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<document ENCODING="UTF8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6285724" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e3918f88-7f65-45bb-9852-3c25cafc4979" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100103910" ID-HNS-Pub="3481" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6285724" checkinTime="1377558417453" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Wilson EO" docDate="1959" docId="7FAB84F8C51616FCEB1CA3D8AA521FE8" docLanguage="en" docName="3481.xml" docOrigin="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 120" docSource="http://antbase.org/ants/publications/3481/3481.pdf" docTitle="Anochetus cato Forel" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="505" masterDocId="3F6608C35A62053B3E0C28ABFEF0FF83" masterDocTitle="Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia V. The tribe Odontomachini." masterLastPageNumber="510" masterPageNumber="483" pageId="21" pageNumber="504" updateTime="1645815575140" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia V. The tribe Odontomachini.</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Wilson EO</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:date>1959</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>120</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="HNS-Pub">3481</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6285724" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100103910" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6285724" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7FAB84F8C51616FCEB1CA3D8AA521FE8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7FAB84F8C51616FCEB1CA3D8AA521FE8" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="505" pageId="21" pageNumber="504">
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="504" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="504" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forel" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cato">
<pageBreakToken pageId="21" pageNumber="504" start="start">Anochetus</pageBreakToken>
cato
<authority pageId="21" pageNumber="504">Forel</authority>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="504" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="504" type="mainText">(Fig. 2)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="504" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="504" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anochetus</taxonomicName>
Cato Forel, 1901, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 2(1, b); 6, worker. Type locality: Lowon Valley, near Balum, New Britain.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="504" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName authority="Mann" authorityName="Mann" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="cato" variety="subfasciolatus">
Anochetus cato var. subfasciolatus
<authority pageId="21" pageNumber="504">Mann</authority>
</taxonomicName>
, 1919, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63:301, worker, queen, male. Type locality: Malapaina I., Three Sisters Group, Solomons. (Syntypes examined - MCZ.) NEW SYNONYMY.
<taxonomicName authority="Donisthorpe" authorityName="Donisthorpe" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rossi">
Odontomachus rossi
<authority pageId="21" pageNumber="504">Donisthorpe</authority>
</taxonomicName>
, 1947, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11)14:180- 187, worker, queen. Type locality: Maffin Bay, Neth. New Guinea. Nec
<taxonomicName authority="Donisthorpe" authorityName="Donisthorpe" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rossi">
Anochetus rossi
<authority pageId="21" pageNumber="504">Donisthorpe</authority>
</taxonomicName>
, 1949, op. cit., (12)1:747. (Syntypes examined - CAS, MCZ.) NEW SYNONYMY.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="504" type="multiple">
<caption pageId="21" pageNumber="504">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="504" type="caption">
Fig. 2. Maximum known distributions of species of the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cato">Anochetus cata</taxonomicName>
group, a,
<taxonomicName authorityName=", New" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cato">
cato
<authority pageId="21" pageNumber="504">, New</authority>
</taxonomicName>
Guinea to Solomon Islands; b, isolate, eastern Solomons and Santa Cruz; V,
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Palau" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendidulus">
splendidulus
<authority pageId="21" pageNumber="504">, Palau</authority>
</taxonomicName>
; it&quot;, seminiff er, Waigeo;
<normalizedToken originalValue="b‘" pageId="21" pageNumber="504">b'</normalizedToken>
&quot;,
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Aru." class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">
splendens
<authority pageId="21" pageNumber="504">, Aru.</authority>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="505" pageId="21" pageNumber="504" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="504" type="mainText">
Material examined. NETH. NEW GUINEA: Maffin Bay (syntypes of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="504" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rossi">Odontomachus rossi</taxonomicName>
and one additional nest series).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="505" type="mainText">
<pageBreakToken pageId="22" pageNumber="505" start="start">N-E</pageBreakToken>
