amp; Yunokawa K" page="77" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="5E6C8FD46785EF674EEC7CEE31947A91" author="Senou H &amp; Kodato H &amp; Nomura T &amp; Yunokawa K" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum (Natural Science)" pagination="67-92" refId="B104" refString="Senou H, Kodato H, Nomura T, Yunokawa K (2006 a) Coastal fishes of the Ie-jima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Okinawa, Japan. Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum (Natural Science) 35: 67–92." title="Coastal fishes of the Ie-jima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Okinawa, Japan." volume="35">Senou et al. 2006 a</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="85779D4A6F003A84AC6A3FA81EE324B6" author="Senou H &amp; Kobayashi Y &amp; Kobayashi N" page="56" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="F19D35AFC428EE9826A274C45B4B7705" author="Senou H &amp; Kobayashi Y &amp; Kobayashi N" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Senou" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum (Natural Science)" page="56" pagination="47-74" refId="B106" refString="Senou H, Kobayashi Y, Kobayashi N (2007) Coastal fishes of the Miyako Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum (Natural Science) 36: 47–74." title="Coastal fishes of the Miyako Group, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan." volume="36" year="2007">Senou et al. 2007: 56</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="0F09429D702E26108314C004964C998F" author="Shao K-T &amp; Ho H-C &amp; Lin P-L &amp; Lee P-F &amp; Lee M-Y &amp; Tsai C-Y &amp; Liao Y-C &amp; Lin Y-C" page="254" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="494DA6A66663781F1A890AD5421EC390" author="Shao K-T &amp; Ho H-C &amp; Lin P-L &amp; Lee P-F &amp; Lee M-Y &amp; Tsai C-Y &amp; Liao Y-C &amp; Lin Y-C" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Shao" journalOrPublisher="The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology supplement" page="254" pagination="233-271" refId="B109" refString="Shao K-T, Ho H-C, Lin P-L, Lee P-F, Lee M-Y, Tsai C-Y, Liao Y-C, Lin Y-C (2008) A checklist of the fishes of southern Taiwan, northern South China Sea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology supplement 19: 233–271." title="A checklist of the fishes of southern Taiwan, northern South China Sea." volume="19" year="2008">Shao et al. 2008: 254</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="0C3588EE2F11852B0CFC7AF3E13574B6" author="Yoshino" firstAuthor="Yoshino" journalOrPublisher=", LTD, Tokyo" refId="B138" refString="Yoshino Y (2008) Marine fishes of Japan. Yama-kei Publishers co., LTD, Tokyo, 543 pp." title="Marine fishes of Japan. Yama-kei Publishers co." year="2008">Yoshino 2008</bibRefCitation>
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(in part): 211;
<treatmentCitation id="9ED9086BA80F9715FA88BB0A99491AB6" author="Ito K" page="80" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="F6C659AAD66960B5E2194D1478394BDC" author="Ito K" firstAuthor="Ito" journalOrPublisher="Data house, Tokyo" page="80" refId="B30" refString="Ito K (2009) The underwater in Okinawa. Data house, Tokyo, 457 pp. [In Japanese]" title="The underwater in Okinawa." year="2009">Ito 2009: 80</bibRefCitation>
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, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="D8A477DC31E46343A0256AB6C37C30BE" author="Chen J-P &amp; Shao K-T &amp; Jan R-Q &amp; Kuo J-W &amp; Chen J-Y" page="265" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="61E6DC2B1CD6C3F84C74D3322A71529F" author="Chen J-P &amp; Shao K-T &amp; Jan R-Q &amp; Kuo J-W &amp; Chen J-Y" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen" journalOrPublisher="Kenting National Park Headquarters, Hengchun" page="265" refId="B9" refString="Chen J-P, Shao K-T, Jan R-Q, Kuo J-W, Chen J-Y (2010) Marine fishes in Kenting National Park (1 st revised ed.). Kenting National Park Headquarters, Hengchun, 656 pp. [In Chinese]" title="Marine fishes in Kenting National Park (1 st revised ed.)." year="2010">Chen et al. 2010: 265</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. C, E;
<treatmentCitation id="8D4CC0BB3B54938511BAD473B86BD013" author="Koeda K &amp; Imai H &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="75" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="F06A426B432ED66E33E4052F40FD30EF" author="Koeda K &amp; Imai H &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Biogeography" pagination="71-75" refId="B54" refString="Koeda K, Imai H, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2010 a) First and northernmost record of Pempheris oualensis (Pempheridae), from Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Biogeography 12: 71–75." title="First and northernmost record of Pempheris oualensis (Pempheridae), from Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan." volume="12">Koeda et al. 2010 a</bibRefCitation>
: 75
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;
<treatmentCitation id="2FB6321A675138658D0A913AE2E24F27" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" page="81" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="C2719C84A24C465C07D1C0FE808A5057" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Biogeography" pagination="77-82" refId="B55" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2010 b) Description of new Japanese and northernmost records of pempherid fish, Pempheris vanicolensis, from Iriomote Island, southern Ryukyu Archipelago. Biogeography 12: 77–82." title="Description of new Japanese and northernmost records of pempherid fish, Pempheris vanicolensis, from Iriomote Island, southern Ryukyu Archipelago." volume="12">Koeda et al. 2010 b</bibRefCitation>
: 81
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;
<treatmentCitation id="19430E4F4EAF44383130EFCBC36FBF19" author="Motomura H &amp; Kuriiwa K &amp; Katayama E &amp; Senou H &amp; Ogihara G &amp; Meguro M &amp; Matsunuma M &amp; Takata Y &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Yamashita M &amp; Kimura S &amp; Endo H &amp; Murase A &amp; Iwatsuki Y &amp; Sakurai Y &amp; Harazaki S &amp; Hidaka K &amp; Izumi H &amp; Matsuura K" page="131" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="8F16F9F5C94F3CA130B2E768ED7B15F6" author="Motomura H &amp; Kuriiwa K &amp; Katayama E &amp; Senou H &amp; Ogihara G &amp; Meguro M &amp; Matsunuma M &amp; Takata Y &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Yamashita M &amp; Kimura S &amp; Endo H &amp; Murase A &amp; Iwatsuki Y &amp; Sakurai Y &amp; Harazaki S &amp; Hidaka K &amp; Izumi H &amp; Matsuura K" editor="Motomura H &amp; Matsuura K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo" page="131" pagination="65-247" refId="B83" refString="Motomura H, Kuriiwa K, Katayama E, Senou H, Ogihara G, Meguro M, Matsunuma M, Takata Y, Yoshida T, Yamashita M, Kimura S, Endo H, Murase A, Iwatsuki Y, Sakurai Y, Harazaki S, Hidaka K, Izumi H, Matsuura K (2010) Annotated checklist of marine and estuarine fishes of Yaku-shima Island, Kagoshima, southern Japan. In: Motomura H, Matsuura K (eds) Fishes of Yaku-shima Island – A World Heritage island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan. National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, 65–247." title="Annotated checklist of marine and estuarine fishes of Yaku-shima Island, Kagoshima, southern Japan." volumeTitle="Fishes of Yaku-shima Island - A World Heritage island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan." year="2010">Motomura et al. 2010: 131</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 252;
<treatmentCitation id="14D2C933217AF1B534DD593D6E9BC49B" author="Shen S-C &amp; Wu K-Y" page="498" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="3971A825E53138C6AEB019E89F7A079B" author="Shen S-C &amp; Wu K-Y" firstAuthor="Shen" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Checheng" page="498" refId="B114" refString="Shen S-C, Wu K-Y (2011) Fishes of Taiwan. National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Checheng, 896 pp." title="Fishes of Taiwan." year="2011">Shen and Wu 2011: 498</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="8C30B5F16F9D12AB4CE278EE3AFF619E" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="71" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="6A14F903D452E4A07FA54BD76B83C7AA" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" pagination="65-73" refId="B56" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2012 a) First and southernmost records of Pempheris japonica (Pempherididae) from Okinawa Island with the description of juvenile growth. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 67: 65–73. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="First and southernmost records of Pempheris japonica (Pempherididae) from Okinawa Island with the description of juvenile growth." volume="67">Koeda et al. 2012 a</bibRefCitation>
: 71
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="E1D384DF5D239955F530304ACEA5C843" author="Koeda K &amp; Ishihara T &amp; Tachihara K" page="1086" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="8B8949EA99C00673E33E55BAA3333F30" author="Koeda K &amp; Ishihara T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Studies" pagination="1086-1093" refId="B57" refString="Koeda K, Ishihara T, Tachihara K (2012 b) The reproductive biology of Pempheris schwenkii (Pempheridae) on Okinawa Island, southwestern Japan. Zoological Studies 51: 1086–1093." title="The reproductive biology of Pempheris schwenkii (Pempheridae) on Okinawa Island, southwestern Japan." volume="51">Koeda et al. 2012 b</bibRefCitation>
: 1086
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;
<treatmentCitation id="722F82C3DB8A1A3499A3B686F22ADCBD" author="Miura N" page="59" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="FF43AC06D91CBC8E8CFF111830129DAE" author="Miura N" firstAuthor="Miura" journalOrPublisher="Wave Kikaku, Yonabaru" page="59" refId="B74" refString="Miura N (2012) Churaumi Ichiba Zukan, Chinen Ichiba no Sakana tachi [Fishes at Chinen Market, Okinawa]. Wave Kikaku, Yonabaru, 140 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Churaumi Ichiba Zukan, Chinen Ichiba no Sakana tachi [Fishes at Chinen Market, Okinawa]." year="2012">Miura 2012: 59</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(without scientific name; shown as “ Minami-hatampo ”);
<treatmentCitation id="692B030B6B4F86294286F4C50525C0AB" author="Chiang W-C &amp; Lin P-L &amp; Chen W-Y &amp; Liu D-C" page="183" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="53270E4D20EF46EB04CB42F96CDC2476" author="Chiang W-C &amp; Lin P-L &amp; Chen W-Y &amp; Liu D-C" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chiang" page="183" refId="B10" refString="Chiang W-C, Lin P-L, Chen W-Y, Liu D-C (2014) Marine Fishes in Eastern Taiwan. Fisheries Research Institute, Keelung, [x +] 337 pp. [In Chinese]" year="2014">Chiang et al. 2014: 183</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="01086A3F9E4729888F0C22C23F990C06">
<bibRefCitation id="F655070BD0AE96887631774E12E67DC6" author="Hatooka and Yagishita" editor="Nakabo T" firstAuthor="Hatooka" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 983-984" pagination="2020-2021" refId="B24" refString="Hatooka K, Yagishita N (2013) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3 rd edn. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 983–984, 2020–2021. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3 rd edn." year="2013">Hatooka and Yagishita 2013</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 984;
<treatmentCitation id="DB1D5E52FCE11CB253071EB6493B5200" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="235" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="83C0FAE515CA965D0DFE19F3A81C66D1" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="231-238" refId="B58" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 a) Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan. Zootaxa 3609: 231–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" title="Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan." volume="3609">Koeda et al. 2013 a</bibRefCitation>
: 235
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="374E4E5A9A8E121ED53FD2A50B622C1C" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="222" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="C0664477E7EAF8740BB83517B37A63EE" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Ichthyology" pagination="123-128" refId="B59" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 b) Identificational keys of Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877 (Pempheridae) with comments on its standard Japanese name. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 60: 123–128. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Identificational keys of Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877 (Pempheridae) with comments on its standard Japanese name." volume="60">Koeda et al. 2013 b</bibRefCitation>
: 222
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1;
<treatmentCitation id="B42FF37B31656A7B8007527791A98C93" author="Koeda K &amp; Fukagawa T &amp; Ishihara T &amp; Tachihara K" page="126" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="7C2072B45E419317F8B85A6C40471776" DOI="10.3755/galaxea.15.221" author="Koeda K &amp; Fukagawa T &amp; Ishihara T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Galaxea" pagination="221-228" refId="B60" refString="Koeda K, Fukagawa T, Ishihara T, Tachihara K (2013 c) Reproductive biology of nocturnal reef fish Pempheris adusta (Pempheridae) in Okinawa Island, Japan. Galaxea 15: 221–228. https://doi.org/10.3755/galaxea.15.221" title="Reproductive biology of nocturnal reef fish Pempheris adusta (Pempheridae) in Okinawa Island, Japan." volume="15">Koeda et al. 2013 c</bibRefCitation>
: 126
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="9FB3A75F5DBD9EED7D8F642ECC3B9D30">
<bibRefCitation id="B302402436C6C8ECBCBC434D374FAB9C" author="Motomura" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima and the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba" refId="B84" refString="Motomura H, Dewa S, Furuta K, Matsuura K (2013) Fishes of Iou-jima and Take-shima islands, Mishima, Kagoshima, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima and the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, 390 pp." title="Fishes of Iou-jima and Take-shima islands, Mishima, Kagoshima, Japan." year="2013">Motomura et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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(in part): 168;
<treatmentCitation id="7F2453E6D24DFA347A6A84AAD7EBE1B6">
<bibRefCitation id="5E9265718167CAAE267E3284CF17D31D" author="Shao" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Shao" journalOrPublisher=", LTD., Taichung" refId="B110" refString="Shao K-T, Shao I-T, Lin P-L (2013) Coral reef fishes of Taiwan. Intimate., LTD., Taichung, 335 pp." title="Coral reef fishes of Taiwan. Intimate." year="2013">Shao et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 163, unnumbered fig. (lower);
