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data/D4/35/3C/D4353CC8267B31B6226F1E4E5A41F126.xml
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<mods:title>Species diversity, chorology, and biogeography of the Steninae MacLeay, 1825 of Iran, with comparative notes on Scopaeus Erichson, 1839 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Serri, Sayeh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Insect Taxonomy Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, 19395 - 1454, Iran</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">serrisayeh@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart>Frisch, Johannes</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Insect Taxonomy Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, 19395 - 1454, Iran</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127865014" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D4353CC8267B31B6226F1E4E5A41F126" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D4353CC8267B31B6226F1E4E5A41F126" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="13" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName LSID="D4353CC8-267B-31B6-226F-1E4E5A41F126" authority="Erichson, 1840" authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1840" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Stenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenus stigmula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stigmula">Stenus stigmula Erichson, 1840</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="30">Records.</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="30">East Azarbaijan</emphasis>
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: Kaleybar, 8.2006 (
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||||
<bibRefCitation author="Ghahari, H" journalOrPublisher="Linzer biologische Beitraege" pageId="19" pageNumber="36" pagination="1949 - 1958" refId="B21" refString="Ghahari, H, Anlas, S, Sakenin, H, Ostovan, H, Havaskary, M, 2009a. Biodiversity of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinoidea: Staphylinidae) from the Arasbaran biosphere reserve and vicinity, northwestern Iran. Linzer biologische Beitraege 41 (2): 1949 - 1958" title="Biodiversity of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinoidea: Staphylinidae) from the Arasbaran biosphere reserve and vicinity, northwestern Iran." volume="41" year="2009 a">Ghahari et al. 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
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: 1954).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="30">Semnan</emphasis>
|
||||
: Jangal-e Abr, 4.2011 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hadian, A" journalOrPublisher="Calodema" pageId="19" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 5" refId="B24" refString="Hadian, A, Naderian, H, Rastegar, J, Makhan, D, Ghahari, H, 2011. A study on the rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from Semnan province, Iran. Calodema 177: 1 - 5" title="A study on the rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from Semnan province, Iran." volume="177" year="2011">Hadian et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="30" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="30">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="30">
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||||
In view of the confirmed distribution of the Pontomediterranean
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||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Erichson" authorityYear="1840" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Stenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenus stigmula" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stigmula">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="30">Stenus stigmula</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
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in Turkey and Transcaucasia, the records from northwestern Iran are plausible.
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data/D4/35/DA/D435DA2F63D725723939B6A701D6ED5E.xml
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Westwood, 1837
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<mods:part id="CDA1B6A41BD4A56C8AB0E7535A6EDE98">
|
||||
<mods:date id="E6AA612227A7B5CA1A9AB1117007958A">2020</mods:date>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="C656CDE94C5379289753024FBC42F517" type="pubDate">
|
||||
<mods:number id="E600F0D8B84F160DAB809936E48A3175">2020-01-20</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="C8747D87D73AD4D41AEF3007973FE682" type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number id="666E84CE42F0F2487A837D05403A9E98">4725</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="4C9E6121A49B9D682C76CA9CDF38B469" type="issue">
|
||||
<mods:number id="BA4BFBBDFB71F59687CB810CE67B195A">1</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:extent id="18E5E50909F668EB6ED72F04C7237821" unit="page">
|
||||
<mods:start id="1636F2B51E0464875E1E1AD53814A1A9">1</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end id="83F0166302EEE2F92A062A4053693086">106</mods:end>
|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
</mods:part>
|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:classification id="E0CBE7FEB07207353710FAFF5DC0D56A">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="187BEEFC346A9CA6F5975A8F69F0CD6C" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="99260E3168530743CF4CE7D712EC991B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="562995F13F2BE8D381ED8DAF34DA29A6" type="GBIF-Dataset">67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="B14868A4DB4082B617ECB174E5B35F8F" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="8CAD4E1526DCA5DA4D006517ECF0E4BB" type="Zenodo-Dep">3612996</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="F9420A0E5DFED4BD31E6A85DA10521D4" type="ZooBank">B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="D435E640FFA0FF9EBE8BFBD5FE5FFA41" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583656" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762911" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583656" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFA0FF9EBE8BFBD5FE5FFA41" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFA0FF9EBE8BFBD5FE5FFA41" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA0FF9DBE8BFBD5FE16FAD5" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFA0FF9DBE8BFBD5FD77FB0B" blockId="81.[151,647,1150,1177]" box="[151,647,1150,1177]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||||
<heading id="076BE03AFFA0FF9DBE8BFBD5FD77FB0B" bold="true" box="[151,647,1150,1177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" reason="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA0FF9DBE8BFBD5FD77FB0B" authority="Braun & Braun, 1977" authorityName="Braun & Braun" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,647,1150,1177]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lisei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA0FF9DBE8BFBD5FD77FB0B" bold="true" box="[151,647,1150,1177]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA0FF9DBE8BFBD5FE9FFB0B" bold="true" box="[151,367,1150,1177]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Physalaemus lisei</emphasis>
|
||||
Braun & Braun, 1977
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFA0FF9DBE8BFB69FE16FAD5" blockId="81.[151,1437,1217,2036]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFA0FF9DBFBCFB69FE20FB4E" box="[416,464,1218,1244]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a long duration, slight PAM (no silence intervals between peaks) and irregular PFM. The bands have a general downward FM and a short upward FM segment at the end. Calls usually have nonlinear regimes such as deterministic chaos and subharmonics.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA0FF9EBEDBFAFAFE5FFA41" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFA0FF9EBEDBFAFAFE5FFA41" blockId="81.[151,1437,1217,2036]" lastBlockId="82.[151,1437,1320,1491]" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA0FF9DBEDBFAFAFDD7FAFE" bold="true" box="[199,551,1361,1388]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBF3EFAFAFE84FAFE" box="[290,372,1361,1388]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–N and 52B).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 19 recordings, a total of 89 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA0FF9DBAB7FAF9FB35FAF9" box="[1195,1221,1362,1387]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 915 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFA0FF9DBB9CFAFAFF2CFA1D" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="male">50 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFA0FF9DBCFEFADEFCC7FA02" box="[738,823,1397,1424]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.967 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFA0FF9DBAD2FADDFAD1FA02" box="[1230,1313,1398,1424]" degrees="1.997" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" precision="55" value="-1.997">1.997 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The envelope of the call is variable; durations of call rise and fall are usually short and similar in duration, with a long sustain in between; the rise and fall shapes vary from logarithmic to almost linear or exponential. The sustain is flat (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBB73FA16FEE9FA6E" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51E, F, H, I</figureCitation>
|
||||
) or gradually ascending (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBC29FA4AFD4DFA6E" box="[565,701,1505,1532]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51C, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Some calls have a final part with higher amplitude (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBB0DFA4AFF52F9B2" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51C, G, I</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Shallow and short amplitude valleys can be present, mainly at the beginning and end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBAFEF9AEFAACF9B2" box="[1250,1372,1541,1568]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51C, I</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is usually at the very end of the call duration. Depending on the slope of the sustain, the envelope varies from rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBFB4F9E6FDABF9FA" box="[424,603,1613,1640]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51E, F, H, I</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBD91F9E6FBE3F9FA" box="[909,1043,1613,1640]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51C, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 47 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call can have a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between peaks;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBFE4F93EFD6FF922" box="[504,671,1685,1712]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51E, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA0FF9DBDAFF93DFC24F93D" box="[947,980,1686,1711]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
26 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA0FF9DBA97F93DFB5DF93D" box="[1163,1197,1686,1711]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
25 cycles throughout the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBC41F912FD35F946" box="[605,709,1721,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 52B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA0FF9DBA2EF911FBA3F941" box="[1074,1107,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
480 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in audiospectrograms. Six adjacent harmonics are emphasized (first seven except the fundamental). Usually, the wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, several calls show nonlinear regimes such as subharmonics (f
|
||||
<subScript id="C0185513FFA0FF9DBD03F89CFCD7F8D7" attach="left" box="[799,807,1847,1861]" fontSize="6" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">0</subScript>
|
||||
1/2, f
|
||||
<subScript id="C0185513FFA0FF9DBD7EF89CFC9AF8D7" attach="right" box="[866,874,1847,1861]" fontSize="6" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">0</subScript>
|
||||
1/3, f
|
||||
<subScript id="C0185513FFA0FF9DBDB8F89CFC5CF8D7" attach="left" box="[932,940,1847,1861]" fontSize="6" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">0</subScript>
|
||||
1/4, or f
|
||||
<subScript id="C0185513FFA0FF9DBA19F89CFBFDF8D7" attach="left" box="[1029,1037,1847,1861]" fontSize="6" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">0</subScript>
|
||||
1/5), biphonation, and deterministic chaos (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBEFAF8E2FE5DF8F6" box="[230,429,1865,1892]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51D, J, K, M</figureCitation>
|
||||
). These phenomena can occur over the entire call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA0FF9DBB67F8E1FA65F8F1" box="[1403,1429,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFA0FF9DBE8BF8C5FEDCF815" box="[151,300,1901,1928]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" value="2330" valueMax="2460">2330 to 2460</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBF79F8C6FE3EF81A" box="[357,462,1901,1928]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the fifth (except the second), but it is usually the fourth or fifth along the first half of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBD12F83AFC85F83E" box="[782,885,1937,1964]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 52B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands. Although there is no shift in the dominant frequency, higher bands get more energy towards the end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBEE4F872FE52F866" box="[248,418,2009,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51D, L, N</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 950 and 3350 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a slight general downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA3FF9EBFE5FA82FD50FAD6" box="[505,672,1320,1348]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 51D, L, N</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, calls have a very short and slight up-downward FM at their outset, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short upward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA3FF9EBB28FAE6FF5FFA1E" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 51L, N</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls show clear PFM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA3FF9EBC42FA3EFD15FA22" box="[606,741,1428,1456]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 51L, N</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Calls are usually emitted in irregular sequences, with two or three calls (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA3FF9EBF05FA12FE99FA41" box="[281,361,1464,1491]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1106,1131]" captionTargetBox="[170,1423,187,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[164,1423,181,1081]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 51. Call A of Physalaemus lisei. Oscillograms (A, C, E–I) and audiospectrograms (B, D, J–N). Ten calls gathered in groups (A–B). A typical call (C–D). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (E–N). Note PFM and the subharmonics in the calls (J, K, L, M, and N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (D and P); 46 (K, L, N, and O); 69 (B); 55.2 (M)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613098/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 51</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–B).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
129
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFA1FF9DBE8BFB15FE3FFE8D.xml
Normal file
129
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFA1FF9DBE8BFB15FE3FFE8D.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
|
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<document id="385794C15B1ABDF64F5A1E2AF09927C6" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFA1FF9DBE8BFB15FE3FFE8D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus gracilis" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="81" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="81" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BFCA624EF3ACD26EB55B9AD46AECC264">
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<mods:title id="B0CF6920BE48F6EC9D2905E8DF77B727">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B9F445FE6D8BBED2A9E32B47746AD059" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="61DAF99C9A541E08F266CD36F475F73B">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="9DE8832C0641A855B09B4A4F21DEB3E0">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CD9D48E680BE6BC814AEA9D9FC51D4DF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B88C31AF0F5AF5D80F43ACA777D1D14A">
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<mods:date id="8A55A3FF7A947D9043E63924F7716783">2020</mods:date>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFA1FF9DBE8BFB15FE3FFE8D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583654" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762912" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583654" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFA1FF9DBE8BFB15FE3FFE8D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFA1FF9DBE8BFB15FE3FFE8D" lastPageId="81" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA1FF9CBE8BFB15FB7EFAD6" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFA1FF9CBE8BFB15FD8AFB4A" blockId="80.[151,634,1214,1241]" box="[151,634,1214,1241]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFA1FF9CBE8BFB15FD8AFB4A" bold="true" box="[151,634,1214,1241]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA1FF9CBE8BFB15FD8AFB4A" authority="(Boulenger, 1883)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[151,634,1214,1241]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA1FF9CBE8BFB15FD8AFB4A" bold="true" box="[151,634,1214,1241]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA1FF9CBE8BFB15FE68FB4B" bold="true" box="[151,408,1214,1241]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Physalaemus gracilis</emphasis>
|
||||
(Boulenger, 1883)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFA1FF9CBE8BFAACFB7EFAD6" blockId="80.[151,1437,1286,2033]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFA1FF9CBF8DFAACFE31FAB3" box="[401,449,1287,1313]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, with general downward FM, but with an up-downward FM segment in the first sixth of the call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA1FF9DBEDBFAE6FE3FFE8D" lastPageId="81" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFA1FF9DBEDBFAE6FE3FFE8D" blockId="80.[151,1437,1286,2033]" lastBlockId="81.[151,1436,153,287]" lastPageId="81" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA1FF9CBEDBFAE6FDD9FAFA" bold="true" box="[199,553,1357,1385]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBF3FFAE6FE86FAFA" box="[291,374,1357,1384]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–T and 52A).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 40 recordings, a total of 158 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA1FF9CBADCFAE4FB2AFAFA" box="[1216,1242,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2480 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFA1FF9CBE8BFAD9FEFEFA1E" box="[151,270,1394,1420]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="male">106 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFA1FF9CBD01FAD9FC83FA1E" box="[797,883,1394,1420]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.451 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFA1FF9CBB0DFADAFA95FA1F" box="[1297,1381,1393,1421]" degrees="0.565" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" precision="55" value="-0.565">0.565 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The envelope of the call is variable (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBFE3FA3DFD97FA22" box="[511,615,1429,1456]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50A</figureCitation>
|
||||
, C–G, M–P). In most calls, rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential) and the sustain is long. Some sustains are regular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBD61FA11FB8AFA46" box="[893,1146,1465,1493]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50A, G, M, N, O</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and others are irregular, with short and shallow valleys, mainly at the beginning of the segment (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBDA0FA75FBACFA6B" box="[956,1116,1501,1529]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50D, F, P</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In several calls, the sustain has a convex shape and the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. Usually, the envelope is divided into two parts with different amplitude levels (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBD1AF98DFC9FF9D2" box="[774,879,1573,1600]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic or rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBA7FF9E1FA64F9F6" box="[1123,1428,1609,1637]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50A, D, F, G, M, N, O</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBFA2F9C5FDAEF91B" box="[446,606,1645,1673]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50C, E, P</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 32 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBD54F91DFC42F942" box="[840,946,1717,1744]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 52A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA1FF9CBB3CF91CFAB2F942" box="[1312,1346,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
510 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics (f
|
||||
<subScript id="C0185513FFA1FF9CBC2AF8BBFDCEF88C" attach="left" box="[566,574,1808,1822]" fontSize="6" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">0</subScript>
|
||||
1/2 and f
|
||||
<subScript id="C0185513FFA1FF9CBCB8F8BBFD5CF88C" attach="right" box="[676,684,1808,1822]" fontSize="6" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">0</subScript>
|
||||
1/3) are common at the beginning and middle of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBB27F955FF1EF8AF" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||||
Fig.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFA1FF9CBB6CF956FA68F88A" box="[1392,1432,1789,1816]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" value="1950-01">50I</date>
|
||||
, L, Q, R
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA1FF9CBCBCF888FD4AF8AE" box="[672,698,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFA1FF9CBCD4F889FCAAF8AE" box="[712,858,1826,1853]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" value="2110" valueMax="2760">2110 to 2760</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBD8CF889FC07F8AE" box="[912,1015,1825,1852]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the seventh (except the second), but it is usually the fourth, fifth, or sixth (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBA71F8EDFB27F8F2" box="[1133,1239,1861,1888]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 52A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the third, fourth, fifth and sixth, and ending at the sixth or seventh; thenceforth, the dominant frequency decreases in some calls, moving to the fourth harmonic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBDF6F819FBA0F85E" box="[1002,1104,1969,1996]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 52A</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBA46F81AFB7CF85E" box="[1114,1164,1969,1996]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">50B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 950 and 3050 Hz (four to five harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBABAF87DFAFCF862" box="[1190,1292,2005,2032]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50B</figureCitation>
|
||||
, H–L, Q–T). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first sixth of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBD6AFF16FC2BFF45" box="[886,987,188,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 50B</figureCitation>
|
||||
, H–L, Q–T). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls have a slight PFM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBF38FEAEFE33FE8D" box="[292,451,260,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 50H, I, L</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
151
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFA3FF98BE8BF98EFCBAFE3D.xml
Normal file
151
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@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
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<mods:title id="F016DBA5282087CA92207835B9E1BB7F">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA3FF9EBE8BF98EFB21F95D" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFA3FF9EBE8BF98EFD43F9AD" blockId="82.[151,691,1573,1600]" box="[151,691,1573,1600]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA3FF9EBE8BF98EFD43F9AD" authority="Bokermann, 1967" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,691,1573,1600]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evangelistai">
|
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA3FF9EBE8BF98EFD43F9AD" bold="true" box="[151,691,1573,1600]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA3FF9EBE8BF98EFE3DF9D2" bold="true" box="[151,461,1573,1600]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Physalaemus evangelistai</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFA3FF9EBFC9F98DFD43F9AD" author="Bokermann, W. C. A." box="[469,691,1573,1600]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="135 - 143" refId="ref72550" refString="Bokermann, W. C. A. (1967) Tres novas especies de Physalaemus do sudeste brasileiro (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 27 (2), 135 - 143." type="journal article" year="1967">Bokermann, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
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</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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</heading>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFA3FF9EBE8BF9C5FB21F95D" blockId="82.[151,1436,1645,1744]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFA3FF9EBF8DF9C5FE31F91A" box="[401,449,1646,1672]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, with a general downward FM and an up-downward FM segment in the first sixth of the call duration. Calls usually have intermediate PAM (with no silence intervals between peaks) and PFM throughout their duration.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="08E307DEFFA2FF9FBE8BFABFFEF2F997" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" startId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" targetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" targetPageId="83">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFA2FF9FBE8BFABFFEF2F997" blockId="83.[151,1437,1300,1541]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBE8BFABFFED3FABF" bold="true" box="[151,291,1300,1325]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">FIGURE 52.</emphasis>
|
||||
Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBA20FABDFBBDFABF" box="[1084,1101,1302,1325]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">w</emphasis>
|
||||
of calls A of four
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA2FF9FBB0BFABEFA6DFABF" baseAuthorityName="Hepp & Pombal" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[1303,1437,1301,1325]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBB0BFABEFA6DFABF" box="[1303,1437,1301,1325]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Physalaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species. Each graph shows a single call A of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA2FF9FBC7FFA91FD3AFAC3" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[611,714,1337,1361]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBC7FFA91FD3AFAC3" box="[611,714,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">P. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(A),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA2FF9FBD1EFA91FCB6FAC3" authorityName="Braun & Braun" authorityYear="1977" box="[770,838,1337,1361]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lisei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBD1EFA91FCB6FAC3" box="[770,838,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">P. lisei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(B),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA2FF9FBD60FA91FBE0FAC3" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1967" box="[892,1040,1337,1361]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evangelistai">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBD60FA91FBE0FAC3" box="[892,1040,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">P. evangelistai</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(C),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA2FF9FBA5AFA91FB58FAC3" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1967" box="[1094,1192,1337,1361]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barrioi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBA5AFA91FB58FAC3" box="[1094,1192,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">P. barrioi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(D),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA2FF9FBAFCFA91FA9EFAC3" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1967" box="[1248,1390,1337,1361]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jordanensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBAFCFA91FA9EFAC3" box="[1248,1390,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">P. jordanensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBC2EFA29FDB3FA0B" box="[562,579,1410,1433]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">w</emphasis>
|
||||
; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency /
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBEB8FA0DFF45FA2F" box="[164,181,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">w</emphasis>
|
||||
reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBA43FA61FB80FA73" box="[1119,1136,1482,1505]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">w</emphasis>
|
||||
reciprocal) and the dominant frequency.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA2FF98BEDBF999FCBAFE3D" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFA2FF98BEDBF999FCBAFE3D" blockId="83.[151,1437,1586,2046]" lastBlockId="84.[151,1437,152,431]" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBEDBF999FDEEF9DF" bold="true" box="[199,542,1586,1613]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA2FF9FBF03F999FE80F9DF" box="[287,368,1586,1613]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="84.[151,250,965,990]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,460,935]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[151,1436,453,940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613102/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–F and 52C).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined eight recordings, a total of 27 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBAADF99FFB3BF9DF" box="[1201,1227,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 340 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFA2FF9FBB9CF998FF2CF9E3" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="male">20 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFA2FF9FBCF6F9FCFCB0F9E3" box="[746,832,1623,1649]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.976 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFA2FF9FBAC1F9FDFAC1F9E0" box="[1245,1329,1622,1650]" degrees="1.358" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" precision="55" value="-1.358">1.358 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. Call rise duration is very short and similar to call fall duration; the call rise and fall shapes vary from logarithmic to almost linear or exponential. The sustain is flat or gradually ascending (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA2FF9FBD75F934FC02F92B" box="[873,1010,1694,1721]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="84.[151,250,965,990]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,460,935]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[151,1436,453,940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613102/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 53D, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is a long shallow valley at the beginning of the sustain (Fig. A, C, D). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope varies from rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA2FF9FBCAFF94CFCC9F890" box="[691,825,1766,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="84.[151,250,965,990]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,460,935]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[151,1436,453,940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613102/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 53A, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA2FF9FBA6CF94CFB25F893" box="[1136,1237,1766,1793]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="84.[151,250,965,990]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,460,935]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[151,1436,453,940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613102/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 53C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 36 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls show an intermediate PAM only in the final two fourths of the call duration. This PAM yields emphasized cycles (with no silence intervals between peaks;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA2FF9FBFAFF8F8FDCBF8FF" box="[435,571,1874,1901]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="84.[151,250,965,990]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,460,935]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[151,1436,453,940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613102/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 53A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBD44F8FFFC89F8FF" box="[856,889,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
9 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBA3BF8FFFBB9F8FF" box="[1063,1097,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
10 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA2FF9FBEBCF830FEF6F827" box="[160,262,1946,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 52C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency at
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBC76F837FD7BF827" box="[618,651,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
540 Hz and approximately the first six harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA2FF9FBB56F86BFA9BF84B" box="[1354,1387,1984,2009]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
670 to 2910 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA2FF9FBF3BF848FE7FF86F" box="[295,399,2018,2045]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="84.[151,250,965,990]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,460,935]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[151,1436,453,940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613102/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 53B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to sixth (except the second), but it is usually the first or fourth (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BF71FF32FE26FF21" box="[365,470,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 52C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency increases towards the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fourth and fifth, and ending at the sixth; thenceforth, it decreases, ending at the third (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BCC1FF4AFCB3FF69" box="[733,835,224,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 52C</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BD4CFF4BFC6FFF69" box="[848,927,224,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="84.[151,250,965,990]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,460,935]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[151,1436,453,940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613102/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">53E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 550 and 3100 Hz (three to four harmonics). The call has a general downward FM, with a short up-downward FM at the first sixth of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BEE4FEE6FE6BFEF5" box="[248,411,332,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="84.[151,250,965,990]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,460,935]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[151,1436,453,940]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 53. Call A of Physalaemus evangelistai. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Note the absence of PAM in the call (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 110 (B); 69 (E); 42.3 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613102/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 53B, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls have a PFM during the entire call independent of the PAM. Other calls have PFM inversely proportional and synchronic to the PAM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
127
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFA4FF9ABE8BFB05FE48F901.xml
Normal file
127
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFA4FF9ABE8BFB05FE48F901.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
|
|||
<document id="FB4E6C7C42CD14896F7A7674A0F9AE48" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFA4FF9ABE8BFB05FE48F901" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus jordanensis Bokermann 1967" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="86" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="86" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="78E3AD07453DD371997426E09B053EF6">
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<mods:title id="4D059F6D1514ACBDD3BE0FD32898DCBF">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:name id="D90CDCF09B554EBC99F46535A0BE2EA5" type="personal">
|
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|
||||
<mods:namePart id="5D33F3C557FFE9426BD2EB9F83D9F974">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name id="E934BD2691FB859FD97603071E3813E6" type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role id="4FF2A34111E62FE87684D800808A21AF">
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm id="1D2910C3DD16AE2A50170DBC21372ED5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="981BB0CA2F8BC011B2C2327742DEBCA4">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource id="A68A8598CB0922B158614E734AFD21F2">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||||
<mods:relatedItem id="0450826AF628E5F1D8C8678434F087DF" type="host">
|
||||
<mods:titleInfo id="2B5FA0505BDEECC75CCB5C11AE438C37">
|
||||
<mods:title id="295ACE0CDF12B38F485124C340A8B918">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:part id="69114B498133C23AAD7F80556D1CAF79">
|
||||
<mods:date id="2779F7CBADFF8228E020492EC30218BA">2020</mods:date>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="E50ADF5999D289C86DCF38C3CD3C315E" type="pubDate">
|
||||
<mods:number id="A586D37AE33ED27914A2A8E826920589">2020-01-20</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="399E345E53C6B7320F3FF78925EC45F6" type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number id="1EF122756EE70CE632A88D7E5A2EF26D">4725</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="BC55329579E61FBEE7282D667CB9F4FA" type="issue">
|
||||
<mods:number id="E18666B8C9FAE28CFB2C1BBD98DD2F65">1</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:extent id="7A7A9DAB71CD281AABEBE5A1E5D26AAF" unit="page">
|
||||
<mods:start id="5818E435DA735034053107FC37EA0E98">1</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end id="C90B12996F486C99E6B67CF8FD20856A">106</mods:end>
|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
</mods:part>
|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:classification id="7EECE9714756842692B741FA7038B68F">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="E4F67146A23D44E6A6E43C970D0C10BA" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="9F08B86721AD27EBC5BC812D57C13292" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="60AC2AE3E400C40903ECE217B7FA5F39" type="GBIF-Dataset">67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="AD4FA8A80777CEE46259DAAC804C9224" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="5C072E1AA92015DD3AE05D7C397D33FC" type="Zenodo-Dep">3612996</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="EA6F5BC7258B8AD68AEFC983F05B28AB" type="ZooBank">B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="D435E640FFA4FF9ABE8BFB05FE48F901" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762914" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFA4FF9ABE8BFB05FE48F901" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFA4FF9ABE8BFB05FE48F901" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA4FF99BE8BFB05FD5EFAEF" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFA4FF99BE8BFB05FD40FB5B" blockId="85.[151,688,1198,1225]" box="[151,688,1198,1225]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||||
<heading id="076BE03AFFA4FF99BE8BFB05FD40FB5B" bold="true" box="[151,688,1198,1225]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" reason="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA4FF99BE8BFB05FD40FB5B" authority="Bokermann, 1967" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,688,1198,1225]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jordanensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA4FF99BE8BFB05FD40FB5B" bold="true" box="[151,688,1198,1225]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA4FF99BE8BFB05FE3AFB5B" bold="true" box="[151,458,1198,1225]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Physalaemus jordanensis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFA4FF99BFCEFB04FD40FB5B" author="Bokermann, W. C. A." box="[466,688,1199,1225]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="135 - 143" refId="ref72550" refString="Bokermann, W. C. A. (1967) Tres novas especies de Physalaemus do sudeste brasileiro (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 27 (2), 135 - 143." type="journal article" year="1967">Bokermann, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFA4FF99BE8BFB5CFD5EFAEF" blockId="85.[151,1437,1271,2017]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFA4FF99BF8FFB5CFE33FA83" box="[403,451,1271,1297]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with an elliptic or triangular envelope. The call is composed of a sequence of pulses (pulse-PAM) with silence intervals between pulses. It has a general downward FM throughout the call but with a short and slight up-downward FM segment in the first seventh of the call duration.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA4FF9ABEDBFA2DFE48F901" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFA4FF9ABEDBFA2DFE48F901" blockId="85.[151,1437,1271,2017]" lastBlockId="86.[151,1437,1440,1683]" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA4FF99BEDBFA2DFDD4FA33" bold="true" box="[199,548,1414,1441]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BF3DFA2DFE82FA33" box="[289,370,1414,1441]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–N and 52E).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 20 recordings, a total of 47 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA4FF99BABDFA23FB4BFA33" box="[1185,1211,1416,1441]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1100 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFA4FF99BB9CFA2DFF2CFA57" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="male">55 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFA4FF99BCF2FA00FCB5FA57" box="[750,837,1451,1477]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.980 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFA4FF99BAF8FA00FAC8FA57" box="[1252,1336,1451,1477]" degrees="1.961" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" precision="55" value="-1.961">1.961 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The envelope of the call is variable. The call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other. The sustain is irregular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BEBCFA58FEF8F99F" box="[160,264,1522,1549]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 55G</figureCitation>
|
||||
), generally flat (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BFDCFA58FD95F99F" box="[448,613,1522,1549]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 55A, C, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
) or ascending (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BD0EFA58FC6AF99F" box="[786,922,1522,1549]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 55E, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is usually a long shallow valley at the beginning or at the middle of the sustain. In several calls, the first half of the envelope has lower amplitude than the second half. The amplitude peak is usually at around the end of the first four fifths of the call duration. The envelope of the calls varies from elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BC4FF9F4FD4AF9EB" box="[595,698,1630,1657]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="85.[151,250,1056,1081]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,185,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@85.[151,1436,181,1030]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIGURE 54. Call A of Physalaemus barrioi. Oscillograms (A, C–G) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–L). Note the subharmonics at the middle of the call (B). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 2000 (H, J, and I); 2500 (B); 1024 (K); 1500 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613104/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 54A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BD68F9F4FC08F9EB" box="[884,1016,1630,1657]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 55C, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
) or triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BB28F9F4FF22F90F" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="85.[151,250,1056,1081]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,185,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@85.[151,1436,181,1030]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIGURE 54. Call A of Physalaemus barrioi. Oscillograms (A, C–G) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–L). Note the subharmonics at the middle of the call (B). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 2000 (H, J, and I); 2500 (B); 1024 (K); 1500 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613104/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 54E, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 45 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (silence intervals are present between pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BDCDF90CFBD1F953" box="[977,1057,1702,1729]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–N). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA4FF99BB67F903FA6CF953" box="[1403,1436,1704,1729]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
20 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA4FF99BF56F967FE9CF977" box="[330,364,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
31 pulses throughout the call. The interpulse intervals are variable but they are usually fourfold longer than the pulse duration. Silence intervals are absent between the last pulses of the call (pulses are juxtaposed;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BE8BF8B9FEFDF8BF" box="[151,269,1810,1837]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig.55D, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
)). The last pulse longer than the others (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BCD6F8B8FBF0F8BF" box="[714,1024,1810,1837]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 55A, B, C, D, E, I, J, K</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BB73F8B8FF39F8C3" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 52E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA4FF99BC29F893FDA6F8C3" box="[565,598,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
450 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA4FF99BB56F8F7FA9BF8E7" box="[1354,1387,1884,1909]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
560 to 2440 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BF03F8D4FE75F80B" box="[287,389,1918,1945]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 55B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the sixth (except the third), but during the first half of the call, it is usually the first (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BC28F808FD69F82F" box="[564,665,1954,1981]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 52E</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA4FF99BCB8F809FD25F82F" box="[676,725,1954,1981]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">55B</figureCitation>
|
||||
, I–N). There is a clear shift in relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency increases towards the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth and ending at the sixth; at the end of the call, the dominant frequency jumps among the first, fourth, fifth and sixth harmonics (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA7FF9ABEEBFA6FFEADFA4C" box="[247,349,1475,1502]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 52E</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA7FF9ABF7BFA68FE68FA4C" box="[359,408,1475,1502]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">55B</figureCitation>
|
||||
, I–N). Most of the call energy is between 400 and 3700 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM, a short and slight up-downward FM in the first seventh of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and usually a short upward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA7FF9ABAA0F9A7FAD2F9B4" box="[1212,1314,1547,1574]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 55B</figureCitation>
|
||||
, I–N). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional and synchronic with the pulse- PAM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA7FF9ABEFDF9D3FE5BF901" box="[225,427,1655,1683]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1261,1286]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,190,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@86.[151,1436,181,1236]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 55. Call A of Physalaemus jordanensis. Oscillograms (A, C–H) and audiospectrograms (B, I–N).A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C and I; E–H, K–N). Final pulses of a call (D and J). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (D and J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.3 s (C and I; E–H, K–N) and 0.1 s (D and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (L); 78.9 (M); 110 (J); 61.4 (N); 69 (I and K); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613106" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613106/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Fig. 55D, J, G, M</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
107
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFA5FF98BE8BFBFFFD3FF8F1.xml
Normal file
107
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFA5FF98BE8BFBFFFD3FF8F1.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
|
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<mods:title id="267A88CB4130C76A517927169A52645B">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6596C53FDAB99B54DB601D9A3CE137A1">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4CAAD474F9438FED01F11227EAB9D1D5">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C8267F170C707ECC50916BFB48E57613">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="5B4A862BE21A2DC063EAB320AEB80A84">
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<treatment id="D435E640FFA5FF98BE8BFBFFFD3FF8F1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583660" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762915" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583660" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFA5FF98BE8BFBFFFD3FF8F1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFA5FF98BE8BFBFFFD3FF8F1" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA5FF98BE8BFBFFFAE7FB48" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFA5FF98BE8BFBFFFD87FBFC" blockId="84.[151,631,1108,1135]" box="[151,631,1108,1135]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFA5FF98BE8BFBFFFD87FBFC" bold="true" box="[151,631,1108,1135]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA5FF98BE8BFBFFFD87FBFC" authority="Bokermann, 1967" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1967" box="[151,631,1108,1135]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barrioi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA5FF98BE8BFBFFFD87FBFC" bold="true" box="[151,631,1108,1135]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA5FF98BE8BFBFFFE61FBFD" bold="true" box="[151,401,1108,1135]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Physalaemus barrioi</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFA5FF98BF85FBFEFD87FBFC" author="Bokermann, W. C. A." box="[409,631,1108,1135]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="135 - 143" refId="ref72550" refString="Bokermann, W. C. A. (1967) Tres novas especies de Physalaemus do sudeste brasileiro (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 27 (2), 135 - 143." type="journal article" year="1967">Bokermann, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFA5FF98BE8BFB36FAE7FB48" blockId="84.[151,1437,1180,1891]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFA5FF98BF83FB36FE3FFB25" box="[415,463,1181,1207]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a long duration and general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first seventh of the call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA5FF98BEDBFB48FD3FF8F1" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFA5FF98BEDBFB48FD3FF8F1" blockId="84.[151,1437,1180,1891]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA5FF98BEDBFB48FDEBFB6C" bold="true" box="[199,539,1251,1278]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BF02FB48FE9EFB6C" box="[286,366,1251,1278]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="85.[151,250,1056,1081]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,185,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@85.[151,1436,181,1030]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIGURE 54. Call A of Physalaemus barrioi. Oscillograms (A, C–G) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–L). Note the subharmonics at the middle of the call (B). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 2000 (H, J, and I); 2500 (B); 1024 (K); 1500 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613104/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 54</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–L and 52D).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined eight recordings, a total of 13 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA5FF98BABAFB4EFB30FB6C" box="[1190,1216,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 70 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFA5FF98BCF6FAA3FCB0FAB0" box="[746,832,1288,1314]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 1.323 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFA5FF98BAC1FAA3FAC1FAB1" box="[1245,1329,1288,1315]" degrees="2.038" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" precision="55" value="-2.038">2.038 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. Call rise duration is short and similar to call fall duration; the call rise and fall shapes vary from logarithmic to almost linear or exponential. The sustain is irregular, generally flat (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BCECFAFBFC60FAF9" box="[752,912,1359,1387]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="85.[151,250,1056,1081]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,185,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@85.[151,1436,181,1030]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIGURE 54. Call A of Physalaemus barrioi. Oscillograms (A, C–G) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–L). Note the subharmonics at the middle of the call (B). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 2000 (H, J, and I); 2500 (B); 1024 (K); 1500 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613104/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 54A, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
) or ascending (Fig. C, D, G). In this latter case, the amplitude gets higher towards the end of the call. There is usually a long shallow valley at the beginning or at the middle of the sustain (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BFA7FA33FD58FA20" box="[443,680,1431,1459]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="85.[151,250,1056,1081]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,185,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@85.[151,1436,181,1030]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIGURE 54. Call A of Physalaemus barrioi. Oscillograms (A, C–G) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–L). Note the subharmonics at the middle of the call (B). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 2000 (H, J, and I); 2500 (B); 1024 (K); 1500 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613104/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 54A, C, D, E, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first three fifths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BCF5FA17FCBEFA44" box="[745,846,1467,1494]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="85.[151,250,1056,1081]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,185,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@85.[151,1436,181,1030]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIGURE 54. Call A of Physalaemus barrioi. Oscillograms (A, C–G) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–L). Note the subharmonics at the middle of the call (B). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 2000 (H, J, and I); 2500 (B); 1024 (K); 1500 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613104/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 54F</figureCitation>
|
||||
), rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BDEEFA17FB6DFA44" box="[1010,1181,1467,1495]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="85.[151,250,1056,1081]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,185,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@85.[151,1436,181,1030]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIGURE 54. Call A of Physalaemus barrioi. Oscillograms (A, C–G) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–L). Note the subharmonics at the middle of the call (B). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 2000 (H, J, and I); 2500 (B); 1024 (K); 1500 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613104/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 54A, E, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to triangular (usually pointed left; Fig. C, D). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 39 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BDF1F9AFFBA6F98C" box="[1005,1110,1539,1566]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 52D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA5FF98BEADF982FF22F9D0" box="[177,210,1577,1602]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
460 Hz and the first seven harmonics are generally emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA5FF98BD96F9E6FC5CF9F4" box="[906,940,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
470 to 2580 Hz. The dominant harmonic is the first or the sixth, but usually the first (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BC74F9DBFD3FF918" box="[616,719,1647,1674]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 52D</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BCC6F9C4FCFCF918" box="[730,780,1647,1674]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="85.[151,250,1056,1081]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,185,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@85.[151,1436,181,1030]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIGURE 54. Call A of Physalaemus barrioi. Oscillograms (A, C–G) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–L). Note the subharmonics at the middle of the call (B). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 2000 (H, J, and I); 2500 (B); 1024 (K); 1500 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613104/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">54B</figureCitation>
|
||||
, H–L). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency increases towards the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic and moving to the sixth at the very end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BC1CF913FD97F940" box="[512,615,1719,1746]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 52D</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BC6EF91CFD54F940" box="[626,676,1719,1746]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="85.[151,250,1056,1081]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,185,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@85.[151,1436,181,1030]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIGURE 54. Call A of Physalaemus barrioi. Oscillograms (A, C–G) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–L). Note the subharmonics at the middle of the call (B). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 2000 (H, J, and I); 2500 (B); 1024 (K); 1500 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613104/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">54B</figureCitation>
|
||||
, H–L). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2700 Hz (four to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM. Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM at the first seventh of call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA5FF98BEEBF88FFEADF8AC" box="[247,349,1827,1854]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="85.[151,250,1056,1081]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,185,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@85.[151,1436,181,1030]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIGURE 54. Call A of Physalaemus barrioi. Oscillograms (A, C–G) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–L). Note the subharmonics at the middle of the call (B). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 2000 (H, J, and I); 2500 (B); 1024 (K); 1500 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613104/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 54B</figureCitation>
|
||||
, H–L). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
123
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FE4CFB36.xml
Normal file
123
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FE4CFB36.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
|
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<document id="20D18B33D4F98BF4593D2F088A7D8A12" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FE4CFB36" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus ephippifer" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="66" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="66" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="F1F4F3E30B805B5BBD76782D94C38F87" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3C8E2DB97BFED3FC172D1DF27F8F704E">
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<mods:title id="E57AC604A1E34A5E2E613C6EAAF337E5">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E63BEBF1CF4AEB2645AF2B93529F58B6">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="B682E628983CDFFABA8229018B5100C8">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="62EE7F105B0B57E0B9C24807350E21C9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FE4CFB36" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583626" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762916" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583626" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FE4CFB36" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FE4CFB36" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FAA6FEF5" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FD32FF21" blockId="65.[151,706,153,180]" box="[151,706,153,180]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FD32FF21" bold="true" box="[151,706,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FD32FF21" authority="(Steindachner, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[151,706,153,180]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ephippifer">
|
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FD32FF21" bold="true" box="[151,706,153,180]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBE8BFF32FE4AFF26" bold="true" box="[151,442,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Physalaemus ephippifer</emphasis>
|
||||
(Steindachner, 1864)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB0FF8DBE8BFF49FAA6FEF5" blockId="65.[151,1437,225,1188]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFB0FF8DBF8FFF49FE33FF6E" box="[403,451,226,252]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a triangular envelope that resembles an arrow-like shape. There is usually a slight PAM (without silence intervals) in the final three fourths of the call duration. The call has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third or first half of the call duration. Subharmonics are always present in the first half of the call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB0FF8DBEDBFEDAFE4CFB36" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB0FF8DBEDBFEDAFE4CFB36" blockId="65.[151,1437,225,1188]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBEDBFEDAFDEFFE1E" bold="true" box="[199,543,369,396]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBF3CFEDAFE82FE1E" box="[288,370,369,396]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–F and 33B).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined two recordings, a total of one minute, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBAB6FED9FB34FE19" box="[1194,1220,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 130 calls from six males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFB0FF8DBCF0FE3EFCB2FE3D" box="[748,834,405,431]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.466 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFB0FF8DBAFCFE3EFAC4FE22" box="[1248,1332,405,432]" degrees="0.523" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" precision="55" value="-0.523">0.523 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential). The sustain is composed of a long and deep valley (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBB6FFE11FA66FE41" box="[1395,1430,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||||
, with a concave shape;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBF89FE76FDEDFE65" box="[405,541,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The envelope varies from elliptic to triangular (pointed right). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular shape of some calls resembles an arrow (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBA08FDAAFB8BFD89" box="[1044,1147,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is at the end of the first fourth of the call duration. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 38 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have an intermediate PAM only in the final three fourths of the call duration (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBD42FDC6FC36FD15" box="[862,966,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBAFDFDC5FAF3FD15" box="[1249,1283,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
26 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBEDFFD39FF15FD39" box="[195,229,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
eight cycles throughout part of the call where the PAM is present. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBDC8FD1EFBCBFD5D" box="[980,1083,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 33B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBE8BFD71FF49FD61" box="[151,185,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
590 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics (f
|
||||
<subScript id="C0185513FFB0FF8DBCDEFCA4FD3AFC8F" attach="left" box="[706,714,783,797]" fontSize="6" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">0</subScript>
|
||||
1/2) are present in
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBD82FD55FC4FFC85" box="[926,959,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
the first third or half of all calls examined (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBEBCFC8AFEB7FCAE" box="[160,327,801,828]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34B, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBD19FC89FCEFFCA9" box="[773,799,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 820 to 2630 Hz. The dominant harmonics are the first, third, fourth, fifth or sixth (usually the first or sixth;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBCF7FCEEFCA0FCCD" box="[747,848,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 33B</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBD40FCEEFC7FFCCD" box="[860,911,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">34B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). At the beginning of the call the subharmonic 1.5 is the dominant band (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBFA3FCC2FDB4FC16" box="[447,580,873,900]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34B, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is a clear shift in the relative energy among the bands in the second half of the call; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth, and ending at the sixth; thenceforth, it dominant frequency gets lower, moving to the fourth or third harmonic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBF0DFC7EFE86FC7D" box="[273,374,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 33B</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBF9EFC7EFE45FC7D" box="[386,437,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">34B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 550 and 2750 Hz (three to five harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBFF9FC52FD9BFB86" box="[485,619,1017,1044]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34B, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first third or half of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBB2EFBB6FF5CFBCE" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34B, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Calls have a PFM throughout the second half of the call, which is inversely proportional and synchronic to the PAM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB0FF8DBF3BFB22FE5EFB36" box="[295,430,1161,1188]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1701,1726]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,1217,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,1209,1676]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Call A of Physalaemus ephippifer. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with PAM and PFM (A–B).A variant call with a different envelope without clear PAM or PFM (C–E). Middle of the call with the transition moment between the segments with and without subharmonics (D–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.05 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B); 90.6 (E); 61.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613064/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 34A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
107
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB0FF8EBE8BF8F3FE62FCA9.xml
Normal file
107
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB0FF8EBE8BF8F3FE62FCA9.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
|
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<mods:title id="399D51145792A8A7AFA50DA2662B6C8C">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BF69983182F4BDD50283ACDF3BE35803">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CBBCBB6D08ACA87410F781D63923EBD5">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB0FF8EBE8BF8F3FF37FF45" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFB0FF8DBE8BF8F3FD8CF8E0" blockId="65.[151,636,1880,1907]" box="[151,636,1880,1907]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFB0FF8DBE8BF8F3FD8CF8E0" bold="true" box="[151,636,1880,1907]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB0FF8DBE8BF8F3FD8CF8E0" authority="(Boulenger, 1890)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[151,636,1880,1907]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
|