. NEW GUINEA: Bolingbangeng-Nganduo, 900-1000 m., alate queen (Wilson, no. 731). PAPUA: Bisianumu, 500 m. (Wilson, nos. 659, 660, 667). NEW BRITAIN: Keravat, 60 m., Gazelle Pen. (J. L. Gressitt). SOLOMONS: Rendova; Malapaina; Pulakora, Santa Isabel; Pawa, Ugi; Auki, Malaita; Wai-ai, San Cristovai (all W. M. Mann).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="505" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="505" type="mainText">Taxonomic notes. The available material of this species shows noteworthy geographic variation in color, which can be outlined as follows. New Britain and Rendova: body and appendages concolorous reddish yellow. Ugi: body medium reddish brown, legs yellowish brown. San Cristovai: body dark reddish brown, legs yellowish brown. Malapaina and Santa Isabel: body very dark reddish brown, nearly black, the legs medium brown. Malaita: body and appendages intermediate in shade between the San Cristovai and Malapaina-Santa Isabel series. Bisianumu, Papua: body very dark reddish brown, almost black, legs yellowish to medium brown. Bolingbangeng, N-E. New Guinea: head, alitrunk, and petiole very dark reddish brown, almost black, gaster somewhat lighter in shade, appendages medium brown. Maffin Bay, Neth. New Guinea: head very dark reddish brown, almost black, alitrunk medium to moderately dark reddish brown; petiole and gaster contrasting dark yellowish brown; legs light reddish brown.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="505" type="mainText">Of particular interest is the possibility revealed in the above data of the existence of graded inter-island variation in the eastern Solomons. As more material becomes available from over its entire range, this species should prove an especially fruitful subject for a thorough analysis of geographic variation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="505" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="505" type="mainText">Ecological notes. At Bisianumu a small colony of this species was found nesting in a large, &quot; passalid-stage &quot; log on the floor of second-growth foothills rain forest. Workers from other nests were found foraging on the forest floor during the daytime. On Rendova, Mann (1919) also found a colony nesting in a rotting log, presumably in lowland rain forest. Winged queens were collected in a nest on September 9, 1944, at Maffin Bay by Dr. E. S. Ross.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0a9353f0-1f24-45f0-8ddc-bd941470a567" ID-PMC="PMC8626413" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1072-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="DDB04884FF7C52BD9D1814C0EA84E496" ID-PubMed="34899006" ID-ZooBank="9F578799E05F44118E2D378E3C17F3E3" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1072-1" checkinTime="1637381493323" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Li, Ya, Li, Shuqiang &amp; Lin, Yucheng" docDate="2021" docId="7FABCB5C4AC45FE3B62001B09356C397" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1072: 1-47" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1072" docPubDate="2021-11-19" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935" docTitle="Swilda S. Li &amp; Lin 2021, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="CC843E39-93C5-44A5-9C50-5E7ABBF17B21" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="DDB04884FF7C52BD9D1814C0EA84E496" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="DDB04884FF7C52BD9D1814C0EA84E496" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic study on fourteen symphytognathid species from Asia (Araneae, Symphytognathidae)" masterLastPageNumber="47" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668151161727" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Taxonomic study on fourteen symphytognathid species from Asia (Araneae, Symphytognathidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Li, Ya</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1097-6192</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Li, Shuqiang</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3290-5416</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">lisq@ioz.ac.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lin, Yucheng</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-0633</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China &amp; The Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">linyucheng@scu.edu.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:number>2021-11-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number>1072</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="190343166" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CC843E39-93C5-44A5-9C50-5E7ABBF17B21" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7FABCB5C4AC45FE3B62001B09356C397" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Genus
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/CC843E39-93C5-44A5-9C50-5E7ABBF17B21" authority="S. Li &amp; Lin" authorityName="S. Li &amp; Lin" authorityYear="2021" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Swilda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swilda" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Swilda S. Li &amp; Lin</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Li &amp; Li &amp; Lin" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Li &amp; Li &amp; Lin" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Crassignatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crassignatha longtou" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longtou">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crassignatha longtou</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Miller, Griswold &amp; Yin, 2009, from Gaoligong Mountain, south-western China.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The generic name
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Li &amp; Lin" authorityYear="2021" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Swilda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swilda" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Swilda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is derived from the Swild Studio (in Chinese: Xi Nan Shan Di Gong Zuo Shi). It is named after the organisation in honour of its dedication to promoting public advocacy for wildlife conservation and nature education in southwest China. The gender is masculine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Li &amp; Lin" authorityYear="2021" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Swilda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swilda" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Swilda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. is easily distinguished from other symphytognathids, except