<treatmentCitation id="B30F1063056AEFD9A935F3AC5596D50D" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" page="314" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="0DAC1577F03E9DD100B87523E0553E8A" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" page="314" pagination="301-330" refId="B61" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2014) A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793: 301–330. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" title="A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species." volume="3793" year="2014">Koeda et al. 2014: 314</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="65406BBAB30187F311F9A50894CBF489" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" page="139" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="B6AC545658856E3B04F8D8C61305B863" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Nature of Kagoshima" page="139" pagination="139-144" refId="B51" refString="Koeda K, Motomura H (2015) First records of Pempheris adusta (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from Kuchierabujima, Nakano-shima, and Tokuno-shima islands in the Satsunan Islands and the Kagoshima mainland, southern Japan with some biological comments. Nature of Kagoshima 41: 139–144. [In Japanese]" title="First records of Pempheris adusta (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from Kuchierabujima, Nakano-shima, and Tokuno-shima islands in the Satsunan Islands and the Kagoshima mainland, southern Japan with some biological comments." volume="41" year="2015">Koeda and Motomura 2015: 139</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="8C59E49B91A20483C2A9755BD41DB7B3" author="Motomura H &amp; Matsuura K" page="271" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="9C2019CC1B18449F6601FD80C3CAABF9" author="Motomura H &amp; Matsuura K" firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima and the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba" page="271" refId="B81" refString="Motomura H, Matsuura K (2014) Field guide to fishes of Yoron Island in the middle of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima and the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, 648 pp." title="Field guide to fishes of Yoron Island in the middle of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan." year="2014">Motomura and Matsuura 2014: 271</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="028386A760B735FE074EFBD1BF8B69FF" author="Koeda K &amp; Kaburagi K &amp; Motomura H" page="275" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="4BBB204EA26FEAB7BEF93B5C5CC0A44E" author="Koeda K &amp; Kaburagi K &amp; Motomura H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" page="275" pagination="275-282" refId="B62" refString="Koeda K, Kaburagi K, Motomura H (2015) Records of Pempheris oualensis (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from the Satsunan Islands, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 70: 275–282. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Records of Pempheris oualensis (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from the Satsunan Islands, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan." volume="70" year="2015">Koeda et al. 2015: 275</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="41356A8928B08F74B75ADAAEFE55F8A8" author="Koeda K &amp; Ishihara T &amp; Fukagawa T &amp; Tachihara K" page="519" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="3EA1D7E4BDD1291587C17A64A049EB50" DOI="10.1007/s10228-016-0526-7" author="Koeda K &amp; Ishihara T &amp; Fukagawa T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Ichthyological Research" pagination="519-528" refId="B63" refString="Koeda K, Ishihara T, Fukagawa T, Tachihara K (2016 a) Life cycle differences between two species of genus Pempheris based on age determination around Okinawa-jima Island. Ichthyological Research 63: 519–528https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-016-0526-7" title="Life cycle differences between two species of genus Pempheris based on age determination around Okinawa-jima Island." volume="63">Koeda et al. 2016 a</bibRefCitation>
: 519
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;
<treatmentCitation id="B0D421164E667EBE049A687DD691D786" author="Koeda K &amp; Fujii T &amp; Koeda S &amp; Motomura H" page="8" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="53ACDAFBBD4EDE6AD0DAB76FDD1E86D9" author="Koeda K &amp; Fujii T &amp; Koeda S &amp; Motomura H" journalOrPublisher="Memories of Facility of Fisheries Kagoshima University" pagination="1-20" refId="B65" refString="Koeda K, Fujii T, Koeda S, Motomura H (2016 c) Fishes of Yoro-jima and Uke-jima islands in the Amami Islands: 89 new specimen-based records. Memories of Facility of Fisheries Kagoshima University 65: 1–20." title="Fishes of Yoro-jima and Uke-jima islands in the Amami Islands: 89 new specimen-based records." volume="65">Koeda et al. 2016 c</bibRefCitation>
: 8
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 3 H;
<treatmentCitation id="B01DEDA9A3AB10CB71460AC50EE3B69F">
<bibRefCitation id="37686CBA66A45869EE233839A94657AF" DOI="10.1007/s10228-017-0586-3" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" refId="B52" refString="Koeda K, Motomura H (2017 a) A new species of Pempheris (Perciformes: Pempheridae) endemic to the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Ichthyological Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-017-0586-3 [also appeared in Ichthyological Research 65: 21–28]">Koeda and Motomura 2017 a</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="378AB9953EA1FF23F2955FEA42959E56" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" page="266" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="4B7A103BDB16D5BB44019CA03FAFE078" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" journalOrPublisher="Nature of Kagoshima" pagination="257-269" refId="B53" refString="Koeda K, Motomura H (2017 b) Annotated list of fish specimens taken from fish stomach deposited at the Kagoshima University Museum, Japan. Nature of Kagoshima 43: 257–269. [In Japanese]" title="Annotated list of fish specimens taken from fish stomach deposited at the Kagoshima University Museum, Japan." volume="43">Koeda and Motomura 2017 b</bibRefCitation>
: 266
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 3 D, E;
<treatmentCitation id="476E9B7E0DC13A95ECC7D2B57F921E5A">
<bibRefCitation id="511C857C9F6F73DC79091F34F7AAF43B" author="Kimura" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kimura" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" refId="B39" refString="Kimura Y, Hibino Y, Miki R, Minetoma T, Koeda K (2017) Field guide to fishes of Kuchinoerabu-jima Island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima, southern Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 200 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Field guide to fishes of Kuchinoerabu-jima Island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima, southern Japan." year="2017">Kimura et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 120, fig. 1;
<treatmentCitation id="3E336E580CE4366C7C38546BDC267E8A" author="" page="4" year="2017">
<bibRefCitation id="31901A27A350C93ABAFDB4572DDCE6F2" journalOrPublisher="Kikai Publication Relations" pagination="4-6" refId="B95" refString="Planning and Tourism Division of Kikai Town (2017) Traditional island’s fish “ Ufumi ”. Kikai Publication Relations 604: 4–6. [In Japanese]" title="Traditional island’s fish “ Ufumi ”." volume="604" year="2017">Planning and Tourism Division of Kikai Town 2017</bibRefCitation>
: 4
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="5A49F933B266C249FD4EF94948C8A728" author="Nakae M &amp; Motomura H &amp; Hagiwara K &amp; Senou H &amp; Koeda K &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Tashiro S &amp; Jeong B &amp; Hata H &amp; Fukui Y &amp; Fujiwara K &amp; Yamakawa T &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Shinohara G &amp; Matsuura K" page="266" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="9C77E7DFEB13D47E7DAF079528FE1C46" author="Nakae M &amp; Motomura H &amp; Hagiwara K &amp; Senou H &amp; Koeda K &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Tashiro S &amp; Jeong B &amp; Hata H &amp; Fukui Y &amp; Fujiwara K &amp; Yamakawa T &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Shinohara G &amp; Matsuura K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nakae" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo)" page="266" pagination="205-361" refId="B89" refString="Nakae M, Motomura H, Hagiwara K, Senou H, Koeda K, Yoshida T, Tashiro S, Jeong B, Hata H, Fukui Y, Fujiwara K, Yamakawa T, Aizawa M, Shinohara G, Matsuura K (2018) An Annotated Checklist of Fishes of Amami-oshima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo) 52: 205–361." title="An Annotated Checklist of Fishes of Amami-oshima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan." volume="52" year="2018">Nakae et al. 2018: 266</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="AC831907A64DCCA04E3541DA86B9E23F" author="Koeda K" page="298" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="ABF253084C5317452198E80AC9B99308" author="Koeda K" editor="Nakabo T" journalOrPublisher="Shogakukan, Tokyo" pagination="298-299" refId="B44" refString="Koeda K (2018 b) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) The natural history of the fishes of Japan. Shogakukan, Tokyo, 298–299. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="The natural history of the fishes of Japan.">Koeda 2018 b</bibRefCitation>
: 298
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig. (lower right fig.);
<treatmentCitation id="26D99BAD9E34A7889535114278D9D76C" author="Koeda K" page="194" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="D96A602FAE9DD4AE3E89EF49917BB714" author="Koeda K" editor="Nakabo T" journalOrPublisher="Shogakukan, Tokyo" pagination="298-299" refId="B44" refString="Koeda K (2018 b) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) The natural history of the fishes of Japan. Shogakukan, Tokyo, 298–299. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="The natural history of the fishes of Japan.">Koeda 2018 b</bibRefCitation>
: 194
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="81A687CF12F4F7882F57B3B12C2EC2AC" author="Mochida I &amp; Motomura H" page="30" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="9E0014FEA363927B9EC992689D62B8C9" author="Mochida I &amp; Motomura H" firstAuthor="Mochida" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum" page="30" pagination="1-80" refId="B75" refString="Mochida I, Motomura H (2018) An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tokunoshima island in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 214 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum 10: 1–80." title="An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tokunoshima island in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 214 new records." volume="10" year="2018">Mochida and Motomura 2018: 30</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="2E83925720546221CE11334D39019CA3" author="Koeda K" page="929" year="2019">
<bibRefCitation id="D0EDE49995AE9800FE8BF8E194DA8A98" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Ho H-C" firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan" page="929" pagination="925-930" refId="B47" refString="Koeda K (2019) Family Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Ho H-C (Eds) Fishes of southern Taiwan. National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan, 925–930." title="Family Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of southern Taiwan." year="2019">Koeda 2019: 929</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="75F82B24716C5AF63AAA033D198EFA43" author="Fujiwara K &amp; Motomura H" page="28" year="2020">
<bibRefCitation id="CD5A09484FAE7A6C6ADBD9A0ED710536" author="Fujiwara K &amp; Motomura H" firstAuthor="Fujiwara" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum" page="28" pagination="1-73" refId="B16" refString="Fujiwara K, Motomura H (2020) An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Kikai Island in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 259 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum 14: 1–73." title="An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Kikai Island in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 259 new records." volume="14" year="2020">Fujiwara and Motomura 2020: 28</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="F4692118EED86B82F9A9DBD52B885E70" author="Koeda K" page="929" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="DD558524C84086048BEE4256E7A955E9" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Ho H-C" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan" pagination="925-930" refId="B49" refString="Koeda K (2020 b) Family Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Ho H-C (Eds) Fishes of southern Taiwan, 2 nd edn. National Museum of Marine Biology &amp; Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan, 925–930." title="Family Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of southern Taiwan, 2 nd edn.">Koeda 2020 b</bibRefCitation>
: 929
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="00ABAF2E280A301AAB7B773793EDDAF7" author="Motomura H &amp; Uehara K" page="45" year="2020">
<bibRefCitation id="ABE64E0F6847661C5095F35E99E11D99" author="Motomura H &amp; Uehara K" firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum" page="45" pagination="1-125" refId="B82" refString="Motomura H, Uehara K (2020) An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Okinoerabu Island in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 361 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum 12: 1–125." title="An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Okinoerabu Island in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 361 new records." volume="12" year="2020">Motomura and Uehara 2020: 45</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="74C1A4533379530608045B1E4340BFFC" author="Koeda K &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Sakamoto K &amp; Ueshima R" page="10" year="2022">
<bibRefCitation id="7D69391B45921B33A59825CE5DB9E32F" author="Koeda K &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Sakamoto K &amp; Ueshima R" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="The University Museum, The University of Tokyo Material Reports" page="10" pagination="1-16" refId="B66" refString="Koeda K, Aizawa M, Sakamoto K, Ueshima R (2022) Report on specimens of the family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) deposited in the Department of Zoology, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo Material Reports 128: 1–16." title="Report on specimens of the family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) deposited in the Department of Zoology, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo." volume="128" year="2022">Koeda et al. 2022: 10</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D7ADBA4853B6C14A52441454BE289728" author="Motomura H" page="129" year="2023">
<bibRefCitation id="6A1E102B4F4078E339C4307794F72250" author="Motomura H" firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum" page="129" pagination="1-250" refId="B80" refString="Motomura H (2023) An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tanega-shima amd Mage-shima islands in the Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 536 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum 20: 1–250." title="An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tanega-shima amd Mage-shima islands in the Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 536 new records." volume="20" year="2023">Motomura 2023: 129</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part).
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="81D5559AEC7355343AB23C1D147E73B7">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="E46252CC2D934F49F5B1A58FFC201BC4">
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<taxonomicName id="0956C7F5A9D929E86A6E58691D4D502E" ID-CoL="76FQB" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adusta">
<emphasis id="3E2BFA00F5E01129673240DB0A42EAE3" italics="true">Pempheris adusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="C777DD4B6C82DA6811051A1D98444667">
(not
<bibRefCitation id="C615BA395D99F7239F5B9CB9B3D70171" author="Bleeker P" journalOrPublisher="Archives Néerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles" pagination="42-54" refId="B5" refString="Bleeker P (1877) Revision des especes de Pempheris de l'inde archipelagique. Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles 12: 42 - 54." title="Révision des espèces de Pempheris de l’inde archipélagique." volume="12" year="1877">Bleeker, 1877</bibRefCitation>
):
<treatmentCitation id="890D37B605A5A1D436BEEA56319AD551" author="Shimose T" page="122" year="2021">
<bibRefCitation id="29A9DC179485F8E65949807CC20042A6" author="Shimose T" firstAuthor="Shimose" journalOrPublisher="Okinawa times, Naha" page="122" refId="B115" refString="Shimose T (2021) Commercial Fishes and shellfishes of Okinawa. Okinawa times, Naha, 207 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Commercial Fishes and shellfishes of Okinawa." year="2021">Shimose 2021: 122</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. B.