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBE8BF8F3FD8CF8E0" bold="true" box="[151,636,1880,1907]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
|
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB0FF8DBE8BF8F3FE69F8E1" bold="true" box="[151,409,1880,1907]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Physalaemus fischeri</emphasis>
|
||||
(Boulenger, 1890)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB0FF8EBE8BF80AFF37FF45" blockId="65.[151,1437,1952,2015]" lastBlockId="66.[151,1437,153,827]" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFB0FF8DBFBCF80AFE20F829" box="[416,464,1953,1979]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with an envelope varying from elliptic to almost triangular, resembling an arrow-like shape. It has a general down- ward FM, with a slight up-downward FM segment in the first half of the call duration and a short upward FM at the end.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB3FF8EBEDBFF4BFE62FCA9" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB3FF8EBEDBFF4BFE62FCA9" blockId="66.[151,1437,153,827]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB3FF8EBEDBFF4BFDD9FF69" bold="true" box="[199,553,224,251]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB3FF8EBF3FFF4BFE86FF69" box="[291,374,224,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1841,1866]" captionTargetBox="[160,1425,854,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,849,1816]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 35. Call A of Physalaemus fischeri. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613066" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613066/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–B and 33C).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined three recordings, a total of five minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB3FF8EBAC0FF49FB06FF69" box="[1244,1270,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 60 calls from five males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFB3FF8EBD01FEAEFC84FE8D" box="[797,884,261,287]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.795 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFB3FF8EBB0DFEAFFA95FE8D" box="[1297,1381,260,287]" degrees="0.850" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" precision="55" value="-0.85">0.850 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential). The sustain is usually composed of a long and deep valley (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB3FF8EBEF2FEE5FEE7FEF5" box="[238,279,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">i.e.,</emphasis>
|
||||
with a concave shape). The envelope varies from elliptic to triangular (pointed right;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB3FF8EBAF3FEE6FAA9FEF5" box="[1263,1369,332,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1841,1866]" captionTargetBox="[160,1425,854,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,849,1816]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 35. Call A of Physalaemus fischeri. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613066" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613066/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 35A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular shape of some calls resembles an arrow. The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first two fifths of the call duration. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 18 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB3FF8EBEBCFE76FEF6FE65" box="[160,262,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 33C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB3FF8EBC71FE75FD7FFE65" box="[621,655,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
410 Hz, and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. There are
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB3FF8EBFF5FDA9FDFBFD89" box="[489,523,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
six emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, jumps of the fundamental frequency, subharmonics and deterministic chaos can be present at the end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB3FF8EBFFDFDE2FDB8FDF1" box="[481,584,584,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1841,1866]" captionTargetBox="[160,1425,854,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,849,1816]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 35. Call A of Physalaemus fischeri. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613066" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613066/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 35B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB3FF8EBD91FDE1FC5FFDF1" box="[909,943,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
850 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB3FF8EBA0AFDE2FB8DFDF1" box="[1046,1149,584,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1841,1866]" captionTargetBox="[160,1425,854,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,849,1816]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 35. Call A of Physalaemus fischeri. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613066" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613066/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 35B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic is the second. There is a clear shift in the relative energy among bands, higher bands getting more energy toward the end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB3FF8EBF54FD3AFE5EFD39" box="[328,430,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 33C</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB3FF8EBFA6FD3BFE1DFD39" box="[442,493,656,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1841,1866]" captionTargetBox="[160,1425,854,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,849,1816]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 35. Call A of Physalaemus fischeri. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613066" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613066/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">35B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 650 and 1800 Hz (two to four harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB3FF8EBC06FD1EFD72FD5D" box="[538,642,692,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1841,1866]" captionTargetBox="[160,1425,854,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,849,1816]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 35. Call A of Physalaemus fischeri. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613066" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613066/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 35B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, calls have a slight up-downward FM in the first half of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short upward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB3FF8EBAE4FD72FAAEFD61" box="[1272,1374,728,755]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1841,1866]" captionTargetBox="[160,1425,854,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,849,1816]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 35. Call A of Physalaemus fischeri. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613066" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613066/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Fig. 35B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
109
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB2FF88BE8BF944FBBAFD61.xml
Normal file
109
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB2FF88BE8BF944FBBAFD61.xml
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|
|
@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
|
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<mods:title id="B2081D529832CE865FB5DD16E31B7601">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9743A5E5CB8D707B71F71A411F454094">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB2FF8FBE8BF944FE58F80B" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFB2FF8FBE8BF944FD75F89B" blockId="67.[151,645,1775,1802]" box="[151,645,1775,1802]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFB2FF8FBE8BF944FD75F89B" bold="true" box="[151,645,1775,1802]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB2FF8FBE8BF944FD75F89B" authority="Bokermann, 1966" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1966" box="[151,645,1775,1802]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aguirrei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB2FF8FBE8BF944FD75F89B" bold="true" box="[151,645,1775,1802]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB2FF8FBE8BF944FE50F89B" bold="true" box="[151,416,1775,1802]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Physalaemus aguirrei</emphasis>
|
||||
Bokermann, 1966
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB2FF8FBE8BF89CFE58F80B" blockId="67.[151,1436,1847,2017]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFB2FF8FBFBCF89CFE20F8C3" box="[416,464,1847,1873]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with an elliptic or trapezium-like envelope. It has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third of the call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB2FF88BEDBF809FBBAFD61" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB2FF88BEDBF809FBBAFD61" blockId="67.[151,1436,1847,2017]" lastBlockId="68.[151,1437,153,755]" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB2FF8FBEDBF809FDEEF82F" bold="true" box="[199,542,1954,1981]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB2FF8FBF02F809FE80F82F" box="[286,368,1954,1981]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="68.[151,250,1455,1480]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,783,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@68.[151,1436,777,1429]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURE 37. Call A of Physalaemus aguirrei. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). A variant call A with a different envelope and initial FM segment (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1500 (B); 1024 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613070/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–D and 33E).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined seven recordings, a total of 11 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB2FF8FBAAEF80FFB3CF82F" box="[1202,1228,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 400 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFB2FF8FBB9CF808FF2CF873" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="male">10 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFB2FF8FBCF7F86CFCB2F873" box="[747,834,1991,2017]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.179 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFB2FF8FBAC3F86CFAC3F873" box="[1247,1331,1991,2017]" degrees="0.237" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" precision="55" value="-0.237">0.237 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. Usually, call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape. The call rise is usually composed of two consecutive exponential- or linear-shaped segments, whereas the call fall has an exponential or logarithmic shape (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB5FF88BA69FF16FB2EFF45" box="[1141,1246,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="68.[151,250,1455,1480]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,783,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@68.[151,1436,777,1429]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURE 37. Call A of Physalaemus aguirrei. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). A variant call A with a different envelope and initial FM segment (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1500 (B); 1024 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613070/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 37A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The sustain can be irregular with short and shallow valleys, composed of a single deep valley (concave shape), or regular without internal AM segments (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB5FF88BFBDFEAEFDDBFE8D" box="[417,555,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="68.[151,250,1455,1480]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,783,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@68.[151,1436,777,1429]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURE 37. Call A of Physalaemus aguirrei. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). A variant call A with a different envelope and initial FM segment (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1500 (B); 1024 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613070/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 37A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In some calls, the rise is much longer than fall and it remains with very low amplitude until the limit with the sustain, where the amplitude increases abruptly. The amplitude peak is around the middle of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB5FF88BD43FEE6FC35FEF5" box="[863,965,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="68.[151,250,1455,1480]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,783,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@68.[151,1436,777,1429]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURE 37. Call A of Physalaemus aguirrei. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). A variant call A with a different envelope and initial FM segment (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1500 (B); 1024 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613070/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 37C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to slightly rectangular (in calls in which the rise is not gradual;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB5FF88BF82FEDAFDF8FE19" box="[414,520,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="68.[151,250,1455,1480]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,783,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@68.[151,1436,777,1429]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURE 37. Call A of Physalaemus aguirrei. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). A variant call A with a different envelope and initial FM segment (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1500 (B); 1024 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613070/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 37A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 34 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB5FF88BA7BFE3EFB3DFE3D" box="[1127,1229,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 33E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BF34FE11FEBAFE41" box="[296,330,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
640 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BA07FE75FBC5FE65" box="[1051,1077,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 770 to 3380 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB5FF88BAE6FE76FAAFFE65" box="[1274,1375,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="68.[151,250,1455,1480]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,783,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@68.[151,1436,777,1429]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURE 37. Call A of Physalaemus aguirrei. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). A variant call A with a different envelope and initial FM segment (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1500 (B); 1024 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613070/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 37B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the sixth (except the second and third). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher until three fourths of the call duration, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fourth and fifth, and ending at the sixth (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB5FF88BDBAFDE2FBFBFDF1" box="[934,1035,585,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 33E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 700 and 3950 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB5FF88BA13FDC6FB66FD15" box="[1039,1174,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="68.[151,250,1455,1480]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,783,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@68.[151,1436,777,1429]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURE 37. Call A of Physalaemus aguirrei. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). A variant call A with a different envelope and initial FM segment (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1500 (B); 1024 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613070/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 37B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB5FF88BB73FD3AFF39FD5D" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="68.[151,250,1455,1480]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,783,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@68.[151,1436,777,1429]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURE 37. Call A of Physalaemus aguirrei. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). A variant call A with a different envelope and initial FM segment (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1500 (B); 1024 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613070/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 37B</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB5FF88BC95FD1EFCE3FD5D" box="[649,787,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="68.[151,250,1455,1480]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,783,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@68.[151,1436,777,1429]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURE 37. Call A of Physalaemus aguirrei. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). A variant call A with a different envelope and initial FM segment (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1500 (B); 1024 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613070/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 37B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
117
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB2FF8FBE8BFF4AFD52FC62.xml
Normal file
117
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB2FF8FBE8BFF4AFD52FC62.xml
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@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
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<mods:title id="094976015D7C0508814DD8FEF456DC4F">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E021B9AC139FAB55467BFC176BD03DA3">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFB2FF8FBE8BFF4AFD52FC62" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583628" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762919" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583628" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFB2FF8FBE8BFF4AFD52FC62" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB2FF8FBE8BFF4AFD52FC62" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB2FF8FBE8BFF4AFF08FE22" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFB2FF8FBE8BFF4AFD82FF69" blockId="67.[151,626,225,252]" box="[151,626,225,252]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFB2FF8FBE8BFF4AFD82FF69" bold="true" box="[151,626,225,252]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB2FF8FBE8BFF4AFD82FF69" authority="Bokermann, 1966" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1966" box="[151,626,225,252]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cicada">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB2FF8FBE8BFF4AFD82FF69" bold="true" box="[151,626,225,252]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB2FF8FBE8BFF4AFE7CFF6E" bold="true" box="[151,396,225,252]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Physalaemus cicada</emphasis>
|
||||
Bokermann, 1966
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB2FF8FBE8BFE81FF08FE22" blockId="67.[151,1437,297,1008]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFB2FF8FBF8FFE81FE33FED6" box="[403,451,298,324]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with an elliptic envelope and very short duration. It has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first half of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB2FF8FBFB0FEDAFDC1FE1E" box="[428,561,369,396]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1632,1657]" captionTargetBox="[178,1428,1034,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@67.[151,1436,1029,1607]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 36. Call A of Physalaemus cicada. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). A single call A (A and B). A long sequence with hundreds of calls (C–D). Sequence with 12 calls A (E–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.025 s (C and D) and 0.05 s (E and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 173 (B); 67.4 (D); 135 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613068" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613068/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 36B, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Calls are emitted in long sequences (more than 300 calls per sequence;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB2FF8FBB6CFEDAFF1CFE22" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1632,1657]" captionTargetBox="[178,1428,1034,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@67.[151,1436,1029,1607]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 36. Call A of Physalaemus cicada. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). A single call A (A and B). A long sequence with hundreds of calls (C–D). Sequence with 12 calls A (E–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.025 s (C and D) and 0.05 s (E and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 173 (B); 67.4 (D); 135 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613068" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613068/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 36C, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB2FF8FBEDBFE12FD52FC62" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB2FF8FBEDBFE12FD52FC62" blockId="67.[151,1437,297,1008]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB2FF8FBEDBFE12FDDAFE46" bold="true" box="[199,554,441,468]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB2FF8FBF3EFE12FE85FE46" box="[290,373,441,468]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1632,1657]" captionTargetBox="[178,1428,1034,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@67.[151,1436,1029,1607]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 36. Call A of Physalaemus cicada. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). A single call A (A and B). A long sequence with hundreds of calls (C–D). Sequence with 12 calls A (E–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.025 s (C and D) and 0.05 s (E and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 173 (B); 67.4 (D); 135 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613068" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613068/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–G and 33D).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined six recordings, a total of 13 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB2FF8FBAAFFE11FB3DFE41" box="[1203,1229,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 12500 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFB2FF8FBD38FE76FC89FE65" box="[804,889,477,503]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.004 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFB2FF8FBB0EFE76FA95FE6A" box="[1298,1381,477,504]" degrees="0.047" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" precision="55" value="-0.047">0.047 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential). The sustain is short or absent. The envelope is elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB2FF8FBEC3FD8EFE96FDD2" box="[223,358,549,576]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1632,1657]" captionTargetBox="[178,1428,1034,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@67.[151,1436,1029,1607]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 36. Call A of Physalaemus cicada. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). A single call A (A and B). A long sequence with hundreds of calls (C–D). Sequence with 12 calls A (E–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.025 s (C and D) and 0.05 s (E and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 173 (B); 67.4 (D); 135 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613068" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613068/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 36A. E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first two fifths of the call duration. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 24 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB2FF8FBC3BFDC6FD7FFD15" box="[551,655,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 33D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB2FF8FBDEFFDC5FBE4FD15" box="[1011,1044,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
410 Hz and approximately the first ten harmonics (except the first one) are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB2FF8FBCCDFD1DFD1BFD5D" box="[721,747,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1410 to 3560 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB2FF8FBDD2FD1EFBC7FD5D" box="[974,1079,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 33D</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB2FF8FBA58FD1EFB86FD42" box="[1092,1142,693,720]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1632,1657]" captionTargetBox="[178,1428,1034,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@67.[151,1436,1029,1607]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 36. Call A of Physalaemus cicada. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). A single call A (A and B). A long sequence with hundreds of calls (C–D). Sequence with 12 calls A (E–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.025 s (C and D) and 0.05 s (E and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 173 (B); 67.4 (D); 135 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613068" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613068/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">36B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the seventh to the 10
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFB2FF8FBC1CFD73FDFDFD74" attach="none" box="[512,525,728,742]" fontSize="6" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">th</superScript>
|
||||
, but it is usually the eighth. There is a clear shift in relative energy between bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the seventh or eighth harmonic and ending at the eighth, ninth or 10
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFB2FF8FBFB0FC8BFE49FCBC" attach="left" box="[428,441,800,814]" fontSize="6" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">th</superScript>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB2FF8FBFD9FC8AFDDDFCA9" box="[453,557,801,827]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 33D</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB2FF8FBC25FC8AFD98FCAE" box="[569,616,801,828]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1632,1657]" captionTargetBox="[178,1428,1034,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@67.[151,1436,1029,1607]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 36. Call A of Physalaemus cicada. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). A single call A (A and B). A long sequence with hundreds of calls (C–D). Sequence with 12 calls A (E–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.025 s (C and D) and 0.05 s (E and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 173 (B); 67.4 (D); 135 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613068" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613068/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">36F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 950 and 3850 Hz (eight harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB2FF8FBC58FCEEFD37FCF2" box="[580,711,837,864]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1632,1657]" captionTargetBox="[178,1428,1034,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@67.[151,1436,1029,1607]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 36. Call A of Physalaemus cicada. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). A single call A (A and B). A long sequence with hundreds of calls (C–D). Sequence with 12 calls A (E–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.025 s (C and D) and 0.05 s (E and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 173 (B); 67.4 (D); 135 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613068" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613068/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 36B, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first half of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB2FF8FBB2EFCC2FF5AFC3A" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1632,1657]" captionTargetBox="[178,1428,1034,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@67.[151,1436,1029,1607]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 36. Call A of Physalaemus cicada. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). A single call A (A and B). A long sequence with hundreds of calls (C–D). Sequence with 12 calls A (E–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.025 s (C and D) and 0.05 s (E and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 173 (B); 67.4 (D); 135 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613068" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613068/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 36B, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB2FF8FBF04FC1AFE8DFC5E" box="[280,381,945,972]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1632,1657]" captionTargetBox="[178,1428,1034,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@67.[151,1436,1029,1607]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 36. Call A of Physalaemus cicada. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). A single call A (A and B). A long sequence with hundreds of calls (C–D). Sequence with 12 calls A (E–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.025 s (C and D) and 0.05 s (E and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 173 (B); 67.4 (D); 135 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613068" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613068/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 36F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is no PFM. Calls are usually emitted in series, resulting in long call sequences of
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB2FF8FBB67FC19FA6CFC59" box="[1403,1436,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
400 calls in each sequence (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB2FF8FBFCCFC7EFD65FC62" box="[464,661,981,1008]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1632,1657]" captionTargetBox="[178,1428,1034,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@67.[151,1436,1029,1607]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 36. Call A of Physalaemus cicada. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). A single call A (A and B). A long sequence with hundreds of calls (C–D). Sequence with 12 calls A (E–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.025 s (C and D) and 0.05 s (E and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 173 (B); 67.4 (D); 135 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613068" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613068/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 36C, D, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
115
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FAF7FB26.xml
Normal file
115
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FAF7FB26.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
|
|||
<document id="73EE85390DFF708ADF834CEEB9AEE6B3" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FAF7FB26" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus soaresi Izecksohn 1965" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="70" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="70" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="3E8A294184AA748255AF42610899F980" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0F77CB929D928C61A62F3D14EC53874A">
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<mods:title id="7A477DE42ACEC9CDE26CB6EFDF7A6A27">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="E2092BFAD983FF8B502EA48B42286607" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="53C536AA1C68AB838675776A85DFCDAE">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="6BE56CFD91A8E6725C1EC53A5CA054AA" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="F41B56A27481C46A0C8D663B2DFCB2A2">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="7831C9A354F758AF6E04083D48E5F5EE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="0E770B3C69848E431D6A0DEB70698D65">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="A9C6F8CF239F39D18B5EC0376EB72D18">
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<mods:date id="E79EA603360EA207944786183BA0A6AF">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FAF7FB26" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583630" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762920" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583630" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FAF7FB26" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FAF7FB26" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB4FF89BE8BFE89FA9AFE7A" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FD91FEAE" blockId="69.[151,609,290,317]" box="[151,609,290,317]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFB4FF89BE8BFE89FD91FEAE" bold="true" box="[151,609,290,317]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FD91FEAE" authority="Izecksohn, 1965" authorityName="Izecksohn" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,609,290,317]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soaresi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FD91FEAE" bold="true" box="[151,609,290,317]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB4FF89BE8BFE89FE63FEAE" bold="true" box="[151,403,290,317]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Physalaemus soaresi</emphasis>
|
||||
Izecksohn, 1965
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB4FF89BE8BFECFFA9AFE7A" blockId="69.[151,1437,355,1204]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFB4FF89BF8FFECFFE33FEEC" box="[403,451,356,382]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with long duration, PFM, and a slight PAM, with no silence intervals. Bands have a general upward FM and a downward FM at the end, yielding arc-shaped bands in audiospectrogram when considering the entire call. Subharmonics, shifts of the fundamental frequency and deterministic chaos are common at the beginning and end of the calls.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB4FF89BEDBFE5AFAF7FB26" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB4FF89BEDBFE5AFAF7FB26" blockId="69.[151,1437,355,1204]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB4FF89BEDBFE5AFDD0FD9E" bold="true" box="[199,544,497,524]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BF3EFE5AFE86FD9E" box="[290,374,497,524]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–J and 33F).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined three recordings, a total of five minutes, with 40 calls from five males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFB4FF89BCF2FDBDFCB5FDA2" box="[750,837,534,560]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 1.597 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFB4FF89BAF9FDBDFAC9FDA3" box="[1253,1337,534,561]" degrees="1.748" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" precision="55" value="-1.748">1.748 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and fall are not clear. Usually, call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (logarithmic). In some calls, the rise is longer than fall. There is a long sustain. It is usually regular, with a convex shape, but it can be almost flat (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BC4DFD2AFD27FD09" box="[593,727,641,667]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), or have irregular AM segments, yielding amplitude peaks and valleys over the segment (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BFA2FD0EFD94FD2D" box="[446,612,677,703]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38D, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is usually at around the middle of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies between elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BCB2FD62FCC4FD71" box="[686,820,713,739]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), rectangular (Fig. E, F), or triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BB6CFD62FF3BFC94" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), depending on the shape and steepness of the sustain. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 39 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between peaks;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BEF9FC9FFEB7FCDC" box="[229,327,820,846]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB4FF89BC46FC9EFD8CFCDC" box="[602,636,821,846]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
16 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB4FF89BD2EFC9EFCA4FCDC" box="[818,852,821,846]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
22 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BF75FCFCFE3CFCE0" box="[361,460,855,882]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 33F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB4FF89BD2EFCF3FCA4FCE3" box="[818,852,856,881]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
600 Hz. This band and the next harmonic are absent in the audiospectrogram. There are usually
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB4FF89BC9DFCD7FD52FC07" box="[641,674,892,917]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
six emphasized harmonics. Generally, the wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, subharmonics (f
|
||||
<subScript id="C0185513FFB4FF89BDA6FC1AFC32FC2D" attach="left" box="[954,962,945,959]" fontSize="6" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">0</subScript>
|
||||
1/2), jumps of the fundamental frequency, and deterministic chaos are common at the beginning and end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BDC0FC68FB4AFC4F" box="[988,1210,963,989]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38B, G, H, I, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB4FF89BF6FFC4CFE7DFB92" box="[371,397,999,1024]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2450 to 3060 Hz. The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the seventh, but it is usually the fourth or fifth (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BF8BFBA1FE0BFBB6" box="[407,507,1034,1060]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 33F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BEBCFB85FEF4FBDA" box="[160,260,1070,1096]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 33F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 2250 and 3750 Hz (three harmonics). The call has a general upward FM and a short downward FM at the end, yielding an arc-shaped bands in audiospectrogram when considering the entire call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BF0AFBDEFE01FB02" box="[278,497,1141,1168]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38B, G, H, I, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, there is clear PFM throughout the call, which is usually independent from the PAM or can be directly proportional and synchronic to some parts of the PAM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB4FF89BA65FB32FB39FB26" box="[1145,1225,1177,1204]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1909,1934]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,1231,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[151,1436,1225,1884]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 38. Call A of Physalaemus soaresi. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the frequency jumps, deterministic chaos, and subharmoncis at the beginning and or end of the calls (B, G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B and H); 39.5 (G); 42.3 (I); 50.7 (J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613072/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–J).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
147
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB5FF89BE8BF9CAFE9FFF69.xml
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@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
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<mods:title id="0D7B0C0B46A98443B1956B9DECB98EEE">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BE8BF9CAFE63F9EE" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein & Martens" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[151,403,1633,1660]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olfersii">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BE8BF9CAFE63F9EE" bold="true" box="[151,403,1633,1660]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Physalaemus olfersii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species group
|
||||
</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB5FF89BE8BF901FE9FFF69" blockId="68.[151,1437,1705,2020]" lastBlockId="69.[151,1437,153,251]" lastPageId="69" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||||
Only one call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFB5FF88BF2BF901FE97F956" box="[311,359,1706,1732]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
was recorded for this group. Calls have long durations, varying from 1 to 5 s (higher durations observed in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BF3FF964FE82F97A" authorityName="Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi" authorityYear="2010" box="[291,370,1742,1768]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="feioi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BF3FF964FE82F97A" box="[291,370,1742,1768]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. feioi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BF9DF964FDF8F97A" authorityName="Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi" authorityYear="2010" box="[385,520,1742,1768]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orophilus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BF9DF964FDF8F97A" box="[385,520,1742,1768]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. orophilus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BC55F964FD45F97A" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein & Martens" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[585,693,1742,1768]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olfersii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BC55F964FD45F97A" box="[585,693,1742,1768]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. olfersii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). Several species of this clade emit calls with rectangular-shaped envelopes (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BF0BF958FEB0F89E" box="[279,320,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BF52F958FE6BF89E" authorityName="Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi" authorityYear="2010" box="[334,411,1778,1804]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="feioi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BF52F958FE6BF89E" box="[334,411,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. feioi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BFB4F958FDDEF89E" authorityName="Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi" authorityYear="2010" box="[424,558,1778,1804]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orophilus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BFB4F958FDDEF89E" box="[424,558,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. orophilus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BC20F958FD25F89E" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[572,725,1778,1804]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateristriga">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BC20F958FD25F89E" box="[572,725,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. lateristriga</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BD0EF958FC8DF89E" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein & Martens" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[786,893,1778,1804]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olfersii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BD0EF958FC8DF89E" box="[786,893,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. olfersii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). Slight PAM is perceptible in calls of most species (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BECFF8BCFECEF8A2" authorityName="Izecksohn" authorityYear="1965" box="[211,318,1815,1840]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soaresi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BECFF8BCFECEF8A2" box="[211,318,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. soaresi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BF50F8BCFE3BF8A2" authorityName="Feio, Pombal & Caramaschi" authorityYear="1999" box="[332,459,1815,1840]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BF50F8BCFE3BF8A2" box="[332,459,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BFC4F8BCFD82F8A2" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[472,626,1814,1840]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateristriga">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BFC4F8BCFD82F8A2" box="[472,626,1814,1840]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. lateristriga</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BCB2F8BCFCE9F8A2" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein & Martens" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[686,793,1814,1840]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olfersii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BCB2F8BCFCE9F8A2" box="[686,793,1814,1840]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. olfersii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), but two species have calls with pulse-PAM (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BB3CF8BCFA9DF8A2" authorityName="Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi" authorityYear="2010" box="[1312,1389,1814,1840]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="feioi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BB3CF8BCFA9DF8A2" box="[1312,1389,1814,1840]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. feioi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BE8BF890FEECF8C6" authorityName="Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,284,1850,1876]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orophilus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BE8BF890FEECF8C6" box="[151,284,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. orophilus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). In some species (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BFE9F890FD84F8C6" authorityName="Feio, Pombal & Caramaschi" authorityYear="1999" box="[501,628,1851,1876]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BFE9F890FD84F8C6" box="[501,628,1851,1876]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. maximus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BC9DF890FCEBF8C6" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[641,795,1850,1876]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateristriga">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BC9DF890FCEBF8C6" box="[641,795,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. lateristriga</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BD44F890FC32F8C6" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein & Martens" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[856,962,1850,1876]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olfersii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BD44F890FC32F8C6" box="[856,962,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. olfersii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), the fundamental frequency is lower than 200 Hz, resulting in several close harmonics visible in audiospectrograms. All species have calls with PFM and most species (except for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BFACF828FDBAF80E" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[432,586,1922,1948]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateristriga">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BFACF828FDBAF80E" box="[432,586,1922,1948]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. lateristriga</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BC9DF828FD1CF80E" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein & Martens" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[641,748,1922,1948]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olfersii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BC9DF828FD1CF80E" box="[641,748,1922,1948]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. olfersii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) have a clear general up-downward FM, yielding arc-shaped bands in audiospectrogram when considering the entire call. Fundamental frequency is lower than 400 Hz, except for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB5FF88BEA2F860FEDAF876" authorityName="Izecksohn" authorityYear="1965" box="[190,298,1995,2020]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soaresi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BEA2F860FEDAF876" box="[190,298,1995,2020]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">P. soaresi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
which has call with fundamental frequency of
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB5FF88BD2AF860FCA7F876" box="[822,855,1995,2020]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
600 Hz. Call energy is concentrated in many higher harmonics. This feature results in a high-pitched timbre for the calls. The long duration, large number of close harmonics (low fundamental frequency and dense-harmonic calls) and high-pitched timbre make the calls sound like human infant cries.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
129
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB6FF84BE8BF8ADFAFAFC85.xml
Normal file
129
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB6FF84BE8BF8ADFAFAFC85.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
|
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<mods:title id="056CA8592237BB3F5A56D35E87BE44A2">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFB6FF84BE8BF8ADFAFAFC85" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583636" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762923" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583636" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFB6FF84BE8BF8ADFAFAFC85" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB6FF84BE8BF8ADFAFAFC85" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB6FF8BBE8BF8ADFD53F847" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="nomenclature">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFB6FF8BBE8BF8ADFC9BF8B3" bold="true" box="[151,875,1798,1825]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB6FF8BBE8BF8ADFC9BF8B3" authority="Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi, 2010" authorityName="Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,875,1798,1825]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orophilus">
|
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBE8BF8ADFC9BF8B3" bold="true" box="[151,875,1798,1825]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBE8BF8ADFE42F8B3" bold="true" box="[151,434,1798,1825]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Physalaemus orophilus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFB6FF8BBFA5F8ACFC9BF8B3" author="Cassini, C. S. & Cruz, C. A. G. & Caramaschi, U." box="[441,875,1799,1825]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref73137" refString="Cassini, C. S., Cruz, C. A. G. & Caramaschi, U. (2010) Taxonomic review of Physalaemus olfersii (Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856) with revalidation of Physalaemus lateristriga (Steindachner, 1864) and description of two new related species (Anura: Leiuperidae). Zootaxa, 2491 (1), 1 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2491.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB6FF8BBE8BF8E4FD53F847" blockId="71.[151,1436,1871,2041]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFB6FF8BBF82F8E4FE3EF8FB" box="[414,462,1871,1897]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call has long duration and is composed of a single harmonic note with a sequence of pulses with interpulse silence intervals. The bands have a general upward FM but with a subtle downward FM at the end, yielding slightly arc-shaped bands in the audiospectrogram of some calls when considering the entire call duration.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB6FF84BEDBF875FAFAFC85" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB6FF84BEDBF875FAFAFC85" blockId="71.[151,1436,1871,2041]" lastBlockId="72.[151,1437,152,791]" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBEDBF875FDD9F86B" bold="true" box="[199,553,2014,2041]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBF3EF875FE84F86B" box="[290,372,2014,2041]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–H and 42A).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 10 recordings, a total of 26 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBAB0F874FB36F86A" box="[1196,1222,2015,2040]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 270 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFB6FF84BB9CF874FF2CFF21" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="male">16 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFB9FF84BCF6FF32FCB0FF21" box="[746,832,153,179]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 3.724 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFB9FF84BAC1FF33FAC1FF21" box="[1245,1329,152,179]" degrees="5.432" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="55" value="-5.432">5.432 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. There is a long sustain. This segment is usually regular and almost flat (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BF57FF4AFE23FF69" box="[331,467,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41A, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but convex in some calls (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BD14FF4AFC9DFF69" box="[776,877,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak of these calls is at the end of the first two thirds of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BA4DFEAEFB44FE8D" box="[1105,1204,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41E</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BB73FEAEFF1DFED1" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41A, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 43 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (silence intervals are present between peaks;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BDA7FEE6FBF9FEF5" box="[955,1033,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–H). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BB45FEE5FA8BFEF5" box="[1369,1403,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
11 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BF3BFED9FEB8FE19" box="[295,328,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
57 pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is longer than fall, with amplitude peak of the pulse at
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BE8BFE3DFF49FE3D" box="[151,185,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
two thirds of the pulse duration. The amplitude peak of the last pulse is at the beginning or middle of the pulse (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BEBCFE12FEF8FE41" box="[160,264,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Duration of silence intervals is similar to pulse duration. The last pulse is usually the longest (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BB53FE11FA81FE41" box="[1359,1393,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
1.5 times longer than the other pulses). In some calls, the last pulse is the shortest. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BB73FE76FF3CFD89" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 42A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BC24FDA9FDAAFD89" box="[568,602,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
290 Hz. The first five harmonics are usually absent in audiospectrograms (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BEBCFD8EFEF5FDAD" box="[160,261,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There are
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BF9AFD8DFE57FDAD" box="[390,423,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
four adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BD02FDE1FCC8FDF1" box="[798,824,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFB9FF84BD5BFDE2FC2BFDF1" box="[839,987,585,611]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="2630" valueMax="2910">2630 to 2910</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BA0FFDE2FB8BFDF1" box="[1043,1147,585,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the seven to the 29
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFB9FF84BFF5FDC7FE06FDE8" attach="none" box="[489,502,620,634]" fontSize="6" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">th</superScript>
|
||||
, but it is usually the ninth (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BD03FDC6FC77FD15" box="[799,903,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 42A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is no shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 2500 and 3350 Hz (three harmonics;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BAE1FD3AFAAFFD39" box="[1277,1375,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The call has a slight general upward FM and a short downward FM at the end, leading to arc-shaped bands in audiospectrograms when considering the entire call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BC64FD72FCD4FD61" box="[632,804,729,755]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1302,1327]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,816,1272]" captionTargetId="figure@72.[151,1436,813,1277]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 41. Call A of Physalaemus orophilus. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with four pulses (C and F). Variant calls with different envelopes (D–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C and F) and 0.5 s (D–H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (B, F, and H); 46 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613078/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 41B, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, there can be a slight PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM,
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BD69FD55FC68FC85" box="[885,920,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||||
up-downward FM in each pulse.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
127
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Normal file
127
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCF8FB81.xml
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@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
|
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<mods:title id="95F4C0345B126B58A65F7B06F7C1F0B9">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="8C923C2AED043787F622F4552A442AA1">1</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end id="857634FEE463ACFCBFDA23D66C7B3D6B">106</mods:end>
|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
</mods:part>
|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:classification id="A8F1681D6DF1C4D300E712B87B015735">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="4513913DC00A35EDD9BD732C7A460E99" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="E25FE7089EC6F10300815D07D8ECCA4A" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="60EB7E4CD7004675691936DC5F8C1A04" type="GBIF-Dataset">67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="CC51859135A1D504765FFCDCACFF5732" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="4A5CB8E27391C2923BE530767447BE83" type="Zenodo-Dep">3612996</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="697BD5EA720102460D1667E1A85459EC" type="ZooBank">B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="D435E640FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCF8FB81" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583634" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762922" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583634" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCF8FB81" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCF8FB81" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FAA6FED1" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCDDFF21" blockId="71.[151,813,153,180]" box="[151,813,153,180]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||||
<heading id="076BE03AFFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCDDFF21" bold="true" box="[151,813,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" reason="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCDDFF21" authority="Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi, 2010" authorityName="Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,813,153,180]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="feioi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FCDDFF21" bold="true" box="[151,813,153,180]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBE8BFF32FE84FF21" bold="true" box="[151,372,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Physalaemus feioi</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFB6FF8BBF67FF32FCDDFF21" author="Cassini, C. S. & Cruz, C. A. G. & Caramaschi, U." box="[379,813,153,179]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref73137" refString="Cassini, C. S., Cruz, C. A. G. & Caramaschi, U. (2010) Taxonomic review of Physalaemus olfersii (Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856) with revalidation of Physalaemus lateristriga (Steindachner, 1864) and description of two new related species (Anura: Leiuperidae). Zootaxa, 2491 (1), 1 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2491.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB6FF8BBE8BFF4FFAA6FED1" blockId="71.[151,1437,227,1044]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFB6FF8BBF93FF4FFE4EFF6E" box="[399,446,228,252]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call has long duration and is composed of a single harmonic note with a sequence of pulses with interpulse silence intervals. The bands have a general upward FM and a downward FM at the end, yielding a slight arc shape in the audiospectrogram when considering the entire call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB6FF8BBEDBFEE6FCF8FB81" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB6FF8BBEDBFEE6FCF8FB81" blockId="71.[151,1437,227,1044]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBEDBFEE6FDD3FEFA" bold="true" box="[199,547,333,360]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBF02FEE6FE80FEFA" box="[286,368,333,360]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–H and 33H).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined seven recordings, a total of eight minutes, with 52 calls from nine males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFB6FF8BBCF6FEDAFCB0FE19" box="[746,832,369,395]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 3.854 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFB6FF8BBAC1FEDAFAC1FE1E" box="[1245,1329,369,396]" degrees="4.920" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" precision="55" value="-4.92">4.920 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. There is a long sustain. This segment is usually regular and almost flat but some calls have sustains with a convex shape (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBD63FE12FBFAFE46" box="[895,1034,441,468]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40A, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is often at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope of the call is rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBA75FE76FB03FE6A" box="[1129,1267,477,504]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40A, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 45 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (there are silence intervals between pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBCD4FD8EFCA4FDD2" box="[712,852,549,576]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40A, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBA6AFD8DFB68FDAD" box="[1142,1176,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
15 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBB4BFD8DFA88FDAD" box="[1367,1400,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
55 pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is longer than fall, with amplitude peak of the pulse at
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBAA3FDE1FB10FDF1" box="[1215,1248,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
two thirds of the pulse duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBF54FDC6FE40FD15" box="[328,432,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak of the last pulse is at the beginning or middle of the pulse. Interval durations are similar to pulse duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBC46FD3AFD33FD39" box="[602,707,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The last pulse is usually the longest (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBA9DFD39FB52FD39" box="[1153,1186,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
1.5 times longer than the other pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBF46FD1EFE30FD5D" box="[346,448,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In some calls, the last pulse is the shortest (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBDD9FD1EFBC0FD5D" box="[965,1072,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBEBCFD72FEF8FD61" box="[160,264,729,755]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 33H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBC6DFD71FD63FD61" box="[625,659,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
330 Hz. The first five harmonics are usually absent in the audiospectrogram. There are
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBF6CFD55FE61FC85" box="[368,401,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
four adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBD04FC89FCC2FCA9" box="[792,818,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFB6FF8BBD5CFC8AFC24FCA9" box="[832,980,801,828]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" value="2340" valueMax="2470">2340 to 2470</date>
|
||||
Hz. The dominant harmonic varies from the sixth to the 15
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFB6FF8BBF41FCEFFE9AFCC0" attach="none" box="[349,362,836,850]" fontSize="6" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">th</superScript>
|
||||
, but it is usually the seventh (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBCA8FCEEFCECFCCD" box="[692,796,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 33H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFB6FF8BBD4EFCC2FC0AFC16" box="[850,1018,873,900]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" value="2100" valueMax="2950">2100 and 2950</date>
|
||||
Hz (three harmonics). The call has a general upward FM and a short downward FM at the end, yielding a slight arc shape in the audiospectrogram when considering the entire call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBFD0FC1AFDA7FC59" box="[460,599,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40B, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is a slight PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM,
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB6FF8BBFF5FC7DFDFCFC7D" box="[489,524,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||||
up-downward FM in each pulse (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBD9EFC7EFBB6FC62" box="[898,1094,981,1008]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40A, B, C, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, there is another PFM, which is perceptible within the pulses (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB6FF8BBC8FFC52FD0CFB81" box="[659,764,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1620,1645]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,1069,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[151,1436,1065,1594]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 40. Call A of Physalaemus feioi. Oscillograms (A, C–E) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H). A typical call (A–B). Segment with nine pulses (C and F). A variant call A with different envelope (D and G). Segment with the last seven pulses of a call (E and H). Note the longer duration of the final pulse (E and H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (D and G) and 0.1 s (C, F, E, and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.4 (F); 44.9 (B and G); 92.1 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613076/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 40H</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
113
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FCF0FB9F.xml
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113
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FCF0FB9F.xml
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|
|
@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
|
|||
<document id="CB20FDAF945934C7A37BD18B8BAFE527" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FCF0FB9F" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus maximus Feio, Pombal & Caramaschi 1999" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="71" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="71" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="86D374305E572F7C08AE1B6B98EBFC42">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F189F053832EBB7C041290AD0BB1620D">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C4D6C30050AADC2D9B2A8C08B7C493F2">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0FA411A29BB557272035D4BDD039C7C0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="47F5FC6382CB4E286C713DA6E6157EEC">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FCF0FB9F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583632" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762925" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583632" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FCF0FB9F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FCF0FB9F" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FC3FFEF3" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FC91FF21" blockId="70.[151,865,153,180]" box="[151,865,153,180]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FC91FF21" bold="true" box="[151,865,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FC91FF21" authority="Feio, Pombal & Caramaschi, 1999" authorityName="Feio, Pombal & Caramaschi" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,865,153,180]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FC91FF21" bold="true" box="[151,865,153,180]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABE8BFF32FE5DFF21" bold="true" box="[151,429,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Physalaemus maximus</emphasis>
|
||||
Feio, Pombal & Caramaschi, 1999