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Crassignatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crassignatha" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crassignatha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by having an anteromedially-split dorsal scutum in the male and a highly ornamented spinous and pitted carapace in both sexes (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Swilda longtou A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612461" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19A, D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Swilda spinathoraxi A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612463" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21A</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Swilda spinathoraxi A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612463" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</figureCitation>
). It resembles
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Crassignatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crassignatha" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crassignatha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in carapace texture and the spherical spermathecae. The male differs from those of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Crassignatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crassignatha" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crassignatha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a conductor and lacking a cymbial tooth (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Swilda longtou A male palp, prolateral B male palp, retrolateral C epigyne, ventral D epigyne, lateral E vulva, ventral F vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: CA = cymbial apophysis; CD = copulatory ducts; Co = conductor; CO = copulatory opening; Cy = cymbium; CP 1 = proximal cymbial process; CP 2 = distal cymbial process; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; Fe = femur; MA = median apophysis; Pa = patella; S = spermathecae; T = tegulum; Ti = tibia. Scale bars: 0.10 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612462" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">20A</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Swilda spinathoraxi A male palp, prolateral B male palp, retrolateral C epigyne, ventral D vulva, ventral E vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: CA = cymbial apophysis; CD = copulatory ducts; Co = conductor; CO = copulatory opening; Cy = cymbium; CP 1 = proximal cymbial process; CP 2 = distal cymbial process; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; Fe = femur; MA = median apophysis; Pa = patella; S = spermathecae; T = tegulum; Ti = tibia. Scale bars: 0.10 (A-E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612464" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22A</figureCitation>
) vs. lacking a conductor, but having a cymbial tooth (figs 2A, 8A and 10A in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" author="Li, Y" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="63 - 128" refId="B9" refString="Li, Y, Lin, Y, Li, S, 2020. A review of Crassignatha (Araneae, Symphytognathidae). ZooKeys 988: 63 - 128, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" title="A review of Crassignatha (Araneae, Symphytognathidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" volume="988" year="2020">Li et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
); the female differs in lacking a scape and by the separated copulatory openings (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Swilda longtou A male palp, prolateral B male palp, retrolateral C epigyne, ventral D epigyne, lateral E vulva, ventral F vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: CA = cymbial apophysis; CD = copulatory ducts; Co = conductor; CO = copulatory opening; Cy = cymbium; CP 1 = proximal cymbial process; CP 2 = distal cymbial process; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; Fe = femur; MA = median apophysis; Pa = patella; S = spermathecae; T = tegulum; Ti = tibia. Scale bars: 0.10 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612462" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">20F</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Swilda spinathoraxi A male palp, prolateral B male palp, retrolateral C epigyne, ventral D vulva, ventral E vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: CA = cymbial apophysis; CD = copulatory ducts; Co = conductor; CO = copulatory opening; Cy = cymbium; CP 1 = proximal cymbial process; CP 2 = distal cymbial process; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; Fe = femur; MA = median apophysis; Pa = patella; S = spermathecae; T = tegulum; Ti = tibia. Scale bars: 0.10 (A-E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612464" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22E</figureCitation>
) vs. having a protruded scape and the adnate copulatory openings located at the apex of the scape in
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Crassignatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crassignatha" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crassignatha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(figs 2G, 4G and 8G in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" author="Li, Y" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="63 - 128" refId="B9" refString="Li, Y, Lin, Y, Li, S, 2020. A review of Crassignatha (Araneae, Symphytognathidae). ZooKeys 988: 63 - 128, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" title="A review of Crassignatha (Araneae, Symphytognathidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" volume="988" year="2020">Li et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612461" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 19" startId="F19">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 19.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName=", (Miller et al." authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Li &amp; Li &amp; Lin" baseAuthorityYear="2021" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Swilda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swilda longtou" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longtou">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Swilda longtou</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
male habitus, dorsal