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0723628C04A35BE88B655D2BBB4936F0">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="76AF0E3BD653112F11FA796237ABA190">
<treatmentCitation id="8907BCFF784EDDF8C74D9FAD8EA85FF1">
<taxonomicName id="52A6464B6EF0E4CAEDFE3D964B8F96DC" ID-CoL="76G4R" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1883" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="98942FB22F8577AF07CA182EE368759A" italics="true">Pempheris japonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="35A0C72FBE102B90373B8A7F93F809A4">
(not
<bibRefCitation id="F4DF535269FCCE0FEE061F8757B137D2" author="Döderlein L" editor="Steindachner F &amp; Döderlein L" journalOrPublisher="). Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 20 (15)" pagination="123-130" refId="B13" refString="Doderlein L (1883) Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Sitzung der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen classe vom 14. Juni 1883. In: Steindachner F, Doderlein L (Eds) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan's (II.). Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 20 (15), 123 - 130." title="Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Sitzung der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen classe vom 14. Juni 1883." volumeTitle="Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan’s (II." year="1883">Döderlein, 1883</bibRefCitation>
):
<treatmentCitation id="AC48E5B4226B1B43D9AB1E3D87C61A88" author="Snyder JO" page="497" year="1912">
<bibRefCitation id="FBA3B2A53780D28CBB3D89DC27379BDB" DOI="10.5479/si.00963801.42-1913.487" author="Snyder JO" firstAuthor="Snyder" page="497" refId="B117" refString="Snyder JO (1912) The fishes of Okinawa, one of the Riu Kiu Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 42: 487–519 [pls 62–70]. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.42-1913.487" year="1912">Snyder 1912: 497</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3794DFA1715B296C3CFD30B7870FE0EE">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2FABBEF6ABEFC8E4AEF56E3050C6F488">
<treatmentCitation id="DD3E9A33CAE5CB12BC3C9621B3436FEE">
<taxonomicName id="A81FB77B39FDD4C1B99C40C4A09C9E96" ID-CoL="76FTG" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oualensis">
<emphasis id="94F4C4629E7A81EFFE7FCCAA076F3884" italics="true">Pempheris oualensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="01569530B4D7473487862BA46C79937A">
(not
<bibRefCitation id="A5FBACCFEC1E55620E98582382F85D4B" author="Cuvier G" refId="B12" refString="Cuvier G (1831) Des Pempherides. In: Cuvier G, Valenciennes A (Eds) Historie Naturelle des Poissons, Vol. 7. F. G. Levraut, Paris-Strasbourg, [xx - xxi +] 296 - 309 [191 pls]." year="1831">Cuvier, 1831</bibRefCitation>
):
<treatmentCitation id="1D9C6A2DDA95FB9551D73C398AEAF1F5" author="Chen C-H" page="134" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="2BE5DB9287545EB9CC978B7645A413D2" author="Chen C-H" firstAuthor="Chen" page="134" refId="B7" refString="Chen C-H (2003) Fishes of Penghu. Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Keelung, [xxxvi +] 379 pp. [In Chinese]" year="2003">Chen 2003: 134</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.; Shao and
<treatmentCitation id="664F48D955EB018E14AAE401B34FA61B" author="Chen C-H" page="255" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="E7339CA635DE712DF22AB0ED8784C5C2" author="Chen C-H" firstAuthor="Chen" page="255" refId="B7" refString="Chen C-H (2003) Fishes of Penghu. Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Keelung, [xxxvi +] 379 pp. [In Chinese]" year="2003">Chen 2003: 255</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="F1472E6637AB519B62FF278B63712B03" author="Yang C-J &amp; Yang C-M &amp; Li J-J" page="167" year="2013">
<bibRefCitation id="1F7029D8544DCAAE10730D16BA29ED2D" author="Yang C-J &amp; Yang C-M &amp; Li J-J" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yang" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Checheng" page="167" refId="B133" refString="Yang C-J, Yang C-M, Li J-J (2013) A Comprehensive Guide to Diving on Orchid Island. National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Checheng, 359 pp." title="A Comprehensive Guide to Diving on Orchid Island." year="2013">Yang et al. 2013: 167</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="56BCBB336520C4ED96CB94E90F674934">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="90549B689FD268F707B967D7998BC926">
<treatmentCitation id="DFFC4260C375FD7CEAB667EA27A91D84">
<taxonomicName id="7F8ACD344B967ED9DEED5E96DCA04B32" authorityName="Jordan and Hubbs" authorityYear="1925" family="Pempheridae" genus="Liopempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="F74805AD282C1CCB2435E692A4CB756B" italics="true">Liopempheris vanicolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="F1A886B3D133A4EEB2149DAAB72BF814">
(not
<bibRefCitation id="73FE6F023652CF5A5CB39A3AA5ABB642" author="Cuvier G" refId="B12" refString="Cuvier G (1831) Des Pempherides. In: Cuvier G, Valenciennes A (Eds) Historie Naturelle des Poissons, Vol. 7. F. G. Levraut, Paris-Strasbourg, [xx - xxi +] 296 - 309 [191 pls]." year="1831">Cuvier, 1831</bibRefCitation>
):
<treatmentCitation id="4AE8116C7BEEEA2185FFFF69D3875CF1" author="Jordan DS &amp; Hubbs LC" page="229" year="1925">
<bibRefCitation id="60C7CF28121BDA04D03969390AD2327D" DOI="10.5962/p.234844" author="Jordan DS &amp; Hubbs LC" firstAuthor="Jordan" page="229" refId="B32" refString="Jordan DS, Hubbs LC (1925) Record of the fishes obtained by David Starr Jordan in Japan, 1922. Mem Carnegie Mus 10 (2): 93–346, [pls 5–12]. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.234844" year="1925">Jordan and Hubbs 1925: 229</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="081752FC5F00AB9F7A6A6283DECA5A32">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C0F5D16609391385A1E3898AC85115B8">
<treatmentCitation id="7B83B95AC71AADE5342939977179FFE0">
<taxonomicName id="E523404DF9B3EC4FDE8A8A1B8F44E913" ID-CoL="76G3V" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="A6CE0AF93BB6A96AA8727E9B2AF2344C" italics="true">Pempheris vanicolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="BD493563C0369FAC42EC3790EF44DFE0">
(not
<bibRefCitation id="AA6CF418FC0E2F91772AA816A987FA35" author="Cuvier G" refId="B12" refString="Cuvier G (1831) Des Pempherides. In: Cuvier G, Valenciennes A (Eds) Historie Naturelle des Poissons, Vol. 7. F. G. Levraut, Paris-Strasbourg, [xx - xxi +] 296 - 309 [191 pls]." year="1831">Cuvier, 1831</bibRefCitation>
):
<treatmentCitation id="3E9826524E62A2422808399680BCC7DB" author="Okada Y" page="179" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="E2D5920F720A551046DED7E6C0AF5946" author="Okada Y" firstAuthor="Okada" page="179" refId="B93" refString="Okada Y (1938) A catalogue of vertebrates of Japan. Maruzen, Co. Ltd, Tokyo, [iv +] 412 pp." year="1938">Okada 1938: 179</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="57FC74DFE09D7891AC48B5E4518B8F1A" author="Okada Y &amp; Matsubara K" page="179" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="10A75E2CA95FC63FE68E7673A76405D9" author="Okada Y &amp; Matsubara K" firstAuthor="Okada" page="179" refId="B94" refString="Okada Y, Matsubara K (1938) Key to the fishes and fish-like animals of Japan. Sanseido, Tokyo." year="1938">Okada and Matsubara 1938: 179</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part);
<treatmentCitation id="4759E0ED59CBE828D189243D11116FC1" author="Matsubara K" page="590" year="1955">
<bibRefCitation id="67958111469412348DD2FA37C22BCFF9" author="Matsubara K" firstAuthor="Matsubara" journalOrPublisher="Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo" page="590" refId="B73" refString="Matsubara K (1955) Fish morphology and hierarchy. Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo, 789 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Fish morphology and hierarchy." year="1955">Matsubara 1955: 590</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part);
<treatmentCitation id="2FE44689B60B9DDEFF1330D980172321" author="Aoyagi H" page="49" year="1948">
<bibRefCitation id="64484629F90B335AE3F7725EEE14F5AD" author="Aoyagi H" firstAuthor="Aoyagi" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Magazine" page="49" pagination="48-50" refId="B2" refString="Aoyagi H (1948) Study on coral reef fishes from the Ryukyu Archipelago II, Synodontidae, Plotosidae, Pempheridae, and others. Zoological Magazine 58: 48–50. [In Japanese]" title="Study on coral reef fishes from the Ryukyu Archipelago II, Synodontidae, Plotosidae, Pempheridae, and others." volume="58" year="1948">Aoyagi 1948: 49</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0BC587C5785DD4DE7D7C231F09DBEC57" author="" page="19" year="1966">
<bibRefCitation id="AFB3E43885A2E8F3D152955B56E2D393" journalOrPublisher="KYANOΣ OIKΣ" pagination="1-60" refId="B126" refString="The Marine Ecological Researching Society of Kagoshima University (1966) Special report of Republic of China. KYANOΣ OIKΣ 9: 1–60." title="Special report of Republic of China." volume="9" year="1966">
The Marine Ecological Researching Society of
<collectingRegion id="FBA3E30C3D5545A545B3D2E9CC7A8FD8" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</collectingRegion>
University 1966
</bibRefCitation>
: 19
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="DDDB1DD124663C54E33E6218F45E0C21" author="" page="32" year="1967">
<bibRefCitation id="8B62E9BE91EC1863917D90A63607E067" refId="B127" refString="The Marine Ecological Researching Society of Kagoshima University (1967) Report of Yakushima Island. KYANOΣ OIKΣ X: 1–37. [In Japanese]" year="1967">
The Marine Ecological Researching Society of
<collectingRegion id="688CFBFE4B2C5ED57E7126A4BC4D43DD" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</collectingRegion>
University 1967
</bibRefCitation>
: 32
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="9B163CBA04C7703CBE715A573C31E8B6" author="Takahashi S" page="58" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="89AA4D86CB76BBBE36BE52C409B1C129" author="Takahashi S" firstAuthor="Takahashi" journalOrPublisher="KYANOΣ OIKΣ" page="58" pagination="57-62" refId="B120" refString="Takahashi S (1970) Fish fauna of coral reef of Yoro-jima island. KYANOΣ OIKΣ 14: 57–62." title="Fish fauna of coral reef of Yoro-jima island." volume="14" year="1970">Takahashi 1970: 58</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="62F01B4E095CB509C1C75BB0C5EB50BA" author="Chen J-P &amp; Shao K-T &amp; Jan R-Q &amp; Kuo J-W &amp; Chen J-Y" page="266" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="F8950AADFAB8918F7FE99AF185BC439E" author="Chen J-P &amp; Shao K-T &amp; Jan R-Q &amp; Kuo J-W &amp; Chen J-Y" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chen" journalOrPublisher="Kenting National Park Headquarters, Hengchun" page="266" refId="B9" refString="Chen J-P, Shao K-T, Jan R-Q, Kuo J-W, Chen J-Y (2010) Marine fishes in Kenting National Park (1 st revised ed.). Kenting National Park Headquarters, Hengchun, 656 pp. [In Chinese]" title="Marine fishes in Kenting National Park (1 st revised ed.)." year="2010">Chen et al. 2010: 266</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. A;
<treatmentCitation id="6A4076ADA0F5E29567A8FC244A5D6A84" author="Chang C-W &amp; Wang S-I &amp; Yang C-J &amp; Shao K-T" page="46" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="B8AAD337181E4706672BCD99AD0A492B" author="Chang C-W &amp; Wang S-I &amp; Yang C-J &amp; Shao K-T" etAl="et al" firstAuthor="Chang" journalOrPublisher="Platax" page="46" pagination="41-45" refId="B6" refString="Chang C-W, Wang S-I, Yang C-J, Shao K-T (2011) Fish fauna in subtidal waters adjacent to the National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium. Platax 8: 41–45." title="Fish fauna in subtidal waters adjacent to the National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium." volume="8" year="2011">Chang et al 2011: 46</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C31BFA3EBDF0DE3EA426BA801E5AD1F">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0560B9FC138C56C0B1EDD2B54855845C">
<treatmentCitation id="E4DEA78C1B15E82E6721EFBB37B2531D">
<taxonomicName id="FAC8160903C323D5B5F7FB7557B99672" ID-CoL="76G3W" authority="Tominaga, 1963" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="2CD8C7CB82CE584CCF94E944A8E10A8B" italics="true">Pempheris xanthoptera</emphasis>
<comment id="4F31775575BB4A5D8E6F53A0B27945BE">
<bibRefCitation id="98381888F4FF74AA3F65D019F5F878F5" author="Tominaga Y" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo" pagination="269-290" refId="B128" refString="Tominaga Y (1963) A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo 10: 269 - 290." title="A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan." volume="10" year="1963">Tominaga, 1963</bibRefCitation>
(in part
<typeStatus id="D7D042F64E58668F4F13013224EB533B" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
): 287;
<treatmentCitation id="8943C2BD57943687D3AC326E6A1533F6">
<bibRefCitation id="03A32904EF58224FC7F832A911B99B6B" author="Masuda" etAl="et al" firstAuthor="Masuda" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Tokyo" refId="B72" refString="Masuda H, Araga C, Yoshino T (1975) Coastal fishes of southern Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 379 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Coastal fishes of southern Japan." year="1975">Masuda et al 1975</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 199, pl. 33 - C;
<treatmentCitation id="DF5E95FD17EFAE0AC3A5957812AC642E" author="Yoshino T &amp; Nishijima S &amp; Shinohara S" page="75" year="1975">
<bibRefCitation id="1A8E7A379D1F4FEA7A8FFA2AC7D9ED74" author="Yoshino T &amp; Nishijima S &amp; Shinohara S" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yoshino" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Science and Engineering Division University of the Ryukyus; Mathematics &amp; Natural Sciences" page="75" pagination="61-118" refId="B139" refString="Yoshino T, Nishijima S, Shinohara S (1975) Catalogue of fishes of the Ryukyu Islands. Bulletin of Science and Engineering Division University of the Ryukyus; Mathematics &amp; Natural Sciences 20: 61–118." title="Catalogue of fishes of the Ryukyu Islands." volume="20" year="1975">Yoshino et al. 1975: 75</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="25E4A4AF1E14AF4EE2EB55E6FC25F55B">
<bibRefCitation id="F2EC1E98D7DC6118D5D39C9BD3E68B9B" author="Hayashi" firstAuthor="Hayashi" refId="B25" refString="Hayashi Y (1984) Pempheridae. In: Masuda H, Amaoka K, Araga C, Uyeno T, Yoshino T (Eds) The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 160–161 [pls 151, 350]. [In Japanese]" year="1984">Hayashi 1984</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part): 160.
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6CDA11B9803FB7FD4F8189D2B6FDD5D9">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="BA8F7EB4057A594EC305031B17270A01">
<taxonomicName id="685BD9962AD2C0755E9EDAE96B6C0AD2" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="36F9A97802BE20EAF629419DE08CC6EC" italics="true">Pempheris</emphasis>
<comment id="E8C7AE4355C567D370400A20482D8B66">
sp.:
<treatmentCitation id="FB32B010102B8F1BC099B65A3849C17E" author="Uchida K" page="218" year="1933">
<bibRefCitation id="7797F1CCB58083E85C6D07D50276B48A" author="Uchida K" firstAuthor="Uchida" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" page="218" pagination="207-218" refId="B132" refString="Uchida K (1933) Life history of Pempheris japonicus, and early development of congeners. Zoological Science 45: 207–218. [In Japanese]" title="Life history of Pempheris japonicus, and early development of congeners." volume="45" year="1933">Uchida 1933: 218</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part).
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EZQBI" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="111B9880DE0FCE4416EE413BD6B00CD4">
<heading id="C44C9F882CC1B8EEB160FD15E2992A85" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="57F4012F8936658D9412759EF2C6B833">
Counts of
<typeStatus id="363DAFEEBA1D3651FBFF7CB13292CE53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and
<typeStatus id="28D3B2B914BEBACC99B14D950B9CEBAF" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
are given in Table
<tableCitation id="4D1F50ED73DD4DF15A4AC44C59BF57D1" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Counts of Pempheris schwenkii and P. xanthoptera." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0D1BE7BF4D3962627CF47C653C54CF4F" tableUuid="0D1BE7BF4D3962627CF47C653C54CF4F">2</tableCitation>
. Dorsal-fin rays
<collectionCode id="47879C43273AEE6A8052280F3494C021" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute">VI</collectionCode>
– VII, very rarely VII, 9–10, very rarely 10; anal-fin rays III, 35–42, usually&gt; 37; pectoral-fin rays 16–18; pored lateral-line scales 44–53; scale rows above lateral line 3 ½ or 4 ½, very rarely 4 ½; scale rows below lateral line 10–13; predorsal scales 23–30; circumpeduncular scales 10–12; gill rakers 6–9 + 18 – 22 = 25–30; head length 27.9–33.0 %; body depth 40.2–47.2 %; eye diameter 35.5–45.5 %; upper jaw length 50.0–56.7 %; maximum
<quantity id="52F5E7D6868E1BFD3107FC79E06EE85B" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" unit="mm" value="126.0">126 mm</quantity>
SL; scales weakly ctenoid, deciduous, thin, semicircular in shape, far wider than long (see
<bibRefCitation id="5A2314CE50ED4E5B017DB2D553F533DD" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="231-238" refId="B58" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 a) Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan. Zootaxa 3609: 231–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" title="Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan." volume="3609">Koeda et al. 2013 a</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2 a); body golden in day time and silverish in night time; tip of dorsal fin and / or anterior margin of dorsal fin blackish; faint blackish band on anal-fin outer margin; blackish band on anal-fin base; posterior margin of caudal fin dusky; no blackish blotch on pectoral-fin base; posterior nostril usually slit-like; narrow band of villiform teeth in jaws; abdomen cross-sectional outline V-shaped.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EHRBI" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="E78DC58529926539D2BC90502D5E1A0E">
<heading id="427FDE673AFE2FE7EA1655FA56840A61" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CD5FE8C2486B544AC455E72CAAD0E32D">
Widely distributed in the western Pacific Ocean. In Japanese waters, this species is known from Tanega-shima to Yonaguni-jima islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Minamidaito-jima Island in Daito Islands, and very rarely collected from Minamisatsuma in
<collectingRegion id="48E7D5C62480C0862803C513144D20D8" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima">Kagoshima Prefecture</collectingRegion>
. In Taiwanese waters, this species is known from Daxi in
<collectingRegion id="87EF05EF95799DBDD2CAC75C0E1BD78C" country="Taiwan" name="Yilan">Yilan County</collectingRegion>
, Gungliau and Yeh Liu in
<collectingRegion id="308CD31CD34F14AD410B29DEAE7D4C55" country="Taiwan" name="New Taipei">New Taipei City</collectingRegion>
, Chi-gu in
<collectingRegion id="3972BAB24C4B8AF8B254ABFEF295AE38" country="Taiwan" name="Tainan">Tainan</collectingRegion>
County, Ke-tzu-liao in
<collectingRegion id="966F399600354FC6FC0EB28ACD5D1784" country="Taiwan" name="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</collectingRegion>
County, Hengchung, and Dong-gang, Kenting in
<collectingRegion id="9F59A7D99D1BD4C6CBE4F0B071DCB068" country="Taiwan" name="Pingtung">Pingtung County</collectingRegion>
, Fugang in
<collectingRegion id="A8A5B090C932F743C31D7EEDDA8BFF22" country="Taiwan" name="Taitung">Taitung County</collectingRegion>
, Lanyu, and
<collectingRegion id="ADE625F6C6AF6A4EAA8FAC97EA5BC565" country="Taiwan" name="Penghu">Penghu</collectingRegion>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="5D4BC1572CA697C353F85103ACC65A7A" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Distribution of Pempheris schwenkii (diamonds) and P. xanthoptera (solid triangles and star for type locality) based on the collection locality of the specimens. Open triangles for literature records of P. xanthoptera." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192476">13</figureCitation>
). Specimens are collected from the caves or crevasses in coral reef areas of
<quantity id="E6A23D16053606E0129FB8C42DE2D060" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.0" unit="m" value="12.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="0.0">0–25 m</quantity>
depth.