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB7FF8ABE8BFF70FC3FFEF3" blockId="70.[151,1437,219,1037]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFB7FF8ABF8FFF70FE33FF67" box="[403,451,219,245]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a subtle PAM, with no silence intervals. It has a long duration and a very low fundamental frequency with subtle PFM throughout the call. The bands have a slight general upward FM and a downward FM at the end, yielding a slight arc shape in the audiospectrogram when considering the entire call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB7FF8ABEDBFEC1FCF0FB9F" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB7FF8ABEDBFEC1FCF0FB9F" blockId="70.[151,1437,219,1037]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABEDBFEC1FDD9FE17" bold="true" box="[199,553,362,389]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABF3DFEC1FE84FE17" box="[289,372,362,389]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1943,1968]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1067,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1058,1918]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 39. Call A of Physalaemus maximus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with different envelope and less frequency-modulated (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 30.7 (B); 38.4 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613074/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–D and 33G).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined seven recordings, a total of five minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABAC2FEC7FB08FE17" box="[1246,1272,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 90 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFB7FF8ABE8BFE24FF0DFE3B" box="[151,253,399,425]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="male">11 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFB7FF8ABCE2FE24FCA3FE3B" box="[766,851,399,425]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 1.887 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFB7FF8ABAF9FE24FAC8FE3B" box="[1253,1336,399,425]" degrees="2.446" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" precision="55" value="-2.446">2.446 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise is longer than call fall or both are similar in duration. Call rise and fall have exponential, linear or logarithmic shape. There is a long sustain. It is usually almost flat but slightly irregular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABDF7FE7CFBA4FE63" box="[1003,1108,471,497]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1943,1968]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1067,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1058,1918]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 39. Call A of Physalaemus maximus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with different envelope and less frequency-modulated (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 30.7 (B); 38.4 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613074/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 39A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). However, in some calls, the beginning of this segment has low amplitude, which gradually increases towards the end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABAE1FE50FAAEFD87" box="[1277,1374,507,533]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1943,1968]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1067,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1058,1918]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 39. Call A of Physalaemus maximus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with different envelope and less frequency-modulated (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 30.7 (B); 38.4 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613074/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig 39C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first two thirds the call duration. The amplitude of the call is usually at three fifths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic, rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABA1AFDE8FB9CFDCF" box="[1030,1132,579,605]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1943,1968]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1067,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1058,1918]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 39. Call A of Physalaemus maximus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with different envelope and less frequency-modulated (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 30.7 (B); 38.4 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613074/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 39A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABE8BFDCCFF0AFD13" box="[151,250,615,641]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1943,1968]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1067,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1058,1918]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 39. Call A of Physalaemus maximus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with different envelope and less frequency-modulated (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 30.7 (B); 38.4 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613074/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 39C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) depending on the steepness of the sustain and position of the amplitude peak of the call. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 36 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call can have a slight PAM (silence intervals absent between peaks). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABDA4FD1BFC2AFD5B" box="[952,986,688,713]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
10 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABA8BFD1BFB49FD5B" box="[1175,1209,688,713]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
22 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABCCBFD78FCB0FD7F" box="[727,832,723,749]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 33G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABABBFD7FFB38FD7F" box="[1191,1224,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
170 Hz. This band and the next harmonic are absent in audiospectrograms. There are usually
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABDF0FD53FBFEFC83" box="[1004,1038,760,785]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
seven emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB7FF8ABB20FCB7FAA6FCA7" box="[1340,1366,796,821]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFB7FF8ABB78FCB0FF1EFCCB" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1000" valueMax="1030">1000 to 1030</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABF34FC94FE61FCCB" box="[296,401,831,857]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1943,1968]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1067,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1058,1918]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 39. Call A of Physalaemus maximus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with different envelope and less frequency-modulated (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 30.7 (B); 38.4 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613074/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 39B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the ninth, but it is usually the sixth (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABB73FC94FF3CFCEF" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 33G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 850 and 1550 Hz (five harmonics). The call has a general FM slightly upward and a short downward FM at the end, yielding a slight arc shape in the audiospectrogram when considering the entire call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB7FF8ABB19FC00FA60FC57" box="[1285,1424,939,965]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1943,1968]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,1067,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1058,1918]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 39. Call A of Physalaemus maximus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with different envelope and less frequency-modulated (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 30.7 (B); 38.4 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613074/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Fig. 39B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, there can be a slight PFM throughout the call, which is usually independent of PAM or can be directly proportional and synchronic to some parts of the PAM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
135
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB9FF87BE8BFA0FFA7AFF45.xml
Normal file
135
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFB9FF87BE8BFA0FFA7AFF45.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
|
|||
<document id="DA3D1F271504B622BCD970BE150C84D7" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFB9FF87BE8BFA0FFA7AFF45" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus lateristriga" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="73" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="73" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="68AC5D218A6A6E4DE170B9F77DEF64E8" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="B4DAD575155DD199A86C1F2F4C60300D">
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<mods:title id="AB9461078968F7B7B8D644EFFFBDFB73">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="F76F4F97CDE2E361654C58AECBC39F0B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="15285101EE61DF776DC089857A80C303">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="7BA0C617AAB5B56887F4E3ED84F6DD32" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="C0CD2106AB2B79984EC27B6B6F8069EA">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5D4E80006E4B8C524519E77B765E36DC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="ED32845E9BA53431D32FB943E780FFAC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="7AD5B6FD1D212533CCA59B251BC8A409">
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<mods:date id="CEF2878E1E299A2ABEF37094566785D2">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="66AFD749D0CBE1370904E5F7B4C3B7B6">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="CC881E62C6AA86A2635CB03359E6EB40">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="6FC2683A360E6A49CF3A46C9E8106939" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFB9FF87BE8BFA0FFA7AFF45" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583638" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762924" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583638" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFB9FF87BE8BFA0FFA7AFF45" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFB9FF87BE8BFA0FFA7AFF45" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB9FF84BE8BFA0FFB6EF9DA" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFB9FF84BE8BFA0FFD3AFA2C" blockId="72.[151,714,1444,1471]" box="[151,714,1444,1471]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFB9FF84BE8BFA0FFD3AFA2C" bold="true" box="[151,714,1444,1471]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFB9FF84BE8BFA0FFD3AFA2C" authority="(Steindachner, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[151,714,1444,1471]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateristriga">
|
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BE8BFA0FFD3AFA2C" bold="true" box="[151,714,1444,1471]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BE8BFA0FFE32FA2D" bold="true" box="[151,450,1444,1471]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Physalaemus lateristriga</emphasis>
|
||||
(Steindachner, 1864)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB9FF84BE8BFA4DFB6EF9DA" blockId="72.[151,1437,1510,2040]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFB9FF84BF8FFA4DFE33F992" box="[403,451,1510,1536]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a long duration and a slight PAM (no silence intervals between pulses). It has irregular and strong PFM throughout the call. The bands have no general FM or only slight general FM, which is usually upward.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFB9FF87BEDBF9FAFA7AFF45" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFB9FF87BEDBF9FAFA7AFF45" blockId="72.[151,1437,1510,2040]" lastBlockId="75.[151,1436,153,215]" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BEDBF9FAFDEBF9FE" bold="true" box="[199,539,1617,1644]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BF03F9FAFE9FF9FE" box="[287,367,1617,1644]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="74.[151,250,757,782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,186,725]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,181,731]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 43. Call A of Physalaemus lateristriga. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and different spectral features (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C and E) and 0.1 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 18.4 (E); 42.3 (B); 31.7 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613082" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613082/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–F and 42B).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined seven recordings, a total of 20 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BAAEF9F8FB3CF9FE" box="[1202,1228,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 160 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFB9FF84BB9CF9F9FF2CF902" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="male">16 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFB9FF84BCF0F9DDFCB2F902" box="[748,834,1654,1680]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 1.330 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFB9FF84BAFCF9DDFAC4F902" box="[1248,1332,1654,1680]" degrees="3.746" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="55" value="-3.746">3.746 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise is restricted to the very beginning of the call, most of the call corresponding to the sustain (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BADFF931FADBF926" box="[1219,1323,1690,1716]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="74.[151,250,757,782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,186,725]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,181,731]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 43. Call A of Physalaemus lateristriga. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and different spectral features (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C and E) and 0.1 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 18.4 (E); 42.3 (B); 31.7 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613082" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613082/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 43C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. Sustain usually regular and almost flat (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BAE1F915FA94F94A" box="[1277,1380,1726,1752]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="74.[151,250,757,782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,186,725]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,181,731]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 43. Call A of Physalaemus lateristriga. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and different spectral features (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C and E) and 0.1 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 18.4 (E); 42.3 (B); 31.7 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613082" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613082/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 43C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but some calls have convex or inclined segments, with amplitude gradually increasing towards its end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BAF4F949FA82F96E" box="[1256,1394,1762,1788]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="74.[151,250,757,782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,186,725]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,181,731]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 43. Call A of Physalaemus lateristriga. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and different spectral features (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C and E) and 0.1 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 18.4 (E); 42.3 (B); 31.7 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613082" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613082/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 43A, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In some calls, there is a shallow valley at the beginning of the sustain (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BD89F8ADFBEEF8B2" box="[917,1054,1798,1824]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="74.[151,250,757,782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,186,725]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,181,731]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 43. Call A of Physalaemus lateristriga. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and different spectral features (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C and E) and 0.1 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 18.4 (E); 42.3 (B); 31.7 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613082" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613082/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 43A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is at around the middle or at the end of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BABEF881FAF5F8D6" box="[1186,1285,1834,1860]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="74.[151,250,757,782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,186,725]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,181,731]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 43. Call A of Physalaemus lateristriga. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and different spectral features (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C and E) and 0.1 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 18.4 (E); 42.3 (B); 31.7 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613082" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613082/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 43C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BF2DF8E5FE4DF8FA" box="[305,445,1870,1896]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="74.[151,250,757,782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,186,725]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,181,731]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 43. Call A of Physalaemus lateristriga. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and different spectral features (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C and E) and 0.1 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 18.4 (E); 42.3 (B); 31.7 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613082" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613082/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 43A, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 39 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (silence intervals absent between peaks;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BA61F8D9FAFAF81E" box="[1149,1290,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="74.[151,250,757,782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,186,725]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,181,731]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 43. Call A of Physalaemus lateristriga. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and different spectral features (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C and E) and 0.1 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 18.4 (E); 42.3 (B); 31.7 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613082" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613082/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 43A, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BF06F83CFECBF822" box="[282,315,1943,1968]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
8 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BFF9F83CFDF6F822" box="[485,518,1943,1968]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
29 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the cycle duration. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFB9FF84BDC9F811FBCCF846" box="[981,1084,1978,2004]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 42B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFB9FF84BE8BF874FF49F86A" box="[151,185,2015,2040]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
170 Hz. The first five harmonics are usually absent in the audiospectrogram or with very low energy. There are
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBBFF86BE8BF882FF49F8D0" box="[151,185,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
eight adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics (f
|
||||
<subScript id="C0185513FFBBFF86BF4DF8F5FEA9F8FE" attach="left" box="[337,345,1886,1900]" fontSize="6" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">0</subScript>
|
||||
1/2) are present at the beginning of some calls (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBBFF86BD77F8E7FC1FF8F5" box="[875,1007,1868,1895]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="74.[151,250,757,782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,186,725]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,181,731]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 43. Call A of Physalaemus lateristriga. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and different spectral features (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C and E) and 0.1 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 18.4 (E); 42.3 (B); 31.7 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613082" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613082/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 43B, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBBFF86BE8BF8DAFF41F818" box="[151,177,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFBBFF86BEDCF8DBFEA3F818" box="[192,339,1904,1931]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" value="1590" valueMax="1840">1590 to 1840</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBBFF86BF97F8DBFE01F818" box="[395,497,1904,1930]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="74.[151,250,757,782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,186,725]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,181,731]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 43. Call A of Physalaemus lateristriga. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and different spectral features (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C and E) and 0.1 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 18.4 (E); 42.3 (B); 31.7 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613082" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613082/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 43B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the ninth to the 13
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFBBFF86BA70F8C4FB89F8EF" attach="none" box="[1132,1145,1903,1917]" fontSize="6" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">th</superScript>
|
||||
, but it is usually the ninth or 10
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFBBFF86BECEF838FF2FF833" attach="left" box="[210,223,1939,1953]" fontSize="6" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">th</superScript>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBBFF86BEF7F83FFEA3F83C" box="[235,339,1940,1966]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 42B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFBBFF86BF71F813FDE7F841" box="[365,535,1976,2003]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" value="1100" valueMax="2150">1100 and 2150</date>
|
||||
Hz (seven harmonics). Calls usually lack a clear general FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBBFF86BAFAF813FA80F841" box="[1254,1392,1976,2003]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="74.[151,250,757,782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,186,725]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,181,731]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 43. Call A of Physalaemus lateristriga. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and different spectral features (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C and E) and 0.1 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 18.4 (E); 42.3 (B); 31.7 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613082" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613082/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 43B, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In some calls, a slight up or downward general FM is observed, usually upward. A short downward FM is frequently present at the end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BFF7FF32FDA2FF21" box="[491,594,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="74.[151,250,757,782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,186,725]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,181,731]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 43. Call A of Physalaemus lateristriga. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and different spectral features (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C and E) and 0.1 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 18.4 (E); 42.3 (B); 31.7 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613082" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613082/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 43E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, there is a strong PFM throughout the call, which is usually independent (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BF33FF16FE44FF45" box="[303,436,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="74.[151,250,757,782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,186,725]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,181,731]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 43. Call A of Physalaemus lateristriga. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and different spectral features (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C and E) and 0.1 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 18.4 (E); 42.3 (B); 31.7 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613082" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613082/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 43C, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but it is directly proportional and synchronic to PAM when it is present (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BAE9FF16FA8DFF45" box="[1269,1405,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="74.[151,250,757,782]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,186,725]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,181,731]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 43. Call A of Physalaemus lateristriga. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and different spectral features (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C and E) and 0.1 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 18.4 (E); 42.3 (B); 31.7 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613082" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613082/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 43A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
111
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFBAFF80BE8BF9BEFB37FE65.xml
Normal file
111
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFBAFF80BE8BF9BEFB37FE65.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
|
|||
<document id="1B9131F80F111FE753C7065369455F99" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFBAFF80BE8BF9BEFB37FE65" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus riograndensis Milstead 1960" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="76" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="76" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="E744EBDCA8FF6ED8F26495D701932F19" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F3F5160EC9907B8135AE552B063C7994">
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<mods:title id="624F67633F06EDFC794A359F450210B9">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:name id="0B521AFD41F1CCE13355ECEA5492EAAE" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0D0B98A355F4CA0F84459EA295B5BA45">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="53E0363A0B0BBD8FB182C41B4F99A5A1">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="05936B61E52D951C90731B2D3370C007">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BCA6C653C6655DB94FD9105EF8C09CEF">
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<mods:date id="B9CCABC84FA91542FD284022F682849C">2020</mods:date>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFBAFF80BE8BF9BEFB37FE65" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583642" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762927" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583642" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFBAFF80BE8BF9BEFB37FE65" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFBAFF80BE8BF9BEFB37FE65" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFBAFF87BE8BF9BEFDB2F92D" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBAFF87BE8BF9BEFD53F9BD" blockId="75.[151,675,1557,1584]" box="[151,675,1557,1584]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFBAFF87BE8BF9BEFD53F9BD" bold="true" box="[151,675,1557,1584]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFBAFF87BE8BF9BEFD53F9BD" authority="Milstead, 1960" authorityName="Milstead" authorityYear="1960" box="[151,675,1557,1584]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riograndensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BE8BF9BEFD53F9BD" bold="true" box="[151,675,1557,1584]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BE8BF9BEFE14F9A2" bold="true" box="[151,484,1557,1584]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Physalaemus riograndensis</emphasis>
|
||||
Milstead, 1960
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBAFF87BE8BF9F6FDB2F92D" blockId="75.[151,1437,1629,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFBAFF87BF8FF9F6FE33F9E5" box="[403,451,1629,1655]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with high fundamental frequency (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BFFBF929FDF8F909" box="[487,520,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
1000 Hz). It has a general downward FM throughout the call, with an up-downward FM segment in the its first third.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFBAFF80BEDBF963FB37FE65" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBAFF80BEDBF963FB37FE65" blockId="75.[151,1437,1629,2015]" lastBlockId="76.[151,1437,152,503]" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BEDBF963FDD5F971" bold="true" box="[199,549,1736,1763]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BF3EF963FE84F971" box="[290,372,1736,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="76.[151,250,1073,1098]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,531,1045]" captionTargetId="figure@76.[151,1436,525,1048]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURE 45. Call A of Physalaemus riograndensis. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (E and F); 42.3 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613086" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613086/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–F and 42D).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 14 recordings, a total of 31 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BAB7F961FB35F971" box="[1195,1221,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 820 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFBAFF87BB9CF963FF2CF895" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="male">50 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFBAFF87BCFEF946FCC7F895" box="[738,823,1773,1799]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.691 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFBAFF87BAD2F947FAD1F895" box="[1230,1313,1772,1799]" degrees="0.835" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" precision="55" value="-0.835">0.835 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The envelope of the call is variable (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BFD7F8BAFD88F8B9" box="[459,632,1808,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="76.[151,250,1073,1098]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,531,1045]" captionTargetId="figure@76.[151,1436,525,1048]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURE 45. Call A of Physalaemus riograndensis. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (E and F); 42.3 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613086" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613086/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 45A, C, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. Calls usually have a short segment with very low amplitude at the beginning of the call, separated from the rest of the call by an abrupt change in amplitude. The shape of the call rise and fall is usually exponential. The sustain is irregular, usually composed of a shallow or deep valley (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BD61F8D5FC6FF805" box="[893,927,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||||
, with a concave shape;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BAB4F8D6FAFFF805" box="[1192,1295,1916,1943]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="76.[151,250,1073,1098]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,531,1045]" captionTargetId="figure@76.[151,1436,525,1048]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURE 45. Call A of Physalaemus riograndensis. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (E and F); 42.3 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613086" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613086/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 45D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is often at around the middle or after one third of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BB73F80AFF19F84D" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="76.[151,250,1073,1098]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,531,1045]" captionTargetId="figure@76.[151,1436,525,1048]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURE 45. Call A of Physalaemus riograndensis. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (E and F); 42.3 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613086" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613086/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 45A, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to triangular (pointed right;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BC30F86EFD61F84D" box="[556,657,1988,2015]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="76.[151,250,1073,1098]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,531,1045]" captionTargetId="figure@76.[151,1436,525,1048]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURE 45. Call A of Physalaemus riograndensis. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (E and F); 42.3 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613086" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613086/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 45C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular shape of some calls resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 27 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BDF1FF16FBA6FF45" box="[1005,1110,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 42D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBDFF80BEACFF49FF21FF69" box="[176,209,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
1020 Hz and the first six harmonics are generally emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBDFF80BD48FEADFC9EFE8D" box="[852,878,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 950 to 1030 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BA24FEAEFB51FE8D" box="[1080,1185,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 42D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The first harmonic is the dominant (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BF27FE82FE52FED1" box="[315,418,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 42D</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BFB2FE83FDEEFED1" box="[430,542,296,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="76.[151,250,1073,1098]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,531,1045]" captionTargetId="figure@76.[151,1436,525,1048]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURE 45. Call A of Physalaemus riograndensis. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (E and F); 42.3 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613086" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613086/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">45B, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is a clear shift in relative energy among bands. Although, usually, there is no shift in the dominant frequency, the higher bands get more energy towards the end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BAF4FEE6FAA1FEF5" box="[1256,1361,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 42D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 850 and 1150 Hz (one harmonic). The call has a general downward FM (45B, E, F). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, leading to arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short upward FM at the end (45B, E, F). The general downward FM and the initial updownward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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</document>
|
||||
73
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73
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BE8BFB5EFE2EFA82" bold="true" box="[151,478,1269,1296]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Physalaemus biligonigerus</emphasis>
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species group
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Only one call
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was recorded for this group. All species have calls composed of a single harmonic note. The fundamental frequency is usually around 500 Hz, except for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFBAFF87BD59FAC9FC0EFAE9" authorityName="Milstead" authorityYear="1960" box="[837,1022,1377,1403]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riograndensis">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BD59FAC9FC0EFAE9" box="[837,1022,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">P. riograndensis</emphasis>
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|
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whose calls have a fundamental frequency at
|
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BF12FA2DFEC0FA0D" box="[270,304,1414,1439]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">ca.</emphasis>
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1000 Hz. All species have calls with S-shaped harmonics, resulting from a general downward FM with an up-downward FM segment in the beginning of the call. The call envelope is considerably variable within the species of this group.
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<mods:identifier id="8DD6A1924EC519A2D73B658A838DD293" type="ZooBank">B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="D435E640FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFDB2FB31" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583640" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583640" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFDB2FB31" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFDB2FB31" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFAE6FE3D" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFCD3FE8D" blockId="75.[151,803,261,288]" box="[151,803,261,288]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||||
<heading id="076BE03AFFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFCD3FE8D" bold="true" box="[151,803,261,288]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" reason="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFCD3FE8D" authority="(Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856)" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein & Martens" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[151,803,261,288]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olfersii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFCD3FE8D" bold="true" box="[151,803,261,288]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFE63FEB2" bold="true" box="[151,403,261,288]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Physalaemus olfersii</emphasis>
|
||||
(Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBAFF87BE8BFEE6FAE6FE3D" blockId="75.[151,1437,333,1187]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFBAFF87BFBCFEE6FE20FEF5" box="[416,464,333,359]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a very long duration and a slight PAM (no silence intervals between pulses). It has an irregular and strong PFM throughout the call. The bands have no general FM or have only a slight FM, which is usually upward.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFBAFF87BEDBFE13FDB2FB31" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBAFF87BEDBFE13FDB2FB31" blockId="75.[151,1437,333,1187]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BEDBFE13FDC3FE41" bold="true" box="[199,563,440,467]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BF3AFE13FE8BFE41" box="[294,379,440,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–D and 42C).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 13 recordings, a total of 35 minutes, with 332 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFBAFF87BB9CFE12FF2CFE65" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="male">31 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFBAFF87BCF6FE76FCB0FE65" box="[746,832,477,503]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 3.530 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFBAFF87BAC1FE76FAC1FE65" box="[1245,1329,477,503]" degrees="4.837" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" precision="55" value="-4.837">4.837 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. The limit between the call rise and sustain is not clear in calls with triangular envelope (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BC12FD8EFD87FDAD" box="[526,631,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is a long sustain. This segment is usually regular and almost flat (slightly decreasing towards end of the segment –
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BCD1FDE2FCC3FDF1" box="[717,819,585,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but some calls have very inclined sustains, where the beginning of the segment has low amplitude and gradually increases towards its end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BA5BFDC6FB5FFD15" box="[1095,1199,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first tenth or at the very end of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BF38FD1EFE78FD5D" box="[292,392,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BCA0FD1EFCD3FD5D" box="[700,803,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 46 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call can have a slight PAM (silence intervals are absent between peaks). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BC2AFD55FDA7FC85" box="[566,599,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
11 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BD10FD55FCDDFC85" box="[780,813,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
50 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the cycle duration. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BAE4FC8AFAAFFCA9" box="[1272,1375,801,827]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 42C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BFA2FCEDFE10FCCD" box="[446,480,838,863]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
150 Hz. The first seven harmonics have very low energy or are absent in the audiospectrogram. There are
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BF82FCC1FE30FC11" box="[414,448,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
12 adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are usually regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, some calls have deterministic chaos regimes in several parts, mainly at their outset (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BEF7FC1AFEA4FC59" box="[235,340,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BD0FFC19FCDDFC59" box="[787,813,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFBAFF87BD21FC1BFC24FC59" box="[829,980,944,971]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" value="1570" valueMax="1870">1570 to 1870</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BA12FC1AFB87FC59" box="[1038,1143,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the ninth to the 19
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFBAFF87BFF6FC7FFE07FC70" attach="none" box="[490,503,980,994]" fontSize="6" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">th</superScript>
|
||||
, but it is usually between the ninth and 12
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFBAFF87BDCCFC7FFC2DFC70" attach="left" box="[976,989,980,994]" fontSize="6" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">th</superScript>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BDF5FC7EFBA1FC7D" box="[1001,1105,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 42C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFBAFF87BA80FC52FAB5FB81" box="[1180,1349,1016,1043]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" value="1100" valueMax="2150">1100 and 2150</date>
|
||||
Hz (12 harmonics). Calls have no general FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BC4DFBB6FD49FBA5" box="[593,697,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), or have only a slight general FM, usually upward (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BAE3FBB6FA95FBA5" box="[1279,1381,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44B</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but sometimes downward. There is usually a short downward FM at the end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BA4CFBEAFB48FBC9" box="[1104,1208,1089,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, there is a strong PFM throughout the call, which is usually independent, but it is directly proportional and synchronic to PAM when it is present (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BFB0FB22FDC5FB31" box="[428,565,1161,1187]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
113
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FD3FF8D0.xml
Normal file
113
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FD3FF8D0.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
|
|||
<document id="55D7C7F1EA9D26486A6116AB09F0278F" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FD3FF8D0" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus marmoratus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="78" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="78" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="3E82C2A5644FC0CD34EB7740AA64FDD8">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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|
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|
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<mods:namePart id="065CA99948550166C38B9B59995E7128">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:name id="7B138016A3E06A23BF7EC19292AB143E" type="personal">
|
||||
<mods:role id="91725B690A8F95A6E2F17CFB05A9FED0">
|
||||
<mods:roleTerm id="5E5DB7A4E7879494640C10AC4453B6CC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="3EA66111BEECC925637DD731551DE908">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource id="D16B56EA111CE1C0BC1B48DCFB4F9CD8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||||
<mods:relatedItem id="33E018F51A7B4ADF4117E3A8921E1E1F" type="host">
|
||||
<mods:titleInfo id="6616588871DBC027F1F7A479752EA1CF">
|
||||
<mods:title id="599EC5D4E301FEC898C7459080986725">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:part id="AC253A7A65E1FD979C50427FA9BD5E25">
|
||||
<mods:date id="795DD2D3BE88796E8D3CB5FED16E2A04">2020</mods:date>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="00CC9F6124D616D41A6B8255B732ACA2" type="pubDate">
|
||||
<mods:number id="156478514E6DD3ECA5F0D95A64B22639">2020-01-20</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="6DF5251A58930828A96F251D7F9B5AD1" type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number id="F6D57A7E5AD5B95375DA86CFAF7D1D3D">4725</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="365F4998DEB29FD79FC19D83AC6E1596" type="issue">
|
||||
<mods:number id="AF17FAB2139FCE6B96B60ABF9A849787">1</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:extent id="EB9877015A1E93757B7837170D60E2E1" unit="page">
|
||||
<mods:start id="899C9492ABC9D4DD45E32D386E673738">1</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end id="2AC490097988D91FB0E1FE218763B991">106</mods:end>
|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
</mods:part>
|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:classification id="AAEC3FEBD4442AC12FCF0571A2A34966">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="5D35959F17E0059E6619910308DB086F" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="5A0FB060DB42878E36FEE34AA44D8712" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="19E43ECE9BB5B06888BB4419380F3D54" type="GBIF-Dataset">67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="B1482BCE74F3176E439ED7D1E96E36BB" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="04AF9BEE3A921E89EAA3411FD0BF9D71" type="Zenodo-Dep">3612996</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="3324107F72BA55FB68B8A5C5E61F1F9A" type="ZooBank">B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="D435E640FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FD3FF8D0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583646" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762928" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583646" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FD3FF8D0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FD3FF8D0" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFBCFF81BE8BFC40FB52FBE3" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FCCAFB97" blockId="77.[151,826,1003,1030]" box="[151,826,1003,1030]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
||||
<heading id="076BE03AFFBCFF81BE8BFC40FCCAFB97" bold="true" box="[151,826,1003,1030]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" reason="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FCCAFB97" authority="(Reinhardt & Lutken, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Reinhardt & Lutken" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[151,826,1003,1030]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FCCAFB97" bold="true" box="[151,826,1003,1030]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBCFF81BE8BFC40FE22FB94" bold="true" box="[151,466,1003,1030]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Physalaemus marmoratus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBCFF81BE8BFB9FFB52FBE3" blockId="77.[151,1437,1075,1858]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFBCFF81BF85FB9FFE39FBDC" box="[409,457,1076,1102]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note. It has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third of the call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFBCFF81BEDBFBD1FD3FF8D0" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBCFF81BEDBFBD1FD3FF8D0" blockId="77.[151,1437,1075,1858]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBCFF81BEDBFBD1FDEEFB07" bold="true" box="[199,542,1146,1173]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BF3DFBD1FE84FB07" box="[289,372,1146,1173]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–J and 42F).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 15 recordings, a total of 31 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBCFF81BABCFBD7FB4AFB07" box="[1184,1210,1148,1173]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1100 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFBCFF81BB9CFBD0FF2CFB2B" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="male">44 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFBCFF81BCFEFB34FCC7FB2B" box="[738,823,1183,1209]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.614 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFBCFF81BAD2FB34FAD1FB28" box="[1230,1313,1183,1210]" degrees="0.938" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" precision="55" value="-0.938">0.938 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The envelope of the call is highly variable (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BC0CFB68FD87FB4F" box="[528,631,1219,1245]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47A</figureCitation>
|
||||
, C–F). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. The ratio between durations of call rise and fall, and their shapes, are highly variable. The sustain is usually irregular, composed of shallow valleys and small peaks (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BD78FAA0FC3AFAB7" box="[868,970,1291,1317]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47A</figureCitation>
|
||||
, C–F). In some calls the rise remains with very low amplitude until the limit with the sustain, where the amplitude increases abruptly (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BA90FA84FB03FADB" box="[1164,1267,1327,1353]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In other calls, the call fall has this same pattern, with an abruptly amplitude decrease after the sustain and thenceforth with low and constant amplitude until the end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BC94FADCFD00FA03" box="[648,752,1399,1425]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is usually at around the end of the first third of the call duration. The envelope of the calls varies from rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BDC0FA30FBAAFA24" box="[988,1114,1435,1462]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to triangular (pointed left or right;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BEC6FA14FEAFFA4B" box="[218,351,1471,1497]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47D, A</figureCitation>
|
||||
, respectively). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 29 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BCCDF9ACFCC4F9B3" box="[721,820,1543,1569]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 42F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBCFF81BA85F9A3FB4BF9B3" box="[1177,1211,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
510 Hz and the first six harmonics are generally emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBCFF81BFDBF9FBFE19F9FB" box="[455,489,1616,1641]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
500 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BC52F9E4FD43F9FB" box="[590,691,1615,1641]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The first is dominant harmonic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BA37F9E4FB7EF9FB" box="[1067,1166,1615,1641]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 42F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is a clear shift in relative energy between bands; although there is no shift in dominant frequency, the higher bands get more energy toward the end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BFDFF93CFDE5F923" box="[451,533,1687,1713]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
|
||||
G–J). Most of the call energy is between 400 and 2100 Hz (three to five harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BC61F910FD13F947" box="[637,739,1723,1749]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47B</figureCitation>
|
||||
, G–J). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BEE4F8A8FEAEF88F" box="[248,350,1795,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1012,1037]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,977]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[151,1436,181,986]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613090/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 47B</figureCitation>
|
||||
, G–J). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
115
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|
@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
|
|||
<document id="B102ED247B867FCAAEDFD4590D15A03E" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFBDFF81BE8BFB6BFAAEFF69" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus biligonigerus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="77" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="77" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="161326E42808B96CBD71B4BB3BA650B8">
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<mods:title id="CE9120F5B64FD2A1548A19B684C15EF1">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="97A1A5A5B6A4EDFE8808B868E0E14C35">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="893A8EFFB882E0E0433FFB7957AB693C">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="DF10C5C9DCFAD9733D92261FCFF77DEC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="D9B1A09369DC669ADD0635AA66E7A2D9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B73F4DC4519BCF0121DFE1AA2F29A0B8">
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<mods:date id="22AB23CB77CCB9B69E26EF6C37A2B6C5">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9FF083D4F2FEB3E9B794407C99624767">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="A0FD8C50E18B7CE189BA6DCFB5696021">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="CE0556CDD54EB43C35C056987D382C82" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFBDFF81BE8BFB6BFAAEFF69" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583644" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762931" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583644" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFBDFF81BE8BFB6BFAAEFF69" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFBDFF81BE8BFB6BFAAEFF69" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFBDFF80BE8BFB6BFA6CFAD4" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFBDFF80BE8BFB6BFD73FB48" blockId="76.[151,643,1216,1243]" box="[151,643,1216,1243]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFBDFF80BE8BFB6BFD73FB48" bold="true" box="[151,643,1216,1243]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFBDFF80BE8BFB6BFD73FB48" authority="(Cope, 1861)" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[151,643,1216,1243]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biligonigerus">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBDFF80BE8BFB6BFD73FB48" bold="true" box="[151,643,1216,1243]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBDFF80BE8BFB6BFE2EFB49" bold="true" box="[151,478,1216,1243]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Physalaemus biligonigerus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Cope, 1861)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBDFF80BE8BFAA2FA6CFAD4" blockId="76.[151,1437,1288,2035]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFBDFF80BF85FAA2FE39FAB1" box="[409,457,1289,1315]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note. It has a general downward FM throughout the call but with an up-downward FM segment in the first fifth of the call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFBDFF81BEDBFAE4FAAEFF69" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFBDFF81BEDBFAE4FAAEFF69" blockId="76.[151,1437,1288,2035]" lastBlockId="77.[151,1436,153,251]" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBDFF80BEDBFAE4FDEDFAF8" bold="true" box="[199,541,1359,1386]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BF03FAE4FE80FAF8" box="[287,368,1359,1386]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="77.[151,250,824,849]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,278,797]" captionTargetId="figure@77.[151,1436,273,799]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 46. Call A of Physalaemus biligonigerus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–F). Note the shorter duration of the initial FM segment (F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 62.8 (E); 69.0 (F). Pulses of high frequency in the background in (F) correspond to calls of Pseudopaludicola sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613088/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–F and 42E).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 29 recordings, a total of 65 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBDFF80BA88FAFAFB5EFAF8" box="[1172,1198,1361,1386]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2140 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFBDFF80BB6EFAE4FF2CFA1C" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="male">105 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFBDFF80BCFEFADFFCC7FA1C" box="[738,823,1396,1422]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.546 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFBDFF80BAD2FADFFAD1FA1D" box="[1230,1313,1396,1423]" degrees="0.640" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" precision="55" value="-0.64">0.640 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The envelope of the call is variable (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BFDDFA33FD98FA21" box="[449,616,1432,1459]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="77.[151,250,824,849]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,278,797]" captionTargetId="figure@77.[151,1436,273,799]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 46. Call A of Physalaemus biligonigerus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–F). Note the shorter duration of the initial FM segment (F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 62.8 (E); 69.0 (F). Pulses of high frequency in the background in (F) correspond to calls of Pseudopaludicola sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613088/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 46A, C, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. The ratio between call rise and fall duration, and their shapes, are highly variable. Most calls have rise and fall similar in duration, or the former longer than the fall. The shape of the envelopes varies from exponential or linear to logarithmic. The call rise can have two consecutive exponential parts, the first shorter than the second. The sustain is usually irregular, composed of shallow valleys and small peaks (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BDA4F983FB94F9D1" box="[952,1124,1576,1603]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="77.[151,250,824,849]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,278,797]" captionTargetId="figure@77.[151,1436,273,799]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 46. Call A of Physalaemus biligonigerus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–F). Note the shorter duration of the initial FM segment (F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 62.8 (E); 69.0 (F). Pulses of high frequency in the background in (F) correspond to calls of Pseudopaludicola sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613088/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 46A, C, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In some calls, the call rise remains with very low amplitude until the limit with the sustain, where the amplitude increases abruptly (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BB34F9E7FA61F9F5" box="[1320,1425,1612,1639]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="77.[151,250,824,849]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,278,797]" captionTargetId="figure@77.[151,1436,273,799]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 46. Call A of Physalaemus biligonigerus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–F). Note the shorter duration of the initial FM segment (F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 62.8 (E); 69.0 (F). Pulses of high frequency in the background in (F) correspond to calls of Pseudopaludicola sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613088/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 46D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first third or two thirds of the call duration. The envelope varies from rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BF38F93FFE78F93D" box="[292,392,1684,1711]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="77.[151,250,824,849]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,278,797]" captionTargetId="figure@77.[151,1436,273,799]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 46. Call A of Physalaemus biligonigerus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–F). Note the shorter duration of the initial FM segment (F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 62.8 (E); 69.0 (F). Pulses of high frequency in the background in (F) correspond to calls of Pseudopaludicola sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613088/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 46C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to triangular (pointed left or right;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BD0BF93FFC6DF93C" box="[791,925,1684,1710]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="77.[151,250,824,849]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,278,797]" captionTargetId="figure@77.[151,1436,273,799]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 46. Call A of Physalaemus biligonigerus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–F). Note the shorter duration of the initial FM segment (F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 62.8 (E); 69.0 (F). Pulses of high frequency in the background in (F) correspond to calls of Pseudopaludicola sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613088/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 46D, A</figureCitation>
|
||||
, respectively). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 30 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BB37F977FA61F964" box="[1323,1425,1756,1782]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 42E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBDFF80BFEFF8AAFDE4F888" box="[499,532,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
570 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBDFF80BAE1F88EFAE7F8AC" box="[1277,1303,1829,1854]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 600 to 650 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BEDAF8E3FEDDF8F1" box="[198,301,1864,1891]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="77.[151,250,824,849]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,278,797]" captionTargetId="figure@77.[151,1436,273,799]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 46. Call A of Physalaemus biligonigerus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–F). Note the shorter duration of the initial FM segment (F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 62.8 (E); 69.0 (F). Pulses of high frequency in the background in (F) correspond to calls of Pseudopaludicola sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613088/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 46B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the sixth (except the second), but it is usually the first (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BEBCF8C7FEF3F814" box="[160,259,1900,1926]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 42E</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BF11F8C7FE89F815" box="[269,377,1900,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="77.[151,250,824,849]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,278,797]" captionTargetId="figure@77.[151,1436,273,799]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 46. Call A of Physalaemus biligonigerus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–F). Note the shorter duration of the initial FM segment (F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 62.8 (E); 69.0 (F). Pulses of high frequency in the background in (F) correspond to calls of Pseudopaludicola sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613088/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">46B, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth, and ending at the sixth; thenceforth it decreases, ending at the third harmonic (sometimes skipping the fourth harmonic;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BA31F81FFB60F85C" box="[1069,1168,1972,1998]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 42E</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF80BA86F81FFAF8F85D" box="[1178,1288,1972,1999]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="77.[151,250,824,849]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,278,797]" captionTargetId="figure@77.[151,1436,273,799]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 46. Call A of Physalaemus biligonigerus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–F). Note the shorter duration of the initial FM segment (F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 62.8 (E); 69.0 (F). Pulses of high frequency in the background in (F) correspond to calls of Pseudopaludicola sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613088/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">46B, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2950 Hz (four to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBDFF81BB2DF873FF39FF21" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="77.[151,250,824,849]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,278,797]" captionTargetId="figure@77.[151,1436,273,799]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 46. Call A of Physalaemus biligonigerus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–F). Note the shorter duration of the initial FM segment (F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 62.8 (E); 69.0 (F). Pulses of high frequency in the background in (F) correspond to calls of Pseudopaludicola sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613088/files/figure.png" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 46B, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first fifth of the call duration, leading to a arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBCFF81BD99FF16FBD8FF45" box="[901,1064,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="77.[151,250,824,849]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,278,797]" captionTargetId="figure@77.[151,1436,273,799]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 46. Call A of Physalaemus biligonigerus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–F). Note the shorter duration of the initial FM segment (F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 62.8 (E); 69.0 (F). Pulses of high frequency in the background in (F) correspond to calls of Pseudopaludicola sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613088/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 46B, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
79
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79
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFBEFF83BE8BFBFDFE68FBE3" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[151,408,1110,1137]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBEFF83BE8BFBFDFE68FBE3" bold="true" box="[151,408,1110,1137]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Physalaemus gracilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group
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Only one call
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was recorded for this group. All species have calls composed of a single harmonic note, with fundamental frequency around 500 Hz. All species have calls with S-shaped harmonics, resulting from a general downward FM with an up-downward FM segment in the beginning of the call. This pattern is less clear in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFBEFF83BB4DFB4CFA6DFA92" authorityName="Braun & Braun" authorityYear="1977" box="[1361,1437,1254,1280]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lisei">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBEFF83BB4DFB4CFA6DFA92" box="[1361,1437,1254,1280]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">P. lisei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFBEFF83BEDAFAA0FE92FAB6" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1967" box="[198,354,1290,1316]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jordanensis">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBEFF83BEDAFAA0FE92FAB6" box="[198,354,1290,1316]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">P. jordanensis</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
due to less defined initial FM in the former, and to discontinuity of harmonics as a result of pulse- PAM in the latter.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFBEFF83BF75FA85FD77FADA" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1967" box="[361,647,1326,1352]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jordanensis">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBEFF83BF75FA85FD77FADA" box="[361,647,1326,1352]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Physalaemus jordanensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is the only species of the group with pulse-PAM and PFM in its call. The call envelope is considerably variable within the species of this group.