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
male habitus, ventral
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
male habitus, lateral
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
female habitus, dorsal
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
female habitus, ventral
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-F</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612462" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 20" startId="F20">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 20.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName=", (Miller et al." authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Li &amp; Li &amp; Lin" baseAuthorityYear="2021" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Swilda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swilda longtou" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longtou">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Swilda longtou</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
male palp, prolateral
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
male palp, retrolateral
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
epigyne, ventral
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
epigyne, lateral
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
vulva, ventral
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: CA = cymbial apophysis; CD = copulatory ducts; Co = conductor; CO = copulatory opening; Cy = cymbium; CP1 = proximal cymbial process; CP2 = distal cymbial process; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; Fe = femur; MA = median apophysis; Pa = patella; S = spermathecae; T = tegulum; Ti = tibia. Scale bars: 0.10 (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-F</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Minute, body length 0.50-1.00. Carapace rounded or pyriform, strongly sclerotised, surface spinous and pitted (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Swilda longtou A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612461" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Swilda longtou A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612461" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Swilda spinathoraxi A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612463" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21A</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Swilda spinathoraxi A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612463" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21D</figureCitation>
). Cephalic part raised, higher in male than in female. Six eyes, white, in 3 diads. Clypeus high, more than 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
diameter of ALE, concave. Chelicerae fused at middle, with 1 bifid tooth. Labium tongue-shaped, fused to coarse, pitted sternum. Sternum heart-shaped, slightly plump, truncated posteriorly (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Swilda longtou A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612461" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Swilda longtou A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612461" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Swilda spinathoraxi A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612463" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21B</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Swilda spinathoraxi A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612463" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21E</figureCitation>
). Male tibia II with one clasping spine (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Swilda longtou A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612461" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19B</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Swilda spinathoraxi A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612463" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21B</figureCitation>
). Abdomen globose in both sexes, male usually with a weakly sclerotised abdominal scutum split at mid-line (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Swilda longtou A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612461" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19A</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Swilda spinathoraxi A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612463" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21A</figureCitation>
), sclerotised annular plate encircles spinnerets (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Swilda longtou A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612461" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Swilda longtou A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612461" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Swilda spinathoraxi A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612463" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21B</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Swilda spinathoraxi A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612463" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21E</figureCitation>
). Colulus absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pedicel orifice wide, wider than epigyne, with 2 pairs of lateral setae, posterior margin rebordered. Epigastric scutum distinctly sclerotised ventrally (not encircling pedicel).