</paragraph>
<caption id="0E0D9123854B74D51C7A43194C5996CD" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure12" ID-arpha="C503833B-B1FC-5A5F-8FFF-DC688889AE66" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192475" startId="F12">
<paragraph id="9788C522EA4771DB2E98BEF2D86EE8CC">
<label id="22845255215DC03003EB2691DA15F9D2">Figure 12.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3FD07AAE3D09D437FAA24371B340367B">
Fresh specimen of
<taxonomicName id="14C869C45E44C091517CE94BA0278D99" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="55588D1E95CF2E99A662CCA5CD1450E2" italics="true">Pempheris schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, NMMB-P 27013, 100.3 mm SL, Hengchung, Pingtung, Taiwan.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="EA7522C57295FE9683989626A703D7C5" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure13" ID-arpha="B77FE5CD-4B4C-5835-B7A8-28493BF5F147" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192476" startId="F13">
<paragraph id="7CC345854E6F9465B52852F623871E58">
<label id="D2BC189F5A7EE10E44F4E3F610E8D554">Figure 13.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="317682A85BFF3917B6505638BEF136C4">
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="B4C0AD2CB8EA1BC8B514605E61F16E11" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="51BF0F28BF1C3E09BCCD3C001AD887BF" italics="true">Pempheris schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(diamonds) and
<taxonomicName id="633E815940C06C90EC36025C78F24115" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="212618F974365BED5BA33410F5B06442" italics="true">P. xanthoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(solid triangles and star for type locality) based on the collection locality of the specimens. Open triangles for literature records of
<taxonomicName id="5DDB38E7319018E7BC0D9DD5099AC26B" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="3F09E0060ED27217154C05518C438D6E" italics="true">P. xanthoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EXTBI" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="2FA9F09CA3190D6B0D2F2EFB52AE3377">
<heading id="F4CD5787A81EA580E64E869FE9DA75E6" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BFF1FC18257CCD92DA399638E269E8BF">
<taxonomicName id="260C5AB81A31C01C244907A8E916A488" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="AE1CD6B3CB990513B8AF3397A9F3460B" italics="true">Pempheris schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been thought to be widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. However, our genetic study revealed the interspecific difference between specimens from the Indian and Pacific oceans, and southern
<collectingCountry id="35C1715D001708287DCD90D58587C43A" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="16CE477DA0ED430106AD5D3B86494455" author="Bleeker P" firstAuthor="Bleeker" journalOrPublisher="Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië" pagination="305-328" refId="B4" refString="Bleeker P (1855) Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van de Batoe Eilanden. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië 8: 305–328." title="Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van de Batoe Eilanden." volume="8" year="1855">Bleeker (1855)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="541C44336E1C8FC70260FE2D6F802771" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="6FF85D81BF061B0E0DE0E31F40FDF51B" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on type specimens collected from Batu Island of western
<collectingCountry id="8C74F72A76624C282D781F6B7D578ECE" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
, eastern Indian Ocean. Although a significant genetic difference is observed among the specimens from these three localities, the morphologies of the species are very similar. Furthermore, the morphological characters were difficult to determine from the dehydrated condition of the
<typeStatus id="BC25B62F12C962824F4A13552819A1E4" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="47EB2F362E774FB1A6776C6A002F7065" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="7F765F490F36A6C0A4B0E361789C9B75" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="9BE43F1663C63444AFFE0D82DB60E8B2" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" type="Museum">RMNH</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="D5A73318D93DD17F3F2CCA73273B236D">PISC</collectionCode>
. 6160). The species composition of genus
<taxonomicName id="CA9318AEDD8D930071A5D94296FCD7BE" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3BBEE917839D884C36B997B46DA01072" italics="true">Pempheris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
around this area was closer to that of the western Pacific than that of the Indian Ocean. Therefore,
<taxonomicName id="C1EB4BE27D67196C8DF72643A251A343" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="6A83E8CDA950D0809C1D855A70F09CB1" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was determined as the name of the Pacific Ocean species (
<bibRefCitation id="0D3106D494C2D4DCE6D9F074C01605C8" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" author="Koeda" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="301-330" refId="B61" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2014) A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793: 301–330. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" title="A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species." volume="3793" year="2014">Koeda et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
) and the Indian Ocean species described as a new species,
<taxonomicName id="AD551FEAFEC0A517177F99314262C132" authority="Koeda, Yoshino &amp; Tachihara, 2014" authorityName="Koeda, Yoshino &amp; Tachihara" authorityYear="2014" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tominagai">
<emphasis id="7EA306FC4BB6CB2CD263957992E049F2" italics="true">P. tominagai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="835CE9FC44733225D59720E3B9E03B2B" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="301-330" refId="B61" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2014) A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793: 301 - 330. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3793.3. 1" title="A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species." volume="3793" year="2014">Koeda, Yoshino &amp; Tachihara, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. In the present study, a single specimen collected from the Andaman Sea was discovered, and is identified as
<taxonomicName id="B0564C3EB59228E6FCB3CF040F174393" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="D6F31FBC9650C803A6EB700BE86D67DC" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the pink caudal fin (vs yellow in
<taxonomicName id="45DB7144437B4C99F00B1F8A89EAE5AB" authorityName="Koeda, Yoshino &amp; Tachihara" authorityYear="2014" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tominagai">
<emphasis id="2F7139CFEAC7670DD2F859BEE507EBCE" italics="true">P. tominagai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). This fact supports the conclusion of
<bibRefCitation id="C3AD37F2B4FC6FA0D1D5C092BA9963A3" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="301-330" refId="B61" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2014) A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793: 301–330. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" title="A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species." volume="3793" year="2014">Koeda et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
that
<taxonomicName id="3482452D90699C55A805BAFF90EE85AF" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="BF500AD03895F6824953043CDCB92E54" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be widely distributed from the Pacific to the Andaman Sea including the type locality (Batu Islands,
<collectingRegion id="2ECA813A47320C0A2AA2BC876FB9A382" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara">Sumatera Utara Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="FFE58466CB46DB153C0AFB6357DC4ACC" name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
) of the species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="74738BA21137E0494687587FD8078C8A">
Similarly, the Pacific species and the southern Japanese species also showed significant difference between specimens from south of the Ryukyu Archipelago and specimens from mainland
<collectingCountry id="B6D64EA643EA9A275C15983E85E11F2E" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
(unpublished data). These two are clearly different species, because both species are distributed in the Osumi Islands (Tanega-shima, Yaku-shima, and Kuchinoerabu-jima islands; Fig.
<figureCitation id="1EDED4C25E9459C07F5D140219BAD67A" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Distribution of Pempheris schwenkii (diamonds) and P. xanthoptera (solid triangles and star for type locality) based on the collection locality of the specimens. Open triangles for literature records of P. xanthoptera." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192476">13</figureCitation>
), but the genetic mixability did not appear in the genetic structure analysis (unpublished data); the genetic identification and the diagnostic caudal-fin colorations (pink to brown in
<taxonomicName id="81219382EC13C464932344CE6771F25E" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="FFD90CE69C6D1B9C170735466B9B5702" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs yellow in
<taxonomicName id="761AFDA97D8D22A356967238088624F1" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="674D7235F861CFB02159A0681150F608" italics="true">P. xanthoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) were well matched (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B70B86CDBBF1E5AB285272CCB187A677" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. The Maximum-Likelihood (ML) tree of Pempheris species recovered from mitochondria 16 S and COI. Values of the Shimodaira – Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood ratio test (SH-aLRT) for the ML tree, bootstrap values (BS) of the NJ tree, and the posterior probability (PP) for the BI tree are indicated at the nodes unless the branch lengths are &lt; 0.01. The museum voucher number of specimens are listed next to the taxon name." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192466">3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E357E174579F1975A681A074D16F61B4">
On the basis of the taxonomic confusion between
<taxonomicName id="4056531E2D6EC306256ACD494633EFD1" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="039B7DE0F8112BDD66827912F6DEAECC" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="3D091D3B74E1F0D06542EA9C38AD34C1" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="3EDDA42999881410C0E0B74770998526" italics="true">P. xanthoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the standard Japanese name “ Minami-hatampo ” was used for both species, and recently,
<taxonomicName id="6A7C22D380412395FB5197441E04C393" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="6924D95528537397E4FDBD24369CCD98" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was tentatively recognized as having “ Pacific ” and “ southern
<collectingCountry id="7DB221E748D94822FAD91960ADF49E93" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
” types, the latter closely matching
<taxonomicName id="689E1E960BA38A55E6DEDC91E90FC213" authority="sensu Tominaga (1963)" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="C10E0C5B169626DB7EB5B345A86BDABF" italics="true">P. xanthoptera</emphasis>
sensu
<bibRefCitation id="B448532B14A0C3CB293FCBA1DAD7C2D5" author="Tominaga Y" firstAuthor="Tominaga" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo" pagination="269-290" refId="B128" refString="Tominaga Y (1963) A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo 10: 269–290." title="A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan." volume="10" year="1963">Tominaga (1963)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(e. g.,
<bibRefCitation id="442F2B6487DD56013744A5F405DDE115" author="Koeda K" editor="Iwatsubo H &amp; Motomura H" journalOrPublisher="Kagoshima Museum of Aquatic Biodiversity, Kagoshima and the Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" pagination="189-190" refId="B42" refString="Koeda K (2017 b) Pempheridae. In: Iwatsubo H, Motomura H (Eds) Field guide to fishes of Kagoshima Bay in southern Kyushu, Japan. Kagoshima Museum of Aquatic Biodiversity, Kagoshima and the Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 189–190. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Field guide to fishes of Kagoshima Bay in southern Kyushu, Japan.">Koeda 2017 b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="678AF805A1EF2DDEDFDFF4731F3438F8" author="Koeda K" editor="Motomura H &amp; Hagiwara K &amp; Senou H &amp; Nakae M" journalOrPublisher="Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, Yokosuka City Museum, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Odawara, and National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba" pagination="193-194" refId="B43" refString="Koeda K (2018 a) Pempheridae. In: Motomura H, Hagiwara K, Senou H, Nakae M (Eds) Identification guide to fishes of the Amami Islands, Japan. Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, Yokosuka City Museum, Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Odawara, and National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, 193–194. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Identification guide to fishes of the Amami Islands, Japan.">2018 a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1C5C6D5ABB23369E691B1C2522E50C79" author="Koeda K" editor="Nakabo T" journalOrPublisher="Shogakukan, Tokyo" pagination="298-299" refId="B44" refString="Koeda K (2018 b) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) The natural history of the fishes of Japan. Shogakukan, Tokyo, 298–299. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="The natural history of the fishes of Japan.">b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D4DDD3AD9A28DED02E62FCAE19359A7B" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Hata H &amp; Yamada M &amp; Motomura H" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" pagination="406-411" refId="B48" refString="Koeda K (2020 a) Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Hata H, Yamada M, Motomura H (Eds) Fishes from markets in Osumi Peninsula, Kagoshima, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 406–411. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes from markets in Osumi Peninsula, Kagoshima, Japan.">2020 a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="FECE1310DF352BB08AD1014613E38949" author="Kimura" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kimura" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" refId="B39" refString="Kimura Y, Hibino Y, Miki R, Minetoma T, Koeda K (2017) Field guide to fishes of Kuchinoerabu-jima Island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima, southern Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 200 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Field guide to fishes of Kuchinoerabu-jima Island in the Osumi Group, Kagoshima, southern Japan." year="2017">Kimura et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
); see remarks of
<taxonomicName id="70616040AF8EACBD2CDF91C587622662" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="6DCEEAC909E3038B9DCAE9CA8F712936" italics="true">P. xanthoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]. The Japanese name “ Minami-hatampo ” was first given by
<bibRefCitation id="DBC60CB12D5DAD510BD82A6B12D38767" author="Okada Y" firstAuthor="Okada" refId="B93" refString="Okada Y (1938) A catalogue of vertebrates of Japan. Maruzen, Co. Ltd, Tokyo, [iv +] 412 pp." year="1938">Okada (1938)</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName id="D3EB6B20741B5780DDF55ED572EB9295" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="6B1045EAC5C626D9EA7D3D74005C7DE7" italics="true">P. vanicolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in his list. His identification may follow
<bibRefCitation id="3E586055DDCFBB21269A41A8F9C095AA" DOI="10.5962/p.234844" author="Jordan DS &amp; Hubbs LC" firstAuthor="Jordan" refId="B32" refString="Jordan DS, Hubbs LC (1925) Record of the fishes obtained by David Starr Jordan in Japan, 1922. Mem Carnegie Mus 10 (2): 93–346, [pls 5–12]. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.234844" year="1925">Jordan and Hubbs (1925)</bibRefCitation>
which indicated that
<bibRefCitation id="9F511998D2A769A0EC0F3366EA306FF2" DOI="10.5479/si.00963801.42-1913.487" author="Snyder JO" firstAuthor="Snyder" refId="B117" refString="Snyder JO (1912) The fishes of Okinawa, one of the Riu Kiu Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 42: 487–519 [pls 62–70]. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.42-1913.487" year="1912">Snyder (1912)</bibRefCitation>
’ s
<taxonomicName id="7CF8BCD13D7FAC859B6AA2FE350848B2" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="FA91F658F672FDD676FE68F7ACF724B6" italics="true">P. japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Okinawa-jima Island was a misidentification of
<taxonomicName id="B1CB0F80B123046D8A3BC969E50BFD87" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="A88FEAE735DA53F7A9D1FFD6BCC30825" italics="true">P. vanicolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<taxonomicName id="D08FBB406F3B6E48DB868571A6DA1CD5" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="65ED2CCF0C8D87B4317BC472B62AB04D" italics="true">P. vanicolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very rare in Japanese waters, and has never been collected from Okinawa-jima Island (
<bibRefCitation id="341E64D93379C17E4544F98C978F56D0" DOI="10.11369/jji.22-004" author="Nakamura" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nakamura" refId="B91" refString="Nakamura J, Koeda K, Motomura H (2022) Northernmost record of Pempheris vanicolensis (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from Kikai-jima Island, Amami Islands, Japan. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. https://doi.org/10.11369/jji.22-004 [also appeared in Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 69: 219–223]" year="2022">Nakamura et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, the re-examination of the Snyder’s specimen of
<taxonomicName id="38E289ADFC7B29D7C00229D7AD22558C" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="053104741DC3582EF5BEF5DA47F655A8" italics="true">P. japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="5D4896F073BC84E0CD537022B22C1608" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fxd1-0prj" name="California Academy of Sciences, Stanford University Collection" type="">CAS-SU</collectionCode>
22002) revealed that it was in fact a misidentification of
<taxonomicName id="D33258B73BE5E070509FEBAFF15EF058" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="4385B0C8F3846F4A8DAC1F4625FF5487" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is the most common species around Okinawa Island. Although
<bibRefCitation id="EB6D0FA359BFDB495B4FFA6113A3A5AE" author="Okada Y" firstAuthor="Okada" refId="B93" refString="Okada Y (1938) A catalogue of vertebrates of Japan. Maruzen, Co. Ltd, Tokyo, [iv +] 412 pp." year="1938">Okada (1938)</bibRefCitation>
included Kyushu in the distribution of “ Minami-hatampo ” which is the range of
<taxonomicName id="FC8246CCCEE5629462BFCD900693450F" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="E78CE082B08723C2BFD93FF580A1D127" italics="true">P. xanthoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the situations mentioned above suggest that his species should be
<taxonomicName id="46727BEE2E5A97C9525CBE40834E0DC6" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="81E429C0E5813B8656C2A57F08B374E4" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These facts indicate that the standard Japanese name “ Minami-hatampo ” should be adopted for the species
<taxonomicName id="A794AFDCD167DC266F5447767DED3B38" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="0551D52FD56D9A475F1FC2FCFEBBB5F9" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C9CE4831553BFF1172E708363FE4A13A">
The juveniles of
<taxonomicName id="D43BC3EC1BE1F797D46116121AA39B77" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="3816F29D0D22842513CD37CBA4515E2E" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected from Minami-daito Island in the Daito Islands.