|
||||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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111
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<heading id="076BE03AFFBEFF83BE8BFA31FCFCFA26" bold="true" box="[151,780,1434,1461]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" reason="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFBEFF83BE8BFA31FCFCFA26" authority="Cardozo & Pereyra, 2018" authorityName="Cardozo & Pereyra" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,780,1434,1461]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carrizorum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBEFF83BE8BFA31FCFCFA26" bold="true" box="[151,780,1434,1461]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBEFF83BE8BFA31FE35FA26" bold="true" box="[151,453,1434,1461]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Physalaemus carrizorum</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFBEFF83BFD1FA31FCFCFA26" author="Cardozo, D. E. & Pereyra, M. O." box="[461,780,1434,1460]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="580 - 590" refId="ref73078" refString="Cardozo, D. E. & Pereyra, M. O. (2018) A new species of Physalaemus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from the Atlantic Forest of Misiones, northeastern Argentina. Zootaxa, 4387 (3), 580 - 590. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4387.3.10" type="journal article" year="2018">Cardozo & Pereyra, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBEFF83BE8BFA48FB6CF9B2" blockId="79.[151,1437,1506,2037]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFBEFF83BF8DFA48FE31FA6F" box="[401,449,1507,1533]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, with general downward FM, but with an up-downward FM segment in the first fourth of the call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFBEFF9CBEDBF982FD63FEF5" lastPageId="80" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBEFF9CBEDBF982FD63FEF5" blockId="79.[151,1437,1506,2037]" lastBlockId="80.[151,1437,153,359]" lastPageId="80" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBEFF83BEDBF982FDDBF9D6" bold="true" box="[199,555,1577,1604]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBEFF83BF3EF982FE86F9D6" box="[290,374,1577,1604]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="80.[151,250,1071,1096]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,384,1040]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,381,1046]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 49. Call A of Physalaemus carrizorum. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 1 s (C–D); vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 31.7 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613094" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613094/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–D and 42H).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined one recording, a total of four minutes, with 44 calls from three males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFBEFF83BCFEF9E5FCC8F9FA" box="[738,824,1614,1640]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 2.360 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFBEFF83BAD3F9E5FAD1F9FB" box="[1231,1313,1614,1641]" degrees="4.118" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" precision="55" value="-4.118">4.118 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The envelope of the call is variable. In most calls, rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential) and the sustain is long. Some sustains are regular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBEFF83BC35F93DFD60F922" box="[553,656,1686,1712]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="80.[151,250,1071,1096]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,384,1040]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,381,1046]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 49. Call A of Physalaemus carrizorum. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 1 s (C–D); vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 31.7 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613094" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613094/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 49C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and others are irregular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBEFF83BDA6F93DFBD5F922" box="[954,1061,1686,1712]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="80.[151,250,1071,1096]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,384,1040]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,381,1046]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 49. Call A of Physalaemus carrizorum. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 1 s (C–D); vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 31.7 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613094" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613094/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 49A</figureCitation>
|
||||
), with short and shallow valleys. In some calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. Usually, the envelope is divided into two parts with different amplitude levels (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBEFF83BC82F975FCF6F96A" box="[670,774,1758,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="80.[151,250,1071,1096]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,384,1040]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,381,1046]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 49. Call A of Physalaemus carrizorum. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 1 s (C–D); vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 31.7 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613094" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613094/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 49A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic or rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBEFF83BDE5F8A9FB91F88E" box="[1017,1121,1794,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="80.[151,250,1071,1096]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,384,1040]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,381,1046]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 49. Call A of Physalaemus carrizorum. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 1 s (C–D); vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 31.7 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613094" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613094/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 49C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), to triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBEFF83BE8BF88DFF0FF8D2" box="[151,255,1830,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="80.[151,250,1071,1096]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,384,1040]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,381,1046]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 49. Call A of Physalaemus carrizorum. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 1 s (C–D); vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 31.7 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613094" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613094/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 49A</figureCitation>
|
||||
; rarely pointed right). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 36 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBEFF83BCA4F8C5FCD2F81A" box="[696,802,1902,1928]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 42H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBEFF83BA90F8C4FB5DF81A" box="[1164,1197,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
460 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBEFF83BCBEF81CFD4CF842" box="[674,700,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 410 to 2630 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBEFF83BD92F81DFC06F842" box="[910,1014,1974,2000]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="80.[151,250,1071,1096]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,384,1040]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,381,1046]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 49. Call A of Physalaemus carrizorum. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 1 s (C–D); vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 31.7 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613094" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613094/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 49B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic is the first, fifth, or sixth (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBEFF83BF21F871FE57F866" box="[317,423,2010,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 42H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth, and ending at the sixth (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBB73FF32FF3AFF45" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 42H</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBECAFF16FEF9FF45" box="[214,265,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="80.[151,250,1071,1096]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,384,1040]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,381,1046]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 49. Call A of Physalaemus carrizorum. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 1 s (C–D); vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 31.7 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613094" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613094/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">49B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 350 and 3500 Hz (eight to nine harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBF52FF4AFE29FF69" box="[334,473,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="80.[151,250,1071,1096]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,384,1040]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,381,1046]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 49. Call A of Physalaemus carrizorum. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 1 s (C–D); vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 31.7 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613094" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613094/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 49B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first fourth of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBD37FEAEFC43FE8D" box="[811,947,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="80.[151,250,1071,1096]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,384,1040]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,381,1046]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 49. Call A of Physalaemus carrizorum. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 1 s (C–D); vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 31.7 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613094" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613094/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 49B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBB73FEAEFF3AFED1" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="80.[151,250,1071,1096]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,384,1040]" captionTargetId="figure@80.[151,1436,381,1046]" captionTargetPageId="80" captionText="FIGURE 49. Call A of Physalaemus carrizorum. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 1 s (C–D); vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 31.7 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613094" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613094/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 49B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls have a slight PFM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
109
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Normal file
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<mods:classification id="2905E81CB9127181F9857800A1F351C6">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFBFFF82BE8BFB0CFB1CF84B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583650" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762932" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583650" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFBFFF82BE8BFB0CFB1CF84B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFBFFF82BE8BFB0CFB1CF84B" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFBFFF82BE8BFB0CFB52FABF" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFBFFF82BE8BFB0CFD8CFB53" blockId="78.[151,636,1191,1218]" box="[151,636,1191,1218]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFBFFF82BE8BFB0CFD8CFB53" bold="true" box="[151,636,1191,1218]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFBFFF82BE8BFB0CFD8CFB53" authority="Barrio, 1965" authorityName="Barrio" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,636,1191,1218]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="santafecinus">
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||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBFFF82BE8BFB0CFD8CFB53" bold="true" box="[151,636,1191,1218]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBFFF82BE8BFB0CFE27FB53" bold="true" box="[151,471,1191,1218]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Physalaemus santafecinus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFBFFF82BFC3FB0CFD8CFB53" author="Barrio, A." box="[479,636,1191,1217]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="421 - 448" refId="ref72083" refString="Barrio, A. (1965) El genero Physalaemus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) en la Argentina. Physis, 25 (70), 421 - 448." type="journal article" year="1965">Barrio, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBFFF82BE8BFB44FB52FABF" blockId="78.[151,1437,1263,2009]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFBFFF82BF85FB44FE39FA9B" box="[409,457,1263,1289]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note. It has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third of the call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFBFFF82BEDBFA9DFB1CF84B" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFBFFF82BEDBFA9DFB1CF84B" blockId="78.[151,1437,1263,2009]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBFFF82BEDBFA9DFDD9FAC3" bold="true" box="[199,553,1334,1361]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBFFF82BF3DFA9DFE84FAC3" box="[289,372,1334,1361]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="79.[151,250,967,992]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,184,939]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[151,1436,181,941]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 48. Call A of Physalaemus santafecinus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613092" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613092/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–D and 42G).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined two recordings, a total of three minutes, with 61 calls from two males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFBFFF82BCFEFAF0FCC7FAE7" box="[738,823,1371,1397]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.330 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFBFFF82BAD2FAF1FAD1FAE7" box="[1230,1313,1370,1397]" degrees="0.375" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" precision="55" value="-0.375">0.375 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The envelope of the call is variable. In most calls, the rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential). In some calls, the limits between call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear, with linear or logarithmic-shaped rise and fall and the sustain with a convex shape (calls with elliptic envelope;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBFFF82BD77FA6CFC20FA73" box="[875,976,1479,1505]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="79.[151,250,967,992]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,184,939]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[151,1436,181,941]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 48. Call A of Physalaemus santafecinus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613092" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613092/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 48C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is usually at around the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration or at the middle of the call. The envelope varies from elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBFFF82BB73FA40FF37F9BB" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="79.[151,250,967,992]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,184,939]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[151,1436,181,941]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 48. Call A of Physalaemus santafecinus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613092" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613092/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 48C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBFFF82BFE1F9A4FD94F9BB" box="[509,612,1551,1577]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="79.[151,250,967,992]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,184,939]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[151,1436,181,941]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 48. Call A of Physalaemus santafecinus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613092" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613092/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 48A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular envelope of some calls resembles an arrow (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBFFF82BFA6F998FDD3F9DF" box="[442,547,1587,1613]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="79.[151,250,967,992]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,184,939]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[151,1436,181,941]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 48. Call A of Physalaemus santafecinus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613092" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613092/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 48A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 36 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBFFF82BA79F9FCFB3DF9E3" box="[1125,1229,1623,1649]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 42G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBFFF82BF3BF9D7FEB9F907" box="[295,329,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
490 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBFFF82BA03F90BFBB1F92B" box="[1055,1089,1696,1721]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
474 to 2627 Hz (fig. 48B). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to sixth (rarely the second harmonic), but it is usually the first (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBFFF82BB2CF968FA68F94F" box="[1328,1432,1731,1757]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 42G</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBFFF82BE8BF94CFF1CF893" box="[151,236,1767,1793]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="79.[151,250,967,992]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,184,939]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[151,1436,181,941]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 48. Call A of Physalaemus santafecinus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613092" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613092/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">48B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth and ending at the sixth; thenceforth it decreases, usually skipping the fifth and ending at the third or second harmonic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBFFF82BDB9F884FBFCF8DB" box="[933,1036,1839,1865]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 42G</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBFFF82BA04F884FB9CF8DB" box="[1048,1132,1839,1865]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="79.[151,250,967,992]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,184,939]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[151,1436,181,941]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 48. Call A of Physalaemus santafecinus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613092" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613092/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">48B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2650 Hz (four to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBFFF82BA6DF8F8FB08F8FF" box="[1137,1272,1875,1901]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="79.[151,250,967,992]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,184,939]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[151,1436,181,941]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 48. Call A of Physalaemus santafecinus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613092" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613092/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 48B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBFFF82BF09F830FE8AF827" box="[277,378,1947,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="79.[151,250,967,992]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,184,939]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[151,1436,181,941]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 48. Call A of Physalaemus santafecinus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613092" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613092/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 48B</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBFFF82BD2FF830FC4BF827" box="[819,955,1947,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="79.[151,250,967,992]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,184,939]" captionTargetId="figure@79.[151,1436,181,941]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="FIGURE 48. Call A of Physalaemus santafecinus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613092" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613092/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 48B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
179
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC0FFFFBE8BFA2EFAE9FED1.xml
Normal file
179
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC0FFFFBE8BFA2EFAE9FED1.xml
Normal file
|
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@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
|
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<mods:title id="358869D414FE21CAA705C3819152A6A3">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F7EE32290B2DB01ABA556BC0BDD0A9CD">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FDE0F51C738D4A9B4E71706E8999358E">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:part id="FD7F8DA7E964B82429AC3C2A8C3FA207">
|
||||
<mods:date id="47EE8014B63D85A4A89E9BE65A67E8D6">2020</mods:date>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="6B606662ED830662E3C863B1ED6D8AE1" type="pubDate">
|
||||
<mods:number id="C12A5115779EDA8BF4F1F33BF97B7D86">2020-01-20</mods:number>
|
||||
</mods:detail>
|
||||
<mods:detail id="3F72FE3C060FDEF5C9E38489761783F5" type="volume">
|
||||
<mods:number id="0D8FAFDB33958E3C9A5C90AAF0F56FC0">4725</mods:number>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
<mods:identifier id="63822494498EBEE9B3A0CF27865E7EB3" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="D638428036CC7889671BF6CEFB0BE701" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||||
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<mods:identifier id="A568BBB472FDF55ABFC04E22E708E293" type="Zenodo-Dep">3612996</mods:identifier>
|
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|
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<treatment id="D435E640FFC0FFFFBE8BFA2EFAE9FED1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583592" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762935" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583592" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFC0FFFFBE8BFA2EFAE9FED1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC0FFFFBE8BFA2EFAE9FED1" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC0FFFDBE8BFA2EFAFFF9BD" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC0FFFDBE8BFA2EFC3DFA0D" blockId="49.[151,973,1413,1440]" box="[151,973,1413,1440]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFC0FFFDBE8BFA2EFC3DFA0D" bold="true" box="[151,973,1413,1440]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" reason="1">
|
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC0FFFDBE8BFA2EFC3DFA0D" authority="Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva, 2006" authorityName="Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva" authorityYear="2006" box="[151,973,1413,1440]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angrensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBE8BFA2EFC3DFA0D" bold="true" box="[151,973,1413,1440]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBE8BFA2EFE43FA0D" bold="true" box="[151,435,1413,1440]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Physalaemus angrensis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFC0FFFDBFA6FA2EFC3DFA0D" author="Weber, L. N. & Gonzaga, L. P. & Carvalho-E-Silva, S. P." box="[442,973,1413,1439]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="677 - 684" refId="ref78327" refString="Weber, L. N., Gonzaga, L. P. & Carvalho-E-Silva, S. P. (2006) " 2005 " A new species of Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 from the lowland Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 63 (4), 677 - 684." type="journal article" year="2006">Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC0FFFDBE8BFA66FAFFF9BD" blockId="49.[151,1437,1485,2015]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. Call A is composed of pulses whereas Call B has no PAM. Moreover, call B has a stronger general upward FM. Call B can have irregular FM segments and jumps of the fundamental frequency (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBA30F9BDFBBAF9BD" box="[1068,1098,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
absent in call A).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC0FFFFBEDBF993FAE9FED1" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC0FFFEBEDBF993FC07FE65" blockId="49.[151,1437,1485,2015]" lastBlockId="50.[151,1437,153,503]" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBEDBF993FDD2F9C1" bold="true" box="[199,546,1592,1619]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBF3CF993FE81F9C1" box="[288,369,1592,1619]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–H and 13F).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined nine recordings, a total of 32 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBAB3F991FB39F9C1" box="[1199,1225,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 800 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFC0FFFDBB9CF992FF2CF9E5" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="male">19 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC0FFFDBCF2F9F6FCB5F9E5" box="[750,837,1629,1655]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.431 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC0FFFDBAF9F9F7FAC9F9E5" box="[1253,1337,1628,1655]" degrees="0.605" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="55" value="-0.605">0.605 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and fall are not clear (for example in calls with elliptic envelopes; see below;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBEF0F90EFEA4F92D" box="[236,340,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 19D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In calls where the limits are perceptible, the call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape, both have a logarithmic or linear shape, and there is a long sustain, which can have shallow valleys and short slopes (concave and convex shapes, respectively;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBC9AF946FD1FF895" box="[646,751,1773,1799]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 19A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBD78F8BAFC3CF8B9" box="[868,972,1809,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 19D</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBA96F8BAFB02F8B9" box="[1162,1266,1809,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 19A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) depending on how emphasized or regular is the sustain. More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 37 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has a strong PAM (there are silence intervals present between pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBB2FF8F2FEDFF805" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 19A, B, D, E, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBC5CF8D5FD91F805" box="[576,609,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
58 Hz, yielding
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBD04F8D5FCCAF805" box="[792,826,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
30 pulses throughout the call. Except for the last pulse, the pulse rise is longer than the fall and the amplitude peak is around two thirds of the pulse duration. The last pulse has the opposite envelope with amplitude peak at the beginning (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBD65F86EFC2FF84D" box="[889,991,1989,2015]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 19E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The first pulses can have much lower amplitude than the others. The last pulse is the longest. There are short silence intervals between pulses, which can be absent between the first and last pulses (pulses are juxtaposed to neighboring pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBA61FF16FA60FF45" box="[1149,1424,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 19A, B, D, E, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Intervals are usually eightfold longer than the pulse durations. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBAB0FF4AFAFFFF69" box="[1196,1295,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1746,1771]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,187,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,181,1720]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 13. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nanus (A), P. spiniger (B), P. crombiei (C), P. signifer (D), P. bokermanni (E), P. angrensis (F), P. atlanticus (G), P. moreirae (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. nanus; A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613022/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 13F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is at
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC3FFFEBF89FEADFE46FE8D" box="[405,438,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
410 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC3FFFEBB67FE81FA65FED1" box="[1403,1429,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFC3FFFEBE8BFEE7FEDDFEF5" box="[151,301,332,359]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1590" valueMax="1780">1590 to 1780</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBF7AFEE6FE3DFEF5" box="[358,461,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 19B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the fifth, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFC3FFFEBEE7FE3EFE51FE3D" box="[251,417,405,431]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1200" valueMax="1900">1200 and 1900</date>
|
||||
Hz (three harmonics). The call has a general upward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBA2CFE3EFB49FE3D" box="[1072,1209,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 19B, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is usually directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBAD5FE12FAA0FE41" box="[1225,1360,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 19E, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Calls are usually emitted in short sequences with up to ten calls each (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBD7AFE76FC1AFE65" box="[870,1002,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 19C, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="08E307DEFFC3FFFEBE8BFA48FD27F91E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" startId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" targetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" targetPageId="50">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC3FFFEBE8BFA48FD27F91E" blockId="50.[151,1437,1507,1676]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC3FFFEBE8BFA48FEEFFA6E" bold="true" box="[151,287,1507,1532]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
|
||||
Calls A and B of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC3FFFEBFCEFA4FFD4FFA69" authorityName="Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva" authorityYear="2006" box="[466,703,1508,1532]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angrensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC3FFFEBFCEFA4FFD4FFA69" box="[466,703,1508,1532]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Physalaemus angrensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC3FFFFBEDBF912FAE9FED1" blockId="50.[151,1437,1721,2037]" lastBlockId="51.[151,1436,153,323]" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC3FFFEBEDBF912FDE5F946" bold="true" box="[199,533,1721,1748]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||||
Call B (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBF3CF912FE9FF946" box="[288,367,1721,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||||
I–L and 16D).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined three recordings, a total of 18 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC3FFFEBABFF910FB4DF946" box="[1187,1213,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 150 calls from five males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC3FFFEBCF0F975FCB2F96A" box="[748,834,1758,1784]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.309 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC3FFFEBAFCF976FAC4F96B" box="[1248,1332,1757,1785]" degrees="0.353" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="55" value="-0.353">0.353 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (logarithmic-shaped). There is a sustain, which has shallow valleys, usually at its beginning and end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBC0CF88DFD61F8D3" box="[528,657,1830,1857]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||||
Fig.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFC3FFFEBC59F88DFD9CF8D2" box="[581,620,1830,1856]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2019-01">19I</date>
|
||||
, K
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak of the call is at around the end of the first four fifths of the call duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBFD9F8E1FDB8F8F7" box="[453,584,1866,1893]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||||
Fig.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFC3FFFEBFE7F8E1FDD2F8F6" box="[507,546,1866,1892]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2019-01">19I</date>
|
||||
, K
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The envelope varies from elliptic to triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBB12F8E1FA60F8F7" box="[1294,1424,1866,1893]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||||
Fig.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFC3FFFEBB5FF8E1FA9AF8F6" box="[1347,1386,1866,1892]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2019-01">19I</date>
|
||||
, K
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 32 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBC78F839FD3DF83F" box="[612,717,1938,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1574,1599]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,460,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[192,1395,453,1549]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 16. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls B of five Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call B of: P. crombiei (A), P. signifer (B), P. bokermanni (C), P. angrensis (D), and P. moreirae (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613028/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 16D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC3FFFEBA2AF838FBA8F83E" box="[1078,1112,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
320 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC3FFFEBD3DF870FCCBF866" box="[801,827,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFC3FFFEBD57F871FC10F866" box="[843,992,2010,2037]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1080" valueMax="1310">1080 to 1310</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC3FFFEBA05F871FB89F866" box="[1049,1145,2010,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Fig. 19J</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the seventh harmonic, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 900 and 1400 Hz (two harmonics). The call has a general upward FM with short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC2FFFFBA5CFF4AFB4DFF69" box="[1088,1213,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 19J, L</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The sustain has an up-downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC2FFFFBF6EFEAEFE01FE8D" box="[370,497,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 19J, L</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is clear PFM in some parts of the call. Additionally, several calls have parts with irregular up and downward FM, usually, inversely proportional to the AM directions (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC2FFFFBA8CFE82FB2FFED1" box="[1168,1247,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[159,1435,531,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@50.[151,1436,525,1482]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613034/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||||
I–L).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
172
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC1FFFDBE8BFF32FD83FAC5.xml
Normal file
172
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC1FFFDBE8BFF32FD83FAC5.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
|
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<mods:namePart id="C5C21A7317AB9B6C7E951078C287A280">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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|
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<mods:start id="CA9ADF8EAA07C660C30023BA025DD729">1</mods:start>
|
||||
<mods:end id="B37BFFCFD725C834F6041FF720DD83F7">106</mods:end>
|
||||
</mods:extent>
|
||||
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|
||||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:classification id="DACDAB85A19579AD0878EA787F0D3D80">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="7B48239D690CDF63ACEE7B113920EE69" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="5E404DBEDBB616DC1ED6D747D635020D" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="DD1ADDB27D9F314FB1726C20FCBBF8CB" type="GBIF-Dataset">67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="79931D8662B924704BAA24C5D371B7E0" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="F43BB1AC83694BF893B2DE6ACBAED7AD" type="Zenodo-Dep">3612996</mods:identifier>
|
||||
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|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="D435E640FFC1FFFDBE8BFF32FD83FAC5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583590" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762934" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583590" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFC1FFFDBE8BFF32FD83FAC5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC1FFFDBE8BFF32FD83FAC5" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC1FFFCBE8BFF32FB53FEF5" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC1FFFCBE8BFF32FCE8FF21" blockId="48.[151,792,153,180]" box="[151,792,153,180]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
<heading id="076BE03AFFC1FFFCBE8BFF32FCE8FF21" bold="true" box="[151,792,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" reason="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC1FFFCBE8BFF32FCE8FF21" authority="Cardoso & Haddad, 1985" authorityName="Cardoso & Haddad" authorityYear="1985" box="[151,792,153,180]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bokermanni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC1FFFCBE8BFF32FCE8FF21" bold="true" box="[151,792,153,180]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC1FFFCBE8BFF32FE21FF26" bold="true" box="[151,465,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Physalaemus bokermanni</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFC1FFFCBFC4FF32FCE8FF21" author="Cardoso, A. J. & Haddad, C. F." box="[472,792,153,180]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="33 - 37" refId="ref73036" refString="Cardoso, A. J. & Haddad, C. F. (1985) Nova especie de Physalaemus do grupo signiferus (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 45, 33 - 37." type="journal article" year="1985">Cardoso & Haddad, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC1FFFCBE8BFF49FB53FEF5" blockId="48.[151,1437,225,360]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls B were common in recordings in which several males were active and calling at the same night. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and pulses (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC1FFFCBAC0FEADFAF6FE8D" box="[1244,1286,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">i.e.,</emphasis>
|
||||
pulse-PAM). Call B has two notes while Call A has only one. The first note of call B is similar to that of call A. The second note of call B is much longer than that of call A and has an envelope with a long and gradual rise.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="08E307DEFFC1FFFCBE8BF902FEE8F8BC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" startId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" targetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" targetPageId="48">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC1FFFCBE8BF902FEE8F8BC" blockId="48.[151,1437,1705,1838]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC1FFFCBE8BF902FED0F950" bold="true" box="[151,288,1705,1730]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
|
||||
Calls A and B of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC1FFFCBFCBF901FD2DF950" authorityName="Cardoso & Haddad" authorityYear="1985" box="[471,733,1706,1730]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bokermanni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC1FFFCBFCBF901FD2DF950" box="[471,733,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Physalaemus bokermanni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC1FFFDBEDBF8F7FD83FAC5" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC1FFFDBEDBF8F7FD67FD5D" blockId="48.[151,1437,1884,2019]" lastBlockId="49.[151,1437,152,1367]" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC1FFFCBEDBF8F7FDD9F8E5" bold="true" box="[199,553,1884,1911]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC1FFFCBF3FF8F7FE85F8E5" box="[291,373,1884,1911]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–D and 13E).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined eight recordings, a total of 12 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC1FFFCBAD2F8F6FB18F8E4" box="[1230,1256,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 650 calls from nine males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC1FFFCBD3CF82BFC86F809" box="[800,886,1920,1947]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.177 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC1FFFCBB0DF82AFA95F809" box="[1297,1381,1921,1947]" degrees="0.197" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="55" value="-0.197">0.197 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise is linear or logarithmic-shaped and longer than the fall, which is usually abrupt and logarithmic-shaped; the amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC1FFFCBA58F863FB5CF871" box="[1092,1196,1992,2019]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 18A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The envelope of the call is elliptic or triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBC42FF32FD16FF21" box="[606,742,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 41 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBE8BFF4AFF16FF69" box="[151,230,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–D). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBC27FF49FDADFF69" box="[571,605,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
35 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBD0BFF49FCC9FF69" box="[791,825,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
six pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is abrupt and much shorter than the fall; the amplitude peak is at the beginning of the pulse (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBA5DFEAEFB58FE8D" box="[1089,1192,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The first one or two pulses have much lower amplitude than the others (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBCC6FE82FCB3FED1" box="[730,835,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Often, the second and the last pulses are the longest (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBEBCFEE6FED5FEF5" box="[160,293,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Silence intervals are present between pulses,
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBD31FEE5FCBFFEF5" box="[813,847,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
fivefold longer than pulse duration. The first interval is usually much shorter than the others (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBC41FEDAFD5DFE19" box="[605,685,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–D). The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBA7FFEDAFB39FE19" box="[1123,1225,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1746,1771]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,187,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,181,1720]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 13. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nanus (A), P. spiniger (B), P. crombiei (C), P. signifer (D), P. bokermanni (E), P. angrensis (F), P. atlanticus (G), P. moreirae (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. nanus; A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613022/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 13E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBF31FE3DFEBFFE3D" box="[301,335,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
780 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The short duration of the pulses makes the bands broad with narrow intervals (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBDC7FE12FB95FE41" box="[987,1125,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Some pulses can have not very clear harmonics, with considerably deterministic chaos due to the irregularity of the wave periods (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBB2DFE76FF5FFD89" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There are jumps of the fundamental frequency between pulses in some calls. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBECAFD8DFF00FDAD" box="[214,240,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2840 to 3660 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBFD3FD8EFDC6FDAD" box="[463,566,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the 10
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFC0FFFDBACDFD8FFB2EFDA0" attach="none" box="[1233,1246,548,562]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">th</superScript>
|
||||
, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 2600 and 3900 Hz (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBC76FDC5FD7CFD15" box="[618,652,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
three harmonics). Usually, there is no clear general FM throughout the call, however, in some calls the first two pulses have their energy concentrated in lower frequency bands, making the general FM of the call upward (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBC38FD1EFD79FD5D" box="[548,649,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18B</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC0FFFDBEDBFD73FD83FAC5" blockId="49.[151,1437,152,1367]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBEDBFD73FDD9FD61" bold="true" box="[199,553,728,755]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||||
Call B (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBF3FFD73FE85FD61" box="[291,373,728,755]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||||
E–H and 16C).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined three recordings, a total of six minutes, with 35 calls from three males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC0FFFDBCC2FD56FCC3FC85" box="[734,819,765,791]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.947 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC0FFFDBADAFD56FAE6FC85" box="[1222,1302,765,791]" degrees="1.868" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="55" value="-1.868">1.868 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
and the call has two different notes. Duration of the second note is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBD1FFC89FCD4FCA9" box="[771,804,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC0FFFDBD30FC8AFC94FCA9" box="[812,868,801,827]" degrees="1.0" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" precision="5555" value="-1.0">1.0 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The amplitude, temporal and spectral traits of the first note resemble those of call A, although in call B the first note often has more abrupt rise and fall (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBB35FCEEFA60FCCD" box="[1321,1424,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Usually, there is a silence interval between the notes (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBCE8FCC2FC87FC11" box="[756,887,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). However, in some calls, this interval is perceptible only as a decrease in amplitude. The rise of the second note is logarithmic-shaped and shorter than fall, which is gradual, almost linear; the amplitude peak of the note is at the end of the first tenth of the note duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBB37FC1AFA7FFC59" box="[1323,1423,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Due to the very short rise and the long and gradual fall, the envelope of the component B is triangular (pointed right;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBE8BFC52FF0CFB81" box="[151,252,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the energy of the compound call is concentrated in
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBA28FC51FBA5FB81" box="[1076,1109,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
34 % of the duration around the amplitude peak. Both notes have a strong PAM (there are silence intervals present between pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBB16FBB6FAA8FBA5" box="[1290,1368,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||||
E–H). The rate of the PAM is similar to that of the call A,
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBCCCFBE9FD02FBC9" box="[720,754,1090,1115]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
30 Hz, yielding 28 pulses throughout the call. The rate of the PAM is less regular in the second note than in the first one. The pulse rise is abrupt and much shorter than the fall; the amplitude peak is at the beginning of the pulse (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBCC3FB22FCB8FB31" box="[735,840,1161,1187]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Some pulses can be twofold longer than the others. At the beginning of the second note the ratio between the silence interpulse-interval and pulse duration is similar to that in component A. The interval becomes longer (pulse duration remains the same) towards the end of the call (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC0FFFDBB6FFB79FA66FB79" box="[1395,1430,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||||
, pulse-PAM rate decreases), mainly after the first fourth of the second-note duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBA55FB5EFB20FA9D" box="[1097,1232,1269,1295]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18E, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Spectral traits of the second note are similar to those of call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBC8FFAB2FCE5FAA1" box="[659,789,1305,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18F, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
; see some quantitative differences in
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC0FFFDBAAAFAB2FAFCFAA1" box="[1206,1292,1305,1331]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). There is no general FM in component B (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC0FFFDBFFEFA96FD96FAC5" box="[482,614,1341,1367]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="48.[151,250,1705,1730]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,392,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[151,1436,381,1680]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURE 18. Calls A and B of Physalaemus bokermanni. Oscillograms (A, C, E, and G) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, and H). A single typical call A (A and B). Last three pulses of call A (C–D). Single call B (E–F). Six pulses in detail from the middle of a call B (G–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 212 (H); 181 (D); 400 (B); 500 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613032" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613032/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 18F, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
157
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC2FFF9BE8BF972FC83FC7D.xml
Normal file
157
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC2FFF9BE8BF972FC83FC7D.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
|
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<mods:title id="82B7B77DCD6CCEFAF7C5D4BE4E07C718">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="44B7157038C99102945DE7946E431B36">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC2FFFFBE8BF972FEF7F816" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFC2FFFFBE8BF972FD16F961" blockId="51.[151,742,1753,1780]" box="[151,742,1753,1780]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFC2FFFFBE8BF972FD16F961" bold="true" box="[151,742,1753,1780]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" reason="1">
|
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC2FFFFBE8BF972FD16F961" authority="(Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937)" baseAuthorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[151,742,1753,1780]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moreirae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC2FFFFBE8BF972FD16F961" bold="true" box="[151,742,1753,1780]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC2FFFFBE8BF972FE5BF961" bold="true" box="[151,427,1753,1780]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Physalaemus moreirae</emphasis>
|
||||
(Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC2FFFFBE8BF889FEF7F816" blockId="51.[151,1437,1825,1924]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||||
We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls A and B are composed of a single harmonic note each. Call A is composed of pulses whereas Call B is not. Moreover, call B has irregular FM segments (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC2FFFFBB33F8EDFABDF8CD" box="[1327,1357,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
absent in call A).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="08E307DEFFC5FFF8BE8BFAC2FAA8F983" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" startId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" targetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" targetPageId="52">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC5FFF8BE8BFAC2FAA8F983" blockId="52.[151,1437,1385,1554]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC5FFF8BE8BFAC2FED0FA10" bold="true" box="[151,288,1385,1410]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">FIGURE 21.</emphasis>
|
||||
Calls A and B of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC5FFF8BFCFFAC2FD4BFA13" baseAuthorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[467,699,1385,1409]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moreirae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC5FFF8BFCFFAC2FD4BFA13" box="[467,699,1385,1409]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Physalaemus moreirae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC5FFF9BEDBF994FC83FC7D" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC5FFF9BEDBF994FC1BFD89" blockId="52.[151,1437,1599,2022]" lastBlockId="53.[151,1437,153,1007]" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC5FFF8BEDBF994FDD7F9C8" bold="true" box="[199,551,1599,1626]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC5FFF8BF3FF994FE86F9C8" box="[291,374,1599,1626]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–J and 13H).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined three recordings, a total of one minute, with 68 calls from five males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC5FFF8BCF2F9CFFCB5F9EC" box="[750,837,1636,1662]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.499 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC5FFF8BAF9F9C8FAC9F9EC" box="[1253,1337,1635,1662]" degrees="0.567" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" precision="55" value="-0.567">0.567 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. In most calls, the limits between call rise, sustain, and fall are not clear (for example in calls with elliptic envelope;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC5FFF8BB6CF923FF38F954" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). When perceptible, the call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape, both with a linear shape, and there is a long sustain. This segment can be regular and flat (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC5FFF8BCF5F97BFCA0F978" box="[745,848,1744,1770]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) or quite irregular with AM segments within it (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC5FFF8BB73F97BFF3AF89C" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is usually at around the middle of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC5FFF8BEBCF8B3FEF3F8A0" box="[160,259,1816,1842]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21E</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC5FFF8BC5CF8B3FD57F8A0" box="[576,679,1816,1842]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 35 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC5FFF8BB6BF897FEF9F8E8" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig 21A, C, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC5FFF8BC07F8CAFDCDF8E8" box="[539,573,1889,1914]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
42 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC5FFF8BCEFF8CAFCE5F8E8" box="[755,789,1889,1914]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
23 pulses throughout the call. Most pulses have an elliptic envelope with the amplitude peak around the middle of the pulse. The very first pulses have rise longer than fall, amplitude peak at the end of pulse and the very last pulses have the opposite shape (amplitude peak at the beginning of the pulse;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC5FFF8BF34F867FE5CF874" box="[296,428,1996,2022]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21D, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The last pulse is the longest (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC5FFF8BD1FF867FCA3F874" box="[771,851,1996,2022]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–J). Short silence intervals are present between the pulses, but can be absent between the first and last pulses (pulses are juxtaposed to neighboring pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC4FFF9BB0FFF32FF1CFF45" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 21A, C, D, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC4FFF9BC7EFF16FD3BFF45" box="[610,715,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1746,1771]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,187,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,181,1720]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 13. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nanus (A), P. spiniger (B), P. crombiei (C), P. signifer (D), P. bokermanni (E), P. angrensis (F), P. atlanticus (G), P. moreirae (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. nanus; A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613022/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 13H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BA29FF15FBA7FF45" box="[1077,1111,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
230 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. Usually, the wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, the short duration of the pulses (except the last) make the bands broad with narrow intervals. Where two pulses are juxtaposed, the wave periods are less regular, and the harmonics are less clear with deterministic chaos (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC4FFF9BFEAFEE6FD21FEF5" box="[502,721,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 21B, G, H, I, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BA95FEE5FB53FEF5" box="[1161,1187,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 770 to 1250 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC4FFF9BB73FEE6FF39FE19" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 21B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the eighth, but it is usually the third or fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 700 and 1300 Hz (three harmonics). A few calls have a slight upward general FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC4FFF9BA2FFE12FB40FE41" box="[1075,1200,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 21H, I</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Usually, there is no clear general FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC4FFF9BF78FE76FE3AFE65" box="[356,458,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 21B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Calls have a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC4FFF9BDCCFE76FBBEFE65" box="[976,1102,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 21H, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and PFM throughout the call without clear relationship with the synchronic pulse-PAM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC4FFF9BD32FDAAFC2DFD89" box="[814,989,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 21E, F, I, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC4FFF9BEDBFD8FFC83FC7D" blockId="53.[151,1437,153,1007]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BEDBFD8FFDEFFDAD" bold="true" box="[199,543,548,575]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||||
Call B (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC4FFF9BF3CFD8FFE81FDAD" box="[288,369,548,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||||
K–L and 16E).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined one recording, a total of one minute, with one call from one male. This call was also measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC4FFF9BC16FDE2FD90FDF1" box="[522,608,585,611]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). A single call was recorded. Call duration is
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC4FFF9BA45FDE3FB5CFDF1" box="[1113,1196,584,611]" degrees="0.254" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" precision="55" value="-0.254">0.254 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential-shaped). There is a long sustain, which is regular until the amplitude peak at the end of the call, around nine tenths of the call duration. The envelope is triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC4FFF9BB36FD3AFA60FD39" box="[1322,1424,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 21K</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 54 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC4FFF9BC89FD72FD0BFD66" box="[661,763,729,756]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1574,1599]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,460,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[192,1395,453,1549]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 16. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls B of five Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call B of: P. crombiei (A), P. signifer (B), P. bokermanni (C), P. angrensis (D), and P. moreirae (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613028/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 16E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is at
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BA9FFD71FB54FD61" box="[1155,1188,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
280 Hz and this band is generally absent in the audiospectrogram. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, the wave periods are less regular at the middle of the call, with biphonation regime (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC4FFF9BAEBFC8AFAADFCA9" box="[1271,1373,801,827]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 21L</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BF87FCEDFE4DFCCD" box="[411,445,838,863]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
860 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC4FFF9BC3BFCEEFD7DFCCD" box="[551,653,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 21L</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the fifth, but it is usually the third or fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 800 and 1400 Hz (often, three harmonics). The long downward FM segment at the beginning makes the general FM of the call downward. There is a slight PFM throughout the call. Additionally, the call has parts with irregular up and downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC4FFF9BD1DFC7EFC97FC7D" box="[769,871,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="52.[151,250,1385,1410]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,190,1355]" captionTargetId="figure@52.[151,1436,181,1359]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 21. Calls A and B of Physalaemus moreirae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, and L). A single typical call A with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C, G, E, and I). Last pulses of the calls A (D, H, F, and J). Note the longer duration of the last pulse (D, H, F, and J). A single call B (K–L). Note that only the call B has clear FM segments and no pulses. Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s (C, G, E, and I) and 0.02 s (D, H, F, and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (G, I, and J) and 0.8 kHz (H). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B, H, I, J, and L); 61.9 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613038/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 21L</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
113
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC2FFFFBE8BFEDAFA63FBED.xml
Normal file
113
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC2FFFFBE8BFEDAFA63FBED.xml
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|
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@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
|
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<mods:title id="CB348F878B2401D5F7EB37CDAA20D621">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CD1F3A078732349DA8874686BFD1DD73">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BC381A001B0019C4CD49160692F814A7">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFC2FFFFBE8BFEDAFA63FBED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583594" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762936" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583594" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFC2FFFFBE8BFEDAFA63FBED" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC2FFFFBE8BFEDAFA63FBED" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC2FFFFBE8BFEDAFC8AFE65" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFC2FFFFBE8BFEDAFD1EFE19" blockId="51.[151,750,369,396]" box="[151,750,369,396]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFC2FFFFBE8BFEDAFD1EFE19" bold="true" box="[151,750,369,396]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC2FFFFBE8BFEDAFD1EFE19" authority="Haddad & Sazima, 2004" authorityName="Haddad & Sazima" authorityYear="2004" box="[151,750,369,396]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atlanticus">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC2FFFFBE8BFEDAFD1EFE19" bold="true" box="[151,750,369,396]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC2FFFFBE8BFEDAFE45FE1E" bold="true" box="[151,437,369,396]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Physalaemus atlanticus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFC2FFFFBFA1FEDAFD1EFE19" author="Haddad, C. F. B. & Sazima, I." box="[445,750,369,395]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref74891" refString="Haddad, C. F. B. & Sazima, I. (2004) A new species of Physalaemus (Amphibia; Leptodactylidae) from the Atlantic forest in southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 479, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 479.1.1" type="journal article" year="2004">Haddad & Sazima, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC2FFFFBE8BFE12FC8AFE65" blockId="51.[151,1437,441,1151]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFC2FFFFBF88FE12FE34FE41" box="[404,452,441,467]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a sequence of pulses (pulse-PAM). Pulses of this call can have subharmonics.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC2FFFFBEDBFDABFA63FBED" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC2FFFFBEDBFDABFA63FBED" blockId="51.[151,1437,441,1151]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC2FFFFBEDBFDABFDD3FD89" bold="true" box="[199,547,512,539]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC2FFFFBF3DFDABFE83FD89" box="[289,371,512,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="51.[151,250,1610,1635]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,1177,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[151,1436,1173,1585]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 20. Call A of Physalaemus atlanticus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant call with different envelope and general FM (C and E). Last pulses of the call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 750 (F); 1024 (B and E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613036/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–F and 13G).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined six recordings, a total of 15 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC2FFFFBABBFDA9FB31FD89" box="[1191,1217,514,539]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 450 calls from ten males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC2FFFFBCF2FD8EFCB5FDAD" box="[750,837,549,575]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 1.096 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC2FFFFBAF9FD8EFAC9FDAD" box="[1253,1337,549,575]" degrees="1.377" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="55" value="-1.377">1.377 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and fall are not clear (for example in calls with elliptic envelope; see below). When perceptible, the call rise and fall of the call are similar in duration and shape, both with a logarithmic or linear shape, and there is a long and regular sustain. The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC2FFFFBECFFD1EFECCFD5D" box="[211,316,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="51.[151,250,1610,1635]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,1177,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[151,1436,1173,1585]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 20. Call A of Physalaemus atlanticus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant call with different envelope and general FM (C and E). Last pulses of the call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 750 (F); 1024 (B and E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613036/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The envelope varies from elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC2FFFFBCC8FD1EFCCBFD5D" box="[724,827,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="51.[151,250,1610,1635]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,1177,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[151,1436,1173,1585]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 20. Call A of Physalaemus atlanticus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant call with different envelope and general FM (C and E). Last pulses of the call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 750 (F); 1024 (B and E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613036/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC2FFFFBDE9FD1EFBADFD5D" box="[1013,1117,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="51.[151,250,1610,1635]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,1177,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[151,1436,1173,1585]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 20. Call A of Physalaemus atlanticus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant call with different envelope and general FM (C and E). Last pulses of the call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 750 (F); 1024 (B and E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613036/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), depending on how emphasized or regular is the sustain. More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 38 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC2FFFFBAB9FD56FB06FC85" box="[1189,1270,765,791]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="51.[151,250,1610,1635]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,1177,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[151,1436,1173,1585]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 20. Call A of Physalaemus atlanticus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant call with different envelope and general FM (C and E). Last pulses of the call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 750 (F); 1024 (B and E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613036/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–F). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC2FFFFBF23FC89FE90FCA9" box="[319,352,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
48 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC2FFFFBC03FC89FDB1FCA9" box="[543,577,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