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Male palp</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Swilda longtou A male palp, prolateral B male palp, retrolateral C epigyne, ventral D epigyne, lateral E vulva, ventral F vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: CA = cymbial apophysis; CD = copulatory ducts; Co = conductor; CO = copulatory opening; Cy = cymbium; CP 1 = proximal cymbial process; CP 2 = distal cymbial process; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; Fe = femur; MA = median apophysis; Pa = patella; S = spermathecae; T = tegulum; Ti = tibia. Scale bars: 0.10 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612462" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">20A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Swilda spinathoraxi A male palp, prolateral B male palp, retrolateral C epigyne, ventral D vulva, ventral E vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: CA = cymbial apophysis; CD = copulatory ducts; Co = conductor; CO = copulatory opening; Cy = cymbium; CP 1 = proximal cymbial process; CP 2 = distal cymbial process; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; Fe = femur; MA = median apophysis; Pa = patella; S = spermathecae; T = tegulum; Ti = tibia. Scale bars: 0.10 (A-E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612464" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22A</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Swilda spinathoraxi A male palp, prolateral B male palp, retrolateral C epigyne, ventral D vulva, ventral E vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: CA = cymbial apophysis; CD = copulatory ducts; Co = conductor; CO = copulatory opening; Cy = cymbium; CP 1 = proximal cymbial process; CP 2 = distal cymbial process; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; Fe = femur; MA = median apophysis; Pa = patella; S = spermathecae; T = tegulum; Ti = tibia. Scale bars: 0.10 (A-E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612464" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</figureCitation>
): femur swollen, wider than patella, tibia lamellar. Bulb oblate; cymbium well developed, covers bulb on prolatero-ventral side, with 2 processes (CP1, CP2). Median apophysis present. Conductor longer than median apophysis, protruded out of bulb. Embolus long, tubular, sclerotised, originates at prolateral margin of tegulum, curved and extended beneath distal part of cymbium.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Epigyne</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Swilda longtou A male palp, prolateral B male palp, retrolateral C epigyne, ventral D epigyne, lateral E vulva, ventral F vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: CA = cymbial apophysis; CD = copulatory ducts; Co = conductor; CO = copulatory opening; Cy = cymbium; CP 1 = proximal cymbial process; CP 2 = distal cymbial process; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; Fe = femur; MA = median apophysis; Pa = patella; S = spermathecae; T = tegulum; Ti = tibia. Scale bars: 0.10 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612462" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">20C-F</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Swilda spinathoraxi A male palp, prolateral B male palp, retrolateral C epigyne, ventral D vulva, ventral E vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: CA = cymbial apophysis; CD = copulatory ducts; Co = conductor; CO = copulatory opening; Cy = cymbium; CP 1 = proximal cymbial process; CP 2 = distal cymbial process; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; Fe = femur; MA = median apophysis; Pa = patella; S = spermathecae; T = tegulum; Ti = tibia. Scale bars: 0.10 (A-E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612464" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22C-E</figureCitation>
): sclerotised, posterior margin slightly protruded. Parmula inconspicuous. Copulatory openings separated, located at posterior margin. Spermathecae globose, separated by less than 2 diameters. Copulatory ducts slender, twisted, encircling spermathecae, connected to anteromedial surface of spermathecae. Fertilisation ducts originate at posterolateral surface of spermathecae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="composition">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Composition.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName=", (Miller et al." authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Li &amp; Li &amp; Lin" baseAuthorityYear="2021" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Swilda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swilda longtou" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longtou">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Swilda longtou</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.11.160Rivera-Quiroz" author="Miller, JA" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="9 - 195" refId="B16" refString="Miller, JA, Griswold, CE, Yin, CM, 2009. The symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China (Araneae, Araneoidea): Systematics and diversity of micro-orbweavers. ZooKeys 11: 9 - 195, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.11.160Rivera-Quiroz" title="The symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China (Araneae, Araneoidea): Systematics and diversity of micro-orbweavers." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.11.160Rivera-Quiroz" volume="11" year="2009">Miller et al, 2009</bibRefCitation>
) comb. nov. and
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. spinathoraxi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="spinathoraxi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. spinathoraxi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lin &amp; Li, 2009) comb. nov.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="relationships">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Relationships.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Li &amp; Lin" authorityYear="2021" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Swilda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swilda" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Swilda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. is characterised by its tiny size, fused chelicerae at mid-line, AMEs and book lungs absent, female lacking palps and tarsi much longer than metatarsi. Here, the male of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. longtou" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="longtou">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. longtou</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is described for the first time and specimens of