<taxonomicName id="D5631BF8CB769E726E8D2E2D0CB11FD3" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ufuagari">
<emphasis id="C5292F30FAC9982B116885A197AF3482" italics="true">Pempheris ufuagari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known as an endemic species which is found in the Daito and Ogasawara islands (see below), meaning that interaction between the species can occur at these localities. However,
<taxonomicName id="B70E4AF9B49C0E98895F0A34ECE464F9" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="41D45FB0162612349A5BC8A02CD073B0" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1A4DFD79FFB65CFF04BB923E607784AD" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="B6500BA975E548587D647B5145CD813E" italics="true">P. xanthoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have never been collected from the Ogasawara and Daito islands, respectively, indicating that the
<taxonomicName id="A691920E3145589333F5D1D7ECBA5314" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ufuagari">
<emphasis id="19B62C3332703DDD654A3C740323B606" italics="true">P. ufuagari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="06427E4CFD7262D47DDBCD76782D163D" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="A67ED14C1183F6455E18D5BAAD7D91C9" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (with
<taxonomicName id="50DF5B01088542F568F1B970221EE82B" authorityName="sensu Tominaga" authorityYear="1963" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xanthoptera">
<emphasis id="F66D52623BF87237C8C80032C0432330" italics="true">P. xanthoptera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) may have a different dispersal strategy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<treatment id="FE95D3FFCBEE5A1D84B4E87033D6FB17" ID-arpha="FE95D3FF-CBEE-5A1D-84B4-E87033D6FB17" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FE95D3FFCBEE5A1D84B4E87033D6FB17" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FE95D3FFCBEE5A1D84B4E87033D6FB17" scope_family="Pempheridae">
<subSubSection id="D1489B6DF3E5050BA6B97A780D1F3BE7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="0DE73FFAD6F18C039FE0E8089496410D">
<taxonomicName id="BD5A9220734C4E2BBBF4A51B0754C513" ID-CoL="76G53" authority="Doderlein, 1883" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1883" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="4C20BE915C8B539C8808D227168CAEF8" italics="true">Pempheris japonica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="85C1751AE58C51F7223725112113808B" author="Döderlein L" editor="Steindachner F &amp; Döderlein L" journalOrPublisher="). Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 20 (15)" pagination="123-130" refId="B13" refString="Doderlein L (1883) Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Sitzung der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen classe vom 14. Juni 1883. In: Steindachner F, Doderlein L (Eds) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan's (II.). Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 20 (15), 123 - 130." title="Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Sitzung der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen classe vom 14. Juni 1883." volumeTitle="Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan’s (II." year="1883">Döderlein, 1883</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="23B89DDD1983B2B194E44E836F9069A3" type="description">
<paragraph id="F928F7C63ED1A97EBC5A915E22A277FC">
<figureCitation id="88FA3BD8F71E71EBEABA14B401A38E3A" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Distribution of Pempheris familia (diamond) and Pempheris japonica (triangles and star for type locality) based on the collection locality of the specimens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192468">Figs 5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5B65DD0F5EEF00FD05F01A58DF703444" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Fresh specimen of Pempheris japonica, KAUM – I. 89834, 125.0 mm SL, Nakakoshiki-jima Island, Koshiki Islands, Japan." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192469">6</figureCitation>
<xref id="0A0EA548A2B8207570443E4662CE24D5" ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S2">, Suppl. material 2 Standard Japanese name: Tsumaguro-hatampo</xref>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="63382DD0796603D06F36A83BF5DF1A67" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="31578A4694C5C981BA44806AA4964769">
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<treatmentCitation id="EB015678A31B1AEFE56F2D81083B1565" author="Döderlein L" page="125" year="1883">
<taxonomicName id="6ED21216E11DE069AC168864BC8DC610" ID-CoL="76G53" authority="Doderlein, 1883: 125" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityPageNumber="125" authorityYear="1883" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="C4423B4DEC02D65CDEF6A9F51745D8A1" italics="true">Pempheris japonica</emphasis>
<comment id="BC60FBB844D66C9015F5097C466B40A5">
<bibRefCitation id="A8F243CA5A221A87642111FA11DFDAC6" author="Döderlein L" editor="Steindachner F &amp; Döderlein L" journalOrPublisher="). Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 20 (15)" pagination="123-130" refId="B13" refString="Doderlein L (1883) Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Sitzung der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen classe vom 14. Juni 1883. In: Steindachner F, Doderlein L (Eds) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan's (II.). Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 20 (15), 123 - 130." title="Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Sitzung der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen classe vom 14. Juni 1883." volumeTitle="Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan’s (II." year="1883">Döderlein, 1883: 125</bibRefCitation>
(type locality:
<collectingRegion id="7539EC200245CE8CFA482493A93E9935" country="Japan" name="Tokyo">Tokyo</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="291404AEBB3E10BCBA2D3867BC610BD6" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
);
<treatmentCitation id="871103EDA92C08D5DA03A7291BD54747" author="Jordan DS &amp; Tanaka S &amp; Snyder JO" page="137" year="1913">
<bibRefCitation id="673C15989BB03E5C665070591F0C4D31" author="Jordan DS &amp; Tanaka S &amp; Snyder JO" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Jordan" journalOrPublisher="The Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo" page="137" pagination="1-497" refId="B33" refString="Jordan DS, Tanaka S, Snyder JO (1913) A catalogue of the fishes of Japan. The Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 33: 1–497." title="A catalogue of the fishes of Japan." volume="33" year="1913">Jordan et al. 1913: 137</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="79A971802518268A4B525C125A7FAE70" author="Tanaka S" page="25" year="1931">
<bibRefCitation id="79EA2F5D4531A1EF7074A2ABF0993F39" author="Tanaka S" firstAuthor="Tanaka" page="25" refId="B124" refString="Tanaka S (1931) On the distribution of fishes in Japanese waters. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Section IV, Zoology 3: 3–90 [3 pls]." year="1931">Tanaka 1931: 25</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="9D49D0B38C8832AD9E2A82DBB3244F81" author="Uchida K" page="208" year="1933">
<bibRefCitation id="2A3C4196AE59139BC564E25B66E0B47D" author="Uchida K" firstAuthor="Uchida" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" page="208" pagination="207-218" refId="B132" refString="Uchida K (1933) Life history of Pempheris japonicus, and early development of congeners. Zoological Science 45: 207–218. [In Japanese]" title="Life history of Pempheris japonicus, and early development of congeners." volume="45" year="1933">Uchida 1933: 208</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="2CB80E6E0D5BDB8AD3CBC146A1B52B07" author="Okada Y" page="179" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="39407889342D91FC1D5B5C24FB20E59B" author="Okada Y" firstAuthor="Okada" page="179" refId="B93" refString="Okada Y (1938) A catalogue of vertebrates of Japan. Maruzen, Co. Ltd, Tokyo, [iv +] 412 pp." year="1938">Okada 1938: 179</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="27F0D19133D0FE2365ADB1794298E61B" author="Okada Y &amp; Matsubara K" page="179" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="AA258A7922976791D5224AF859FA7872" author="Okada Y &amp; Matsubara K" firstAuthor="Okada" page="179" refId="B94" refString="Okada Y, Matsubara K (1938) Key to the fishes and fish-like animals of Japan. Sanseido, Tokyo." year="1938">Okada and Matsubara 1938: 179</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="72B11193939D93121302EBC4E8535015" author="Matsubara K" page="590" year="1955">
<bibRefCitation id="0D1F95684FACAA841980E046C70B982A" author="Matsubara K" firstAuthor="Matsubara" journalOrPublisher="Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo" page="590" refId="B73" refString="Matsubara K (1955) Fish morphology and hierarchy. Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo, 789 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Fish morphology and hierarchy." year="1955">Matsubara 1955: 590</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="85D13800D1373AD758E8E5F7D486CE53" author="Tominaga Y" page="278" year="1963">
<bibRefCitation id="D9C2DBC5E94E6D3A2F3BF2FD4635692D" author="Tominaga Y" firstAuthor="Tominaga" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo" page="278" pagination="269-290" refId="B128" refString="Tominaga Y (1963) A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo 10: 269–290." title="A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan." volume="10" year="1963">Tominaga 1963: 278</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 6; Takemura and Yasuda 1965: 159;
<treatmentCitation id="5BEFA90E00D8854C307B4CBBA93B05CF" author="Masuda H &amp; Araga C &amp; Yoshino T" page="199" year="1975">
<bibRefCitation id="0FE77162D8C1D26A3EBF031E585B55FB" author="Masuda H &amp; Araga C &amp; Yoshino T" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Masuda" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Tokyo" page="199" refId="B72" refString="Masuda H, Araga C, Yoshino T (1975) Coastal fishes of southern Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 379 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Coastal fishes of southern Japan." year="1975">Masuda et al. 1975: 199</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 33 - B;
<treatmentCitation id="A562A5A00217024C1053586B6F374A5B">
<bibRefCitation id="89BDC3C1B8D42ADD6CD166E69162E696" author="Hayashi" firstAuthor="Hayashi" refId="B25" refString="Hayashi Y (1984) Pempheridae. In: Masuda H, Amaoka K, Araga C, Uyeno T, Yoshino T (Eds) The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 160–161 [pls 151, 350]. [In Japanese]" year="1984">Hayashi 1984</bibRefCitation>
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(in part): 160, pl. 151 - C;
<treatmentCitation id="F66F8BA319452F12EF8F0668E2DE0601" author="Kohno H" page="135" year="1986">
<bibRefCitation id="B64B2A3BDA0575B29D331B600295280A" DOI="10.1007/BF02905841" author="Kohno H" firstAuthor="Kohno" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Ichthyology" page="135" pagination="135-144" refId="B67" refString="Kohno H (1986) Larvae and juveniles of pempherid fishes, Pempheris xanthoptera and P. japonica. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 33: 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02905841" title="Larvae and juveniles of pempherid fishes, Pempheris xanthoptera and P. japonica." volume="33" year="1986">Kohno 1986: 135</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1;
<treatmentCitation id="0CAE1D1EF72A6EC70104E2BD38F634FB" author="Masuda H &amp; Kobayashi Y" page="180" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="8BF8859E71033B00D406664ED16B997D" author="Masuda H &amp; Kobayashi Y" firstAuthor="Masuda" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Tokyo" page="180" refId="B71" refString="Masuda H, Kobayashi Y (1994) Grand atlas of fish life modes. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 379 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Grand atlas of fish life modes." year="1994">Masuda and Kobayashi 1994: 180</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 4;
<treatmentCitation id="EA712BF09796D40693354779F3014156" author="Mochizuki K" page="389" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="34121067A75092E5507E3AF0F8974003" author="Mochizuki K" editor="Konishi H" firstAuthor="Mochizuki" journalOrPublisher="Weekly Sunday Fishing Co. Ltd, Osaka" page="389" pagination="389-389" refId="B76" refString="Mochizuki K (1995) Pempheridae. In: Konishi H (Ed.) Fishes-new color guide for sportfishermen. Weekly Sunday Fishing Co. Ltd, Osaka, 389–389." title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes-new color guide for sportfishermen." year="1995">Mochizuki 1995: 389</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="B45709E9D0A811017994BABE6B108A36" author="Hatooka K" page="380" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="FA0C9CE98F8B65B58726857CD8394FCF" author="Hatooka K" editor="Okamura O &amp; Amaoka K" firstAuthor="Hatooka" journalOrPublisher="Yama-kei Publishers co., Ltd., Tokyo" page="380" pagination="380-381" refId="B21" refString="Hatooka K (1997) Pempheridae. In: Okamura O, Amaoka K (Eds) Sea fishes of Japan. Yama-kei Publishers co., Ltd., Tokyo, 380–381. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Sea fishes of Japan." year="1997">Hatooka 1997: 380</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="E34BB1ACE9263E0056100818F72D1CEE">
<bibRefCitation id="9AEAD2A35EC4159D233B9735F5D05265" author="Hatooka" firstAuthor="Hatooka" refId="B23" refString="Hatooka K (2002) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, English edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 878–879, 1562." year="2002">Hatooka 2002</bibRefCitation>
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(in part): 877;