60 pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is shorter than the fall and the amplitude peak is at their outset (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC2FFFFBC0DFCEEFD8BFCCD" box="[529,635,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="51.[151,250,1610,1635]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,1177,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[151,1436,1173,1585]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 20. Call A of Physalaemus atlanticus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant call with different envelope and general FM (C and E). Last pulses of the call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 750 (F); 1024 (B and E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613036/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In most calls, the last pulse is the longest (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC2FFFFBA6CFCEDFB62FCCD" box="[1136,1170,838,863]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
four times the duration of the other pulses). Silence intervals are present between pulses, which is approximately as long as the pulses (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC2FFFFBB73FCC2FF3CFC35" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="51.[151,250,1610,1635]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,1177,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[151,1436,1173,1585]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 20. Call A of Physalaemus atlanticus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant call with different envelope and general FM (C and E). Last pulses of the call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 750 (F); 1024 (B and E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613036/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC2FFFFBC5FFC26FD5CFC35" box="[579,684,909,935]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1746,1771]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,187,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,181,1720]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 13. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nanus (A), P. spiniger (B), P. crombiei (C), P. signifer (D), P. bokermanni (E), P. angrensis (F), P. atlanticus (G), P. moreirae (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. nanus; A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613022/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 13G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC2FFFFBA04FC25FBCAFC35" box="[1048,1082,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
440 Hz and is generally absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, the short duration of the pulses makes the bands broad with narrow intervals. Longer pulses have subharmonics (usually f
|
||||
<subScript id="C0185513FFC2FFFFBEBDFBA1FF59FB8A" attach="right" box="[161,169,1034,1048]" fontSize="6" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">0</subScript>
|
||||
1/2). The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC2FFFFBC9CFC51FD6AFB81" box="[640,666,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 950 to 1380 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC2FFFFBD7DFC52FC37FB81" box="[865,967,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="51.[151,250,1610,1635]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,1177,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[151,1436,1173,1585]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 20. Call A of Physalaemus atlanticus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant call with different envelope and general FM (C and E). Last pulses of the call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 750 (F); 1024 (B and E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613036/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonics varies between the second and third, but it is usually the second. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 900 and 1500 Hz (two harmonics). Some calls have a slight upward general FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC2FFFFBFC0FBCEFD92FBED" box="[476,610,1125,1151]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="51.[151,250,1610,1635]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,1177,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@51.[151,1436,1173,1585]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 20. Call A of Physalaemus atlanticus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant call with different envelope and general FM (C and E). Last pulses of the call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 750 (F); 1024 (B and E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613036/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 20B, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most calls have neither general FM nor other additional FM in the call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
75
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC4FFF9BE8BFA66FD16F9E5.xml
Normal file
75
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC4FFF9BE8BFA66FD16F9E5.xml
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|
|
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
|
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<mods:title id="588E57EA030AF2EAA2A5929912B2EC9D">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC4FFF9BE8BFA66FD16F9E5" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFC4FFF9BE8BFA66FDBCFA75" blockId="53.[151,588,1485,1512]" box="[151,588,1485,1512]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFC4FFF9BE8BFA66FDBCFA75" bold="true" box="[151,588,1485,1512]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BE8BFA66FDBCFA75" bold="true" box="[151,588,1485,1512]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BE8BFA66FE6DFA7A" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[151,413,1485,1512]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="henselii">
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||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BE8BFA66FE6DFA7A" bold="true" box="[151,413,1485,1512]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalaemus henselii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species group
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC4FFF9BE8BF9BEFD16F9E5" blockId="53.[151,1436,1557,1655]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||||
Only one call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFC4FFF9BF28F9BEFE94F9BD" box="[308,356,1557,1583]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
was recorded for this group. Calls with high frequency bands (> 1800 Hz).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BAB3F9BEFF27F9C1" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1926" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fernandezae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BAB3F9BEFF27F9C1" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalaemus fernandezae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is the only species with a single frequency band.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BD1DF992FC03F9C1" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[769,1011,1593,1619]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="henselli">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BD1DF992FC03F9C1" box="[769,1011,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalaemus henselli</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has two independent band-series, one harmonic series and another composed of sidebands.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
129
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC4FFF9BE8BFBEAFB2FFAE9.xml
Normal file
129
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC4FFF9BE8BFBEAFB2FFAE9.xml
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|
|
@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
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<mods:title id="C995452D5656CA9643D69481C38E0D95">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFC4FFF9BE8BFBEAFB2FFAE9" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762941" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFC4FFF9BE8BFBEAFB2FFAE9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC4FFF9BE8BFBEAFB2FFAE9" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC4FFF9BE8BFBEAFB2FFAE9" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFC4FFF9BE8BFBEAFE2AFBC9" blockId="53.[151,474,1089,1116]" box="[151,474,1089,1116]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFC4FFF9BE8BFBEAFE2AFBC9" bold="true" box="[151,474,1089,1116]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BE8BFBEAFE2AFBC9" bold="true" box="[151,474,1089,1116]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BE8BFBEAFE61FBC9" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[151,401,1089,1116]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BE8BFBEAFE61FBC9" bold="true" box="[151,401,1089,1116]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalaemus cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
clade
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC4FFF9BE8BFB22FB2FFAE9" blockId="53.[151,1437,1161,1403]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||||
Species of this clade typically have one call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFC4FFF9BC90FB22FD4CFB31" box="[652,700,1161,1187]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
(but see
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BD38FB21FC7EFB31" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[804,910,1162,1187]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BD38FB21FC7EFB31" box="[804,910,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC4FFF9BDAEFB22FBF4FB31" box="[946,1028,1161,1187]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,244,1124,1151]" captionTargetBox="[183,1423,1346,1953]" captionText="TABLE 1. The currently recognized 48 Physalaemus species and references for previous descriptions of the acoustic traits of the call types recognized in the present study. Terms in the “Call Name (Literature)” are the original ones given in the respective references. Species are arranged in the same order of the main text. Clade and species group classification follows Lourenço et al. (2015). Single asterisks mark the species that were not present in Lourenço et al. (2015) analysis (see text). Double asterisks mark species whose calls were not analyzed in the present study. Some authors recognized a higher number of call types for P. spiniger, P. signifer, and P. cuvieri than us (see text)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFF4FFC9BE8BFBCFFA69FAA1" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" tableUuid="08E307DEFFF4FFC9BE8BFBCFFA69FAA1">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Whine-like calls are characteristic emissions in this clade (except in the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BC2BFB05FD58FB55" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[567,680,1197,1223]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="henselii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BC2BFB05FD58FB55" box="[567,680,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. henselii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BD3AFB05FC7CFB55" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[806,908,1197,1223]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cicada">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BD3AFB05FC7CFB55" box="[806,908,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. cicada</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). The major aspects of these calls are clear harmonics, high fundamental frequency (> 400 Hz; except
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BD17FB79FC85FB79" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein & Martens" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[779,885,1233,1259]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olfersii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BD17FB79FC85FB79" box="[779,885,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. olfersii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BDE9FB79FB83FB79" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1962" box="[1013,1139,1233,1259]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BDE9FB79FB83FB79" box="[1013,1139,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. centralis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), high energy in the lower harmonics (except in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BF95FB5DFE03FA9D" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein & Martens" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[393,499,1269,1295]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olfersii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BF95FB5DFE03FA9D" box="[393,499,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. olfersii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group), downward direction of the general FM (except in the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BAB6FB5DFAE4FA9D" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein & Martens" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1194,1300,1269,1295]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olfersii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BAB6FB5DFAE4FA9D" box="[1194,1300,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. olfersii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group), and an up-downward FM at the beginning of the call, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and S-shaped bands when considering the entire call (except in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BCA0FA95FCDDFAC5" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[700,813,1341,1367]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="henselii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BCA0FA95FCDDFAC5" box="[700,813,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. henselii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BD7EFA95FC3CFAC5" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein & Martens" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[866,972,1341,1367]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olfersii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BD7EFA95FC3CFAC5" box="[866,972,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. olfersii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
groups). Nonlinear regimes are relatively rare in the clade (present in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BFCCFAC9FDCAFAE9" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1967" box="[464,570,1377,1403]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barrioi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BFCCFAC9FDCAFAE9" box="[464,570,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. barrioi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BC55FAC9FD42FAE9" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[585,690,1378,1403]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BC55FAC9FD42FAE9" box="[585,690,1378,1403]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BCDCFAC9FCBEFAE9" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[704,846,1377,1403]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ephippifer">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BCDCFAC9FCBEFAE9" box="[704,846,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. ephippifer</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BD40FAC9FC3EFAE9" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[860,974,1377,1403]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BD40FAC9FC3EFAE9" box="[860,974,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BDC7FAC9FBD6FAE9" authorityName="Braun & Braun" authorityYear="1977" box="[987,1062,1377,1403]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lisei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BDC7FAC9FBD6FAE9" box="[987,1062,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. lisei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BA7FFAC9FB3EFAE9" authorityName="Izecksohn" authorityYear="1965" box="[1123,1230,1378,1403]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soaresi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BA7FFAC9FB3EFAE9" box="[1123,1230,1378,1403]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">P. soaresi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
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</document>
|
||||
107
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC4FFFABE8BF90EFA97FE3D.xml
Normal file
107
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC4FFFABE8BF90EFA97FE3D.xml
Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
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<treatment id="D435E640FFC4FFFABE8BF90EFA97FE3D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583598" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762938" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583598" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFC4FFFABE8BF90EFA97FE3D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC4FFFABE8BF90EFA97FE3D" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC4FFF9BE8BF90EFACCF8B9" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFC4FFF9BE8BF90EFD7AF92D" blockId="53.[151,650,1701,1728]" box="[151,650,1701,1728]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFC4FFF9BE8BF90EFD7AF92D" bold="true" box="[151,650,1701,1728]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC4FFF9BE8BF90EFD7AF92D" authority="(Muller, 1926)" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[151,650,1701,1728]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fernandezae">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BE8BF90EFD7AF92D" bold="true" box="[151,650,1701,1728]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BE8BF90EFE22F952" bold="true" box="[151,466,1701,1728]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Physalaemus fernandezae</emphasis>
|
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(Müller, 1926)
|
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFC4FFF9BE8BF946FACCF8B9" blockId="53.[151,1437,1773,2016]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
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We found a single call
|
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<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFC4FFF9BF8BF946FE37F895" box="[407,455,1773,1799]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single note with a strong PAM without silence interval between the cycles. There is a single frequency band with clear upward FM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC4FFFABEDBF89FFA97FE3D" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFC4FFFABEDBF89FFA97FE3D" blockId="53.[151,1437,1773,2016]" lastBlockId="54.[151,1437,153,431]" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BEDBF89FFE48F8DD" bold="true" box="[199,440,1844,1871]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC4FFF9BF3CF89FFE83F8DD" box="[288,371,1844,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1413,1438]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,459,1384]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,453,1388]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 22. Call A of Physalaemus fernandezae. Oscillograms (A) and audiospectrograms (B). A single typical call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613040/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–B).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined two recordings, a total of three minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC4FFF9BA43F89DFB89F8DD" box="[1119,1145,1846,1871]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">ca</emphasis>
|
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. 400 calls from
|
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<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFC4FFF9BB2DF89EFA69F8DD" box="[1329,1433,1845,1871]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="male">10 males</specimenCount>
|
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. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC4FFF9BC8EF8F2FD17F8E1" box="[658,743,1881,1907]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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||||
). Call duration varies from 0.339 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC4FFF9BA61F8F2FB20F8E1" box="[1149,1232,1881,1907]" degrees="0.969" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" precision="55" value="-0.969">0.969 s</geoCoordinate>
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||||
. Usually, the limit between the call rise and sustain is not clear. Apparently, the rise is restricted to the very beginning of the call. Most of the segment with amplitude increase was classified as the sustain of the call. Therefore, the call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (linear or logarithmic). The sustain is long and with an exponential increasing pattern (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC7FFFABEBCFF32FEF9FF21" box="[160,265,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1413,1438]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,459,1384]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,453,1388]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 22. Call A of Physalaemus fernandezae. Oscillograms (A) and audiospectrograms (B). A single typical call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613040/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 22A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is at the very end of the call duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC7FFFABDADFF32FBEAFF21" box="[945,1050,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1413,1438]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,459,1384]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,453,1388]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 22. Call A of Physalaemus fernandezae. Oscillograms (A) and audiospectrograms (B). A single typical call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613040/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 22A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The envelope of the call is triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC7FFFABF73FF16FE27FF45" box="[367,471,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1413,1438]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,459,1384]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,453,1388]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 22. Call A of Physalaemus fernandezae. Oscillograms (A) and audiospectrograms (B). A single typical call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613040/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 22A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 29 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (with no silence intervals present between amplitude peaks;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC7FFFABB32FF4AFA64FF69" box="[1326,1428,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1413,1438]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,459,1384]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,453,1388]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 22. Call A of Physalaemus fernandezae. Oscillograms (A) and audiospectrograms (B). A single typical call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613040/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 22A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) with rate of
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC7FFFABF01FEADFECFFE8D" box="[285,319,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
31 Hz, yielding
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC7FFFABFE4FEADFDE9FE8D" box="[504,537,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
21 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise is similar to the fall, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. A single frequency band is present around 3000 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC7FFFABA44FE82FB4FFED1" box="[1112,1215,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1413,1438]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,459,1384]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,453,1388]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 22. Call A of Physalaemus fernandezae. Oscillograms (A) and audiospectrograms (B). A single typical call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613040/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 22B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The wave periods are regular and the band is narrow and clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC7FFFABB01FEE5FAC7FEF5" box="[1309,1335,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 2880 to 3230 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC7FFFABF1AFEDAFE9DFE19" box="[262,365,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1413,1438]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,459,1384]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,453,1388]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 22. Call A of Physalaemus fernandezae. Oscillograms (A) and audiospectrograms (B). A single typical call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613040/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 22B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the energy is concentrated between 2700 and 3200 Hz. The call has upward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC7FFFABB73FEDAFF3AFE3D" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1413,1438]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,459,1384]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,453,1388]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 22. Call A of Physalaemus fernandezae. Oscillograms (A) and audiospectrograms (B). A single typical call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613040/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 22B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, there is a slight PFM, which is directly proportional to the synchronic PAM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC7FFFABACDFE3EFAD3FE3D" box="[1233,1315,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="54.[151,250,1413,1438]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,459,1384]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[151,1436,453,1388]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 22. Call A of Physalaemus fernandezae. Oscillograms (A) and audiospectrograms (B). A single typical call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613040/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–B).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
121
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC6FFF5BE8BF9DFFAC2FD15.xml
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121
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<mods:title id="751D34CB51A96BDA1A39CA60CD0D14E2">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFC6FFFBBE8BF9DFFD24F91C" blockId="55.[151,724,1652,1679]" box="[151,724,1652,1679]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||||
<heading id="076BE03AFFC6FFFBBE8BF9DFFD24F91C" bold="true" box="[151,724,1652,1679]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" reason="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC6FFFBBE8BF9DFFD24F91C" authority="(Steindachner, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[151,724,1652,1679]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albonotatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBE8BF9DFFD24F91C" bold="true" box="[151,724,1652,1679]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBE8BF9DFFE3CF91D" bold="true" box="[151,460,1652,1679]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Physalaemus albonotatus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Steindachner, 1864)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC6FFFBBE8BF916FBC2F968" blockId="55.[151,1437,1724,2039]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFC6FFFBBF80F916FE3CF945" box="[412,460,1725,1751]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a slight PAM without silence intervals. It has a gradual downward FM throughout the call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC6FFF5BEDBF8A8FAC2FD15" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC6FFF5BEDBF8A8FAC2FD15" blockId="55.[151,1437,1724,2039]" lastBlockId="57.[151,1437,153,647]" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBEDBF8A8FDD8F88C" bold="true" box="[199,552,1795,1822]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC6FFFBBF3EF8A8FE84F88C" box="[290,372,1795,1822]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–H and 24B).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 14 recordings, a total of 24 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBAB0F8AEFB36F88C" box="[1196,1222,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 330 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFC6FFFBBB9CF8AFFF2CF8D0" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="male">26 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC6FFFBBCF2F883FCB5F8D0" box="[750,837,1832,1858]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 1.333 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC6FFFBBAF9F883FAC9F8D1" box="[1253,1337,1832,1859]" degrees="1.429" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" precision="55" value="-1.429">1.429 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. In most calls the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear (for example, see elliptic envelope in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC6FFFBBB6BF8E7FF3CF818" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig 25A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In calls where they are perceptible, the call rise and fall can be similar in duration with variable shape (linear, exponential, or logarithmic) or call fall is shorter than the rise. In some calls, there is a long regular sustain (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC6FFFBBB73F83FFF38F840" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 25E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak of the calls measured is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC6FFFBBC06F877FD32F865" box="[538,706,2011,2039]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 25A, C, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC6FFFBBD60F877FC11F864" box="[892,993,2011,2038]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 25E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 42 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BC3BFF16FD09FF45" box="[551,761,188,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 25A, C, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC8FFF5BA3EFF15FBB3FF45" box="[1058,1091,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
25 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC8FFF5BB1AFF15FAD8FF45" box="[1286,1320,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
35 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BF71FEAEFE25FE8D" box="[365,469,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 24B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC8FFF5BD5EFEADFC94FE8D" box="[834,868,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
530 Hz and approximately the first six harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC8FFF5BF03FEE5FEC9FEF5" box="[287,313,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFC8FFF5BF5BFEE7FE2BFEF5" box="[327,475,332,359]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1590" valueMax="2440">1590 to 2440</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BC0EFEE6FD8AFEF5" box="[530,634,332,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 25B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the sixth, but it is usually the fifth. There is a clear shift in relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at first harmonic and ending in the fifth or sixth one (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BA09FE3EFB2AFE3D" box="[1045,1242,404,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 25B, F, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2950 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM. Additionally the calls have a subtle up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BB0BFE76FF5EFD89" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 25F, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BC68FDAAFCCDFD89" box="[628,829,512,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 25B, F, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. The call also has a PFM, which is inversely proportional and synchronic to the PAM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BC7FFDE2FC93FDF1" box="[611,867,584,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 25A, B, C, E, F, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In a few calls, the rate of the PAM is very low and so is the number of cycles (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BFD6FDC6FDA5FD15" box="[458,597,620,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 25D, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In those calls, the PFM is equally slow and weak (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BA87FDC6FAD6FD15" box="[1179,1318,620,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1259,1284]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,680,1227]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,669,1233]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613046/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 25D, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
121
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC6FFFBBE8BFAA7FA83F9D5.xml
Normal file
121
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC6FFFBBE8BFAA7FA83F9D5.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
|
|||
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<mods:title id="3C035BAB679A9A84F15EF65C64306110">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9FFD00510C4297683042A1C82EEA18BC">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFC6FFFBBE8BFAA7FA83F9D5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762944" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFC6FFFBBE8BFAA7FA83F9D5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC6FFFBBE8BFAA7FA83F9D5" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC6FFFBBE8BFAA7FA83F9D5" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFC6FFFBBE8BFAA7FDB0FAB4" blockId="55.[151,576,1292,1319]" box="[151,576,1292,1319]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
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<heading id="076BE03AFFC6FFFBBE8BFAA7FDB0FAB4" bold="true" box="[151,576,1292,1319]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" reason="1">
|
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|
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC6FFFBBE8BFAA7FE61FAB4" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[151,401,1292,1319]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBE8BFAA7FE61FAB4" bold="true" box="[151,401,1292,1319]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Physalaemus cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species group
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
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||||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFC6FFFBBE8BFAFFFA83F9D5" blockId="55.[151,1437,1364,1607]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
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Only one call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFC6FFFBBF2BFAFEFE97FAFD" box="[311,359,1365,1391]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
was recorded for this group (but see
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC6FFFBBD11FAFEFC88FAFC" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[781,888,1365,1390]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBD11FAFEFC88FAFC" box="[781,888,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC6FFFBBD80FAFFFC1EFAFC" box="[924,1006,1364,1390]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,244,1124,1151]" captionTargetBox="[183,1423,1346,1953]" captionText="TABLE 1. The currently recognized 48 Physalaemus species and references for previous descriptions of the acoustic traits of the call types recognized in the present study. Terms in the “Call Name (Literature)” are the original ones given in the respective references. Species are arranged in the same order of the main text. Clade and species group classification follows Lourenço et al. (2015). Single asterisks mark the species that were not present in Lourenço et al. (2015) analysis (see text). Double asterisks mark species whose calls were not analyzed in the present study. Some authors recognized a higher number of call types for P. spiniger, P. signifer, and P. cuvieri than us (see text)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFF4FFC9BE8BFBCFFA69FAA1" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" tableUuid="08E307DEFFF4FFC9BE8BFBCFFA69FAA1">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
). All species have calls similar, to the human ear, to nasal-like whines with downward FM. Calls have a general downward FM and a subtle up-downward FM at the beginning of the call, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and S-shaped bands when considering the entire call duration (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBFD0FA6AFE04FA48" box="[460,500,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC6FFFBBC1EFA6AFD93FA48" authorityName="Cruz & Pimenta" authorityYear="2004" box="[514,611,1472,1498]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erikae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBC1EFA6AFD93FA48" box="[514,611,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. erikae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC6FFFBBC84FA6AFCF3FA48" baseAuthorityName="Reinhardt & Lutken" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[664,771,1472,1498]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kroyeri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBC84FA6AFCF3FA48" box="[664,771,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. kroyeri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; this modulation is short and subtle in some species such as
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC6FFFBBE8BFA4EFEC6FA6C" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[151,310,1508,1534]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albonotatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBE8BFA4EFEC6FA6C" box="[151,310,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. albonotatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC6FFFBBF58FA4EFE6EFA6C" authorityName="Lobo" authorityYear="1993" box="[324,414,1509,1534]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuqui">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBF58FA4EFE6EFA6C" box="[324,414,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. cuqui</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC6FFFBBFC7FA4EFDD8FA6C" authorityName="Brasileiro & Haddad" authorityYear="2015" box="[475,552,1509,1534]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atim">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBFC7FA4EFDD8FA6C" box="[475,552,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. atim</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). A few species (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC6FFFBBCF5FA4EFC78FA6C" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[745,904,1508,1534]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albonotatus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBCF5FA4EFC78FA6C" box="[745,904,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. albonotatus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC6FFFBBD8AFA4EFC13FA6C" authorityName="Brasileiro & Haddad" authorityYear="2015" box="[918,995,1509,1534]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atim">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBD8AFA4EFC13FA6C" box="[918,995,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. atim</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC6FFFBBDEDFA4EFBBAFA6C" authorityName="Lobo" authorityYear="1993" box="[1009,1098,1509,1534]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuqui">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBDEDFA4EFBBAFA6C" box="[1009,1098,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. cuqui</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC6FFFBBA9BFA4EFAE5FA6C" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[1159,1301,1508,1534]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ephippifer">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBA9BFA4EFAE5FA6C" box="[1159,1301,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. ephippifer</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) have weak to intermediate PAM,
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBF91F9A2FE40F9B0" box="[397,432,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||||
, silence intervals are absent between pulses. This PAM leads to amplitude cycles throughout the call. Subharmonics are always present in calls of two species in this clade (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC6FFFBBA28F986FB6EF9D4" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[1076,1182,1581,1606]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBA28F986FB6EF9D4" box="[1076,1182,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC6FFFBBAC8F986FA93F9D4" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[1236,1379,1580,1606]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ephippifer">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBAC8F986FA93F9D4" box="[1236,1379,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. ephippifer</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
120
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFC7FFFBBE8BFA44FC4DFDAD.xml
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120
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@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC7FFFABE8BFA44FDBFF99B" authority="(Peters, 1872)" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[151,591,1519,1546]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="henselii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC7FFFABE8BFA44FDBFF99B" bold="true" box="[151,591,1519,1546]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC7FFFABE8BFA44FE6DF998" bold="true" box="[151,413,1519,1546]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Physalaemus henselii</emphasis>
|
||||
(Peters, 1872)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC7FFFABE8BF993FB9EF9E4" blockId="54.[151,1437,1592,2014]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFC7FFFABF84F993FE38F9C0" box="[408,456,1592,1618]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a sequence of pulses (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC7FFFABB6FF993FA66F9C3" box="[1395,1430,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||||
, pulse-PAM). The call is spectrally polymorphic; some calls have pulses with sidebands.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC7FFFBBEDBF9D4FC4DFDAD" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC7FFFBBEDBF9D4FC4DFDAD" blockId="54.[151,1437,1592,2014]" lastBlockId="55.[151,1437,153,575]" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC7FFFABEDBF9D4FE80F908" bold="true" box="[199,368,1663,1690]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC7FFFABF02F9D4FE80F908" box="[286,368,1663,1690]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1149,1174]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,603,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[151,1436,597,1124]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 23. Call A of Physalaemus henselii. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and E). Last pulses of a call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.02 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (B); 92.1 (F); 69 (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613042/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
A–F
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC7FFFABFB4F92BFDEBF908" bold="true" box="[424,539,1663,1690]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">and 24A).</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined two recordings, a total of four minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC7FFFABAB2F92BFB38F90B" box="[1198,1224,1664,1689]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 200 calls from six males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC7FFFABCF0F90FFCB2F92C" box="[748,834,1700,1726]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.289 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC7FFFABAFCF90FFAC4F92C" box="[1248,1332,1700,1726]" degrees="0.493" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" precision="55" value="-0.493">0.493 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise is usually very abrupt and shorter than the call fall (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC7FFFABCE1F963FC92F970" box="[765,866,1736,1762]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1149,1174]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,603,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[151,1436,597,1124]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 23. Call A of Physalaemus henselii. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and E). Last pulses of a call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.02 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (B); 92.1 (F); 69 (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613042/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 23C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), which has an exponential shape. The call rises are longer and more similar to falls. The sustain varies from flat to very steep in shape. The envelope of the call is elliptic, rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC7FFFABF51F8BBFE42F8B8" box="[333,434,1808,1834]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1149,1174]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,603,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[151,1436,597,1124]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 23. Call A of Physalaemus henselii. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and E). Last pulses of a call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.02 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (B); 92.1 (F); 69 (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613042/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 23C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), or triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC7FFFABCF1F8BBFCA4F8B8" box="[749,852,1808,1834]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1149,1174]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,603,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[151,1436,597,1124]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 23. Call A of Physalaemus henselii. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and E). Last pulses of a call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.02 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (B); 92.1 (F); 69 (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613042/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 23A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 53 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC7FFFABEF0F8F3FECCF8E0" box="[236,316,1880,1906]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1149,1174]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,603,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[151,1436,597,1124]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 23. Call A of Physalaemus henselii. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and E). Last pulses of a call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.02 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (B); 92.1 (F); 69 (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613042/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–F). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC7FFFABC91F8F3FD5FF8E3" box="[653,687,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
54 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC7FFFABD76F8F3FC7BF8E3" box="[874,907,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
20 pulses throughout the call. The envelope of the pulses is variable; however, the pulse rise is usually shorter than the fall, with amplitude peak at the beginning of the pulse. Silence intervals are present between pulses, with durations slightly longer than pulse duration except between the first pulses, where the intervals are very short or even absent (pulses are juxtaposed;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC7FFFABAF8F86FFA60F84C" box="[1252,1424,1988,2014]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1149,1174]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,603,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[151,1436,597,1124]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 23. Call A of Physalaemus henselii. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and E). Last pulses of a call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.02 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (B); 92.1 (F); 69 (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613042/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 23A, C, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC6FFFBBC1DFF32FD9BFF21" box="[513,619,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 24A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is at
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBDEAFF31FBE8FF21" box="[1014,1048,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
1900 Hz and this band is also the dominant frequency (see below). The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The call shows an additional frequency series with bands separated by
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBD53FF49FC80FF69" box="[847,880,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
250 Hz series produced by a PAM present within pulses (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC6FFFBBEF1FEAEFE81FE8D" box="[237,369,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1149,1174]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,603,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[151,1436,597,1124]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 23. Call A of Physalaemus henselii. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and E). Last pulses of a call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.02 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (B); 92.1 (F); 69 (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613042/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 23E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). This series is very variable (30 to 550 Hz) and it is not multiple of the harmonic series. Both seem to be independent of each other. Therefore, we called the 250-Hz bands as sidebands. The short duration of the pulses makes the bands broad with narrow intervals. In parts where two pulses are juxtaposed, or at least very close to each other, the wave periods are less regular, the harmonics can be less clear with deterministic chaos (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC6FFFBBB37FEDAFA60FE19" box="[1323,1424,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1149,1174]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,603,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[151,1436,597,1124]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 23. Call A of Physalaemus henselii. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and E). Last pulses of a call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.02 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (B); 92.1 (F); 69 (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613042/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 23E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC6FFFBBC27FE3DFDA5FE3D" box="[571,597,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFC6FFFBBC78FE3EFD09FE3D" box="[612,761,405,431]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="1690" valueMax="2160">1690 to 2160</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC6FFFBBD2DFE3EFC69FE3D" box="[817,921,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1149,1174]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,603,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[151,1436,597,1124]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 23. Call A of Physalaemus henselii. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and E). Last pulses of a call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.02 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (B); 92.1 (F); 69 (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613042/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 23B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The first harmonic is the dominant. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between 650 and 2600 Hz (one harmonic). Most of the call energy is between
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFC6FFFBBDB8FE76FBBBFE65" box="[932,1099,477,503]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="1400" valueMax="2400">1400 and 2400</date>
|
||||
Hz. There is usually neither a clear general FM nor other shorter FM segment in the call. Some calls, mainly those with juxtaposed pulses, show a slight PFM following the PAM (see beginning of the call in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC6FFFBBD50FD8EFC40FDAD" box="[844,944,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1149,1174]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,603,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[151,1436,597,1124]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 23. Call A of Physalaemus henselii. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and E). Last pulses of a call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and E) and 0.02 s (D and F); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 135 (B); 92.1 (F); 69 (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613042/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 23E</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
107
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Normal file
107
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Normal file
|
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@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
|
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|
||||
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|
||||
<treatment id="D435E640FFC8FFF6BE8BFA36FD3CFED6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583608" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762942" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583608" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFC8FFF6BE8BFA36FD3CFED6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFC8FFF6BE8BFA36FD3CFED6" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC8FFF5BE8BFA36FBC2F9B6" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC8FFF5BE8BFA36FDE5FA2A" blockId="57.[151,533,1437,1464]" box="[151,533,1437,1464]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
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<heading id="076BE03AFFC8FFF5BE8BFA36FDE5FA2A" bold="true" box="[151,533,1437,1464]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" reason="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFC8FFF5BE8BFA36FDE5FA2A" authority="Lobo, 1993" authorityName="Lobo" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,533,1437,1464]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuqui">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC8FFF5BE8BFA36FDE5FA2A" bold="true" box="[151,533,1437,1464]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC8FFF5BE8BFA36FE72FA2A" bold="true" box="[151,386,1437,1464]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Physalaemus cuqui</emphasis>
|
||||
Lobo, 1993
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC8FFF5BE8BFA4DFBC2F9B6" blockId="57.[151,1437,1510,2041]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFC8FFF5BF80FA4DFE3CF992" box="[412,460,1510,1536]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a slight PAM without silence intervals. It has a gradual downward FM throughout the call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFC8FFF6BEDBF986FD3CFED6" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFC8FFF6BEDBF986FD3CFED6" blockId="57.[151,1437,1510,2041]" lastBlockId="58.[151,1436,152,324]" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC8FFF5BEDBF986FDDDF9DA" bold="true" box="[199,557,1581,1608]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BF38F986FE89F9DA" box="[292,377,1581,1608]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="58.[151,250,1318,1343]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,349,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@58.[151,1436,345,1293]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 26. Call A of Physalaemus cuqui. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613048/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–B and 24C).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined two recordings, a total of two minutes, with 47 calls from six males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFC8FFF5BCFDF9F9FCC7F9FE" box="[737,823,1618,1644]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 1.215 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFC8FFF5BAD1F9FAFAEFF9FE" box="[1229,1311,1617,1644]" degrees="1.500" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" precision="55" value="-1.5">1.500 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear (see elliptic envelope in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BA11F9DDFB85F903" box="[1037,1141,1654,1681]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="58.[151,250,1318,1343]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,349,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@58.[151,1436,345,1293]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 26. Call A of Physalaemus cuqui. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613048/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 26A</figureCitation>
|
||||
); the envelope is linear- or exponential-shaped until the amplitude peak and logarithmic-shaped from the peak to the end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BB34F931FA60F927" box="[1320,1424,1690,1717]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="58.[151,250,1318,1343]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,349,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@58.[151,1436,345,1293]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 26. Call A of Physalaemus cuqui. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613048/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 26A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first two thirds of the call duration. The envelope is elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BB73F915FF3CF96F" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="58.[151,250,1318,1343]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,349,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@58.[151,1436,345,1293]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 26. Call A of Physalaemus cuqui. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613048/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 26A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 26 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BDFCF8ADFBB7F8B3" box="[992,1095,1798,1825]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="58.[151,250,1318,1343]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,349,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@58.[151,1436,345,1293]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 26. Call A of Physalaemus cuqui. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613048/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 26A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC8FFF5BB45F8ACFA8AF8B2" box="[1369,1402,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
21 Hz, yielding
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC8FFF5BF34F880FEB9F8D6" box="[296,329,1835,1860]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
29 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BC9EF8E5FD18F8FA" box="[642,744,1870,1896]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 24C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC8FFF5BA51F8E4FB9FF8FA" box="[1101,1135,1871,1896]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
510 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFC8FFF5BFD0F83CFE1DF822" box="[460,493,1943,1968]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
2850 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BC7FF83DFD3AF823" box="[611,714,1942,1969]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="58.[151,250,1318,1343]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,349,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@58.[151,1436,345,1293]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 26. Call A of Physalaemus cuqui. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613048/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 26B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the sixth, but it is usually the sixth. There is a clear shift in relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at first harmonic and ending in the sixth one (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFC8FFF5BA10F875FB82F86B" box="[1036,1138,2014,2041]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="58.[151,250,1318,1343]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,349,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@58.[151,1436,345,1293]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 26. Call A of Physalaemus cuqui. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613048/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 26B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 500 and 3000 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM. Additionally the calls have a subtle up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding a arc-shaped bands in this part of the call in audiospectrograms, and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCBFFF6BC22FF4AFD54FF6E" box="[574,676,225,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="58.[151,250,1318,1343]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,349,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@58.[151,1436,345,1293]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 26. Call A of Physalaemus cuqui. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613048/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 26B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCBFFF6BD38FEAEFC7DFEB2" box="[804,909,261,288]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="58.[151,250,1318,1343]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,349,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@58.[151,1436,345,1293]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 26. Call A of Physalaemus cuqui. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613048/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 26B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The call also has a PFM, which is inversely proportional and synchronic to the PAM (26A–B).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
109
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFCAFFF7BE8BFBDFFAAEF8CD.xml
Normal file
109
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFCAFFF7BE8BFBDFFAAEF8CD.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
|
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<document id="E4C25429838BC22BF67BAC1AF9C65E2E" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFCAFFF7BE8BFBDFFAAEF8CD" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus albifrons" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="60" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="60" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="4AD48B38D98B8C8012AFD506082D0CED" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="5D31B2AC67761D08CF78E366AA4DF0E0">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B7DD7D0240E27E6CC2E8AF7FA0C9482A">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DEE845E83F2B2686F6D8697D34CE2ADB">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFCAFFF7BE8BFBDFFAAEF8CD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583612" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762943" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583612" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFCAFFF7BE8BFBDFFAAEF8CD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFCAFFF7BE8BFBDFFAAEF8CD" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCAFFF7BE8BFBDFFD73FA8C" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFCAFFF7BE8BFBDFFDB7FB1C" blockId="59.[151,583,1140,1167]" box="[151,583,1140,1167]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFCAFFF7BE8BFBDFFDB7FB1C" bold="true" box="[151,583,1140,1167]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFCAFFF7BE8BFBDFFDB7FB1C" authority="(Spix, 1824)" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[151,583,1140,1167]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albifrons">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCAFFF7BE8BFBDFFDB7FB1C" bold="true" box="[151,583,1140,1167]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCAFFF7BE8BFBDFFE5BFB1D" bold="true" box="[151,427,1140,1167]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Physalaemus albifrons</emphasis>
|
||||
(Spix, 1824)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCAFFF7BE8BFB16FD73FA8C" blockId="59.[151,1437,1212,1887]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFCAFFF7BF8EFB16FE32FB45" box="[402,450,1213,1239]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a short single harmonic note with an elliptic envelope. It has a general downward FM throughout the call but with an up-downward FM segment in the first three fourths of the call duration.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCAFFF7BECCFA83FAAEF8CD" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCAFFF7BECCFA83FAAEF8CD" blockId="59.[151,1437,1212,1887]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCAFFF7BECCFA83FDC0FAD1" bold="true" box="[208,560,1320,1347]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BF30FA83FE70FAD1" box="[300,384,1320,1347]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="60.[151,250,702,727]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,186,674]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,181,676]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 28. Call A of Physalaemus albifrons. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and levels of FM (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B); 81.2 (E); 78.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613052/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–F and 24E).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined two recordings, a total of two minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCAFFF7BAC7FA82FB05FAD0" box="[1243,1269,1321,1346]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 90 calls from two males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFCAFFF7BD01FAE7FC83FAF5" box="[797,883,1356,1383]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.263 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFCAFFF7BB0DFAE6FA95FAF5" box="[1297,1381,1357,1383]" degrees="0.297" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" precision="55" value="-0.297">0.297 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise and fall durations are similar to each other in duration and shape (linear to exponential). There is a sustain, usually with a concave shape, yielding two amplitude peaks around the middle of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BA9DFA3FFB19FA3D" box="[1153,1257,1428,1455]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="60.[151,250,702,727]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,186,674]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,181,676]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 28. Call A of Physalaemus albifrons. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and levels of FM (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B); 81.2 (E); 78.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613052/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 28A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration. The envelope is elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BDCFFA13FBACFA41" box="[979,1116,1464,1491]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="60.[151,250,702,727]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,186,674]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,181,676]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 28. Call A of Physalaemus albifrons. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and levels of FM (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B); 81.2 (E); 78.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613052/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 28A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 24 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BFD7F9ABFDC2F989" box="[459,562,1536,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 24E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCAFFF7BD83F9AAFC31F988" box="[927,961,1537,1562]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
480 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCAFFF7BF88F9E2FE5EF9F0" box="[404,430,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFCAFFF7BFA1F9E2FDA0F9F0" box="[445,592,1608,1635]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" value="2440" valueMax="2670">2440 to 2670</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BC9AF9E3FD1DF9F1" box="[646,749,1608,1635]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="60.[151,250,702,727]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,186,674]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,181,676]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 28. Call A of Physalaemus albifrons. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and levels of FM (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B); 81.2 (E); 78.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613052/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 28B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the ninth, but it is usually the fifth. There is a clear shift in the relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the second harmonic and ending at the eighth or ninth (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BB0CF93BFF5AF95D" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="60.[151,250,702,727]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,186,674]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,181,676]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 28. Call A of Physalaemus albifrons. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and levels of FM (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B); 81.2 (E); 78.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613052/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 28B, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BEAAF91EFF17F95D" box="[182,231,1717,1743]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">24E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Thenceforth, it gets lower, ending in the seventh or sixth harmonic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BDEAF91FFB6AF95D" box="[1014,1178,1716,1743]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="60.[151,250,702,727]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,186,674]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,181,676]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 28. Call A of Physalaemus albifrons. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and levels of FM (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B); 81.2 (E); 78.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613052/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 28B, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BABAF91EFB28F95D" box="[1190,1240,1717,1743]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">24E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 1100 and 3700 Hz (six to nine harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BAF2F973FA7FF961" box="[1262,1423,1752,1779]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="60.[151,250,702,727]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,186,674]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,181,676]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 28. Call A of Physalaemus albifrons. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and levels of FM (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B); 81.2 (E); 78.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613052/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 28B, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first three fourths of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BD9FF88BFBD7F8A9" box="[899,1063,1824,1851]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="60.[151,250,702,727]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,186,674]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,181,676]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 28. Call A of Physalaemus albifrons. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and levels of FM (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B); 81.2 (E); 78.9 (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613052/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 28B, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
111
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFCBFFF7BE8BFA3AFADAFED1.xml
Normal file
111
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFCBFFF7BE8BFA3AFADAFED1.xml
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|
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@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
|