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. spinathoraxi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="spinathoraxi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. spinathoraxi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are re-examined. We found the morphological features of these two species to be very similar to those of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Crassignatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crassignatha" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crassignatha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" author="Li, Y" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="63 - 128" refId="B9" refString="Li, Y, Lin, Y, Li, S, 2020. A review of Crassignatha (Araneae, Symphytognathidae). ZooKeys 988: 63 - 128, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" title="A review of Crassignatha (Araneae, Symphytognathidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" volume="988" year="2020">Li et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
: 65), sharing the following combination of characters: a clasping spine on tibia II and an abdominal scutum latero-posteriorly in the male and a decorated carapace and sclerotised epigastric scutum in both sexes (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Swilda longtou A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612461" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19A-F</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Swilda spinathoraxi A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612463" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21A-F</figureCitation>
). The differences between these two species and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Crassignatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crassignatha" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crassignatha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are: a pitted and spinous carapace, a sclerotised annular plate that encircles the spinnerets (cf. Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Swilda longtou A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612461" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19A-F</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Swilda spinathoraxi A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612463" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21A-F</figureCitation>
vs. figs 1A-F and 7A-F in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" author="Li, Y" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="63 - 128" refId="B9" refString="Li, Y, Lin, Y, Li, S, 2020. A review of Crassignatha (Araneae, Symphytognathidae). ZooKeys 988: 63 - 128, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" title="A review of Crassignatha (Araneae, Symphytognathidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" volume="988" year="2020">Li et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
), only 1 male clasping spine (cf. Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Swilda longtou A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612461" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19B</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Swilda spinathoraxi A male habitus, dorsal B male habitus, ventral C male habitus, lateral D female habitus, dorsal E female habitus, ventral F female habitus, lateral. Abbreviation: TS = male clasping spines on tibia II. Scale bars: 0.50 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612463" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21B</figureCitation>
vs. figs 1B and 12C in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" author="Li, Y" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="63 - 128" refId="B9" refString="Li, Y, Lin, Y, Li, S, 2020. A review of Crassignatha (Araneae, Symphytognathidae). ZooKeys 988: 63 - 128, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" title="A review of Crassignatha (Araneae, Symphytognathidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" volume="988" year="2020">Li et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
: only 1 spine in a few species), male palps lack a cymbial tooth, but have a conductor (cf. Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Swilda longtou A male palp, prolateral B male palp, retrolateral C epigyne, ventral D epigyne, lateral E vulva, ventral F vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: CA = cymbial apophysis; CD = copulatory ducts; Co = conductor; CO = copulatory opening; Cy = cymbium; CP 1 = proximal cymbial process; CP 2 = distal cymbial process; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; Fe = femur; MA = median apophysis; Pa = patella; S = spermathecae; T = tegulum; Ti = tibia. Scale bars: 0.10 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612462" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">20A</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Swilda spinathoraxi A male palp, prolateral B male palp, retrolateral C epigyne, ventral D vulva, ventral E vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: CA = cymbial apophysis; CD = copulatory ducts; Co = conductor; CO = copulatory opening; Cy = cymbium; CP 1 = proximal cymbial process; CP 2 = distal cymbial process; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; Fe = femur; MA = median apophysis; Pa = patella; S = spermathecae; T = tegulum; Ti = tibia. Scale bars: 0.10 (A-E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612464" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22A</figureCitation>
vs. figs 2A and 8A in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" author="Li, Y" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="63 - 128" refId="B9" refString="Li, Y, Lin, Y, Li, S, 2020. A review of Crassignatha (Araneae, Symphytognathidae). ZooKeys 988: 63 - 128, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" title="A review of Crassignatha (Araneae, Symphytognathidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" volume="988" year="2020">Li et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