<treatmentCitation id="9E5A47B970A2F8BFF14D575C7BE497B0" author="Senou H &amp; Shinohara G &amp; Matsuura K &amp; Furuse K &amp; Kato S &amp; Kikuchi T" page="212" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="9B5CD76755179A1E9D13B5D057E159CC" author="Senou H &amp; Shinohara G &amp; Matsuura K &amp; Furuse K &amp; Kato S &amp; Kikuchi T" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Senou" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo)" page="212" pagination="195-237" refId="B103" refString="Senou H, Shinohara G, Matsuura K, Furuse K, Kato S, Kikuchi T (2002) Fishes of Hachijo-jima Island, Izu Islands Group, Tokyo, Japan. Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo) 38: 195–237." title="Fishes of Hachijo-jima Island, Izu Islands Group, Tokyo, Japan." volume="38" year="2002">Senou et al. 2002: 212</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="6F1BB1D88A270405AA1E86A598FB195F" author="Senou H &amp; Matsuura K &amp; Shinohara G" page="463" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="068B87118C56C0B7F0F09368FB83625B" author="Senou H &amp; Matsuura K &amp; Shinohara G" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo)" pagination="389-542" refId="B105" refString="Senou H, Matsuura K, Shinohara G (2006 b) Checklist of fishes in the Sagami Sea with zoogeographical comments on shallow water fishes occurring along the coastlines under the influence of Kuroshio Current. Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo) 41: 389–542." title="Checklist of fishes in the Sagami Sea with zoogeographical comments on shallow water fishes occurring along the coastlines under the influence of Kuroshio Current." volume="41">Senou et al. 2006 b</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="28BD35D590F0D4FD02E5D360335A1AD9" author="Aramata H" page="171" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="768C83F5DC4723DA5C3CFBF5EBEC1710" author="Aramata H" firstAuthor="Aramata" journalOrPublisher="Shinshokan, Tokyo" page="171" refId="B3" refString="Aramata H (2007) The Aramata atlas of wonder fishes. Shinshokan, Tokyo, 390 pp. [In Japanese]" title="The Aramata atlas of wonder fishes." year="2007">Aramata 2007: 171</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="E18507EFDF548FF4AEAC4EB1FC500C65" author="Yoshino Y" page="211" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="C413CE055D220BEE767E2E4E5808C15E" author="Yoshino Y" firstAuthor="Yoshino" journalOrPublisher=", LTD, Tokyo" page="211" refId="B138" refString="Yoshino Y (2008) Marine fishes of Japan. Yama-kei Publishers co., LTD, Tokyo, 543 pp." title="Marine fishes of Japan. Yama-kei Publishers co." year="2008">Yoshino 2008: 211</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="C7DB7665C063CE204BA4F50C5026B67D" author="Koeda K &amp; Imai H &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="74" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="81F31C2EF1B3E7C617ABB715DB9174B5" author="Koeda K &amp; Imai H &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Biogeography" pagination="71-75" refId="B54" refString="Koeda K, Imai H, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2010 a) First and northernmost record of Pempheris oualensis (Pempheridae), from Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Biogeography 12: 71–75." title="First and northernmost record of Pempheris oualensis (Pempheridae), from Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan." volume="12">Koeda et al. 2010 a</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="E7084444E2F58C0E86D8168F9298F524" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" page="81" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="87DABE3C914C60B3D1B8B5A0E423C63E" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Biogeography" pagination="77-82" refId="B55" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2010 b) Description of new Japanese and northernmost records of pempherid fish, Pempheris vanicolensis, from Iriomote Island, southern Ryukyu Archipelago. Biogeography 12: 77–82." title="Description of new Japanese and northernmost records of pempherid fish, Pempheris vanicolensis, from Iriomote Island, southern Ryukyu Archipelago." volume="12">Koeda et al. 2010 b</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="AF4737D05CC307516E59ABD7A983D3A5" author="Motomura H &amp; Kuriiwa K &amp; Katayama E &amp; Senou H &amp; Ogihara G &amp; Meguro M &amp; Matsunuma M &amp; Takata Y &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Yamashita M &amp; Kimura S &amp; Endo H &amp; Murase A &amp; Iwatsuki Y &amp; Sakurai Y &amp; Harazaki S &amp; Hidaka K &amp; Izumi H &amp; Matsuura K" page="131" year="2010">
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;
<treatmentCitation id="2E26709EEDE8700067E8E201822CD961" author="Takagi M &amp; Hirata T &amp; Hirata S &amp; Nakata C" page="69" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="C597934B2AAA70241280299A253CE3FE" author="Takagi M &amp; Hirata T &amp; Hirata S &amp; Nakata C" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Takagi" journalOrPublisher="Soufusha shuppan, Matsuyama" page="69" refId="B119" refString="Takagi M, Hirata T, Hirata S, Nakata C (2010) Fishes of Ainan Ehime. Soufusha shuppan, Matsuyama, 250 pp." title="Fishes of Ainan Ehime." year="2010">Takagi et al. 2010: 69</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
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<bibRefCitation id="2BAE740EC4EB9C96CB6DB73DF8239C6D" author="Kohno H &amp; Konou K &amp; Tokoo T" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kohno" journalOrPublisher="Heibonsha, Tokyo" page="208" refId="B68" refString="Kohno H, Konou K, Tokoo T (2011) A photographic guide to the fishes in Tokyo Bay. Heibonsha, Tokyo, 374 pp. [In Japanese]" title="A photographic guide to the fishes in Tokyo Bay." year="2011">Kohno et al. 2011: 208</bibRefCitation>
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, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="7513AF3F878FE3DFE86812764E255EC1" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="65" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="B68CCB5150C17940400A7819F83FA6B3" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" pagination="65-73" refId="B56" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2012 a) First and southernmost records of Pempheris japonica (Pempherididae) from Okinawa Island with the description of juvenile growth. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 67: 65–73. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="First and southernmost records of Pempheris japonica (Pempherididae) from Okinawa Island with the description of juvenile growth." volume="67">Koeda et al. 2012 a</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="ABC2E941D77F3C972A588C2192336EB8" author="Hatooka and Yagishita" editor="Nakabo T" firstAuthor="Hatooka" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 983-984" pagination="2020-2021" refId="B24" refString="Hatooka K, Yagishita N (2013) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3 rd edn. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 983–984, 2020–2021. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3 rd edn." year="2013">Hatooka and Yagishita 2013</bibRefCitation>
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(in part): 983;
<treatmentCitation id="91CE7A42F7055F66EB69DBF19E93BA47" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" page="235" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="D9E136325D75A11A7877A1F78D6330EE" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Ichthyology" pagination="123-128" refId="B59" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 b) Identificational keys of Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877 (Pempheridae) with comments on its standard Japanese name. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 60: 123–128. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Identificational keys of Pempheris adusta Bleeker, 1877 (Pempheridae) with comments on its standard Japanese name." volume="60">Koeda et al. 2013 b</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0E62C15340109E9790235829850E440B" author="Motomura H &amp; Dewa S &amp; Furuta K &amp; Matsuura K" page="168" year="2013">
<bibRefCitation id="9F15171E47FB43ED06385457594A1F01" author="Motomura H &amp; Dewa S &amp; Furuta K &amp; Matsuura K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima and the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba" page="168" refId="B84" refString="Motomura H, Dewa S, Furuta K, Matsuura K (2013) Fishes of Iou-jima and Take-shima islands, Mishima, Kagoshima, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima and the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, 390 pp." title="Fishes of Iou-jima and Take-shima islands, Mishima, Kagoshima, Japan." year="2013">Motomura et al. 2013: 168</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="040273424A2D5C0B4E09540A97A1E48B" author="Kawano M &amp; Doi H &amp; Hori S" page="48" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="940DD923EFF5EE27035234982DD4DD40" author="Kawano M &amp; Doi H &amp; Hori S" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kawano" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Yamaguchi Prefecture Fisheries Research Center" page="48" pagination="1-30" refId="B37" refString="Kawano M, Doi H, Hori S (2014) List of the fishes in the southwestern Japan Sea off Yamaguchi Prefecture. Bulletin of Yamaguchi Prefecture Fisheries Research Center 11: 1–30. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="List of the fishes in the southwestern Japan Sea off Yamaguchi Prefecture." volume="11" year="2014">Kawano et al. 2014: 48</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D1BFFD4E319D3EE90604CDE7206EAEF5" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" page="327" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="F36AED6E208B8CA606C5CFF8B8F3A674" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Imai H &amp; Tachihara K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" page="327" pagination="301-330" refId="B61" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Imai H, Tachihara K (2014) A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3793: 301–330. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.1" title="A review of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) of the Red Sea, with description of a new species." volume="3793" year="2014">Koeda et al. 2014: 327</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="25B447F3B657BF0F2667F08C81110335" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" page="139" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="C9D4E56173553BB3F84CE5CEECBA0E32" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Nature of Kagoshima" page="139" pagination="139-144" refId="B51" refString="Koeda K, Motomura H (2015) First records of Pempheris adusta (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from Kuchierabujima, Nakano-shima, and Tokuno-shima islands in the Satsunan Islands and the Kagoshima mainland, southern Japan with some biological comments. Nature of Kagoshima 41: 139–144. [In Japanese]" title="First records of Pempheris adusta (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from Kuchierabujima, Nakano-shima, and Tokuno-shima islands in the Satsunan Islands and the Kagoshima mainland, southern Japan with some biological comments." volume="41" year="2015">Koeda and Motomura 2015: 139</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="58DAF218D66A9D335279DDA1B5B2D0E6" author="Koeda K &amp; Kaburagi K &amp; Motomura H" page="275" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="4764DEEDF61166B1E6F2F9B2C9E10357" author="Koeda K &amp; Kaburagi K &amp; Motomura H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" page="275" pagination="275-282" refId="B62" refString="Koeda K, Kaburagi K, Motomura H (2015) Records of Pempheris oualensis (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from the Satsunan Islands, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 70: 275–282. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Records of Pempheris oualensis (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from the Satsunan Islands, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan." volume="70" year="2015">Koeda et al. 2015: 275</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="21A72F0C3B8E6A827F87BAC86BED257C" author="Ikeda H &amp; Nakabo T" page="159" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="3D59DE5B804EA5DBD6399081E77708CE" author="Ikeda H &amp; Nakabo T" firstAuthor="Ikeda" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Hadano" page="159" refId="B29" refString="Ikeda H, Nakabo T (2015) Fishes of the Pacific coasts of southern Japan. Tokai University Press, Hadano, 597 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Fishes of the Pacific coasts of southern Japan." year="2015">Ikeda and Nakabo 2015: 159</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 5–7;
<treatmentCitation id="51036ED74AC759C91095E1973F61F77B" author="Takeuchi N &amp; Senou H &amp; Seino H" page="8" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="0BD1D41942E6C35723E60250EE05E2DA" author="Takeuchi N &amp; Senou H &amp; Seino H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Takeuchi" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" page="8" pagination="1-11" refId="B123" refString="Takeuchi N, Senou H, Seino H (2015) Fish fauna of Tsushima Island, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan - researches from 1948 to 2015. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 70: 1–11." title="Fish fauna of Tsushima Island, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan - researches from 1948 to 2015." volume="70" year="2015">Takeuchi et al. 2015: 8</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="EF29FBA764B56362BB2BB5460E2F8D51" author="Koeda K" page="190" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="23EA1ACA185524D264A1C00004EE64B7" author="Koeda K" editor="Iwatsubo H &amp; Motomura H" journalOrPublisher="Kagoshima Museum of Aquatic Biodiversity, Kagoshima and the Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" pagination="189-190" refId="B42" refString="Koeda K (2017 b) Pempheridae. In: Iwatsubo H, Motomura H (Eds) Field guide to fishes of Kagoshima Bay in southern Kyushu, Japan. Kagoshima Museum of Aquatic Biodiversity, Kagoshima and the Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 189–190. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Field guide to fishes of Kagoshima Bay in southern Kyushu, Japan.">Koeda 2017 b</bibRefCitation>
: 190
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="1A6B5705C80B4EFBFE9ED4A758FD0BAD">
<bibRefCitation id="040832D67B6F048FEF54A4FB3D703996" DOI="10.1007/s10228-017-0586-3" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" refId="B52" refString="Koeda K, Motomura H (2017 a) A new species of Pempheris (Perciformes: Pempheridae) endemic to the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Ichthyological Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-017-0586-3 [also appeared in Ichthyological Research 65: 21–28]">Koeda and Motomura 2017 a</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="9F1335E43412CDCB1DE64AFFF64FB0CD" author="Fujiwara K &amp; Tanoue H &amp; Mohri M &amp; Kamano T &amp; Hata K &amp; Okada S &amp; Nagai S &amp; Motomura H" page="58" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="40D696DEC5D361EF2BA59E61433E6416" author="Fujiwara K &amp; Tanoue H &amp; Mohri M &amp; Kamano T &amp; Hata K &amp; Okada S &amp; Nagai S &amp; Motomura H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fujiwara" journalOrPublisher="Journal of National Fisheries University" page="58" pagination="47-80" refId="B17" refString="Fujiwara K, Tanoue H, Mohri M, Kamano T, Hata K, Okada S, Nagai S, Motomura H (2018) Fishes of the Hibiki-nada Sea and Mi-shima island, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. Journal of National Fisheries University 66: 47–80. [In Japanese with English Abstract]" title="Fishes of the Hibiki-nada Sea and Mi-shima island, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan." volume="66" year="2018">Fujiwara et al. 2018: 58</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, Fig.