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCBFFF6BE8BFA3AFDEFF985" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFCBFFF6BE8BFA3AFD3CFA39" blockId="58.[151,716,1425,1452]" box="[151,716,1425,1452]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFCBFFF6BE8BFA3AFD3CFA39" authority="Brasileiro & Haddad, 2015" authorityName="Brasileiro & Haddad" authorityYear="2015" box="[151,716,1425,1452]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atim">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCBFFF6BE8BFA3AFD3CFA39" bold="true" box="[151,716,1425,1452]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCBFFF6BE8BFA3AFE84FA39" bold="true" box="[151,372,1425,1452]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Physalaemus atim</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFCBFFF6BF67FA3AFD3CFA39" author="Brasileiro, C. A. & Haddad, C. F. B." box="[379,716,1425,1451]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="280 - 288" refId="ref72620" refString="Brasileiro, C. A. & Haddad, C. F. B. (2015) A New Species of Physalaemus from Central Brazil (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Herpetologica, 71 (4), 280 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 13 - 00085" type="journal article" year="2015">Brasileiro & Haddad, 2015</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCBFFF6BE8BFA71FDEFF985" blockId="58.[151,1437,1497,2028]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFCBFFF6BF84FA71FE38FA66" box="[408,456,1498,1524]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a gradual downward FM throughout the call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCBFFF7BEDBF98BFADAFED1" lastPageId="59" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCBFFF7BEDBF98BFADAFED1" blockId="58.[151,1437,1497,2028]" lastBlockId="59.[151,1437,153,323]" lastPageId="59" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCBFFF6BEDBF98BFDEDF9A9" bold="true" box="[199,541,1568,1595]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCBFFF6BF01F98BFE9EF9A9" box="[285,366,1568,1595]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–D and 24D).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined one recording, a total of 11 seconds, with 11 calls from four males. Most of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFCBFFF6BC4FF9EEFD58F9CD" box="[595,680,1605,1631]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.779 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFCBFFF6BA23F9EFFB62F9F2" box="[1087,1170,1604,1632]" degrees="0.995" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" precision="55" value="-0.995">0.995 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The limits between the call rise, sustain and call fall are not clear (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCBFFF6BC61F9C2FD17F911" box="[637,743,1641,1667]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 27A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In calls where they are perceptible, the call rise and fall can be similar in duration with variable shape (linear, exponential, or logarithmic) or fall is shorter than rise. The sustain is irregular with short amplitude valleys (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCBFFF6BC79F91AFD3EF959" box="[613,718,1713,1739]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 27A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fifths of the call duration. The envelope is elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCBFFF6BC82F97EFCF8F97D" box="[670,776,1749,1775]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 27A</figureCitation>
|
||||
), rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCBFFF6BDB1F97EFBE3F97D" box="[941,1043,1749,1775]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 27C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) or triangular (pointed left). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 33 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has an irregular slight PAM (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCBFFF6BB3BF8B5FAB9F8A5" box="[1319,1353,1822,1847]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
45 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCBFFF6BEEBF8E9FEE9F8C9" box="[247,281,1858,1883]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
24 peaks throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCBFFF6BC5BF8CEFD41F8ED" box="[583,689,1893,1919]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 24D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCBFFF6BA01F8CDFBCEF8ED" box="[1053,1086,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
430 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCBFFF6BC1FF805FDEDF855" box="[515,541,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFCBFFF6BC37F806FD4DF855" box="[555,701,1965,1992]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" value="1980" valueMax="2330">1980 to 2330</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCBFFF6BCEEF806FCA8F855" box="[754,856,1965,1991]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 27B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the seventh, but it is usually the sixth. There is a clear shift in relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic and ending at the sixth (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BA81FF32FAF7FF21" box="[1181,1287,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 27D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 700 and 2700 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BB2DFF16FF5FFF69" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 27B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, the calls have a subtle up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BF08FEAEFE8CFE8D" box="[276,380,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 27D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCAFFF7BD28FEAEFC4CFE8D" box="[820,956,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="59.[151,250,997,1022]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,353,968]" captionTargetId="figure@59.[151,1436,345,973]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613050/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 27B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no clear PFM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
113
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFCCFFF1BE8BFDAAFB1CFA9D.xml
Normal file
113
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFCCFFF1BE8BFDAAFB1CFA9D.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
|
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<mods:title id="5096E28BABBEB28F5C587B0BB446BBCD">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4112E6445C57577AD270E98FFD7C747A">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AA00A4C3996F001E962A68B677C346B2">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFCCFFF1BE8BFDAAFB1CFA9D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583618" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762949" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583618" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFCCFFF1BE8BFDAAFB1CFA9D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFCCFFF1BE8BFDAAFB1CFA9D" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCCFFF1BE8BFDAAFA9EFD15" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFCCFFF1BE8BFDAAFD0CFD89" blockId="61.[151,764,513,540]" box="[151,764,513,540]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFCCFFF1BE8BFDAAFD0CFD89" bold="true" box="[151,764,513,540]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFCCFFF1BE8BFDAAFD0CFD89" authority="(Reinhardt & Lutken, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Reinhardt & Lutken" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[151,764,513,540]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kroyeri">
|
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCCFFF1BE8BFDAAFD0CFD89" bold="true" box="[151,764,513,540]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCCFFF1BE8BFDAAFE64FD8E" bold="true" box="[151,404,513,540]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Physalaemus kroyeri</emphasis>
|
||||
(Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCCFFF1BE8BFDE2FA9EFD15" blockId="61.[151,1437,585,1295]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFCCFFF1BF8CFDE2FE4FFDF1" box="[400,447,585,611]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a general downward FM throughout the call and an up-downward FM segment in the first fifth of the call duration.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCCFFF1BEDBFD3BFB1CFA9D" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCCFFF1BEDBFD3BFB1CFA9D" blockId="61.[151,1437,585,1295]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCCFFF1BEDBFD3BFDDAFD39" bold="true" box="[199,554,656,683]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BF3FFD3BFE86FD39" box="[291,374,656,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1913,1938]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,1324,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@61.[151,1436,1317,1888]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 30. Call A of Physalaemus kroyeri. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–C). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 78.9 (F); 55.2 (E); 110 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613056/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–F and 24G).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined four recordings, a total of six minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCCFFF1BAD1FD39FB17FD39" box="[1229,1255,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 190 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFCCFFF1BD31FD1EFC74FD5D" box="[813,900,693,719]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.673 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFCCFFF1BB38FD1FFA88FD5D" box="[1316,1400,692,719]" degrees="0.759" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" precision="55" value="-0.759">0.759 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. In some calls the limits between the call rise, sustain and call fall is not very clear (mainly in calls with elliptic envelope,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BECBFD56FECFFC85" box="[215,319,765,791]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1913,1938]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,1324,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@61.[151,1436,1317,1888]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 30. Call A of Physalaemus kroyeri. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–C). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 78.9 (F); 55.2 (E); 110 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613056/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 30A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The call rise and fall are similar in duration. Usually, the call rise has a short logarithmic-shaped section followed by an exponential shape, whereas call fall has an exponential shape only. The sustain is irregular, usually with short or long shallow valleys (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BC9EFCEEFD1BFCCD" box="[642,747,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1913,1938]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,1324,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@61.[151,1436,1317,1888]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 30. Call A of Physalaemus kroyeri. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–C). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 78.9 (F); 55.2 (E); 110 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613056/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 30D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is usually before the middle of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BC99FCC2FCFCFC11" box="[645,780,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1913,1938]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,1324,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@61.[151,1436,1317,1888]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 30. Call A of Physalaemus kroyeri. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–C). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 78.9 (F); 55.2 (E); 110 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613056/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 30A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to almost rectangular (when flat sustains are present;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BB6CFCC2FF3CFC35" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1913,1938]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,1324,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@61.[151,1436,1317,1888]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 30. Call A of Physalaemus kroyeri. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–C). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 78.9 (F); 55.2 (E); 110 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613056/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 30D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 34 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BD54FC1AFC42FC59" box="[840,946,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 24G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCCFFF1BB3CFC19FAB2FC59" box="[1312,1346,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
480 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCCFFF1BD02FC51FCC8FB81" box="[798,824,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFCCFFF1BD5BFC52FC2BFB81" box="[839,987,1017,1043]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" value="2060" valueMax="2160">2060 to 2160</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BA0FFC52FB8BFB81" box="[1043,1147,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1913,1938]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,1324,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@61.[151,1436,1317,1888]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 30. Call A of Physalaemus kroyeri. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–C). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 78.9 (F); 55.2 (E); 110 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613056/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 30B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the sixth (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BC3DFBB6FD77FBA5" box="[545,647,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 24G</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BC8EFBB6FD2FFBA5" box="[658,735,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1913,1938]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,1324,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@61.[151,1436,1317,1888]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 30. Call A of Physalaemus kroyeri. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–C). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 78.9 (F); 55.2 (E); 110 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613056/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">30E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is a clear shift in the relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher until three fourths of the call duration, starting at the second harmonic and ending at the sixth; thenceforth, it gets lower, ending at the third harmonic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BDDEFBCEFBD9FBED" box="[962,1065,1125,1151]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 24G</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BA29FBCEFB73FBED" box="[1077,1155,1125,1151]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1913,1938]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,1324,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@61.[151,1436,1317,1888]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 30. Call A of Physalaemus kroyeri. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–C). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 78.9 (F); 55.2 (E); 110 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613056/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">30E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2700 Hz (four to seven harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BAA7FB22FAAEFB31" box="[1211,1374,1161,1187]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1913,1938]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,1324,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@61.[151,1436,1317,1888]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 30. Call A of Physalaemus kroyeri. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–C). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 78.9 (F); 55.2 (E); 110 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613056/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 30B, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first fifth of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BD18FB7AFC5CFB79" box="[772,940,1233,1259]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1913,1938]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,1324,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@61.[151,1436,1317,1888]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 30. Call A of Physalaemus kroyeri. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–C). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 78.9 (F); 55.2 (E); 110 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613056/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 30B, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
117
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFCDFFF1BE8BFCE6FE29FE41.xml
Normal file
117
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFCDFFF1BE8BFCE6FE29FE41.xml
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|
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@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
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<mods:title id="15AE865149CE6229DC151C4C38BAA5C8">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCDFFF0BE8BFCE6FF0CFC65" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFCDFFF0BE8BFCE6FD59FCF5" authority="Cruz & Pimenta, 2004" authorityName="Cruz & Pimenta" authorityYear="2004" box="[151,681,845,872]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erikae">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCDFFF0BE8BFCE6FD59FCF5" bold="true" box="[151,681,845,872]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCDFFF0BE8BFCE6FE79FCFA" bold="true" box="[151,393,845,872]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Physalaemus erikae</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFCDFFF0BF8DFCE6FD59FCF5" author="Pimenta, B. V. S. & Cruz, C. A. G." box="[401,681,845,871]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="197 - 204" refId="ref76911" refString="Pimenta, B. V. S. & Cruz, C. A. G. (2004) The tadpole and advertisement call of Physalaemus aguirrei Bokermann, 1966 (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 25, 197 - 204. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1568538041231201" type="journal article" year="2004">Cruz & Pimenta, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCDFFF0BE8BFC3EFF0CFC65" blockId="60.[151,1436,917,1015]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFCDFFF0BF85FC3EFE39FC3D" box="[409,457,917,943]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note. It has a general downward FM throughout the call but with an up-downward FM segment in the first sixth of the call duration.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="08E307DEFFCDFFF0BE8BF980FCA3F91E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613054" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613054/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" startId="60.[151,250,1579,1604]" targetBox="[155,1430,1041,1551]" targetPageId="60">
|
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFCDFFF0BE8BF980FCA3F91E" blockId="60.[151,1437,1579,1676]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCDFFF0BE8BF980FED1F9D6" bold="true" box="[151,289,1579,1604]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 29.</emphasis>
|
||||
Call A of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFCDFFF0BF97F987FDA7F9D6" authorityName="Cruz & Pimenta" authorityYear="2004" box="[395,599,1580,1604]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erikae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCDFFF0BF97F987FDA7F9D6" box="[395,599,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Physalaemus erikae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls A with differences in their envelopes (C–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B, F, and G); 67.4 (H).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCDFFF1BEDBF912FE29FE41" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCDFFF1BEDBF912FE29FE41" blockId="60.[151,1437,1721,2037]" lastBlockId="61.[151,1436,153,467]" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCDFFF0BEDBF912FDD8F946" bold="true" box="[199,552,1721,1748]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCDFFF0BF3EF912FE86F946" box="[290,374,1721,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1579,1604]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,1041,1551]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,1037,1554]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 29. Call A of Physalaemus erikae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls A with differences in their envelopes (C–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B, F, and G); 67.4 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613054/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–H and 24F).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined two recordings, a total of four minutes, with 37 calls from four males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFCDFFF0BCFDF975FCC7F96A" box="[737,823,1758,1784]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
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). Call duration varies from 0.478 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFCDFFF0BAD1F976FAEFF96B" box="[1229,1311,1757,1785]" degrees="0.566" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" precision="55" value="-0.566">0.566 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear (mainly in calls with elliptic envelope, see
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCDFFF0BB18F8A9FA60F88F" box="[1284,1424,1794,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1579,1604]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,1041,1551]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,1037,1554]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 29. Call A of Physalaemus erikae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls A with differences in their envelopes (C–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B, F, and G); 67.4 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613054/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 29C, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). When perceptible, the call rise and fall can be similar in duration, or fall shorter than rise. Usually, call rise has an exponential shape, whereas call fall has a logarithmic shape. When present, the sustain is irregular, usually with short and very shallow amplitude valleys (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCDFFF0BC68F8C5FD0CF81B" box="[628,764,1902,1929]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1579,1604]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,1041,1551]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,1037,1554]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 29. Call A of Physalaemus erikae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls A with differences in their envelopes (C–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B, F, and G); 67.4 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613054/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 29A, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCDFFF0BCFBF839FC7FF83F" box="[743,911,1938,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1579,1604]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,1041,1551]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,1037,1554]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 29. Call A of Physalaemus erikae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls A with differences in their envelopes (C–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B, F, and G); 67.4 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613054/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 29C, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to slightly rectangular (when flat sustains are present;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCDFFF0BEEAF81DFEADF842" box="[246,349,1974,2000]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1579,1604]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,1041,1551]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,1037,1554]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 29. Call A of Physalaemus erikae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls A with differences in their envelopes (C–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B, F, and G); 67.4 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613054/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 29A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 30 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCDFFF0BDACF871FBE3F866" box="[944,1043,2010,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 24F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCDFFF0BB67F870FA6CF866" box="[1403,1436,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
420 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCCFFF1BD97FF15FC55FF45" box="[907,933,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFCCFFF1BDA8FF16FBBAFF45" box="[948,1098,189,215]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" value="2840" valueMax="2890">2840 to 2890</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BA9FFF16FB1BFF45" box="[1155,1259,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1579,1604]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,1041,1551]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,1037,1554]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 29. Call A of Physalaemus erikae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls A with differences in their envelopes (C–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B, F, and G); 67.4 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613054/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 29B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the seventh. There is a clear shift in the relative energy among bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic and ending at the seventh (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BB2BFEAEFA68FE8D" box="[1335,1432,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 24F</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BE8BFE82FEDCFED1" box="[151,300,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1579,1604]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,1041,1551]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,1037,1554]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 29. Call A of Physalaemus erikae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls A with differences in their envelopes (C–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B, F, and G); 67.4 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613054/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">29B, F, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 650 and 3450 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BF4CFEE6FDEDFEF5" box="[336,541,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1579,1604]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,1041,1551]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,1037,1554]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 29. Call A of Physalaemus erikae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls A with differences in their envelopes (C–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B, F, and G); 67.4 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613054/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 29B, F, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first sixth of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCCFFF1BAD7FEDAFA60FE19" box="[1227,1424,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1579,1604]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,1041,1551]" captionTargetId="figure@60.[151,1436,1037,1554]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 29. Call A of Physalaemus erikae. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls A with differences in their envelopes (C–H). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B, F, and G); 67.4 (H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613054/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 29B, F, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
115
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<treatment id="D435E640FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FAC5FB6E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583624" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762947" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583624" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FAC5FB6E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FAC5FB6E" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FD98FD80" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FDA2FEF5" blockId="63.[151,594,333,360]" box="[151,594,333,360]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
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<heading id="076BE03AFFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FDA2FEF5" bold="true" box="[151,594,333,360]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" reason="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FDA2FEF5" authority="Fitzinger, 1826" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[151,594,333,360]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FDA2FEF5" bold="true" box="[151,594,333,360]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BE8BFEE6FE61FEF5" bold="true" box="[151,401,333,360]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Physalaemus cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||||
Fitzinger, 1826
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCEFFF3BE8BFE25FD98FD80" blockId="63.[151,1437,398,1276]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFCEFFF3BF82FE25FE3EFE3A" box="[414,462,398,424]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, usually with a triangular envelope that resembles an arrow-like shape. It has a general downward FM, with an updownward FM segment in the first half of the call and a short upward FM segment at the end. Subharmonics are always present in the first half of the call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCEFFF3BEDBFDB0FAC5FB6E" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCEFFF3BEDBFDB0FAC5FB6E" blockId="63.[151,1437,398,1276]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BEDBFDB0FDEDFDA4" bold="true" box="[199,541,539,566]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BF02FDB0FE9FFDA4" box="[286,367,539,566]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–V and 33A).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 75 recordings, a total of 94 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BA96FDB7FB54FDA7" box="[1162,1188,540,565]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 10200 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFCEFFF3BB6EFDB7FF2CFDCB" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="male">228 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFCEFFF3BCFEFD94FCC8FDCB" box="[738,824,575,601]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.257 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFCEFFF3BAD3FD94FAD1FDC8" box="[1231,1313,575,602]" degrees="0.311" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="55" value="-0.311">0.311 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The envelope is very variable (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BF90FDC9FE04FDEF" box="[396,500,610,637]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32A</figureCitation>
|
||||
, C–G, M–Q). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain and call fall are not clear. The ratio between call rise and fall duration, and their shape, are highly variable. Most calls have a fall longer than rise, or both have the same duration. Their shape varies from exponential to linear or logarithmic. The call rise has two consecutive exponential parts, the first shorter than the second. The sustain, when present, is irregular, usually composed of a shallow or deep valley (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BCB9FD5AFD38FC98" box="[677,712,753,778]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||||
, with a concave shape;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BDCEFD5BFB17FC99" box="[978,1255,752,779]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32A, C, D, G, M, Q</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is usually before the middle of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BA72FCBFFA64FCBC" box="[1134,1428,788,814]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32A, C, D, N, O, P, Q</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to triangular (pointed right;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BFCCFC9CFDACFCC0" box="[464,604,823,850]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32E, M</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular envelope of some calls resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 20 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BDF1FCD5FBA6FC0A" box="[1005,1110,894,920]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 33. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. cuvieri (A), P. ephippifer (B), P. fischeri (C), P. cicada (D), P. aguirrei (E), P. soaresi (F), P. maximus (G), P. feioi (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. ephippifer; B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613062/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 33A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BEAEFC08FF23FC2E" box="[178,211,931,956]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
650 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics (f
|
||||
<subScript id="C0185513FFCEFFF3BCF2FC7CFD06FC77" attach="left" box="[750,758,983,997]" fontSize="6" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">0</subScript>
|
||||
1/2) are present in
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BDDAFC6DFC18FC4D" box="[966,1000,966,991]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
the first half of all calls examined (this part can be shorter or longer than one half of the call duration;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BD55FC42FC5DFB91" box="[841,941,1001,1027]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32B</figureCitation>
|
||||
, H–L, R–V). The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BEC8FBA6FF1EFBB4" box="[212,238,1037,1062]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 690 to 780 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BFBAFBA7FDFCFBB4" box="[422,524,1036,1062]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic is the first or second (at the very end of the call), but it is usually the first. There is a clear shift in the relative energy among bands. Although there is no shift in the dominant frequency, the higher bands get more energy toward the end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BDA2FBF8FB75FBFC" box="[958,1157,1107,1134]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32K, L, T, V</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 500 and 1300 Hz (one or two harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BAB8FBDDFAFAFB03" box="[1188,1290,1142,1169]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32B</figureCitation>
|
||||
, H–L, R–V). Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first half of the call duration, forming arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short upward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BD10FB16FC82FB4A" box="[780,882,1213,1240]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="63.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1303,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@63.[151,1436,1297,1880]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="FIGURE 32. Call A of Physalaemus cuvieri. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–Q) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and R–V). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–V). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 106.0 (U); 69.0 (T); 115.0 (V); 84.6 (B and I); 78.9 (L and R); 92.1 (J, K, S, and H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613060/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 32B</figureCitation>
|
||||
, H–L, R–V). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
147
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFCFFFF3BE8BFF32FD7BFE8D.xml
Normal file
147
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFCFFFF3BE8BFF32FD7BFE8D.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
|
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</mods:relatedItem>
|
||||
<mods:classification id="5EF3861C695E6FC013F69A280BE5B7C2">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="CC5DB57AEBA9AAEA5BF99A19DFC1D039" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="F182208054BFE4F8D8EA064A3FABF082" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="E1A2D551FE1F93FCBEE74A40EC00BFD8" type="GBIF-Dataset">67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="C05B917A13451E690BE0D6FCF2B65DDC" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="5FA51959C098862E7A5C4E018D70085F" type="Zenodo-Dep">3612996</mods:identifier>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="D0A68D633C39AC6DBEFCD4B3D841D2C5" type="ZooBank">B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361</mods:identifier>
|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="D435E640FFCFFFF3BE8BFF32FD7BFE8D" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762952" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFCFFFF3BE8BFF32FD7BFE8D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFCFFFF3BE8BFF32FD7BFE8D" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCFFFF2BE8BFF32FC00FED1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCFFFF2BE8BFF32FD7CFF21" blockId="62.[151,652,153,180]" box="[151,652,153,180]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||||
<heading id="076BE03AFFCFFFF2BE8BFF32FD7CFF21" bold="true" box="[151,652,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFCFFFF2BE8BFF32FD7CFF21" authority="Bokermann, 1962" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,652,153,180]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BE8BFF32FD7CFF21" bold="true" box="[151,652,153,180]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BE8BFF32FE56FF26" bold="true" box="[151,422,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Physalaemus centralis</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFCFFFF2BFB2FF31FD7CFF21" author="Bokermann, W. C. A." box="[430,652,153,180]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="213 - 219" refId="ref72422" refString="Bokermann, W. C. A. (1962) Sobre uma pequena colecao de anfibios do Brasil Central, com de descricao de una especie nova de Physalaemus (Amphibia, Salientia). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 22, 213 - 219." type="journal article" year="1962">Bokermann, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCFFFF2BE8BFF49FC00FED1" blockId="62.[151,1436,225,324]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFCFFFF2BF8BFF49FE37FF6E" box="[407,455,226,252]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of single harmonic note with a very low fundamental frequency. Frequency modulations are subtle (20 Hz), still the call has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third of the call duration.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="08E307DEFFCFFFF2BE8BFB37FE3CFAD6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" startId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" targetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" targetPageId="62">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCFFFF2BE8BFB37FE3CFAD6" blockId="62.[151,1437,1180,1349]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BE8BFB37FED0FB27" bold="true" box="[151,288,1180,1205]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 31.</emphasis>
|
||||
Call A of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFCFFFF2BF96FB37FD80FB26" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1962" box="[394,624,1180,1204]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BF96FB37FD80FB26" box="[394,624,1180,1204]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Physalaemus centralis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C). Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCFFFF3BEDBFAD9FD7BFE8D" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCFFFF3BEDBFAD9FD7BFE8D" blockId="62.[151,1437,1394,2034]" lastBlockId="63.[151,1437,153,287]" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BEDBFAD9FDD5FA1F" bold="true" box="[199,549,1394,1421]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BF3CFAD9FE82FA1F" box="[288,370,1394,1421]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–E and 24H).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 16 recordings, a total of 36 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BABDFAD8FB4BFA1E" box="[1185,1211,1395,1420]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 1880 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFCFFFF2BB9CFAD9FF2CFA23" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="male">25 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFCFFFF2BCF0FA3CFCB2FA23" box="[748,834,1431,1457]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.404 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFCFFFF2BAFCFA3DFAC4FA23" box="[1248,1332,1430,1457]" degrees="0.550" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" precision="55" value="-0.55">0.550 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise is much longer than call fall. Call rise has a short gradual increase followed by a long exponential part (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BB73FA10FF3AFA6B" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 31C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In some calls the rise remains with very low amplitude until the limit with the sustain, where the amplitude increases abruptly (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BF6EF9A8FE2AF98F" box="[370,474,1539,1565]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 31A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The sustain is regular, slightly decreasing towards the end of the call. The call fall is proportionally short and with logarithmic shape. The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BFF7F9E0FDA0F9F7" box="[491,592,1611,1637]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 31C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to almost rectangular (in calls in which the rise is not gradual;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BB3BF9E0FA7FF9F7" box="[1319,1423,1611,1637]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 31A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 25 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BCC8F938FCCCF93F" box="[724,828,1683,1709]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 24H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). However, due to the low fundamental frequency (see below), the wave peaks are shown as pulses in audiospectrograms at broad filter bandwidth (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BA88F91CFB33F942" box="[1172,1219,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||||
above 100 Hz;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BB6CF91CFF38F967" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 31E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The bands are observed in audiospectrograms at narrow filter bandwidth (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BA16F970FBC9F966" box="[1034,1081,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||||
below 90 Hz;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BAC5F970FAAFF967" box="[1241,1375,1755,1781]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 31B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BFA2F954FE10F88A" box="[446,480,1791,1816]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
90 Hz. This band and the next harmonic are generally absent in audiospectrograms. There are
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BF14F888FED9F8AE" box="[264,297,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
20 emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BC12F8ECFDD8F8F2" box="[526,552,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFCFFFF2BC24F8ECFD20F8F3" box="[568,720,1862,1889]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1410" valueMax="1500">1410 to 1500</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BD16F8ECFC82F8F3" box="[778,882,1863,1889]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 31B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the fourth to the 21
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFCFFFF2BEE7F8C1FEF6F8EA" attach="none" box="[251,262,1898,1912]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">st</superScript>
|
||||
, but it is usually between the 15
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFCFFFF2BC69F8C2FD72F8E5" attach="left" box="[629,642,1897,1911]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">th</superScript>
|
||||
and 18
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFCFFFF2BCC9F8C2FD12F8E5" attach="none" box="[725,738,1897,1911]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">th</superScript>
|
||||
. There is a clear shift in the relative energy among bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the fourth, fifth or sixth harmonic and ending at the 15
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFCFFFF2BEEAF81AFEF3F82D" attach="none" box="[246,259,1969,1983]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">th</superScript>
|
||||
, 19
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFCFFFF2BF30F81AFEC9F82D" attach="none" box="[300,313,1969,1983]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">th</superScript>
|
||||
, 20
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFCFFFF2BF7EF81AFE9FF82D" attach="none" box="[354,367,1969,1983]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">th</superScript>
|
||||
, or 21
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFCFFFF2BFAAF819FE31F852" attach="left" box="[438,449,1970,1984]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">st</superScript>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BFD1F818FDC3F85F" box="[461,563,1971,1997]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 24H</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BC22F818FD63F85F" box="[574,659,1971,1997]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">31B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the call energy is between 600 and 1650 Hz (eight to twelve harmonics). Frequency modulations are subtle and better perceptible in audiospectrograms with wide filter band- widths (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BEEFFF31FEE4FF21" box="[243,276,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">e.g</emphasis>
|
||||
.,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BF36FF32FE7FFF21" box="[298,399,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 31E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The call has a general downward FM. Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BED3FF4AFEA8FF69" box="[207,344,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 31B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
67
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67
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species group
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The two species analyzed have a call A with low fundamental frequency (<300 Hz) and short duration (<
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). Calls are usually emitted in long series with short and regular intercall intervals. Frequency bands of the calls are not clear due to the signal aperiodicity (deterministic chaos).
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</paragraph>
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147
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD0FFEDBE8BFEDAFC70FE19" authority="Caramaschi, Feio & Guimaraes, 2003" authorityName="Caramaschi, Feio & Guimaraes" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,896,369,396]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythros">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD0FFEDBE8BFEDAFE51FE1E" bold="true" box="[151,417,369,396]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Physalaemus erythros</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFD0FFEDBFB5FEDAFC70FE19" author="Caramaschi, U. & Feio, R. N. & Guimaraes, A. S. N." box="[425,896,369,395]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="519 - 524" refId="ref72935" refString="Caramaschi, U., Feio, R. N. & Guimaraes, A. S. N. (2003) A new, brightly colored species of Physalaemus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Herpetologica, 59, 519 - 524. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / 02 - 102" type="journal article" year="2003">Caramaschi, Feio & Guimarães, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD0FFEDBE8BFE11FAF5FDAD" blockId="33.[151,1437,441,576]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. B calls were common in recordings in which several males were active and calling close to each other. B calls were commonly observed after overlapping periods of calls A. Call B differs from call A by its longer duration, higher fundamental frequency, presence of pulse-PAM and PFM. Additionally, the envelope of A calls is elliptic whereas that of the B calls is triangular or rectangular.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
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<caption id="08E307DEFFD0FFEDBE8BF9FEFDD5F94B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613010" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613010/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" startId="33.[151,250,1621,1646]" targetBox="[160,1429,604,1591]" targetPageId="33">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD0FFEDBE8BF9FEFEE2F9FC" bold="true" box="[151,274,1621,1646]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||||
Calls A and B of
|
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD0FFEDBFDCF9FEFD6EF9FF" authorityName="Caramaschi, Feio & Guimaraes" authorityYear="2003" box="[448,670,1621,1645]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythros">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD0FFEDBFDCF9FEFD6EF9FF" box="[448,670,1621,1645]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Physalaemus erythros</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Oscillograms (A, C, E, G, and H) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, I, and J). A single typical call A (A and B). A variant call A (C and D). A single Call B (E and F). Two calls B with variant envelopes and spectral patterns (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.02 s (C–D) and 0.1 s (G–J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B and D); 67.4 (F, I, and J).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD0FFEEBEDBF8ACFDC5FBA5" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD0FFEEBEDBF8ACFC6CFED1" blockId="33.[151,1437,1799,2042]" lastBlockId="34.[151,1437,152,1079]" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD0FFEDBEDBF8ACFDE0F8B0" bold="true" box="[199,528,1799,1826]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD0FFEDBF3FF8ACFE98F8B0" box="[291,360,1799,1826]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1621,1646]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,604,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,597,1595]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 7. Calls A and B of Physalaemus erythros. Oscillograms (A, C, E, G, and H) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, I, and J). A single typical call A (A and B). A variant call A (C and D). A single Call B (E and F). Two calls B with variant envelopes and spectral patterns (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.02 s (C–D) and 0.1 s (G–J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B and D); 67.4 (F, I, and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613010/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–D and 4D).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 21 recordings, a total of 56 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD0FFEDBA87F8A2FB45F8B0" box="[1179,1205,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 4900 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFD0FFEDBB9CF8ACFF2CF8D4" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="male">15 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD0FFEDBCF0F887FCB2F8D4" box="[748,834,1836,1862]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.041 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFD0FFEDBAFCF887FAC4F8D4" box="[1248,1332,1836,1862]" degrees="0.077" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" precision="55" value="-0.077">0.077 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise and fall are similar in duration, rendering an elliptic call envelope; the call fall is gradual, whereas the call rise is steeper. The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD0FFEDBDFCF8DFFBABF81C" box="[992,1115,1908,1934]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1621,1646]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,604,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,597,1595]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 7. Calls A and B of Physalaemus erythros. Oscillograms (A, C, E, G, and H) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, I, and J). A single typical call A (A and B). A variant call A (C and D). A single Call B (E and F). Two calls B with variant envelopes and spectral patterns (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.02 s (C–D) and 0.1 s (G–J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B and D); 67.4 (F, I, and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613010/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 7A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 39 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has no PAM. The call is composed of harmonics (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD0FFEDBFA8F817FDE0F844" box="[436,528,1980,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1644,1669]" captionTargetBox="[204,1384,189,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[191,1397,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of seven Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nattereri (A), P. maculiventris (B), P. erythros (C), P. rupestris (D), P. camacan (E; F), P. obtectus (G), P. irroratus (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period w of the measured oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. irroratus; H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613004/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The harmonics are very close to each other and hardly distinguished due to the low fundamental frequency and the lack of the wave periodicity throughout the call. The fundamental frequency is approximately 250 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBFD7FF15FE15FF45" box="[459,485,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFD3FFEEBFEFFF16FD75FF45" box="[499,645,189,215]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1020" valueMax="1160">1020 to 1160</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBCA7FF16FCC5FF45" box="[699,821,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1621,1646]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,604,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,597,1595]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 7. Calls A and B of Physalaemus erythros. Oscillograms (A, C, E, G, and H) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, I, and J). A single typical call A (A and B). A variant call A (C and D). A single Call B (E and F). Two calls B with variant envelopes and spectral patterns (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.02 s (C–D) and 0.1 s (G–J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B and D); 67.4 (F, I, and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613010/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 7B, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the tenth, but it is usually the third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 300 and 2000 Hz (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBCF0FEADFCFDFE8D" box="[748,781,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
seven harmonics). There is no clear general FM in the call but there are subtle irregular FM segments throughout the entire call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD3FFEEBEDBFEE7FDC5FBA5" blockId="34.[151,1437,152,1079]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBEDBFEE7FDFEFEF5" bold="true" box="[199,526,332,359]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
Call B (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBF3BFEE7FE9EFEF5" box="[295,366,332,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1621,1646]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,604,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,597,1595]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 7. Calls A and B of Physalaemus erythros. Oscillograms (A, C, E, G, and H) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, I, and J). A single typical call A (A and B). A variant call A (C and D). A single Call B (E and F). Two calls B with variant envelopes and spectral patterns (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.02 s (C–D) and 0.1 s (G–J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B and D); 67.4 (F, I, and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613010/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||||
E–J and 6B).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined eight recordings, a total of 26 minutes, with 93 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD3FFEEBCF0FEDAFCB2FE19" box="[748,834,369,395]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.200 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFD3FFEEBAFCFEDBFAC4FE19" box="[1248,1332,368,395]" degrees="0.875" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" precision="55" value="-0.875">0.875 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise is abrupt and a little shorter than the fall, which is also very short but gradual. The call has a long sustain. The amplitude is usually regular throughout the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBCA2FE12FCE8FE41" box="[702,792,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1621,1646]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,604,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,597,1595]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 7. Calls A and B of Physalaemus erythros. Oscillograms (A, C, E, G, and H) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, I, and J). A single typical call A (A and B). A variant call A (C and D). A single Call B (E and F). Two calls B with variant envelopes and spectral patterns (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.02 s (C–D) and 0.1 s (G–J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B and D); 67.4 (F, I, and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613010/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 7H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). However, in some calls, the amplitude increases gradually toward the end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBFE5FE76FD84FE65" box="[505,628,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1621,1646]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,604,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,597,1595]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 7. Calls A and B of Physalaemus erythros. Oscillograms (A, C, E, G, and H) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, I, and J). A single typical call A (A and B). A variant call A (C and D). A single Call B (E and F). Two calls B with variant envelopes and spectral patterns (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.02 s (C–D) and 0.1 s (G–J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B and D); 67.4 (F, I, and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613010/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 7E, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is at the very end of the call duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBB02FE76FF5FFD89" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1621,1646]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,604,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,597,1595]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 7. Calls A and B of Physalaemus erythros. Oscillograms (A, C, E, G, and H) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, I, and J). A single typical call A (A and B). A variant call A (C and D). A single Call B (E and F). Two calls B with variant envelopes and spectral patterns (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.02 s (C–D) and 0.1 s (G–J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B and D); 67.4 (F, I, and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613010/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 7E, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Depending on the slope of the sustain and the difference between the amplitude peaks, the envelope of the call can vary from rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBFD2FD8EFDD8FDAD" box="[462,552,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1621,1646]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,604,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,597,1595]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 7. Calls A and B of Physalaemus erythros. Oscillograms (A, C, E, G, and H) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, I, and J). A single typical call A (A and B). A variant call A (C and D). A single Call B (E and F). Two calls B with variant envelopes and spectral patterns (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.02 s (C–D) and 0.1 s (G–J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B and D); 67.4 (F, I, and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613010/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 7H</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBD7BFD8EFC13FDAD" box="[871,995,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1621,1646]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,604,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,597,1595]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 7. Calls A and B of Physalaemus erythros. Oscillograms (A, C, E, G, and H) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, I, and J). A single typical call A (A and B). A variant call A (C and D). A single Call B (E and F). Two calls B with variant envelopes and spectral patterns (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.02 s (C–D) and 0.1 s (G–J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B and D); 67.4 (F, I, and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613010/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 7E, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 29 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a weak to intermediate PAM (there is no silence interval between the peaks;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBC41FDC6FD05FD15" box="[605,757,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1621,1646]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,604,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,597,1595]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 7. Calls A and B of Physalaemus erythros. Oscillograms (A, C, E, G, and H) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, I, and J). A single typical call A (A and B). A variant call A (C and D). A single Call B (E and F). Two calls B with variant envelopes and spectral patterns (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.02 s (C–D) and 0.1 s (G–J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B and D); 67.4 (F, I, and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613010/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 7E, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBA15FDC5FBDBFD15" box="[1033,1067,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
27 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBAFEFDC5FAF4FD15" box="[1250,1284,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
13 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The envelope of this PAM cycles is variable but the amplitude peak is at the middle of the cycle. The call is composed of harmonics (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBC9CFD1EFD2AFD42" box="[640,730,693,720]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1803,1828]" captionTargetBox="[225,1359,748,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[220,1366,741,1778]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 6. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls B and C of six Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call. Call B of P. maculiventris (A), call B of P. erythros (B), call B of P. ruspestris (C), call B of P. nanus (D), call C of P. nanus (E), and call B of P. spiniger (F). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613008/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Usually the harmonics are clear, however, eventual decrease in the wave periodicity makes the harmonics less clear with deterministic chaos regimes. Audiospectrograms with relatively broad filter bandwidths (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBC00FD55FDB4FC85" box="[540,580,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
, above 100 Hz) can show wave peaks in some parts of the call with low fundamental frequencies (minimum 107 Hz; see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD3FFEEBC82FC8AFD04FCA9" box="[670,756,801,827]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
), as broadband pulses (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFD3FFEEBF0CFCEEFE31FCCD" author="Littlejohn, M. J." box="[272,449,837,863]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="102 - 120" refId="ref75838" refString="Littlejohn, M. J. (2001) Pattern of differentiation in temporal properties of Acoustic signals of anurans. In: Michael, J. R. (Ed.), Anuran Communication. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 102 - 120." type="book chapter" year="2001">Littlejohn 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is around 250 Hz and it is usually absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBCA8FCC1FD3EFC11" box="[692,718,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 840 to 1780 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBDBEFCC2FBDAFC11" box="[930,1066,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1621,1646]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,604,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,597,1595]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 7. Calls A and B of Physalaemus erythros. Oscillograms (A, C, E, G, and H) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, I, and J). A single typical call A (A and B). A variant call A (C and D). A single Call B (E and F). Two calls B with variant envelopes and spectral patterns (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.02 s (C–D) and 0.1 s (G–J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B and D); 67.4 (F, I, and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613010/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 7F, I, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the ninth, but it is usually the third and fourth harmonic. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 800 and 1600 Hz (three to four harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBB2CFC7EFF54FB81" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1621,1646]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,604,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,597,1595]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 7. Calls A and B of Physalaemus erythros. Oscillograms (A, C, E, G, and H) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, I, and J). A single typical call A (A and B). A variant call A (C and D). A single Call B (E and F). Two calls B with variant envelopes and spectral patterns (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.02 s (C–D) and 0.1 s (G–J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B and D); 67.4 (F, I, and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613010/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 7F, I, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There are irregular PFM segments throughout the entire call; these segments are usually synchronic and directly proportional to the PAM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBFA4FBB6FE0AFBA5" box="[440,506,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1621,1646]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,604,1591]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,597,1595]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 7. Calls A and B of Physalaemus erythros. Oscillograms (A, C, E, G, and H) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, I, and J). A single typical call A (A and B). A variant call A (C and D). A single Call B (E and F). Two calls B with variant envelopes and spectral patterns (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.02 s (C–D) and 0.1 s (G–J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B and D); 67.4 (F, I, and J)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613010/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||||
E–J).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
145
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<mods:title id="9C70B4BC2AA92A8E66B30061A3EDF63C">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFD2FFE8BE8BF88EFD7BFF69" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762951" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFD2FFE8BE8BF88EFD7BFF69" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD2FFE8BE8BF88EFD7BFF69" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD2FFE8BE8BF88EFD7BFF69" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD2FFEFBE8BF88EFDBAF8D2" blockId="35.[151,586,1829,1856]" box="[151,586,1829,1856]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
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<heading id="076BE03AFFD2FFEFBE8BF88EFDBAF8D2" bold="true" box="[151,586,1829,1856]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBE8BF88EFDBAF8D2" bold="true" box="[151,586,1829,1856]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFEFBE8BF88EFE6BF8AD" baseAuthorityName="Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[151,411,1829,1856]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="signifer">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBE8BF88EFE6BF8AD" bold="true" box="[151,411,1829,1856]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Physalaemus signifer</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species group
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD2FFE8BE8BF8C5FD7BFF69" blockId="35.[151,1437,1902,2036]" lastBlockId="36.[151,1436,153,251]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||||
Several species in this group have pulsed call (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFEFBCB4F8C4FCC0F81A" authorityName="Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva" authorityYear="2006" box="[680,816,1903,1928]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angrensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBCB4F8C4FCC0F81A" box="[680,816,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. angrensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFEFBD22F8C4FC38F81A" authorityName="Haddad & Sazima" authorityYear="2004" box="[830,968,1902,1928]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atlanticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBD22F8C4FC38F81A" box="[830,968,1902,1928]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. atlanticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFEFBDCBF8C4FB8AF81A" authorityName="Cardoso & Haddad" authorityYear="1985" box="[983,1146,1902,1928]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bokermanni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBDCBF8C4FB8AF81A" box="[983,1146,1902,1928]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. bokermanni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFEFBA94F8C4FAF6F81A" authorityName="Heyer & Wolf" authorityYear="1989" box="[1160,1286,1902,1928]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crombiei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBA94F8C4FAF6F81A" box="[1160,1286,1902,1928]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. crombiei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFEFBB09F8C4FA65F81A" authorityName="Cruz, Nascimento & Feio" authorityYear="2007" box="[1301,1429,1903,1928]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irroratus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBB09F8C4FA65F81A" box="[1301,1429,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. irroratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFEFBE8BF838FEEAF83E" baseAuthorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[151,282,1939,1964]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moreirae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBE8BF838FEEAF83E" box="[151,282,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. moreirae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFEFBF35F838FE78F83E" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[297,392,1939,1964]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBF35F838FE78F83E" box="[297,392,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. nanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFEFBFD4F838FDB2F83E" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1966" box="[456,578,1938,1964]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtectus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBFD4F838FDB2F83E" box="[456,578,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. obtectus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and show nonlinear regimes (acoustic features more complex than usually expected for simple oscillators; see Material and Methods above) such as subharmonics, deterministic chaos, and frequency jumps (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFEFBF79F870FE1EF866" authorityName="Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva" authorityYear="2006" box="[357,494,2011,2036]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angrensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBF79F870FE1EF866" box="[357,494,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. angrensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFEFBFE1F870FD77F866" authorityName="Haddad & Sazima" authorityYear="2004" box="[509,647,2010,2036]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atlanticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBFE1F870FD77F866" box="[509,647,2010,2036]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. atlanticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFEFBC8BF870FCC9F866" authorityName="Cardoso & Haddad" authorityYear="1985" box="[663,825,2010,2036]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bokermanni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBC8BF870FCC9F866" box="[663,825,2010,2036]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. bokermanni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFEFBD54F870FC3AF866" authorityName="Pimenta, Cruz & Silvano" authorityYear="2005" box="[840,970,2011,2036]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="camacan">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBD54F870FC3AF866" box="[840,970,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. camacan</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFEFBDC5F870FBA7F866" authorityName="Heyer & Wolf" authorityYear="1989" box="[985,1111,2010,2036]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crombiei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBDC5F870FBA7F866" box="[985,1111,2010,2036]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. crombiei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFEFBA7BF870FB17F866" authorityName="Cruz, Nascimento & Feio" authorityYear="2007" box="[1127,1255,2011,2036]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irroratus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBA7BF870FB17F866" box="[1127,1255,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. irroratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFEFBAEAF870FA89F866" baseAuthorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[1270,1401,2011,2036]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moreirae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBAEAF870FA89F866" box="[1270,1401,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. moreirae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD2FFE8BB94F870FF2AFF21" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" order="Anura" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFE8BB94F870FF2AFF21" italics="true" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. nanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD5FFE8BEF4FF31FE91FF21" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1966" box="[232,353,153,179]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtectus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD5FFE8BEF4FF31FE91FF21" box="[232,353,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">P. obtectus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD5FFE8BF73FF31FE10FF21" baseAuthorityName="Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[367,480,153,179]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="signifer">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD5FFE8BF73FF31FE10FF21" box="[367,480,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">P. signifer</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD5FFE8BC01FF31FD65FF21" baseAuthorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[541,661,154,179]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spiniger">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD5FFE8BC01FF31FD65FF21" box="[541,661,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">P. spiniger</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). All species, except