) and the epigyne lacks a protruded scape (cf. Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Swilda longtou A male palp, prolateral B male palp, retrolateral C epigyne, ventral D epigyne, lateral E vulva, ventral F vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: CA = cymbial apophysis; CD = copulatory ducts; Co = conductor; CO = copulatory opening; Cy = cymbium; CP 1 = proximal cymbial process; CP 2 = distal cymbial process; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; Fe = femur; MA = median apophysis; Pa = patella; S = spermathecae; T = tegulum; Ti = tibia. Scale bars: 0.10 (A-F)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612462" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">20E-F</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Swilda spinathoraxi A male palp, prolateral B male palp, retrolateral C epigyne, ventral D vulva, ventral E vulva, dorsal. Abbreviations: CA = cymbial apophysis; CD = copulatory ducts; Co = conductor; CO = copulatory opening; Cy = cymbium; CP 1 = proximal cymbial process; CP 2 = distal cymbial process; E = embolus; FD = fertilisation ducts; Fe = femur; MA = median apophysis; Pa = patella; S = spermathecae; T = tegulum; Ti = tibia. Scale bars: 0.10 (A-E)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612464" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22E-E</figureCitation>
vs. figs 2E and 6E in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" author="Li, Y" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="63 - 128" refId="B9" refString="Li, Y, Lin, Y, Li, S, 2020. A review of Crassignatha (Araneae, Symphytognathidae). ZooKeys 988: 63 - 128, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" title="A review of Crassignatha (Araneae, Symphytognathidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.988.56188" volume="988" year="2020">Li et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The genetic distance we estimated, based on COI, also indicated differences between these two species and members of other genera (see Appendix Table
<tableCitation captionStart="Table A1" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table A 1. Uncorrected genetic pairwise distances (lower triangle) and standard errors (upper triangle) of a partial fragment of COI from ten species discussed in this text." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/27250465114A852A43544C31EA7539E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="27250465114A852A43544C31EA7539E8">A1</tableCitation>
). Phylogenetic analysis of molecular data indicates that
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. spinathoraxi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="spinathoraxi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. spinathoraxi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. longtou" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="longtou">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. longtou</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are clearly congeneric. Additionally, the combined genetic evidence from five genes supports the monophyly of
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Li &amp; Lin" authorityYear="2021" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Swilda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swilda" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Swilda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. and the sister group relationship of the two genera (unpubl. data). Therefore,
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Li &amp; Lin" authorityYear="2021" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Swilda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swilda" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Swilda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. is proposed as a new genus in which to place
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. longtou" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="longtou">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. longtou</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.11.160Rivera-Quiroz" author="Miller, JA" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="9 - 195" refId="B16" refString="Miller, JA, Griswold, CE, Yin, CM, 2009. The symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China (Araneae, Araneoidea): Systematics and diversity of micro-orbweavers. ZooKeys 11: 9 - 195, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.11.160Rivera-Quiroz" title="The symphytognathoid spiders of the Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China (Araneae, Araneoidea): Systematics and diversity of micro-orbweavers." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.11.160Rivera-Quiroz" volume="11" year="2009">Miller et al, 2009</bibRefCitation>
) comb. nov., transferred from
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Crassignatha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crassignatha" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crassignatha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. spinathoraxi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="spinathoraxi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. spinathoraxi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov., transferred from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marples" authorityYear="1951" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Patu" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patu" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Patu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We designate
<taxonomicName authorityName=", (Miller et al." authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Li &amp; Li &amp; Lin" baseAuthorityYear="2021" family="Symphytognathidae" genus="Swilda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swilda longtou" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longtou">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Swilda longtou</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the type species for this new genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
China (Yunnan) (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Distribution records of fourteen species of genera Patu, Kirinua gen. nov. and Swilda gen. nov. in Asia 1 P. catba sp. nov. 2 P. dakou sp. nov. 3 P. damtao sp. nov. 4 P. jiangzhou sp. nov. 5 P. jidanweishi 6 P. nagarat sp. nov. 7 P. nigeri 8 P. putao sp. nov. 9 P. qiqi 10 P. xiaoxiao 11 K. maguai sp. nov. 12 K. yangshuo sp. nov. 13 S. longtou 14 S. spinathoraxi." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.67935.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612465" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>