<figureCitation id="DAD8B656BEBA52727ED1F2AACD50653C" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Distribution of Pempheris nyctereutes (solid triangles and solid star for holotype locality) and Pempheris sasakii (solid diamonds and open star for holotype locality) based on the collection localities of the specimens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192471">8 L</figureCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="415EFFB388503C986F5B186E465A46B1" author="" page="210" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="036B35ED8DE9D336A787DF5771EA4049" journalOrPublisher="Kagoshima City Aquarium Foundation, Kagoshima" refId="B35" refString="Kagoshima City Aquarium Foundation (2018) Fishes collected with set nets in Kagoshima and confirmed by Kagoshima City Aquarium, 2 nd edn. Kagoshima City Aquarium Foundation, Kagoshima, 335 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Fishes collected with set nets in Kagoshima and confirmed by Kagoshima City Aquarium, 2 nd edn." year="2018">Kagoshima City Aquarium Foundation 2018</bibRefCitation>
: 210
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="9BA8BB95DB84127349BEAF039C3480BF" author="Koeda K" page="298" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="81595BA2F33E9B54FC8850D9E2AFD067" author="Koeda K" editor="Nakabo T" journalOrPublisher="Shogakukan, Tokyo" pagination="298-299" refId="B44" refString="Koeda K (2018 b) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) The natural history of the fishes of Japan. Shogakukan, Tokyo, 298–299. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="The natural history of the fishes of Japan.">Koeda 2018 b</bibRefCitation>
: 298
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="4C67BE8B550467C628C0CE05CE2AD491" author="Nakae M &amp; Motomura H &amp; Hagiwara K &amp; Senou H &amp; Koeda K &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Tashiro S &amp; Jeong B &amp; Hata H &amp; Fukui Y &amp; Fujiwara K &amp; Yamakawa T &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Shinohara G &amp; Matsuura K" page="266" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="AB98484D08206356AB595CD360C00FCE" author="Nakae M &amp; Motomura H &amp; Hagiwara K &amp; Senou H &amp; Koeda K &amp; Yoshida T &amp; Tashiro S &amp; Jeong B &amp; Hata H &amp; Fukui Y &amp; Fujiwara K &amp; Yamakawa T &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Shinohara G &amp; Matsuura K" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nakae" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo)" page="266" pagination="205-361" refId="B89" refString="Nakae M, Motomura H, Hagiwara K, Senou H, Koeda K, Yoshida T, Tashiro S, Jeong B, Hata H, Fukui Y, Fujiwara K, Yamakawa T, Aizawa M, Shinohara G, Matsuura K (2018) An Annotated Checklist of Fishes of Amami-oshima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Memoirs of the National Science Museum (Tokyo) 52: 205–361." title="An Annotated Checklist of Fishes of Amami-oshima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan." volume="52" year="2018">Nakae et al. 2018: 266</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="D6DFEF50FA109D37D6A7FC31E44A86E9" author="Koeda K" page="341" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="3A21CE19ED10542FEE26DCA939A88FF1" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Hata H &amp; Yamada M &amp; Motomura H" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" pagination="339-343" refId="B45" refString="Koeda K (2018 c) Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Hata H, Yamada M, Motomura H (Eds) Field guide to fishes landed at Uchinoura Fishing Port, Kagoshima, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 339–343. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Field guide to fishes landed at Uchinoura Fishing Port, Kagoshima, Japan.">Koeda 2018 c</bibRefCitation>
: 341
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="2A719577397A392138714B5EE4CB4AB6" author="Murase A &amp; Miki R &amp; Wada M &amp; Senou H" page="132" year="2019">
<bibRefCitation id="83436A43484EFC1C0E0C7B4D8AAFDC5D" author="Murase A &amp; Miki R &amp; Wada M &amp; Senou H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Murase" journalOrPublisher="Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, Nobeoka" page="132" refId="B87" refString="Murase A, Miki R, Wada M, Senou H (2019) Coastal and market fishes around Kadogawa Bay, northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan. Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, Nobeoka, 207 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Coastal and market fishes around Kadogawa Bay, northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan." year="2019">Murase et al. 2019: 132</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 282;
<treatmentCitation id="5E9E0A3E39CA834DDE583A7287405CCE" author="Koeda K" page="408" year="">
<bibRefCitation id="2D4C27561185E382644DDF9D1EAC5873" author="Koeda K" editor="Koeda K &amp; Hata H &amp; Yamada M &amp; Motomura H" journalOrPublisher="The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" pagination="406-411" refId="B48" refString="Koeda K (2020 a) Pempheridae. In: Koeda K, Hata H, Yamada M, Motomura H (Eds) Fishes from markets in Osumi Peninsula, Kagoshima, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 406–411. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes from markets in Osumi Peninsula, Kagoshima, Japan.">Koeda 2020 a</bibRefCitation>
: 408
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered figs;
<treatmentCitation id="CA4C31385373B3439162A4274A5A0E7B" author="Sonoyama T &amp; Ogimoto K &amp; Hori S &amp; Uchida Y &amp; Kawano M" page="78" year="2020">
<bibRefCitation id="417C421E40D8B5E25349E557FBF5ED0D" author="Sonoyama T &amp; Ogimoto K &amp; Hori S &amp; Uchida Y &amp; Kawano M" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sonoyama" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum" page="78" pagination="1-152" refId="B118" refString="Sonoyama T, Ogimoto K, Hori S, Uchida Y, Kawano M (2020) An annotated checklist of marine fishes of the Sea of Japan off Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan, with 74 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum 11: 1–152." title="An annotated checklist of marine fishes of the Sea of Japan off Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan, with 74 new records." volume="11" year="2020">Sonoyama et al. 2020: 78</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="3470259A7DD8E65AEE1BE5B61488499B" author="Murase A &amp; Ogata Y &amp; Yamasaki Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Wada M &amp; Senou H" page="166" year="2021">
<bibRefCitation id="3420BA0664E83B868317B2F0C4896FAE" author="Murase A &amp; Ogata Y &amp; Yamasaki Y &amp; Miki R &amp; Wada M &amp; Senou H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Murase" journalOrPublisher="Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, Nobeoka" page="166" refId="B88" refString="Murase A, Ogata Y, Yamasaki Y, Miki R, Wada M, Senou H (2021) Coastal, shelf and deep-sea fishes around Kadogawa Bay, northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan. Nobeoka Marine Science Station, Field Science Center, University of Miyazaki, Nobeoka, 357 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Coastal, shelf and deep-sea fishes around Kadogawa Bay, northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, southern Japan." year="2021">Murase et al. 2021: 166</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 338;
<treatmentCitation id="5D63545BAC018F8AEB2C3E523F67C885" author="Koeda K" page="158" year="2022">
<bibRefCitation id="C3D89047C38DC3BF5F0906CCB797829B" author="Koeda K" editor="Iwatsubo H &amp; Ito M &amp; Yamada M &amp; Motomura H" firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="Kagoshima Museum of Aquatic Biodiversity, Kagoshima and the Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima" page="158" pagination="158-158" refId="B50" refString="Koeda K (2022) Family Pempheridae. In: Iwatsubo H, Ito M, Yamada M, Motomura H (Eds) Field guide to fishes of the East China Sea side of Satsuma Peninsula in Kagoshima, southern Kyushu, Japan. Kagoshima Museum of Aquatic Biodiversity, Kagoshima and the Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, 158–158." title="Family Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Field guide to fishes of the East China Sea side of Satsuma Peninsula in Kagoshima, southern Kyushu, Japan." year="2022">Koeda 2022: 158</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, unnumbered fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="F17F1BA8D526CDA4060285FD10DBB522" author="Koeda K &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Sakamoto K &amp; Ueshima R" page="6" year="2022">
<bibRefCitation id="2708B41E926919184FBB441875C0401A" author="Koeda K &amp; Aizawa M &amp; Sakamoto K &amp; Ueshima R" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Koeda" journalOrPublisher="The University Museum, The University of Tokyo Material Reports" page="6" pagination="1-16" refId="B66" refString="Koeda K, Aizawa M, Sakamoto K, Ueshima R (2022) Report on specimens of the family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) deposited in the Department of Zoology, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo Material Reports 128: 1–16." title="Report on specimens of the family Pempheridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) deposited in the Department of Zoology, The University Museum, The University of Tokyo." volume="128" year="2022">Koeda et al. 2022: 6</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="F60F26814EB242CA889669BF812FE5FE" author="Motomura H" page="127" year="2023">
<bibRefCitation id="FFD0E8FE9B22217FF8204CB2725CB1A0" author="Motomura H" firstAuthor="Motomura" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum" page="127" pagination="1-250" refId="B80" refString="Motomura H (2023) An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tanega-shima amd Mage-shima islands in the Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 536 new records. Bulletin of the Kagoshima University Museum 20: 1–250." title="An annotated checklist of marine and freshwater fishes of Tanega-shima amd Mage-shima islands in the Osumi Islands, Kagoshima, southern Japan, with 536 new records." volume="20" year="2023">Motomura 2023: 127</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="54D09EC94C331B55E9E89313014B909B" author="Sakurai S &amp; Masuda Y &amp; Nagaoka I &amp; Tokioka S &amp; Togashi H" page="77" year="2024">
<bibRefCitation id="23B8B9A70F4A312FB42DDE6D3B681C5F" author="Sakurai S &amp; Masuda Y &amp; Nagaoka I &amp; Tokioka S &amp; Togashi H" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sakurai" journalOrPublisher="Ichthy, Natural History of Fishes of Japan" page="77" pagination="68-84" refId="B101" refString="Sakurai S, Masuda Y, Nagaoka I, Tokioka S, Togashi H (2024) Twenty-nine southern fish species, including species representing the northernmost records, collected around the Oshika Peninsula, Miyagi Prefecture, northern Japan, during October 2023 to February 2024 under abnormally high water temperature. Ichthy, Natural History of Fishes of Japan 45: 68–84. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="Twenty-nine southern fish species, including species representing the northernmost records, collected around the Oshika Peninsula, Miyagi Prefecture, northern Japan, during October 2023 to February 2024 under abnormally high water temperature." volume="45" year="2024">Sakurai et al. 2024: 77</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 4 D.
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E9B536B8FBD95B772CD65400F9D32817">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="72770A544ED21452CE7FB3A25CFB3373">
<treatmentCitation id="269EEB4B041FD5D47C829BF74BC6F352" author="Snyder JO" page="528" year="1911">
<taxonomicName id="189127D96AC4DE65132A7ADFAF0FDFB3" ID-CoL="RRZG" authority="Snyder, 1911: 528" authorityName="Snyder" authorityPageNumber="528" authorityYear="1911" family="Pempheridae" genus="Catalufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbra">
<emphasis id="74E7FF5132FE8B58211F99872EEC4874" italics="true">Catalufa umbra</emphasis>
<comment id="E8ECD529AE9A962FD9D46C757E998F2C">
<bibRefCitation id="9174F84150F96D414CE3F797777ACE9D" DOI="10.5479/si.00963801.42-1909.399" author="Snyder JO" refId="B116" refString="Snyder JO (1911) Japanese shore fishes collected by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer '' Albatross' ' expedition of 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 42: 399 - 450 [pls 51 - 61]. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.42 - 1909.399" year="1911">Snyder, 1911: 528</bibRefCitation>
(Misaki,
<collectingCountry id="E2D69DB78E330FC25EF3430683111B09" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
).
</comment>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="06FE46B6F2D2E1063869CDCA1F296C76">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="E36C0489168B1466247C97693B9580FA">
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<taxonomicName id="07FB9A19F66D1CDE8C0EDB894A62F1A5" family="Pempheridae" genus="Catalufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="474BCC4094CE9C0365B79647CE941DC2" italics="true">Catalufa japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="4D589E77476FF8249FC2552DA7CF09DD">
(not
<bibRefCitation id="84BB2DF60A01D360C6E2C7DC460D9A5C" author="Döderlein L" editor="Steindachner F &amp; Döderlein L" journalOrPublisher="). Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 20 (15)" pagination="123-130" refId="B13" refString="Doderlein L (1883) Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Sitzung der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen classe vom 14. Juni 1883. In: Steindachner F, Doderlein L (Eds) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan's (II.). Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 20 (15), 123 - 130." title="Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Sitzung der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen classe vom 14. Juni 1883." volumeTitle="Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan’s (II." year="1883">Döderlein, 1883</bibRefCitation>
):
<treatmentCitation id="211B98C2D85B7E5AB0A8A4E1A95AA1F8" author="Jordan DS &amp; Hubbs LC" page="227" year="1925">
<bibRefCitation id="CE57861DCFD976D758EC6D3665B292CE" DOI="10.5962/p.234844" author="Jordan DS &amp; Hubbs LC" firstAuthor="Jordan" page="227" refId="B32" refString="Jordan DS, Hubbs LC (1925) Record of the fishes obtained by David Starr Jordan in Japan, 1922. Mem Carnegie Mus 10 (2): 93–346, [pls 5–12]. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.234844" year="1925">Jordan and Hubbs 1925: 227</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FA5C6ACAE691826A7ED408B6E6C5CE40">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A506560696AD21A7ECCB9434836CB13B">
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<taxonomicName id="5569070F27E1D326097677D8093DEA7D" ID-CoL="RRZG" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbra">
<emphasis id="D35E420A077F7EBCC9EC89553C1C29A1" italics="true">Pempheris umbra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<comment id="A789FA32903A446AADE864A83366744E">
(not
<bibRefCitation id="84659F124339B8CD7563F08BD61044D7" DOI="10.5479/si.00963801.42-1909.399" author="Snyder JO" refId="B116" refString="Snyder JO (1911) Japanese shore fishes collected by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer '' Albatross' ' expedition of 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 42: 399 - 450 [pls 51 - 61]. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.42 - 1909.399" year="1911">Snyder, 1911</bibRefCitation>
):
<treatmentCitation id="63C7A63F13C615F8193D290778272BDD" author="Okada Y" page="179" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="62B943040FA0206A1B8F4690067282DE" author="Okada Y" firstAuthor="Okada" page="179" refId="B93" refString="Okada Y (1938) A catalogue of vertebrates of Japan. Maruzen, Co. Ltd, Tokyo, [iv +] 412 pp." year="1938">Okada 1938: 179</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="65873E5B79FEA2AD44BF409A65B13990" author="Okada Y &amp; Matsubara K" page="179" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="4A60A8C26680DF7FA1768897B401EFBA" author="Okada Y &amp; Matsubara K" firstAuthor="Okada" page="179" refId="B94" refString="Okada Y, Matsubara K (1938) Key to the fishes and fish-like animals of Japan. Sanseido, Tokyo." year="1938">Okada and Matsubara 1938: 179</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="5612DC4E105B54DCA50BAAEFC2865DFB" author="Matsubara K" page="59" year="1955">
<bibRefCitation id="3C8C7171B562280D80EF589947E6B81E" author="Matsubara K" firstAuthor="Matsubara" journalOrPublisher="Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo" page="59" refId="B73" refString="Matsubara K (1955) Fish morphology and hierarchy. Ishizaki-shoten, Tokyo, 789 pp. [In Japanese]" title="Fish morphology and hierarchy." year="1955">Matsubara 1955: 59</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 54 (fig. 189); Takemura and Yasuda 1965: 159;
<treatmentCitation id="F9A8AD00487A6FBE29BBB9BEEABA5AFF" author="Abekawa Y &amp; Nishi G" page="24" year="1969">
<bibRefCitation id="0CB743A6F078ED179FC582501F3EB309" author="Abekawa Y &amp; Nishi G" firstAuthor="Abekawa" journalOrPublisher="KYANOΣ OIKΣ" page="24" pagination="23-27" refId="B1" refString="Abekawa Y, Nishi G (1969) Fish fauna of Hanaze, Ibusuki-gun, Kagoshima Prefecture. KYANOΣ OIKΣ 13: 23–27. [In Japanese]" title="Fish fauna of Hanaze, Ibusuki-gun, Kagoshima Prefecture." volume="13" year="1969">Abekawa and Nishi 1969: 24</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</comment>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EIMBG" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="9B4A8ABAA43D3A0D6B7EA6BED4863890">
<heading id="7C7D6FF97319F2BE4DF6E72C81E6A39A" reason="title">Diagnosis.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6DE11A7642064C0E0EF9D52CCAB98C12">
Counts of
<typeStatus id="8164D2DFF9BB99A196CA95FB7AFEEEDB" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
and non-types are given in Table
<tableCitation id="0EBC96938D7A48C8B2862A94C86D1FAD" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Counts of Pempheris nyctereutes and P. sasakii." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2AEBF4BC7A6BCE7B0095CE746A80540F" tableUuid="2AEBF4BC7A6BCE7B0095CE746A80540F">1</tableCitation>
of
<bibRefCitation id="92B6C5ED795D3E22FFD8F842C2343668" DOI="10.1007/s10228-017-0586-3" author="Koeda K &amp; Motomura H" refId="B52" refString="Koeda K, Motomura H (2017 a) A new species of Pempheris (Perciformes: Pempheridae) endemic to the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Ichthyological Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-017-0586-3 [also appeared in Ichthyological Research 65: 21–28]">Koeda and Motomura (2017 a</bibRefCitation>
). Dorsal-fin rays
<collectionCode id="223B73D3AAE7AA2D553FEA7B7A4920CF" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute">VI</collectionCode>
, 10–12; anal-fin rays III, 34–40; pectoral-fin rays 16–17; pored lateral-line scales 69–82; scale rows above lateral line 12–13; scale rows below lateral line 26–30; predorsal scales 40–44; circumpeduncular scales 22–24; gill rakers 8–12 + 19 – 25 = 28–35; head length 28.3–31.4 % SL; body depth 43.2–47.7 % SL; eye diameter 38.1–50.0 % HL; upper jaw length 50.0–56.3 % HL; maximum
<quantity id="FF4B73D1CF7DEE4F7077EB1E57D4C00B" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.53" unit="mm" value="153.0">153 mm</quantity>
SL; scales strongly ctenoid, adherent, divided into basal and distal halves (see
<bibRefCitation id="86540DFDB1855A827725D96E94C4FE3C" DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pagination="231-238" refId="B58" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2013 a) Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan. Zootaxa 3609: 231–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.2.9" title="Pempheris ufuagari sp. nov., a new species in the genus Pempheris (Perciformes, Pempheridae) from the oceanic islands of Japan." volume="3609">Koeda et al. 2013 a</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2 b); body copper; no or faint blackish blotch on pectoral-fin base; tip of dorsal and anal fins broadly black, remainder brown; narrow band of villiform teeth in jaws; abdomen cross-sectional outline U-shaped.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E1MBG" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="30977AF17A8CD835A3949CE39FA40FEB">
<heading id="0C592E36705DFA31F9A10B7F5ABD8CB2" reason="title">Distribution.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2442628B88829AD11B1682B9105CE6CA">
Endemic to the region from southern
<collectingCountry id="7C53B3E8E4FBEBC9270CCFC0E01C8C1E" name="South Korea">Korea</collectingCountry>
to southern
<collectingCountry id="EBE5B89208518D84608E107A9A07EAEF" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
. In Japanese waters,
<taxonomicName id="88AE310961FEA0C09A476CD11763A814" family="Pempheridae" genus="Catalufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="ED5BD744382EF7FD4CCB9F626A2748EA" italics="true">P. japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed in the Pacific coast (north to Ishinomaki in
<collectingRegion id="E6CEC3D126E688F158161781AE970BBA" country="Japan" name="Miyagi">Miyagi Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, south to
<collectingRegion id="150D04D5C66304A2CE016405469E174F" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima">Kagoshima Prefecture</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry id="F55FB346CCB146D90F156F43FDE8617F" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
Sea coast (east to Miyazu in
<collectingRegion id="0B28C84B2090422E03DE422678EEEE74" country="Japan" name="Kyoto">Kyoto Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, west to Tsuno-shima Island in
<collectingRegion id="B1541FC3DCBD7E385F467576029EA0E1" country="Japan" name="Yamaguchi">Yamaguchi Prefecture</collectingRegion>
), Tsushima Island, East
<collectingCountry id="728795E7E62BDA3EC12A645C9098BFCB" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
Sea coast (north to Nagasaki, south to Kagoshima prefectures), Miyake-jima and Hachijo-jima islands in Izu Islands, Tanega-shima, Yaku-shima, Iou-jima, Amami-oshima, and Okinawa-jima in Ryukyu Archipelago (very rare in the latter two islands) (Fig.