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD5FFE8BD98FF31FBD6FF21" authorityName="Cardoso & Haddad" authorityYear="1985" box="[900,1062,153,179]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bokermanni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD5FFE8BD98FF31FBD6FF21" box="[900,1062,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">P. bokermanni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, have at least one call with structures long enough to make them sound, to the human ear, as nasal-like whines with high timbre; due to the energy concentrated in higher and dense harmonics.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
145
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFD3FFEFBE8BFBCEFCE8FD15.xml
Normal file
145
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFD3FFEFBE8BFBCEFCE8FD15.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
|
|||
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<mods:title id="B7AA43584A740E53E04B49B3DFC249CF">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="01DDD470EA8FB9D72077BBE0782B1AC4">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D4E6F2F7F1CF7589B323A30B057DD297">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFD3FFEFBE8BFBCEFCE8FD15" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762957" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFD3FFEFBE8BFBCEFCE8FD15" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD3FFEFBE8BFBCEFCE8FD15" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD3FFEEBE8BFBCEFE11FA9D" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD3FFEEBE8BFBCEFC89FBED" blockId="34.[151,889,1125,1152]" box="[151,889,1125,1152]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFD3FFEEBE8BFBCEFC89FBED" bold="true" box="[151,889,1125,1152]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD3FFEEBE8BFBCEFC89FBED" authority="Caramaschi, Carcerelli & Feio, 1991" authorityName="Caramaschi, Carcerelli & Feio" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,889,1125,1152]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rupestris">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBE8BFBCEFC89FBED" bold="true" box="[151,889,1125,1152]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBE8BFBCEFE58FBED" bold="true" box="[151,424,1125,1152]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Physalaemus rupestris</emphasis>
|
||||
Caramaschi, Carcerelli & Feio, 1991
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD3FFEEBE8BFB06FE11FA9D" blockId="34.[151,1437,1197,2015]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Call B differs from call A by its longer duration and pulse- PAM with irregular silence intervals. Additionally, the envelope of call A is elliptic or triangular whereas that of call B is triangular or rectangular.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD3FFEFBEDBFAB3FCE8FD15" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD3FFEEBEDBFAB3FAACF8B9" blockId="34.[151,1437,1197,2015]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBEDBFAB3FDF5FAA1" bold="true" box="[199,517,1304,1331]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBF03FAB3FE92FAA1" box="[287,354,1304,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–D and 4D).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined three recordings, a total of one minute, with 18 calls from one male. All these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD3FFEEBC3AFA96FD8CFAC5" box="[550,636,1341,1367]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration ranges from 0.057 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFD3FFEEBA3EFA96FB86FAC5" box="[1058,1142,1341,1367]" degrees="0.149" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" precision="55" value="-0.149">0.149 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise is similar in duration or shorter than the fall; the call fall is gradual, whereas the call rise has an exponential shape. The amplitude peak is usually at around the end of the first sixth of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from elliptic to triangular (pointed right;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBFC8FA02FD84FA51" box="[468,628,1449,1475]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 8A, C, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 28 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBE8BFA5AFF00F999" box="[151,240,1521,1547]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In those calls the rate of this PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBCBFFA59FD34F999" box="[675,708,1522,1547]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
15 Hz, always forming two pulses. The envelope of these pulses is usually elliptic with the amplitude peak at the middle of the pulse. The last pulse is usually
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBAA0F9BDFB2EF9BD" box="[1212,1246,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
1.5 times longer than the first (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBF2BF992FE61F9C1" box="[311,401,1593,1619]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The call is composed of harmonics (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBD5FF992FC6FF9C1" box="[835,927,1593,1619]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1644,1669]" captionTargetBox="[204,1384,189,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[191,1397,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of seven Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nattereri (A), P. maculiventris (B), P. erythros (C), P. rupestris (D), P. camacan (E; F), P. obtectus (G), P. irroratus (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period w of the measured oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. irroratus; H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613004/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The harmonics are very close to each other and not very clear due to the low fundamental frequency and the lack of the wave periodicity throughout the call. The fundamental frequency is approximately 225 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBD3FF90DFCCDF92D" box="[803,829,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFD3FFEEBD51F90EFC13F92D" box="[845,995,1700,1727]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1890" valueMax="2550">1890 to 2550</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBA01F90EFB86F92D" box="[1053,1142,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the fifth to the 38
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFD3FFEEBFF4F963FE05F944" attach="left" box="[488,501,1736,1750]" fontSize="6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">th</superScript>
|
||||
harmonic, but it is usually the eighth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFD3FFEEBDC2F946FB78F895" box="[990,1160,1773,1799]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="1200" valueMax="2800">1200 and 2800</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBADFF945FB15F895" box="[1219,1253,1774,1799]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
six harmonics). There is no clear general FM in the call but there are subtle irregular FM segments throughout the entire call.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD3FFEFBEDBF89FFCE8FD15" blockId="34.[151,1437,1197,2015]" lastBlockId="35.[151,1437,152,647]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBEDBF89FFDFAF8DD" bold="true" box="[199,522,1844,1871]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||||
Call B (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBF38F89FFE99F8DD" box="[292,361,1844,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||||
E–F and 6C).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined three recordings, a total of one minute, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD3FFEEBAB0F89DFB36F8DD" box="[1196,1222,1846,1871]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 10 calls from one male. All these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD3FFEEBC43F8F2FD45F8E1" box="[607,693,1881,1907]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration ranges from 1.269 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFD3FFEEBA53F8F2FB52F8E1" box="[1103,1186,1881,1907]" degrees="1.727" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" precision="55" value="-1.727">1.727 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. Both call rise and fall are very short and abrupt. There is a long sustain in the call. Usually the amplitude decreases gradually throughout this segment, from the amplitude peak until the end of it. The amplitude peak is at the very beginning of the call duration. The slope of the sustain makes the envelope of the call triangular (pointed right;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD3FFEEBA84F86EFB1FF84D" box="[1176,1263,1989,2015]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 8E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 45 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD2FFEFBCF9FF16FCA7FF45" box="[741,855,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 8E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The rate of the PAM is considerably irregular with an average of
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBF2BFF49FEA9FF69" box="[311,345,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
19 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBC0AFF49FDC7FF69" box="[534,567,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
30 pulses throughout the call. The envelope of the pulses is variable but it is usually elliptic with the amplitude peak at the middle of the pulse. The last pulse is usually
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBA96FEADFB5CFE8D" box="[1162,1196,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
3.5 times longer than the others. The call is composed of harmonics (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD2FFEFBCACFE82FCFAFED6" box="[688,778,297,324]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1803,1828]" captionTargetBox="[225,1359,748,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[220,1366,741,1778]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 6. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls B and C of six Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call. Call B of P. maculiventris (A), call B of P. erythros (B), call B of P. ruspestris (C), call B of P. nanus (D), call C of P. nanus (E), and call B of P. spiniger (F). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613008/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The harmonics are very close to each other and not very clear due to the low fundamental frequency, short pulse duration, and the lack of the wave periodicity throughout the call (deterministic chaos regimes). Audiospectrograms with relatively broad filter bandwidths (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBADDFED9FB19FE19" box="[1217,1257,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
, above 100 Hz) can show wave peaks, of some parts of the call with low fundamental frequencies (minimum 107 Hz; see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD2FFEFBB25FE3EFA7EFE3D" box="[1337,1422,405,431]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
), as broadband pulses (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFD2FFEFBDBEFE12FBA3FE41" author="Littlejohn, M. J." box="[930,1107,441,467]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="102 - 120" refId="ref75838" refString="Littlejohn, M. J. (2001) Pattern of differentiation in temporal properties of Acoustic signals of anurans. In: Michael, J. R. (Ed.), Anuran Communication. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 102 - 120." type="book chapter" year="2001">Littlejohn 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is around 130 Hz and it is usually absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD2FFEFBB27FE75FAA5FE65" box="[1339,1365,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFD2FFEFBB78FE76FF1DFD89" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="2060" valueMax="2560">2060 to 2560</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD2FFEFBF3BFDAAFE8DFD89" box="[295,381,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the seventh to the 57
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFD2FFEFBA3CFDABFBDDFD9C" attach="none" box="[1056,1069,512,526]" fontSize="6" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">th</superScript>
|
||||
, but it is usually around the 15
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFD2FFEFBB8CFDABFA6DFD9C" attach="none" box="[1424,1437,512,526]" fontSize="6" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">th</superScript>
|
||||
harmonic. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1700 and 4100 Hz (up to 20 harmonics). There is no clear general FM in the call but there are subtle irregular FM segments throughout the entire call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD2FFEFBCAAFDC6FCFBFD15" box="[694,779,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1651,1676]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,675,1620]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,669,1625]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613012/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
133
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFD4FFEABE8BFE82FBF7FE3D.xml
Normal file
133
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFD4FFEABE8BFE82FBF7FE3D.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
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<mods:title id="CC933A06BC4DF345048B67B737DDAB46">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="947D75D5A21A5110DEF1F93517B01676">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E5A2A5F5ABB1632330492C8CD118B4D3">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFD4FFEABE8BFE82FBF7FE3D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583578" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762956" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583578" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFD4FFEABE8BFE82FBF7FE3D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD4FFEABE8BFE82FBF7FE3D" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD4FFE9BE8BFE82FD8CFE41" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD4FFE9BE8BFE82FD77FED1" blockId="37.[151,647,297,324]" box="[151,647,297,324]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFD4FFE9BE8BFE82FD77FED1" bold="true" box="[151,647,297,324]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD4FFE9BE8BFE82FD77FED1" authority="Bokermann, 1966" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1966" box="[151,647,297,324]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtectus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BE8BFE82FD77FED1" bold="true" box="[151,647,297,324]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BE8BFE82FE51FED6" bold="true" box="[151,417,297,324]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Physalaemus obtectus</emphasis>
|
||||
Bokermann, 1966
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD4FFE9BE8BFEDAFD8CFE41" blockId="37.[151,1436,369,467]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFD4FFE9BF88FEDAFE34FE19" box="[404,452,369,395]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a sequence of pulses. There are clear harmonics, however deterministic-chaos regimes can be present at the beginning of the pulses where jumps of the fundamental frequency are common.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="08E307DEFFD4FFE9BE8BFB52FF30FAEC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" startId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" targetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" targetPageId="37">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD4FFE9BE8BFB52FF30FAEC" blockId="37.[151,1436,1273,1406]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BE8BFB52FED0FA80" bold="true" box="[151,288,1273,1298]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||||
Call A of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD4FFE9BF97FB51FD9CFA80" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1966" box="[395,620,1274,1298]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtectus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BF97FB51FD9CFA80" box="[395,620,1274,1298]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Physalaemus obtectus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD4FFEABEDBFA00FBF7FE3D" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD4FFEABEDBFA00FBF7FE3D" blockId="37.[151,1437,1451,2019]" lastBlockId="38.[151,1437,153,431]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BEDBFA00FDE3FA54" bold="true" box="[199,531,1451,1478]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BF3DFA00FE82FA54" box="[289,370,1451,1478]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–J and 4G).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined seven recordings, a total of eight minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BACDFA06FB1BFA54" box="[1233,1259,1453,1478]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 280 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD4FFE9BD22FA7BFC66FA78" box="[830,918,1488,1514]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.415 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFD4FFE9BB5EFA64FA67FA79" box="[1346,1431,1487,1515]" degrees="0.553" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="55" value="-0.553">0.553 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. Usually, call rise and fall durations are similar, both resembling logarithmic shape; the amplitude peak is at around (usually just before) the middle of the call duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BCF5F9B3FC43F9A1" box="[745,947,1560,1587]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10A, D, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). However, some calls have an exponential or linear rise, followed by a long sustain and an abrupt fall (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BD54F997FC41F9C4" box="[840,945,1596,1622]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In calls with rise and fall similar in slope and duration, the envelope of the call is symmetric (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BCF8F9CBFC5DF9E9" box="[740,941,1632,1659]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10A, D, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
), whereas in calls with sustain the envelope is rectangular or triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BC7BF92FFD3EF90C" box="[615,718,1668,1694]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 35 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has pulse-PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BE8BF967FF18F974" box="[151,232,1740,1766]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–J). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BC27F966FDADF974" box="[571,605,1741,1766]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
9 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BD12F966FCC0F974" box="[782,816,1741,1766]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
four pulses throughout the call. The pulses of the first half of the call have rise similar to fall and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the pulse. On the other hand, the pulses of the second half have rises sharper and shorter than falls, which are more gradual, with amplitude peaks at the beginning of the pulses (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BFC4F893FD51F8C1" box="[472,673,1848,1875]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10A, D, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In some calls, the last pulse is clearly shorter than the others (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BB73F893FF38F8E4" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is a long silence interval between the pulses, equivalent to
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BDB1F8F6FC3FF8E4" box="[941,975,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
1.5 times the pulse duration. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BF75F82BFE33F808" box="[361,451,1920,1946]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1644,1669]" captionTargetBox="[204,1384,189,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[191,1397,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of seven Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nattereri (A), P. maculiventris (B), P. erythros (C), P. rupestris (D), P. camacan (E; F), P. obtectus (G), P. irroratus (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period w of the measured oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. irroratus; H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613004/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD4FFE9BD35F82AFCBAF808" box="[809,842,1921,1946]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
380 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. Most of the wave periods are regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, subharmoncis, deterministic chaos, and jumps of the fundamental frequency are observed at the beginning and end of the pulses (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABC0EFF32FD62FF21" box="[530,658,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 10H, I</figureCitation>
|
||||
). At the same parts of the pulse, the low fundamental frequency can lead to the wave peaks to be shown as broadband clicks (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFD7FFEABB32FF16FF20FF69" author="Littlejohn, M. J." pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="102 - 120" refId="ref75838" refString="Littlejohn, M. J. (2001) Pattern of differentiation in temporal properties of Acoustic signals of anurans. In: Michael, J. R. (Ed.), Anuran Communication. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 102 - 120." type="book chapter" year="2001">Littlejohn 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) in audiospectrograms at broad filter bandwidths. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABAA8FF49FB3EFF69" box="[1204,1230,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFD7FFEABAC1FF4AFA83FF69" box="[1245,1395,225,251]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="1210" valueMax="1230">1210 to 1230</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABEBCFEAEFEF7FE8D" box="[160,263,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the seventh, but it is usually the third or fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 800 and 1600 Hz (often, two or three harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABEBCFEDAFEA9FE19" box="[160,345,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 10B, G, I, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM,
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABF38FE3DFEB6FE3D" box="[292,326,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||||
, each pulse has an up-downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABCE4FE3EFC70FE3D" box="[760,896,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1273,1298]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,496,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,489,1248]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 10. Call A of Physalaemus obtectus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, and F) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, and J). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G, I, and J); 78.9 (H); 61.9 (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613016/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 10A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
, D–F, H–J).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
139
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFD5FFE9BE8BFE82FE98FF69.xml
Normal file
139
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFD5FFE9BE8BFE82FE98FF69.xml
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@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
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<mods:title id="3D4B401799FE6A8E1F32DA36F18F6423">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8BF697944B7BDC856F96551E2F50DDBF">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFD5FFE9BE8BFE82FE98FF69" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583576" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762955" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583576" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFD5FFE9BE8BFE82FE98FF69" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD5FFE9BE8BFE82FE98FF69" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD5FFE8BE8BFE82FB07FE3D" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFD5FFE8BE8BFE82FCC7FED1" blockId="36.[151,823,297,324]" box="[151,823,297,324]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFD5FFE8BE8BFE82FCC7FED1" bold="true" box="[151,823,297,324]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD5FFE8BE8BFE82FCC7FED1" authority="Pimenta, Cruz & Silvano, 2005" authorityName="Pimenta, Cruz & Silvano" authorityYear="2005" box="[151,823,297,324]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="camacan">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD5FFE8BE8BFE82FCC7FED1" bold="true" box="[151,823,297,324]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD5FFE8BE8BFE82FE5BFED1" bold="true" box="[151,427,297,324]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Physalaemus camacan</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFD5FFE8BFAFFE82FCC7FED1" author="Pimenta, B. V. S. & Cruz, C. A. G. & Silvano, D. L." box="[435,823,297,323]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="201 - 210" refId="ref76968" refString="Pimenta, B. V. S., Cruz, C. A. G. & Silvano, D. L. (2005) A new species of the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from the Atlantic Rain Forest of southern Bahia, Brazil. Amphibia-Reptilia, 26, 201 - 210. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1568538054253483" type="journal article" year="2005">Pimenta, Cruz & Silvano, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD5FFE8BE8BFEDAFB07FE3D" blockId="36.[151,1436,369,431]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFD5FFE8BF80FEDAFE3CFE19" box="[412,460,369,395]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a slight PAM. It is spectrally polymorphic with clear harmonics, sidebands, and deterministic-chaos regime.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="08E307DEFFD5FFE8BE8BFBDCFB03FB4A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613014" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613014/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" startId="36.[151,250,1143,1168]" targetBox="[157,1432,460,1116]" targetPageId="36">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD5FFE8BE8BFBDCFB03FB4A" blockId="36.[151,1437,1143,1240]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD5FFE8BE8BFBDCFEE3FB02" bold="true" box="[151,275,1143,1168]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||||
Call A of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD5FFE8BF62FBD3FD95FB02" authorityName="Pimenta, Cruz & Silvano" authorityYear="2005" box="[382,613,1144,1168]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="camacan">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD5FFE8BF62FBD3FD95FB02" box="[382,613,1144,1168]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Physalaemus camacan</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD5FFE9BEDBFAADFE98FF69" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD5FFE9BEDBFAADFE98FF69" blockId="36.[151,1437,1286,2033]" lastBlockId="37.[151,1436,153,251]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD5FFE8BEDBFAADFDDBFAB3" bold="true" box="[199,555,1286,1313]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD5FFE8BF3EFAADFE96FAB3" box="[290,358,1286,1313]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1143,1168]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,460,1116]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,453,1119]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 9. Call A of Physalaemus camacan. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613014/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–D and 4E–F).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined two recordings, a total of five minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD5FFE8BAD3FAACFB19FAB2" box="[1231,1257,1287,1312]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 130 calls from two males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD5FFE8BD01FA81FC83FAD7" box="[797,883,1322,1349]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.676 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFD5FFE8BB0DFA80FA95FAD7" box="[1297,1381,1323,1349]" degrees="0.980" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="55" value="-0.98">0.980 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise is gradual and longer than the call fall, which is more abrupt. There is a long sustain in the call. Usually the amplitude of the call is regular throughout the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD5FFE8BCD2FAD9FCD7FA1F" box="[718,807,1394,1421]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1143,1168]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,460,1116]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,453,1119]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 9. Call A of Physalaemus camacan. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613014/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). However, in some calls, the amplitude increases gradually toward the amplitude peak at the end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD5FFE8BCE7FA3DFCA4FA23" box="[763,852,1430,1457]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1143,1168]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,460,1116]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,453,1119]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 9. Call A of Physalaemus camacan. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613014/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is at around four fifths of the call duration. Depending on the slope of the sustain and the difference between the amplitude peaks the envelope of the call can vary from rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD5FFE8BC3DFA75FD89FA6B" box="[545,633,1502,1529]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1143,1168]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,460,1116]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,453,1119]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 9. Call A of Physalaemus camacan. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613014/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD5FFE8BDAEFA75FBF9FA6B" box="[946,1033,1502,1529]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1143,1168]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,460,1116]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,453,1119]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 9. Call A of Physalaemus camacan. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613014/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 38 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a slight PAM (with no silence interval between peaks;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD5FFE8BFBBF98DFDD1F9D3" box="[423,545,1574,1601]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1143,1168]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,460,1116]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,453,1119]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 9. Call A of Physalaemus camacan. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613014/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 9A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD5FFE8BD27F98CFCADF9D2" box="[827,861,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
13 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD5FFE8BA0BF98CFBC9F9D2" box="[1047,1081,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
10 amplitude peaks throughout the call. The calls can have two different spectral patterns (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD5FFE8BD35F9E1FC6DF9F7" box="[809,925,1610,1637]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1644,1669]" captionTargetBox="[204,1384,189,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[191,1397,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of seven Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nattereri (A), P. maculiventris (B), P. erythros (C), P. rupestris (D), P. camacan (E; F), P. obtectus (G), P. irroratus (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period w of the measured oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. irroratus; H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613004/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 4E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The bands of one of these patterns (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD5FFE8BB22F9E1FA64F9F7" box="[1342,1428,1610,1637]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1143,1168]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,460,1116]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,453,1119]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 9. Call A of Physalaemus camacan. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613014/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) are multiple of each other and were considered harmonics. The fundamental frequency of this series is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD5FFE8BB3DF9C4FAB3F91A" box="[1313,1347,1647,1672]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
400 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD5FFE8BEBCF939FF09F93F" box="[160,249,1682,1709]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1143,1168]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,460,1116]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,453,1119]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 9. Call A of Physalaemus camacan. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613014/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In the other spectral pattern (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD5FFE8BC49F939FD40F93F" box="[597,688,1682,1709]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1143,1168]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,460,1116]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,453,1119]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 9. Call A of Physalaemus camacan. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613014/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), there is a series of bands with fundamental frequency of
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD5FFE8BB55F938FA9AF93E" box="[1353,1386,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
100 Hz, which varies continuously and the bands are not integral multiple of each other. The bands of this 100 Hz series seem to be sidebands (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD5FFE8BF89F970FE48F966" box="[405,440,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||||
, 100 Hz wave as the modulating signal) with the 410 Hz series as the carrier signal (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD5FFE8BB73F971FF4DF88B" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1143,1168]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,460,1116]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,453,1119]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 9. Call A of Physalaemus camacan. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613014/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In most calls, the sidebands are the only bands noticeable. In these calls, the bands are not very clear since there is considerably deterministic chaos (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD5FFE8BC31F889FD75F8AF" box="[557,645,1826,1853]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1143,1168]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,460,1116]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,453,1119]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 9. Call A of Physalaemus camacan. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613014/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
|
||||
) due to the irregularity of the wave periods of the 100 Hz signal. In the calls where the 400 Hz series are evident, the harmonics are clear due to the higher fundamental frequency and the more regularity (periodicity) of the wave periods. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD5FFE8BA6AF8C0FB60F816" box="[1142,1168,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFD5FFE8BABCF8C0FAC6F816" box="[1184,1334,1898,1925]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1380" valueMax="1660">1380 to 1660</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD5FFE8BB73F8C1FF4CF83B" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1143,1168]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,460,1116]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,453,1119]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 9. Call A of Physalaemus camacan. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613014/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Considering the 400 Hz series, the dominant harmonic varies from the second to the sixth, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFD5FFE8BF0BF87CFE4DF863" box="[279,445,2006,2033]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1100" valueMax="1800">1100 and 1800</date>
|
||||
Hz. This bandwidth corresponds to two harmonics of the 400-Hz series. The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call with a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BA96FF32FB11FF21" box="[1162,1249,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1143,1168]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,460,1116]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,453,1119]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 9. Call A of Physalaemus camacan. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613014/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is a PFM in the parts of the call where the bands are clear (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BCA3FF16FCE8FF45" box="[703,792,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1143,1168]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,460,1116]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,453,1119]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 9. Call A of Physalaemus camacan. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613014/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). This PFM is synchronic and directly proportional to the PAM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD4FFE9BEFDFF4AFEAAFF69" box="[225,346,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1143,1168]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,460,1116]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,453,1119]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 9. Call A of Physalaemus camacan. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with emphasized harmonics (A and B). A variant call (C and D). A single noisy call with high level of deterministic chaos (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 61.9 (B); 31.0 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613014/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 9A, B</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
269
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFD6FFE6BE8BFE3EFED5FDAD.xml
Normal file
269
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFD6FFE6BE8BFE3EFED5FDAD.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
|
|||
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<mods:mods id="64DE913CEDC07E041F4A2852E71DC947" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="55BB94A0ADAA94C4615B8D967068CD40">
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<mods:title id="C99B47A4FE8F678482B6FE61C82EE7B2">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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|
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="575C5ED16FF914ECEB6B200D76687D28">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="9D8BB8CFAD895FAF67A9F481F998B6F1" type="personal">
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|
||||
<mods:namePart id="2699C122909637BE5484223D93577076">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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||||
</mods:name>
|
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<mods:title id="EDC84D9396ADAB420326C0B32874A7D8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||||
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|
||||
<mods:part id="B16E4C75E26EC93A46F598CA58D61182">
|
||||
<mods:date id="000C6B535FAC45953449BDA5C3722413">2020</mods:date>
|
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<mods:detail id="2C684C4A590E483DD0ABBCE201290CFF" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="8C7E5B0876B203DC6C354791D86554D7">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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|
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<mods:detail id="7E6034ACB6ACE30F98DE17AFE01C82C4" type="volume">
|
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<mods:number id="9341C71A3B5A33FAF21C3CD333DEDE8E">4725</mods:number>
|
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|
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<mods:number id="DE92F65E7CEDB86FDF0F6083294411C8">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="242D917E0428A4C0154860F6BBEAE852">journal article</mods:classification>
|
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<mods:identifier id="E27B52237E98A77152E1F8178CEB472F" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="49D79118FC886D0D788830D1901DF49E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFD6FFE6BE8BFE3EFED5FDAD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583582" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762954" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583582" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFD6FFE6BE8BFE3EFED5FDAD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD6FFE6BE8BFE3EFED5FDAD" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD6FFEBBE8BFE3EFE7EFD15" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD6FFEBBE8BFE3EFD9BFE3D" blockId="39.[151,619,405,432]" box="[151,619,405,432]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
<heading id="076BE03AFFD6FFEBBE8BFE3EFD9BFE3D" bold="true" box="[151,619,405,432]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" reason="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD6FFEBBE8BFE3EFD9BFE3D" authority="(Boulenger, 1888)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[151,619,405,432]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBE8BFE3EFD9BFE3D" bold="true" box="[151,619,405,432]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBE8BFE3EFE79FE3D" bold="true" box="[151,393,405,432]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Physalaemus nanus</emphasis>
|
||||
(Boulenger, 1888)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD6FFEBBE8BFE76FE7EFD15" blockId="39.[151,1437,477,1979]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
We found three different calls, referred to as call A, B, and C (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBD48FE76FC58FE65" box="[852,936,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Calls B and C were common in recordings in which several males were active and calling close to each other. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. Call B is shorter than Call A with a lower fundamental frequency, irregular FM segments, and absence of pulse-PAM. Call C is composed of two notes, the first and the second notes are similar to those of calls A and B, respectively.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD6FFE6BEDBFD3BFED5FDAD" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD6FFEBBEDBFD3BFB49FAE9" blockId="39.[151,1437,477,1979]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBEDBFD3BFDD4FD39" bold="true" box="[199,548,656,683]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBF3CFD3BFE83FD39" box="[288,371,656,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
E–H and 13A).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 20 recordings, a total of 77 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBABDFD39FB4BFD39" box="[1185,1211,658,683]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 3500 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFD6FFEBBB9CFD3AFF2CFD5D" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="male">33 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD6FFEBBCF0FD1EFCB2FD5D" box="[748,834,693,719]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.178 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFD6FFEBBAFCFD1EFAC4FD5D" box="[1248,1332,693,719]" degrees="0.218" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" precision="55" value="-0.218">0.218 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call envelope is variable; however, calls often have rise, a regular sustain (or shallow valley), and falls sections. Call rise and fall are usually gradual and linear but they can have different durations, being long or abrupt. The amplitude peak of the calls measured here is at around the end of the first fourth of the call duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBA8EFC8AFAADFCA9" box="[1170,1373,801,827]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12A, C, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The envelope of the call can be elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBC03FCEEFD56FCCD" box="[543,678,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12A, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBD5AFCEEFC59FCCD" box="[838,937,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12E</figureCitation>
|
||||
), or triangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBA49FCEEFB4BFCCD" box="[1109,1211,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 42 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. This call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBC77FC26FD4BFC35" box="[619,699,909,935]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–H). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBA04FC25FBCAFC35" box="[1048,1082,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
28 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBAE5FC25FAEAFC35" box="[1273,1306,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
five pulses throughout the call. The envelope of the pulses is also highly variable; however, the middle pulses tend to have amplitude peak at the middle of the pulse with similar rise and fall. Often, the first pulse has very little amplitude and the last pulse is the longest one (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBC37FC52FD1DFB81" box="[555,749,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12C, D, F, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Silence intervals are present between pulses, slightly shorter than pulse duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBF62FBB6FE3EFBA5" box="[382,462,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–H). Some pulses have a down-upward AM at the middle of their durations, yielding two amplitude peaks per pulse. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBD7DFBEAFC3AFBC9" box="[865,970,1089,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1746,1771]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,187,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,181,1720]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 13. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nanus (A), P. spiniger (B), P. crombiei (C), P. signifer (D), P. bokermanni (E), P. angrensis (F), P. atlanticus (G), P. moreirae (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. nanus; A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613022/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency varies from 620 to 1100 Hz and the band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and then the harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics can be present at the beginning and end of the pulses and jumps of the fundamental frequency can happen at the end of the call (fourth pulse in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBB6CFB06FF39FB79" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBC94FB79FD52FB79" box="[648,674,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFD6FFEBBCAEFB7AFCBAFB79" box="[690,842,1232,1259]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="2240" valueMax="2540">2240 to 2540</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBD98FB7AFC1CFB79" box="[900,1004,1233,1259]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the fourth one, but it is usually the second. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFD6FFEBBDB2FAB2FBA4FAA1" box="[942,1108,1305,1331]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1800" valueMax="2800">1800 and 2800</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBA90FAB1FB5EFAA1" box="[1164,1198,1306,1331]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
two harmonics). The frequency bands have a general and slight downward FM throughout the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBDE0FA96FB92FAC5" box="[1020,1122,1341,1367]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBA3DFACAFB81FAE9" box="[1057,1137,1377,1403]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–H).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD6FFEBBEDBFA2FFC74F829" blockId="39.[151,1437,477,1979]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBEDBFA2FFDEFFA0D" bold="true" box="[199,543,1412,1439]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
Call B (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBF38FA2FFE88FA0D" box="[292,376,1412,1439]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
I–N and 6D).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined five recordings, a total of 27 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBAABFA2DFB21FA0D" box="[1207,1233,1414,1439]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 40 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFD6FFEBBB9CFA2EFF2CFA51" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="male">13 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD6FFEBBCFEFA02FCC7FA51" box="[738,823,1449,1475]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.027 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFD6FFEBBAD2FA02FAD1FA51" box="[1230,1313,1449,1475]" degrees="0.090" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" precision="55" value="-0.09">0.090 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. Often, the call rise is longer than the fall, both exponential; there is a long regular sustain (or shallow valley) between them. The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBA4FFA5AFB02F999" box="[1107,1266,1521,1547]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
Fig.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFD6FFEBBA9BFA5AFB5FF999" box="[1159,1199,1521,1547]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="2012-01">12I</date>
|
||||
, K, L
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The envelope of the call varied from rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBC38F9BEFD7AF9BD" box="[548,650,1557,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12K</figureCitation>
|
||||
) to triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBDDCF9BEFBCBF9BD" box="[960,1083,1557,1583]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||||
Fig.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFD6FFEBBDEFF9BEFBEBF9BD" box="[1011,1051,1557,1583]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="2012-01">12I</date>
|
||||
, L
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the energy is concentrated in 31 % of the component duration around the amplitude peak. This call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBF44F9F6FE42F9EA" box="[344,434,1629,1656]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1803,1828]" captionTargetBox="[225,1359,748,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[220,1366,741,1778]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 6. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls B and C of six Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call. Call B of P. maculiventris (A), call B of P. erythros (B), call B of P. ruspestris (C), call B of P. nanus (D), call C of P. nanus (E), and call B of P. spiniger (F). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613008/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBD02F9F5FCCFF9E5" box="[798,831,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
300 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. Usually, the wave periods are regular and then the harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, harmonics are not very clear with considerably deterministic chaos in some parts of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBEBCF962FEF9F971" box="[160,265,1737,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12N</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Sudden jumps of the fundamental frequency can be present (usually at the end of the call). Moreover, some calls show subharmonics (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBFE1F946FD94F895" box="[509,612,1773,1799]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12N</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBA0EF945FBDCF895" box="[1042,1068,1774,1799]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFD6FFEBBA26F946FB3CF895" box="[1082,1228,1772,1799]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1680" valueMax="1850">1680 to 1850</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBB1DF946FAAEF895" box="[1281,1374,1773,1799]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12J</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the seventh to the 41
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFD6FFEBBCF7F8BBFD06F88C" attach="none" box="[747,758,1808,1822]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">st</superScript>
|
||||
, but it is usually the ninth or tenth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the energy is concentrated between
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFD6FFEBBAEBF89EFA6CF8DD" box="[1271,1436,1845,1871]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1300" valueMax="2200">1300 and 2200</date>
|
||||
Hz (three or four harmonics). The frequency bands can have a general down or upward FM throughout the call with either short down or upward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBC8FF8D6FCCFF805" box="[659,831,1917,1943]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12J, M, N</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Some calls have no clear general FM. Additionally, some calls have a subtle PFM throughout the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBCD3F80AFC87F829" box="[719,887,1953,1979]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12J, M, N</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="08E307DEFFD9FFE4BE8BF8EDFE14F87D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" startId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" targetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" targetPageId="40">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD9FFE4BE8BF8EDFE14F87D" blockId="40.[151,1437,1862,2031]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD9FFE4BE8BF8EDFEEFF8CD" bold="true" box="[151,287,1862,1887]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||||
Calls A, B, and C of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD9FFE4BFE9F8ECFD4EF8CD" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[501,702,1863,1887]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD9FFE4BFE9F8ECFD4EF8CD" box="[501,702,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Physalaemus nanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="08E307DEFFD8FFE5BE8BF979FDBDF874" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613022" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613022/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" startId="41.[151,250,1746,1771]" targetBox="[162,1426,187,1711]" targetPageId="41">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD8FFE5BE8BF979FDBDF874" blockId="41.[151,1437,1746,2023]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BE8BF979FED2F979" bold="true" box="[151,290,1746,1771]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
|
||||
Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BA2BF978FBB8F978" box="[1079,1096,1747,1770]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">w</emphasis>
|
||||
of calls A of eight
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BB0BF979FA6DF978" baseAuthorityName="Hepp & Pombal" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[1303,1437,1746,1770]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BB0BF979FA6DF978" box="[1303,1437,1746,1770]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Physalaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species. Each graph shows a single call A of:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BC7BF95CFD4EF89C" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[615,702,1783,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BC7BF95CFD4EF89C" box="[615,702,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. nanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(A),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BCE8F95CFC91F89C" baseAuthorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[756,865,1783,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spiniger">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BCE8F95CFC91F89C" box="[756,865,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. spiniger</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(B),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BD8AF95CFBF9F89C" authorityName="Heyer & Wolf" authorityYear="1989" box="[918,1033,1782,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crombiei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BD8AF95CFBF9F89C" box="[918,1033,1782,1806]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. crombiei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(C),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BA23F95CFB55F89C" baseAuthorityName="Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[1087,1189,1782,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="signifer">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BA23F95CFB55F89C" box="[1087,1189,1782,1806]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. signifer</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(D),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BAC0F95CFA9FF89C" authorityName="Cardoso & Haddad" authorityYear="1985" box="[1244,1391,1782,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bokermanni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BAC0F95CFA9FF89C" box="[1244,1391,1782,1806]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. bokermanni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(E),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BE8BF8B0FEE2F8A0" authorityName="Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva" authorityYear="2006" box="[151,274,1819,1842]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angrensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BE8BF8B0FEE2F8A0" box="[151,274,1819,1842]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. angrensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(F),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BF58F8B0FE31F8A0" authorityName="Haddad & Sazima" authorityYear="2004" box="[324,449,1818,1842]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atlanticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BF58F8B0FE31F8A0" box="[324,449,1818,1842]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. atlanticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(G),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BFEBF8B0FD9CF8A0" baseAuthorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[503,620,1819,1842]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moreirae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BFEBF8B0FD9CF8A0" box="[503,620,1819,1842]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. moreirae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BA44F894FB99F8C4" box="[1112,1129,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">w</emphasis>
|
||||
; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency /
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BCC1F8C8FD1EF8E8" box="[733,750,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">w</emphasis>
|
||||
reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BFBDF800FE42F850" box="[417,434,1963,1986]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">w</emphasis>
|
||||
reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD8FFE5BFD6F864FDD0F874" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[458,544,1999,2022]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD8FFE5BFD6F864FDD0F874" box="[458,544,1999,2022]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. nanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; A).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDBFFE6BEDBFF33FED5FDAD" blockId="42.[151,1436,152,575]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BEDBFF33FDD4FF21" bold="true" box="[199,548,152,179]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
Call C (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BF39FF33FE89FF21" box="[293,377,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||||
O–T and 6E).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 16 recordings, a total of 60 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BAB7FF31FB35FF21" box="[1195,1221,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 200 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFDBFFE6BB9CFF32FF2CFF45" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="male">28 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFDBFFE6BCE8FF16FCBCFF45" box="[756,844,189,215]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Calls are composed of two notes, the first and the second are similar to those of calls A and B, respectively. Call duration varies from 0.188 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFDBFFE6BA8BFF4AFB19FF69" box="[1175,1257,225,251]" degrees="0.311" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" precision="55" value="-0.311">0.311 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The amplitude, temporal, and spectral traits of the components are similar to those described above. However, the first note can have more pulses and the envelope of the second note has steeper rise and fall in call C (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BA69FE82FAD0FED1" box="[1141,1312,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 12O, Q, R</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Although the amplitude decreases at the transition between notes, their limits are not clear (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BA2BFEE6FB33FEF5" box="[1079,1219,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 12Q, R</figureCitation>
|
||||
). At this transition, there is a decrease in the fundamental frequency and wave peaks emitted at low repetition rates (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BAF7FED9FAE3FE19" box="[1259,1299,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
, 90 Hz) are shown as clicks (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BD51FE3EFC5FFE3D" box="[845,943,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 12P</figureCitation>
|
||||
) in audiospectrograms at broad filter bandwidths (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BEEFFE11FEEBFE41" box="[243,283,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
, above 100 Hz). The bands are observed in audiospectrograms at narrow filter bandwidth (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BB3DFE11FAB9FE41" box="[1313,1353,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
, below 90 Hz). This rate gets faster until the beginning of the center of the second note. In C calls, the harmonics of the second note usually have a general upward FM with a short downward FM at the end of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BAFAFDAAFAB5FD89" box="[1254,1349,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 12P</figureCitation>
|
||||
but see
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BE8BFD8EFEE8FDAD" box="[151,280,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1862,1887]" captionTargetBox="[191,1398,194,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[177,1411,181,1837]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613020/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 12S, T</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
129
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFD7FFEBBE8BFE76FEFEFEF5.xml
Normal file
129
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Normal file
|
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@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
|
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<mods:classification id="DD298663CCC5277DA00DEEC5C03F2F3A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="187673650746B14E8654FC74F0BE8745" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
|
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<treatment id="D435E640FFD7FFEBBE8BFE76FEFEFEF5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583580" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762909" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583580" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFD7FFEBBE8BFE76FEFEFEF5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFD7FFEBBE8BFE76FEFEFEF5" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD7FFEABE8BFE76FA62FDF1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD7FFEABE8BFE76FCC9FE65" blockId="38.[151,825,477,504]" box="[151,825,477,504]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
<heading id="076BE03AFFD7FFEABE8BFE76FCC9FE65" bold="true" box="[151,825,477,504]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" reason="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD7FFEABE8BFE76FCC9FE65" authority="Cruz, Nascimento & Feio, 2007" authorityName="Cruz, Nascimento & Feio" authorityYear="2007" box="[151,825,477,504]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irroratus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABE8BFE76FCC9FE65" bold="true" box="[151,825,477,504]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABE8BFE76FE5AFE65" bold="true" box="[151,426,477,504]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Physalaemus irroratus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFD7FFEABFADFE76FCC9FE65" author="Cruz, C. A. G. & Nascimento, L. B. & Feio, R. N." box="[433,825,477,503]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="457 - 465" refId="ref73343" refString="Cruz, C. A. G., Nascimento, L. B. & Feio, R. N. (2007) A new species of the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura, Leiuperidae) from Southeastern Brazil. Amphibia-Reptilia, 28, 457 - 465. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853807782152444" type="journal article" year="2007">Cruz, Nascimento & Feio, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD7FFEABE8BFD8EFA62FDF1" blockId="38.[151,1436,549,611]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFD7FFEABF88FD8EFE34FDAD" box="[404,452,549,575]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a sequence of pulses. There are clear harmonics, and some pulses have PFM, which is synchronic and directly proportional to the slight PAM.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="08E307DEFFD7FFEABE8BFB7DFBC8FAA5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" startId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" targetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" targetPageId="38">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD7FFEABE8BFB7DFBC8FAA5" blockId="38.[151,1437,1238,1335]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABE8BFB7DFEEEFB7D" bold="true" box="[151,286,1238,1263]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||||
Call A of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFD7FFEABF99FB7CFD9CFB7D" authorityName="Cruz, Nascimento & Feio" authorityYear="2007" box="[389,620,1239,1263]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irroratus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABF99FB7CFD9CFB7D" box="[389,620,1239,1263]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Physalaemus irroratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFD7FFEBBEDBFACEFEFEFEF5" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFD7FFEBBEDBFACEFEFEFEF5" blockId="38.[151,1437,1381,2020]" lastBlockId="39.[151,1437,153,359]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABEDBFACEFDFDFA12" bold="true" box="[199,525,1381,1408]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABF02FACEFE9CFA12" box="[286,364,1381,1408]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–F and 4H).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined two recordings, a total of one minute, with 29 calls from two males. Most of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFD7FFEABC47FA22FD42FA31" box="[603,690,1417,1443]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.489 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFD7FFEABA4EFA22FB56FA36" box="[1106,1190,1417,1444]" degrees="0.954" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" precision="55" value="-0.954">0.954 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise and fall durations are similar; both are usually linear-shaped. In some calls, the rise and/or fall can be more abrupt and have a logarithmic shape. The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration, except in calls with very few pulses (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABEF2FA5DFEE6F99D" box="[238,278,1526,1551]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||||
, two pulses). Since both rise and fall are similar in slope and duration, the envelope of the call is fairly elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABEE8F9B2FE8AF9A1" box="[244,378,1561,1587]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 38 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABA78F996FB40F9C5" box="[1124,1200,1597,1623]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–F). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABEEFF9C9FEE4F9E9" box="[243,276,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
6 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABFDDF9C9FE13F9E9" box="[449,483,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
four pulses throughout the call. Usually, pulses have an abrupt rise, shorter than fall, which is more gradual, with amplitude peak at the beginning of the pulse (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABDD1F92EFB85F932" box="[973,1141,1669,1696]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11A, C, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). However, the first pulses of the longer calls have rises similar to falls and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the pulse. In some calls, the last pulse is clearly shorter than the others. There is a long silence interval between pulses,
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABA83F965FB30F975" box="[1183,1216,1742,1767]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
5.5 times the pulse duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABF18F95AFE5FF89E" box="[260,431,1777,1804]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11A, C, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Some pulses have an internal slight PAM. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABB1FF95AFAAEF899" box="[1283,1374,1777,1803]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1644,1669]" captionTargetBox="[204,1384,189,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[191,1397,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of seven Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nattereri (A), P. maculiventris (B), P. erythros (C), P. rupestris (D), P. camacan (E; F), P. obtectus (G), P. irroratus (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period w of the measured oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. irroratus; H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613004/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABFA2F8BDFE10F8BD" box="[446,480,1814,1839]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