<figureCitation id="98ADB300A20EC92DF8C3214214CC7E62" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Distribution of Pempheris familia (diamond) and Pempheris japonica (triangles and star for type locality) based on the collection locality of the specimens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192468">5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EPNBG" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="83263A95399D3FDBD7EFECC41A3E6326">
<heading id="6E01AF6F497050C8F58F7BBC590155B2" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10892DD9F3345A01AA0B32E901ED24CF">
<bibRefCitation id="E2A53BF76D68F934147538F9F7A05CF2" author="Döderlein L" editor="Steindachner F &amp; Döderlein L" firstAuthor="Doderlein" journalOrPublisher="). Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 20 (15)" pagination="123-130" refId="B13" refString="Döderlein L (1883) Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Sitzung der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen classe vom 14. Juni 1883. In: Steindachner F, Döderlein L (Eds) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan’s (II.). Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 20 (15), 123–130." title="Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Sitzung der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen classe vom 14. Juni 1883." volumeTitle="Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan’s (II." year="1883">Döderlein (1883)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="98FA634D772EB93A85DAD7B0B428500E" family="Pempheridae" genus="Catalufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="22C635B8E31F8F5EFB2239BC4B756B19" italics="true">P. japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on
<typeStatus id="7E4B0021C0EAB7AB26F96221B1593FCF" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
collected from
<collectingRegion id="DA417CFB1A0828150839253E8DEB784A" country="Japan" name="Tokyo">Tokyo</collectingRegion>
Bay, and
<bibRefCitation id="45913E35125F40E87FBC31ED641BEB96" DOI="10.5479/si.00963801.42-1909.399" author="Snyder JO" firstAuthor="Snyder" refId="B116" refString="Snyder JO (1911) Japanese shore fishes collected by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer ‘‘ Albatross’ ’ expedition of 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 42: 399–450 [pls 51–61]. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.42-1909.399" year="1911">Snyder (1911)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="2A062DEB3706841F7B5D608D1D1C84B8" authorityName="Snyder" authorityYear="1911" family="Pempheridae" genus="Catalufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbra">
<emphasis id="83F67B20CA3AE41B90FB26596AF84651" italics="true">Catalufa umbra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the
<typeStatus id="3BC214706C6A4F6B7A8700D75ABC9CDB" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
collected from
<collectingRegion id="4F68D6E002879C24C9611DE502FDE258" country="Japan" name="Kanagawa">Kanagawa Prefecture</collectingRegion>
. The type specimens of the two nominal species were compared in the present study, and no differences were observed. Therefore,
<taxonomicName id="FB1DF5A0D66061570186502657DAC13E" authorityName="Snyder" authorityYear="1911" family="Pempheridae" genus="Catalufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbra">
<emphasis id="48E7EF792C1867ED6B1678D53510E566" italics="true">C. umbra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is confirmed as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="C04778C5339125DE9DBD5B4E3A5A5CEA" family="Pempheridae" genus="Catalufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="559E79B9EF867FD3548E8E65F1DE41AE" italics="true">P. japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in agreement with
<bibRefCitation id="33E6BE4BC98EF640CC1134D939678788" author="Tominaga Y" firstAuthor="Tominaga" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo" pagination="269-290" refId="B128" refString="Tominaga Y (1963) A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo 10: 269–290." title="A revision of the fishes of the family Pempheridae of Japan." volume="10" year="1963">Tominaga (1963)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="847C572AE498ED9B59F3D3052B9230D6">
<bibRefCitation id="751CC0C457FE68C9C239EB65523BE53C" DOI="10.5479/si.00963801.42-1913.487" author="Snyder JO" firstAuthor="Snyder" refId="B117" refString="Snyder JO (1912) The fishes of Okinawa, one of the Riu Kiu Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 42: 487–519 [pls 62–70]. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.42-1913.487" year="1912">Snyder (1912)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="1CC043A52ADFB418FB19B934BA39B1A9" author="Shao K-T &amp; Ho H-C &amp; Lin P-L &amp; Lee P-F &amp; Lee M-Y &amp; Tsai C-Y &amp; Liao Y-C &amp; Lin Y-C" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Shao" journalOrPublisher="The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology supplement" pagination="233-271" refId="B109" refString="Shao K-T, Ho H-C, Lin P-L, Lee P-F, Lee M-Y, Tsai C-Y, Liao Y-C, Lin Y-C (2008) A checklist of the fishes of southern Taiwan, northern South China Sea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology supplement 19: 233–271." title="A checklist of the fishes of southern Taiwan, northern South China Sea." volume="19" year="2008">Shao et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
reported
<taxonomicName id="9C204AEA317A964069D38A303FB8B272" family="Pempheridae" genus="Catalufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="3C3F5D1526C662DB95E731CC5BA2E89F" italics="true">P. japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the fish checklists of Okinawa Island and southern
<collectingCountry id="774CA8615AFFBB90582645406938E84D" name="Taiwan">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, respectively. However, the specimens they observed and identified as
<taxonomicName id="6B30E0D35C0FE033F550EC30C5BBDC63" family="Pempheridae" genus="Catalufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="ED2B018702CEC3F079D60A73F6B91BB6" italics="true">P. japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="0567C4AC135ABB6A813686E7613CE5A5" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fxd1-0prj" name="California Academy of Sciences, Stanford University Collection" type="">CAS-SU</collectionCode>
22002;
<collectionCode id="6887CDCD84B5181109BAC886122C55CE" country="Taiwan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zgdx-i3kf" name="Academia Sinica Institute of Zoology, Ichthyology Collection" type="">ASIZP</collectionCode>
61383) are identified as
<taxonomicName id="7B4A73A18334962676DC62D64D11C579" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1877" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schwenkii">
<emphasis id="EDA30313BF5703AF9C1D9D2CB32B5BAC" italics="true">P. schwenkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="234AEB237AEF2EC6CBD64E13F36F8D26" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1831" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vanicolensis">
<emphasis id="913D1A986AFF4D23724672F1E75F0B30" italics="true">P. vanicolensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, respectively (
<bibRefCitation id="2EB77121415F872C65A8124EDD85539D" author="Koeda K &amp; Yoshino T &amp; Tachihara K" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" pagination="65-73" refId="B56" refString="Koeda K, Yoshino T, Tachihara K (2012 a) First and southernmost records of Pempheris japonica (Pempherididae) from Okinawa Island with the description of juvenile growth. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan 67: 65–73. [In Japanese with English abstract]" title="First and southernmost records of Pempheris japonica (Pempherididae) from Okinawa Island with the description of juvenile growth." volume="67">Koeda et al. 2012 a</bibRefCitation>
). Subsequently,
<bibRefCitation id="93AD5DC092B3E19A31796A42C5CA1A00" author="Randall JE &amp; Ida H &amp; Kato K &amp; Pyle RL &amp; Earle JL" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Randall" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs" pagination="1-74" refId="B99" refString="Randall JE, Ida H, Kato K, Pyle RL, Earle JL (1997) Annotated checklist of the inshore fishes of the Ogasawara Islands. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs 11: 1–74." title="Annotated checklist of the inshore fishes of the Ogasawara Islands." volume="11" year="1997">Randall et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
reported
<taxonomicName id="C2DC89EF45D3E80BCFD1695269BC7DBC" family="Pempheridae" genus="Catalufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="6D9BAE11AF5A3F1349DCD08F83447C43" italics="true">P. japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Ogasawara Islands. However, that report was not based on specimens and / or underwater observations (refer to pers. comm. of
<collectionCode id="2249CF12B2F317D75185C86AE8B732EE" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
. Mooi on p. 35) and was probably the misidentification of
<taxonomicName id="C05A72886C6137111DAC73A079634145" authorityName="Koeda &amp; Motomura" authorityYear="2017" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="familia">
<emphasis id="3BE5400149D7599317CE41D0C93D3FC9" italics="true">P. familia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which is similar to
<taxonomicName id="363D8EB4EAB981BAAC676E65ACECC6B7" family="Pempheridae" genus="Catalufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="4B247D4566D0354354F27BF37ED6793E" italics="true">P. japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although
<bibRefCitation id="CFF9CE7C56D000D82DA7A2268D5B1EC0" author="Hayashi Y" firstAuthor="Hayashi" refId="B25" refString="Hayashi Y (1984) Pempheridae. In: Masuda H, Amaoka K, Araga C, Uyeno T, Yoshino T (Eds) The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 160–161 [pls 151, 350]. [In Japanese]" year="1984">Hayashi (1984)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="1962D8B0EF64C36CECB5B1507F38A436" author="Hatooka" editor="Nakabo T" firstAuthor="Hatooka" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 878-879" pagination="1570-1571" refId="B22" refString="Hatooka K (2000) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, second edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 878–879, 1570–1571." title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, second edition." year="2000">Hatooka (2000</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="142731847912087B8FDC62044DC71B99" author="Hatooka" firstAuthor="Hatooka" refId="B23" refString="Hatooka K (2002) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, English edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 878–879, 1562." year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
) included the
<collectingCountry id="DDEBE597344EE8FFCD820B923864CBE1" name="Philippines">Philippines</collectingCountry>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="65C6E9FEEB0D3C148C20D084D8821948" author="Hatooka K &amp; Yagishita N" editor="Nakabo T" firstAuthor="Hatooka" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 983-984" pagination="2020-2021" refId="B24" refString="Hatooka K, Yagishita N (2013) Pempheridae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3 rd edn. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 983–984, 2020–2021. [In Japanese]" title="Pempheridae." volumeTitle="Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3 rd edn." year="2013">Hatooka and Yagishita (2013)</bibRefCitation>
included
<collectingCountry id="EA0A543569E8D521BD13479D63C72A8C" name="Taiwan">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
in the distributional range of
<taxonomicName id="F7765B232D7634AF9BCAC0FCCDF6014F" family="Pempheridae" genus="Catalufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="1169E5191C47A71CA791B178399FEC88" italics="true">P. japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, specimens of
<taxonomicName id="FB204263917EAB8628EDAF336EE1C410" family="Pempheridae" genus="Catalufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="2C2EB01433AC206E49AF10170BA222D1" italics="true">P. japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from these localities have never been discovered. Our results indicate that
<taxonomicName id="187C06129EB5CB50EADAEB22ADC47F82" family="Pempheridae" genus="Catalufa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="CAAF75754AF7FD7CFD657988E80D3F36" italics="true">P. japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not distributed in these localities, and the species is endemic to
<collectingCountry id="8B372C5A3B374D092D7E87C737078704" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
and southern
<collectingCountry id="1EF7C00AD6A302F96E5EC736895A41BF" name="South Korea">Korea</collectingCountry>
. Compared to the distribution of other species of the same genus found in the Northern Hemisphere, this species can be said to be the most temperate species adapted to the lowest water temperatures. Until the 2010 s, this species was distributed only as far as the Boso Peninsula, a trend known for many tropical fish species. However, in recent years, new distribution records have been reported from Fukushima and Miyagi Prefectures, likely a result of northward range expansion due to global warming.
</paragraph>
<caption id="0B85B09A7E232D4B242C15E9A640EE55" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.1220.126762.figure6" ID-arpha="85047B4B-8A4B-52DE-98FB-F931DD3ECB5B" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1192469" startId="F6">
<paragraph id="43B6FBAE2FF3EA4231EDBA1DB63D8482">
<label id="2F70BBDFCB6AF617E84AE6A1169FD6D7">Figure 6.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="67647C728177AFDC122EF07456F43D62">
Fresh specimen of
<taxonomicName id="19BED8763B781F9C7FA94A61A538E812" authority=", KAUM" authorityName="KAUM" family="Pempheridae" genus="Pempheris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="96ECF5B6C80D719ADABB656ED71AB8BF" italics="true">Pempheris japonica</emphasis>
, KAUM
</taxonomicName>
– I. 89834, 125.0 mm SL, Nakakoshiki-jima Island, Koshiki Islands, Japan.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>