400 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and then the harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, subharmonics, deterministic chaos, and jumps of the fundamental frequency are observed at the beginning and at the end of the pulses, or even in the entire pulse (usually the last one). Short pulses can be shown as broadband clicks (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFD7FFEABC49F80EFCF3F82D" author="Littlejohn, M. J." box="[597,771,1957,1983]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="102 - 120" refId="ref75838" refString="Littlejohn, M. J. (2001) Pattern of differentiation in temporal properties of Acoustic signals of anurans. In: Michael, J. R. (Ed.), Anuran Communication. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 102 - 120." type="book chapter" year="2001">Littlejohn 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) in audiospectrograms at broad filter bandwidth (first pulse in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABEA9F862FEECF871" box="[181,284,1993,2019]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD7FFEABCC8F861FD1EF871" box="[724,750,1994,2019]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFD7FFEABCE1F862FC61F871" box="[765,913,1993,2020]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="1250" valueMax="1720">1250 to 1720</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD7FFEABDD6F862FBC0F871" box="[970,1072,1993,2019]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the ninth, but it is usually the third or fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFD6FFEBBD67FF16FBD3FF45" box="[891,1059,189,215]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" value="1300" valueMax="2000">1300 and 2000</date>
|
||||
Hz (often, three harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBD78FF4AFC38FF69" box="[868,968,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). There is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM,
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFD6FFEBBCF1FEADFCE0FE8D" box="[749,784,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||||
, each pulse has an up-downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFD6FFEBBAA0FEAEFAEEFE8D" box="[1212,1310,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1238,1263]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,639,1209]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,633,1213]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613018/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, another PFM is present within some pulses and it is directly proportional to the synchronic slight PAM within the pulses.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
209
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFDAFFE2BE8BF960FDADFD81.xml
Normal file
209
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFDAFFE2BE8BF960FDADFD81.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
|
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<mods:title id="12252FD10991EBFAA372E3FE3B3E74C6">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DB597BB9F321F5155C3F98DB5D19045E">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
|
||||
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<mods:roleTerm id="FB05E21F1C0642BDCF9AD2D0ED850772">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||||
</mods:role>
|
||||
<mods:namePart id="71C32512CBBCD4389A3E9661577CCCDA">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
|
||||
</mods:name>
|
||||
<mods:typeOfResource id="1459A12B07F3B41F11467DCA79F1CF88">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="4B58FCCFEEB00FC023D3930D5E638E86">
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||||
<mods:title id="16CCCDC61D2854C29B53A64579BDA750">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||||
<mods:part id="F0963C64ABD791361054E4475CE9C3AB">
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<mods:date id="D8043AF5462EF3C90D1006DD3F89D0A4">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="5D2A005B2BDD0ADA8A48847B58CCAFF7" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="5B6DDA0E340E9A3CCD5E0A9427619743">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
|
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<mods:detail id="09CF561830A77F3865F936D78D33F9BD" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="ABF17FEAE8E676EB29C4E538C2FCB0B5">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="ADCA1705382026425B78BB6008E70CA3">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="A89A10652442D8D86DC9F4E9367B7D2B">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="42E09E1EB709D8A9EE2ADE834EF81A23">106</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="BBCB123CA1437760E02A657369924ED0">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||||
<mods:identifier id="9BB54D1B7858CE2E72C603D6C84A5CB3" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
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||||
<mods:identifier id="7A52DD57C041E4FC10C6D3E946E70110" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1C489E1E5E919B5CA8C1EA4046E05955" type="GBIF-Dataset">67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2AB5A24A89BCC0F8BCABAA044232909E" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F53CB9D267D9E24DD93967EB00FF0757" type="Zenodo-Dep">3612996</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFDAFFE2BE8BF960FDADFD81" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583586" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762910" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583586" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFDAFFE2BE8BF960FDADFD81" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFDAFFE2BE8BF960FDADFD81" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFDAFFE7BE8BF960FCB2F80B" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDAFFE7BE8BF960FD58F974" blockId="43.[151,680,1739,1766]" box="[151,680,1739,1766]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
<heading id="076BE03AFFDAFFE7BE8BF960FD58F974" bold="true" box="[151,680,1739,1766]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" reason="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDAFFE7BE8BF960FD58F974" authority="Heyer & Wolf, 1989" authorityName="Heyer & Wolf" authorityYear="1989" box="[151,680,1739,1766]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crombiei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDAFFE7BE8BF960FD58F974" bold="true" box="[151,680,1739,1766]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDAFFE7BE8BF960FE58F974" bold="true" box="[151,424,1739,1766]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Physalaemus crombiei</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFDAFFE7BFB3F967FD58F974" author="Heyer, W. R. & Wolf, A. J." box="[431,680,1739,1766]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="500 - 506" refId="ref75517" refString="Heyer, W. R. & Wolf, A. J. (1989) Physalaemus crombiei (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae), a new frog species from Espirito Santo, Brazil with comments on the P. signifer group. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 102 (2), 500 - 506." type="journal article" year="1989">Heyer & Wolf, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDAFFE7BE8BF8BFFCB2F80B" blockId="43.[151,1436,1811,1946]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. B calls were observed in recordings in which males emitted A calls with very long durations. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. A calls have pulses separated by silence intervals whereas B calls have not. Moreover, B calls have a general upward FM and FM segments (periodic or not) stronger than those of A calls.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="08E307DEFFDDFFE0BE8BFAFDFB91FA6D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" startId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" targetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" targetPageId="44">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDDFFE0BE8BFAFDFB91FA6D" blockId="44.[151,1436,1366,1535]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDDFFE0BE8BFAFDFEEFFAFD" bold="true" box="[151,287,1366,1391]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
|
||||
Calls A and B of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDDFFE0BFCCFAFCFD44FAFD" authorityName="Heyer & Wolf" authorityYear="1989" box="[464,692,1367,1391]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crombiei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDDFFE0BFCCFAFCFD44FAFD" box="[464,692,1367,1391]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Physalaemus crombiei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFDDFFE2BEDBF986FDADFD81" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDDFFE1BEDBF986FA92FE3D" blockId="44.[151,1437,1581,2040]" lastBlockId="45.[151,1436,152,431]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDDFFE0BEDBF986FDEFF9DA" bold="true" box="[199,543,1581,1608]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BF3CF986FE82F9DA" box="[288,370,1581,1608]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–J and 13C).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined nine recordings, a total of 20 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDDFFE0BAB3F985FB39F9D5" box="[1199,1225,1582,1607]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 900 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFDDFFE0BB9CF985FF2CF9F9" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="male">18 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFDDFFE0BCF0F9FAFCB2F9FE" box="[748,834,1617,1644]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.319 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFDDFFE0BAFCF9F9FAC4F9FE" box="[1248,1332,1618,1644]" degrees="0.774" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" precision="55" value="-0.774">0.774 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise and fall durations are usually similar to each other and they can be gradual or abrupt, linear or logarithmic; there is a long sustain (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BF42F932FDDCF926" box="[350,556,1689,1716]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15A, C, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). This segment can be slightly concave or convex (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BA6CF932FB08F926" box="[1136,1272,1689,1716]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15D, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
, respectively). The amplitude peak is often at around (usually just after) the middle of the call duration. Since both rise and fall are similar in slope and duration, the envelope of the call is fairly elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BD82F94AFC0FF96E" box="[926,1023,1761,1788]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15E</figureCitation>
|
||||
) but can be rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BB0CF94AFA64F96E" box="[1296,1428,1761,1788]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15C, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
) or triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BFA3F8AEFDD3F8B2" box="[447,547,1797,1824]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
|
||||
) depending on the shape of sustained segment and the position of the amplitude peak of the call. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 43 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BA17F8E6FBA8F8FA" box="[1035,1112,1869,1896]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–J). The rate of this PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDDFFE0BE8BF8D9FF49F819" box="[151,185,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
25 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDDFFE0BF6DF8D9FE63F819" box="[369,403,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
nine pulses throughout the call. Except for the last pulse, the rise of the pulses is longer than the fall and the amplitude peak is at around the end of the first two thirds of the pulse duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BAD7F83EFADEF822" box="[1227,1326,1941,1968]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The last pulse has the inverse envelope with amplitude peak at its outset (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BD6AF812FC29F846" box="[886,985,1977,2004]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In some calls, the last pulse is notably longer than the others (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDDFFE0BF8BF876FD36F86A" box="[407,710,2013,2040]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15A, B, C, E, F, G, I, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Silence intervals are present between pulses,
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDDFFE0BACDF875FB03F865" box="[1233,1267,2014,2039]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
tenfold shorter than pulse duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BF62FF32FE3EFF21" box="[382,462,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–J). The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BD6BFF32FC2EFF21" box="[887,990,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1746,1771]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,187,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,181,1720]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 13. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nanus (A), P. spiniger (B), P. crombiei (C), P. signifer (D), P. bokermanni (E), P. angrensis (F), P. atlanticus (G), P. moreirae (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. nanus; A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613022/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 13C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BB55FF31FA9BFF21" box="[1353,1387,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
370 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are very regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. Jumps of the fundamental frequency can be present between the first pulses. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BCFEFEADFD0CFE8D" box="[738,764,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFDCFFE1BD15FEAEFC6BFE8D" box="[777,923,261,287]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="1010" valueMax="1380">1010 to 1380</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BDCCFEAEFBC6FE8D" box="[976,1078,260,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the fourth, but it is usually the third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 900 and 1300 Hz (two harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call and short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BDE5FEDAFB47FE19" box="[1017,1207,368,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15B, G, H, I</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BA66FE3EFAA4FE3D" box="[1146,1364,404,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15B, G, H, I, J</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="08E307DEFFDCFFE1BE8BF98DFE98F885" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613028" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613028/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" startId="45.[151,250,1574,1599]" targetBox="[203,1383,460,1537]" targetPageId="45">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDCFFE1BE8BF98DFE98F885" blockId="45.[151,1437,1574,1815]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BE8BF98DFED0F9AD" bold="true" box="[151,288,1574,1599]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
|
||||
Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BA3CF98CFBC1F9AC" box="[1056,1073,1575,1598]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">w</emphasis>
|
||||
of calls B of five
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDCFFE1BAFAF98DFA9CF9AC" baseAuthorityName="Hepp & Pombal" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[1254,1388,1574,1598]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BAFAF98DFA9CF9AC" box="[1254,1388,1574,1598]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Physalaemus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
species. Each graph shows a single call B of:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDCFFE1BC5FF9E0FD44F9F0" authorityName="Heyer & Wolf" authorityYear="1989" box="[579,692,1610,1634]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crombiei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BC5FF9E0FD44F9F0" box="[579,692,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P. crombiei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(A),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDCFFE1BCF7F9E0FCA0F9F0" baseAuthorityName="Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[747,848,1610,1634]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="signifer">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BCF7F9E0FCA0F9F0" box="[747,848,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P. signifer</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(B),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDCFFE1BD9AF9E0FBE7F9F0" authorityName="Cardoso & Haddad" authorityYear="1985" box="[902,1047,1610,1634]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bokermanni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BD9AF9E0FBE7F9F0" box="[902,1047,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P. bokermanni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(C),
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDCFFE1BA50F9E0FB37F9F0" authorityName="Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva" authorityYear="2006" box="[1100,1223,1611,1634]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angrensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BA50F9E0FB37F9F0" box="[1100,1223,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P. angrensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(D), and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDCFFE1BB3BF9E0FA6CF9F0" baseAuthorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[1319,1436,1611,1634]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moreirae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BB3BF9E0FA6CF9F0" box="[1319,1436,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">P. moreirae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BC76F938FD8BF938" box="[618,635,1683,1706]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">w</emphasis>
|
||||
; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency /
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BEE8F91CFEF5F95C" box="[244,261,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">w</emphasis>
|
||||
reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BAD9F970FB26F960" box="[1221,1238,1755,1778]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">w</emphasis>
|
||||
reciprocal) and the dominant frequency.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDCFFE2BEDBF8EFFDADFD81" blockId="45.[151,1437,1860,2031]" lastBlockId="46.[151,1437,152,531]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDCFFE1BEDBF8EFFDDEF8CD" bold="true" box="[199,558,1860,1887]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||||
Call B (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BF38F8EFFE87F8CC" box="[292,375,1860,1887]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||||
K–N and 16A).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined one recording, a total of five minutes, with two calls from one male. Most of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFDCFFE1BC85F8C2FD1FF811" box="[665,751,1897,1923]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.709 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFDCFFE1BA94F8C3FB2BF811" box="[1160,1243,1896,1923]" degrees="0.945" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" precision="55" value="-0.945">0.945 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The envelope of the call is variable; call rise and fall are short. There can be more than one sustain, with different amplitudes (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BB73F826FF01F859" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15K, M</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Usually, the first has lower amplitude (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BCADF81AFCE8F859" box="[689,792,1968,1995]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15K</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is at around the middle or beginning of the call duration. The envelope can be classified as elliptic, triangular (pointed right;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDCFFE1BA9FF87EFB1DF87D" box="[1155,1261,2004,2031]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 15M</figureCitation>
|
||||
) or rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BEBCFF32FEFAFF21" box="[160,266,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 15K</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 30 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. One call clearly shows a section with a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between the amplitude peaks;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BE8BFF74FF0EFF6B" box="[151,254,222,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 15K</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The rate of this PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BC0BFF4BFDC9FF6B" box="[535,569,224,249]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
19 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BCF3FF4BFCE1FF6B" box="[751,785,224,249]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
seven emphasized peaks at the middle of the call duration. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BFE3FEA9FD98FE8F" box="[511,616,258,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1574,1599]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,460,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[192,1395,453,1549]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 16. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls B of five Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call B of: P. crombiei (A), P. signifer (B), P. bokermanni (C), P. angrensis (D), and P. moreirae (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613028/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BDCAFEA8FC08FE8E" box="[982,1016,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
340 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. One call shows a sudden jump of the fundamental frequency at the end of the call. The wave periods are regular and then the harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BF88FEC6FE5EFE14" box="[404,430,365,390]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFDFFFE2BFAEFEC7FDB8FE14" box="[434,584,364,391]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1020" valueMax="1160">1020 to 1160</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BC62FEC7FD13FE14" box="[638,739,363,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 15L</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic is the third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 600 and 2000 Hz (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BB67FE3BFA6CFE3B" box="[1403,1436,400,425]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
five harmonics). The frequency bands have a general upward FM throughout the call and short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BECCFE7DFEA9FE62" box="[208,345,469,496]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="44.[151,250,1366,1391]" captionTargetBox="[161,1426,190,1335]" captionTargetId="figure@44.[151,1436,181,1341]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613026/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 15L, N</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM where it is present (15K–N).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
167
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFCB7F86B.xml
Normal file
167
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFCB7F86B.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
|
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<document id="25905EE402018B137CB6478919EBC824" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFCB7F86B" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus spiniger" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="43" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="43" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="01989776E90C2224400CC959C177463F">
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<mods:title id="E073897DCC1867ADAF47B4BEAB34E27A">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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|
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|
||||
<mods:namePart id="680C40462039CA82740FD47AD91A1AF9">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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||||
</mods:name>
|
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||||
</mods:role>
|
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<mods:namePart id="8FAF0E10C824DA794550C0A37808693D">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="FD60EF9F6E299093F49FB63A412D3FC8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:mods>
|
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<treatment id="D435E640FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFCB7F86B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583584" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762959" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583584" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFCB7F86B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFCB7F86B" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFBFAFC9E" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFD2BFD13" blockId="42.[151,731,615,642]" box="[151,731,615,642]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
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<heading id="076BE03AFFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFD2BFD13" bold="true" box="[151,731,615,642]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" reason="1">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFD2BFD13" authority="(Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926)" baseAuthorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[151,731,615,642]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spiniger">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFD2BFD13" bold="true" box="[151,731,615,642]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BE8BFDCCFE50FD10" bold="true" box="[151,416,615,642]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Physalaemus spiniger</emphasis>
|
||||
(Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDBFFE6BE8BFD00FBFAFC9E" blockId="42.[151,1437,682,2041]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. Call B has two very different components. The first component is similar to call A, whereas the second one is composed of nonlinear regimes such as deterministic chaos and subharmonics.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFDBFFE6BEDBFCBEFCB7F86B" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDBFFE6BEDBFCBEFBA6FAE3" blockId="42.[151,1437,682,2041]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BEDBFCBEFDD5FCA2" bold="true" box="[199,549,789,816]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BF3EFCBEFE83FCA2" box="[290,371,789,816]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–L and 13B).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 16 recordings, a total of 43 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BAB7FCBCFB35FCA2" box="[1195,1221,791,816]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 800 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFDBFFE6BB9CFCBDFF2CFCC6" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="male">12 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFDBFFE6BCFEFC91FCC7FCC6" box="[738,823,826,852]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.221 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFDBFFE6BAD2FC91FAD1FCC7" box="[1230,1313,826,853]" degrees="0.492" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" precision="55" value="-0.492">0.492 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The envelope of the call is highly variable (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BC08FCF5FD8BFCEA" box="[532,635,862,888]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
|
||||
, C–G). Often, the call rise and fall are similar in duration and vary from linear to exponential shape; there is a long regular sustain or a shallow valley connecting them (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BACEFC29FAACFC0E" box="[1234,1372,898,924]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak of the calls is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration. The envelope of the call can be elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BF6AFC61FE0DFC77" box="[374,509,970,997]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14D, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
), rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BCBDFC61FCDAFC76" box="[673,810,970,996]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14A, C</figureCitation>
|
||||
), or triangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BDC0FC61FB92FC76" box="[988,1122,970,996]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14E, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
) depending on the shape of the sustain. There can be a short and deep amplitude valley at the beginning of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BA70FC45FB24FB9A" box="[1132,1236,1006,1032]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 35 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BFD6FB9DFDC2FBC2" box="[458,562,1078,1104]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1746,1771]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,187,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,181,1720]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 13. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nanus (A), P. spiniger (B), P. crombiei (C), P. signifer (D), P. bokermanni (E), P. angrensis (F), P. atlanticus (G), P. moreirae (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. nanus; A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613022/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BD83FB9CFC30FBC2" box="[927,960,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
380 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency of the call varies from
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFDBFFE6BD14FBD5FC69FB0A" box="[776,921,1150,1177]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="1120" valueMax="1981">1120 to 1981</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BDD3FBD5FBC5FB0A" box="[975,1077,1150,1176]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the sixth, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFDBFFE6BD52FB6DFC04FB72" box="[846,1012,1222,1248]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="1100" valueMax="1700">1100 and 1700</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BA31FB6CFBBEFB72" box="[1069,1102,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
two or three harmonics). The call usually has a general upward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BC5FFB41FD27FA97" box="[579,727,1258,1285]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
Fig.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFDBFFE6BC6AFB41FD6DFA96" box="[630,669,1258,1284]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="2014-01">14I</date>
|
||||
, J, K
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
), a few calls have downward FM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BA48FB41FB09FA97" box="[1108,1273,1258,1285]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14B, H, L</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, many calls have a rapid up-downward FM at their outset, forming arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BFA7FA99FD88FADF" box="[443,632,1330,1357]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14B, J, K, L</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In calls with short amplitude valleys the bands have down-upward FM, synchronically to the valley (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BFC1FAFDFDB2FAE2" box="[477,578,1366,1392]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14L</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Some calls showed a slight PFM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BDCFFAFDFBB8FAE3" box="[979,1096,1366,1393]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
Fig.
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFDBFFE6BA14FAFDFBDFFAE2" box="[1032,1071,1366,1392]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="2014-01">14I</date>
|
||||
, J
|
||||
</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDBFFE6BEDBFAD2FCB7F86B" blockId="42.[151,1437,682,2041]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BEDBFAD2FDE5FA06" bold="true" box="[199,533,1401,1428]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||||
Call B (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BF3DFAD2FE81FA06" box="[289,369,1401,1428]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||||
M–P and 6F).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined two recordings, a total of five minutes, with seven calls from three males. Most of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFDBFFE6BC82FA35FD03FA2A" box="[670,755,1438,1464]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.376 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFDBFFE6BA9BFA36FB2AFA2B" box="[1159,1242,1437,1465]" degrees="0.512" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" precision="55" value="-0.512">0.512 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The call rise and fall are short and similar in duration; there is a long irregular sustain (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BD84FA69FBD5FA4E" box="[920,1061,1474,1500]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14M, O</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration. Shallow amplitude valleys are present yielding secondary amplitude peaks at the beginning and end of the call. The envelope of the call is somewhat rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BA38F9A1FB43F9B6" box="[1060,1203,1546,1572]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14M, O</figureCitation>
|
||||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 43 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BF8AF9F9FE1BF9FF" box="[406,491,1618,1645]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1803,1828]" captionTargetBox="[225,1359,748,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[220,1366,741,1778]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 6. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls B and C of six Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call. Call B of P. maculiventris (A), call B of P. erythros (B), call B of P. ruspestris (C), call B of P. nanus (D), call C of P. nanus (E), and call B of P. spiniger (F). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613008/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 6F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The call has two different components. The traits of the first component are similar to those of the call A, whereas in the second component, the harmonics can be not well defined due to deterministic chaos (high irregularity of the wave periods;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BC8EF931FCE7F927" box="[658,791,1690,1717]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14N, P</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Subharmonics are common in the second component of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BEE4F915FE8DF94B" box="[248,381,1726,1753]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14N, P</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BCF9F914FCF7F94A" box="[741,775,1727,1752]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
290 Hz. Although the amplitude often decreases slightly at the transition between components, their limits can be unclear in oscillograms (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BA17F949FB87F96E" box="[1035,1143,1762,1788]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14M</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant frequency of the call varies from
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFDBFFE6BF85F8ADFDDDF8B2" box="[409,557,1798,1825]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="1163" valueMax="1723">1163 to 1723</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BC7AF8ADFD3FF8B2" box="[614,719,1798,1824]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14N</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic of the second component varies from the third to the 12
|
||||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFDBFFE6BF43F882FE9CF8A5" attach="none" box="[351,364,1833,1847]" fontSize="6" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">th</superScript>
|
||||
, but it is usually the fourth, fifth, or sixth. There is a slight increase in the relative energy of the higher harmonics throughout the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BC56F8E5FD22F8FB" box="[586,722,1870,1897]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14N, P</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Most of the second component’s energy is between
|
||||
<date id="28227196FFDBFFE6BB28F8E5FF3FF81E" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="1200" valueMax="2000">1200 and 2000</date>
|
||||
Hz (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDBFFE6BF14F8D8FED9F81E" box="[264,297,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
three harmonics). The general FM is usually downward, with no additional FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BB2CF8D9FF5AF823" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14N, P</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Some calls have an up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BB73F83DFF3BF846" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14N</figureCitation>
|
||||
). In highly variable calls, and mainly along the second component, there can be several parts with irregular up and downward FM mirroring the AM direction (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDBFFE6BCA8F875FCCAF86B" box="[692,826,2014,2041]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1525,1550]" captionTargetBox="[162,1428,188,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613024/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 14N, P</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
157
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157
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFDFFFE3BE8BFD94FBA8FE15.xml
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@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
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<document id="0BB34F7F6A7B65B37AB9BE0536417348" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFDFFFE3BE8BFD94FBA8FE15" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus signifer" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="47" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BC465BCBD23BE0B8A846E06D64A60DF9">
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<mods:title id="C5AD2E502D4D9B144F390F5407822B0D">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="6B898591F187DAB243A6E042C5139282" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1A63CDFE89140C1B8C410CC3E77A91AE">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="E2B29BD51E333DA93C0E79362D55983B">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="323ABE941A1F04CED1F6621BC19458E7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C5EAAE88044BC1A7B8C8834D35D51DEE">
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<mods:date id="7CFC4D385C8FE86B4C33B53BD7A97026">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="83C4D494001FD88E8B522C3313C85B49">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFDFFFE3BE8BFD94FBA8FE15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583588" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762958" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583588" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFDFFFE3BE8BFD94FBA8FE15" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFDFFFE3BE8BFD94FBA8FE15" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFDFFFE2BE8BFD94FD98FC9B" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDFFFE2BE8BFD94FDA7FDCB" blockId="46.[151,599,575,602]" box="[151,599,575,602]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
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<heading id="076BE03AFFDFFFE2BE8BFD94FDA7FDCB" bold="true" box="[151,599,575,602]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" reason="1">
|
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFDFFFE2BE8BFD94FDA7FDCB" authority="(Girard, 1853)" baseAuthorityName="Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[151,599,575,602]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="signifer">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BE8BFD94FDA7FDCB" bold="true" box="[151,599,575,602]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BE8BFD94FE6BFDCB" bold="true" box="[151,411,575,602]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Physalaemus signifer</emphasis>
|
||||
(Girard, 1853)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDFFFE2BE8BFD2DFD98FC9B" blockId="46.[151,1437,646,2045]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls B were recorded in agonistic contexts (M. Bilate, personal communication). Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. Call B tends to be longer and with lower fundamental frequency than Call A. Calls B have strong FM segments and nonlinear regimes, such as deterministic chaos and subharmonics.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFDFFFE3BEDBFCB9FBA8FE15" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDFFFE2BEDBFCB9FE82FA7F" blockId="46.[151,1437,646,2045]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BEDBFCB9FDD8FCBF" bold="true" box="[199,552,786,813]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BF3FFCB9FE84FCBF" box="[291,372,786,813]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–L and 13D).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 68 recordings, a total of 213 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BADCFCB8FB2AFCBE" box="[1216,1242,787,812]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 5800 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFDFFFE2BE8BFC9EFEFEFCC2" box="[151,270,821,848]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="male">135 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFDFFFE2BD07FC9DFC81FCC2" box="[795,881,822,848]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.453 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFDFFFE2BB11FC9EFA91FCC2" box="[1293,1377,821,848]" degrees="0.579" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" precision="55" value="-0.579">0.579 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. Call rise and fall are short and usually similar to each other in duration. In some calls, the rise is longer than the fall (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BB73FCF2FED8FC05" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17A, C, D, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Both can have a linear or exponential shape. There is a long sustain (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BA2CFCD7FAC2FC04" box="[1072,1330,892,919]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17A, C, D, E, F, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Usually it has a convex shape it can be quite irregular with periods of concave (amplitude valley) and convex shapes (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BB73FC34FF19FC4F" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17E, D</figureCitation>
|
||||
, respectively). In some calls the rise and the sustain can be fused. The amplitude peak of the call is at around the end of the first four fifths of the call duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BCD2FC4DFC66FB92" box="[718,918,998,1024]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17A, C, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The envelope of the call can be classified as elliptic (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BEE8FBA2FEACFBB1" box="[244,348,1033,1059]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17D</figureCitation>
|
||||
), rectangular (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BFE2FBA2FD71FBB1" box="[510,641,1033,1059]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17F, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
), or triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BDDDFBA2FB96FBB1" box="[961,1126,1033,1059]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17A, C, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
) depending on the shape of the sustain and position of the amplitude peak in the call. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 34 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have a slight PAM (there is no silence interval between the amplitude peaks;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BF9AFBD9FDC4FB1F" box="[390,564,1138,1165]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17 C, E, G</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BD52FBD8FC9FFB1E" box="[846,879,1139,1164]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
50 Hz, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BA35FBD8FBBBFB1E" box="[1065,1099,1139,1164]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
22 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BEBCFB12FEF7FB41" box="[160,263,1209,1235]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1746,1771]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,187,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,181,1720]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 13. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nanus (A), P. spiniger (B), P. crombiei (C), P. signifer (D), P. bokermanni (E), P. angrensis (F), P. atlanticus (G), P. moreirae (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. nanus; A)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613022/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BC6DFB11FD62FB41" box="[625,658,1210,1235]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
280 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics are present at the very end of some calls. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BA12FAABFBD8FA8B" box="[1038,1064,1280,1305]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 860 to 1550 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BAEAFB54FAACFA8B" box="[1270,1372,1279,1305]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the fifth harmonic, but it is usually the third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 700 and 1000 Hz (two harmonics). Usually, the call has a general upward FM with a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BAA0FAC2FF5CFA35" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17B, H, I, J, K, L</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Some calls have an up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BB73FA27FF38FA5B" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17L</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, there is PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic PAM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BB73FA04FE95FA7F" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17C, E, G, H, J, L</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFDFFFE3BEDBFA5EFBA8FE15" blockId="46.[151,1437,646,2045]" lastBlockId="47.[151,1437,153,391]" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BEDBFA5EFDDBF982" bold="true" box="[199,555,1525,1552]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||||
Call B (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BF3EFA5EFE83F982" box="[290,371,1525,1552]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||||
M–R and 16B).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined two recordings, a total of eight minutes, with 64 calls from four males. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFDFFFE2BCF6F9B2FCB0F9A1" box="[746,832,1561,1587]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.883 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFDFFFE2BAC1F9B3FAC1F9A1" box="[1245,1329,1560,1587]" degrees="1.355" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" precision="55" value="-1.355">1.355 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. Call rise and fall are short and usually similar in duration. In some calls, the rise is longer than the fall. Both can have a linear or exponential shape. There is a long sustain, usually very irregular, with several amplitude peaks (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BAF8F9F4FA7FF9E8" box="[1252,1423,1631,1658]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17M, O, P</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The highest amplitude peak is at around the end of the first nine tenths of the call duration (see below;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BB30F929FF3DF952" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17M, O, P</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The envelope of the call can be classified as elliptic, rectangular, or triangular (pointed left;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BAF6F90DFA64F952" box="[1258,1428,1702,1728]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17M, O, P</figureCitation>
|
||||
) depending on the shape of the sustain and position of the amplitude peak in the call. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 40 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has an irregular PAM (there is no silence interval between the amplitude peaks;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BCDCF8A4FCDCF8BB" box="[704,812,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17M</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Amplitude peaks are variable in intensity and some of them can show high amplitude. Usually, that is the case of the last peak, where the amplitude peak of the call is. The rate of the PAM is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BF77F8FCFE7DF8E2" box="[363,397,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
19 Hz even though highly variable, forming
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BD94F8FCFC59F8E2" box="[904,937,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
14 peaks throughout the call. The cycle ride and fall are usually similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDFFFE2BB36F8D2FA7FF806" box="[1322,1423,1913,1940]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1574,1599]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,460,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[192,1395,453,1549]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 16. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls B of five Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call B of: P. crombiei (A), P. signifer (B), P. bokermanni (C), P. angrensis (D), and P. moreirae (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613028/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 16B</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDFFFE2BFF2F836FDFFF824" box="[494,527,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">ca.</emphasis>
|
||||
230 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. Usually the wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, some parts of the call can have poorly distinguished harmonics, with considerably deterministic chaos due to the high irregularity of the wave periods (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDEFFE3BF62FF32FE15FF21" box="[382,485,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 17Q</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Sudden jumps of the fundamental frequency can be present (usually at the end of the call;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDEFFE3BED1FF17FEC4FF44" box="[205,308,188,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 17Q</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Moreover, some calls show subharmonics, usually at their ends (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDEFFE3BA0DFF17FB89FF44" box="[1041,1145,188,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 17N</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant frequency varies from
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFDEFFE3BF02FF4BFEC8FF6B" box="[286,312,224,249]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 840 to 950 Hz (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDEFFE3BFE8FF74FDADFF6B" box="[500,605,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 17N</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the third to the fifth harmonic, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 600 and 1200 Hz (two or three harmonics). The call has a general upward FM with a short downward FM at the end (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDEFFE3BFDAFEE2FD84FEF1" box="[454,628,329,355]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 17N, Q, R</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Additionally, there is a remarkable PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic PAM where the latter is present (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFDEFFE3BDA1FEC6FBFBFE15" box="[957,1035,365,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1885,1910]" captionTargetBox="[174,1413,419,1853]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[164,1423,413,1861]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Calls A and B of Physalaemus signifer. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and Q–R).A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls with different envelopes and level of periodic amplitude modulation (C–L). Calls B (M–R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 48.8 (I–H, N, and R); 50.7 (J); 69.0 (B); 55.2 (K); 42.3 (L and Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613030/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||||
M–R).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
167
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFFCFFC2BE8BF89EFD88FEF5.xml
Normal file
167
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFFCFFC2BE8BF89EFD88FEF5.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
|
|||
<document id="A24FB8DD20E3BD21380FEC5FED0C346B" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFFCFFC2BE8BF89EFD88FEF5" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus signifer" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
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<mods:title id="F0CFCFD2863A2D09F6F4469AB2F60281">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DC1BA9A88837114EFBDB7579B0A25BC5">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EF89C243B8C0260633082A9B125FBE0F">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5064EBF90A213E932632DF3CD8BA57EE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="00646921D11B498BF33C09458AE1EA23">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="04083D5FFEBC271CBF932EDEED3BC4F1">
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<mods:date id="AB3C46272C4C290E26D6F13D04DF2E82">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CE8B3BD7DB3CE70CDEAA3BF0D00DB4B4">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="CB9F97C01E479B2256FE87F9EF9182F6">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="00172A9314719DABF828D6F588373D25">journal article</mods:classification>
|
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<mods:identifier id="84E87F59788586F414892395EF6104E0" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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|
||||
</mods:mods>
|
||||
<treatment id="D435E640FFFCFFC2BE8BF89EFD88FEF5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762906" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFFCFFC2BE8BF89EFD88FEF5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFFCFFC2BE8BF89EFD88FEF5" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFFCFFC2BE8BF89EFD88FEF5" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFFCFFC1BE8BF89EFE13F8DD" blockId="13.[151,483,1845,1872]" box="[151,483,1845,1872]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||||
<heading id="076BE03AFFFCFFC1BE8BF89EFE13F8DD" bold="true" box="[151,483,1845,1872]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFCFFC1BE8BF89EFE13F8DD" bold="true" box="[151,483,1845,1872]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFCFFC1BE8BF89EFE6BF8DD" baseAuthorityName="Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[151,411,1845,1872]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="signifer">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFCFFC1BE8BF89EFE6BF8DD" bold="true" box="[151,411,1845,1872]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Physalaemus signifer</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
clade
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFFCFFC2BE8BF8D6FD88FEF5" blockId="13.[151,1437,1916,2015]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,153,359]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||||
Species in this clade usually have A calls with low fundamental frequency, below 500 Hz (except
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFCFFC1BAEEF8D5FA65F805" authorityName="Cardoso & Haddad" authorityYear="1985" box="[1266,1429,1917,1943]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bokermanni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFCFFC1BAEEF8D5FA65F805" box="[1266,1429,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. bokermanni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; see below). Usually the fundamental band is absent or with very low energy, barely visible in audiospectrograms (all species except some calls of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFCFFC1BC13F86DFD60F84D" authorityName="Cruz, Nascimento & Feio" authorityYear="2007" box="[527,656,1990,2015]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irroratus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFCFFC1BC13F86DFD60F84D" box="[527,656,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. irroratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFCFFC1BCBCF86DFCEAF84D" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1966" box="[672,794,1989,2015]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtectus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFCFFC1BCBCF86DFCEAF84D" box="[672,794,1989,2015]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. obtectus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFCFFC1BD47F86DFC4BF84D" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[859,955,1990,2015]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFCFFC1BD47F86DFC4BF84D" box="[859,955,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. nanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). Most of the species (66.6 %) have more than one call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFFFFFC2BF2CFF32FE94FF21" box="[304,356,153,179]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
. Nonlinear phenomena, subharmonics and deterministic chaos, are common in the clade (see
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BB94FF31FEF3FF45" authorityName="Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva" authorityYear="2006" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angrensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BB94FF31FEF3FF45" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. angrensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BF0DFF15FE6BFF45" authorityName="Haddad & Sazima" authorityYear="2004" box="[273,411,189,215]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atlanticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BF0DFF15FE6BFF45" box="[273,411,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. atlanticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BFB6FF15FDBCFF45" authorityName="Cardoso & Haddad" authorityYear="1985" box="[426,588,189,215]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bokermanni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BFB6FF15FDBCFF45" box="[426,588,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. bokermanni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BC46FF15FD2BFF45" authorityName="Pimenta, Cruz & Silvano" authorityYear="2005" box="[602,731,190,215]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="camacan">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BC46FF15FD2BFF45" box="[602,731,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. camacan</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BCF5FF15FC97FF45" authorityName="Heyer & Wolf" authorityYear="1989" box="[745,871,189,215]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crombiei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BCF5FF15FC97FF45" box="[745,871,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. crombiei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BD69FF15FC05FF45" authorityName="Cruz, Nascimento & Feio" authorityYear="2007" box="[885,1013,190,215]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irroratus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BD69FF15FC05FF45" box="[885,1013,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. irroratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BA18FF15FB75FF45" baseAuthorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[1028,1157,190,215]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moreirae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BA18FF15FB75FF45" box="[1028,1157,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. moreirae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BA8FFF15FB02FF45" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[1171,1266,190,215]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BA8FFF15FB02FF45" box="[1171,1266,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. nanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BB1CFF15FA89FF45" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1966" box="[1280,1401,189,215]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtectus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BB1CFF15FA89FF45" box="[1280,1401,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. obtectus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BB94FF15FF1DFF69" baseAuthorityName="Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1853" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="signifer">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BB94FF15FF1DFF69" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. signifer</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BF32FF49FE57FF69" baseAuthorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[302,423,226,251]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spiniger">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BF32FF49FE57FF69" box="[302,423,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. spiniger</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) even though usually restricted to parts of some calls (
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BA3CFF49FBB3FF69" box="[1056,1091,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||||
, polymorphic in presence and position;
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BF1CFEADFEEEFE8D" box="[256,286,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">vs.</emphasis>
|
||||
present in all calls in the same call positions in species of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BDB4FEADFBE1FE8D" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1826" box="[936,1041,262,287]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BDB4FEADFBE1FE8D" box="[936,1041,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
clade). Eight species (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BB12FEADFA65FE8D" authorityName="Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva" authorityYear="2006" box="[1294,1429,262,287]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angrensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BB12FEADFA65FE8D" box="[1294,1429,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. angrensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BE8BFE81FED0FED1" authorityName="Haddad & Sazima" authorityYear="2004" box="[151,288,297,323]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atlanticus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BE8BFE81FED0FED1" box="[151,288,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. atlanticus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BF33FE81FE20FED1" authorityName="Cardoso & Haddad" authorityYear="1985" box="[303,464,297,323]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bokermanni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BF33FE81FE20FED1" box="[303,464,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. bokermanni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BFC1FE81FDABFED1" authorityName="Heyer & Wolf" authorityYear="1989" box="[477,603,297,323]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crombiei">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BFC1FE81FDABFED1" box="[477,603,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. crombiei</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BC75FE81FD18FED1" authorityName="Cruz, Nascimento & Feio" authorityYear="2007" box="[617,744,298,323]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irroratus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BC75FE81FD18FED1" box="[617,744,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. irroratus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BCEAFE81FC87FED1" baseAuthorityName="Miranda-Ribeiro" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[758,887,298,323]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moreirae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BCEAFE81FC87FED1" box="[758,887,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. moreirae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BD98FE81FC13FED1" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[900,995,298,323]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BD98FE81FC13FED1" box="[900,995,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. nanus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BA03FE81FB68FED1" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1966" box="[1055,1176,297,323]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtectus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BA03FE81FB68FED1" box="[1055,1176,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. obtectus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) have calls with strong PAM, with silence periods between pulses.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
95
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFFFFFC2BE8BFDAAFBFBFBC9.xml
Normal file
95
data/D4/35/E6/D435E640FFFFFFC2BE8BFDAAFBFBFBC9.xml
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
|
|||
<document id="F39ECAE532ED1AD0AEA44CAC423B3B3B" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFFFFFC2BE8BFDAAFBFBFBC9" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus nattereri" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FF56A79EF6B6CA60F38765E3CF10511A">
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<mods:title id="6D772301654120317C33A47EF6448F53">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="38EB761E037A32B6D02E0E6B000F3896" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="4B3401961555A924A841731160369581">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B8C9759550028776E2BAE8B18320A95F">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9442484E3D8CC07F3C3167F5E0201D6A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="885A39AD5B11B9795CC1A106C0CDD7DC">
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<mods:date id="2BFA1EFBB1C6B602388491B99032DDBB">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="23F04208F2EAF90A6529AEAC7F9B6610">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F6F8EFDCF8B0FB65911FBE5DD8EDDFAD">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="20C6983EB16D00717F0252D2D4D24028" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8A01A73A7AA76BD0EC1332940B504832" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFFFFFC2BE8BFDAAFBFBFBC9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583568" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762907" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583568" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFFFFFC2BE8BFDAAFBFBFBC9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFFFFFC2BE8BFDAAFBFBFBC9" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFFFFFC2BE8BFDAAFE54FD39" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFFFFFC2BE8BFDAAFD5EFD89" blockId="14.[151,686,513,540]" box="[151,686,513,540]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFFFFFC2BE8BFDAAFD5EFD89" bold="true" box="[151,686,513,540]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="1">
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||||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFFFFFC2BE8BFDAAFD5EFD89" authority="(Steindachner, 1863)" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[151,686,513,540]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nattereri">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BE8BFDAAFD5EFD89" bold="true" box="[151,686,513,540]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BE8BFDAAFE56FD89" bold="true" box="[151,422,513,540]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Physalaemus nattereri</emphasis>
|
||||
(Steindachner, 1863)
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
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||||
</heading>
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||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFFFFFC2BE8BFDE2FE54FD39" blockId="14.[151,1437,585,1115]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
We found a single call
|
||||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFFFFFC2BFBCFDE2FE20FDF1" box="[416,464,585,611]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note usually emitted in sequences of three or four calls (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFFFFFC2BCCAFDC6FC88FD15" box="[726,888,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1635,1660]" captionTargetBox="[159,1425,185,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,181,1610]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Call A of Physalaemus nattereri. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). Sequence of groups of call (A and B). A single typical call (C and D). A single call with a variant envelope (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (F); 67.4 (B); 92.1 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613002/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3A and B</figureCitation>
|
||||
), but longer sequences, with dozens of calls, can be sporadically emitted.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFFFFFC2BEDBFD1FFBFBFBC9" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
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||||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFFFFFC2BEDBFD1FFBFBFBC9" blockId="14.[151,1437,585,1115]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BEDBFD1FFDFCFD5D" bold="true" box="[199,524,692,719]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||||
Call A (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFFFFFC2BF38FD1FFE99FD5D" box="[292,361,692,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1635,1660]" captionTargetBox="[159,1425,185,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,181,1610]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Call A of Physalaemus nattereri. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). Sequence of groups of call (A and B). A single typical call (C and D). A single call with a variant envelope (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (F); 67.4 (B); 92.1 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613002/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
A–F and 4A).
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
We examined 15 recordings, a total of 21 minutes, with
|
||||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFFFFFC2BA86FD1DFB44FD5D" box="[1178,1204,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">ca</emphasis>
|
||||
. 5500 calls from
|
||||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFFFFFC2BB9CFD1EFF2CFD61" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="male">28 males</specimenCount>
|
||||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFFFFFC2BCC2FD72FCC3FD61" box="[734,819,729,755]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||||
). Call duration varies from 0.057 to
|
||||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFFFFFC2BADAFD72FAE8FD61" box="[1222,1304,729,755]" degrees="0.074" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" precision="55" value="-0.074">0.074 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||||
. The abrupt call rise is much shorter than the call fall, which is more gradual; the amplitude peak is within the first third of the call’s duration (usually at the very beginning of the call). The envelope of the call resembles a triangle pointed right. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated at the first 26 % of the call duration (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFFFFFC2BA74FCEEFB10FCCD" box="[1128,1248,837,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1635,1660]" captionTargetBox="[159,1425,185,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,181,1610]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Call A of Physalaemus nattereri. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). Sequence of groups of call (A and B). A single typical call (C and D). A single call with a variant envelope (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (F); 67.4 (B); 92.1 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613002/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3C, E</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The call has no PAM. The call is composed of clear harmonics (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFFFFFC2BCA9FCC2FCDAFC11" box="[693,810,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1635,1660]" captionTargetBox="[159,1425,185,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,181,1610]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Call A of Physalaemus nattereri. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). Sequence of groups of call (A and B). A single typical call (C and D). A single call with a variant envelope (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (F); 67.4 (B); 92.1 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613002/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3D, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFFFFFC2BD29FCC2FCACFC11" box="[821,860,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1644,1669]" captionTargetBox="[204,1384,189,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[191,1397,181,1619]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of seven Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of: P. nattereri (A), P. maculiventris (B), P. erythros (C), P. rupestris (D), P. camacan (E; F), P. obtectus (G), P. irroratus (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period w of the measured oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see P. irroratus; H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613004/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">4A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The fundamental frequency is around 330 Hz and it is usually present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency of the calls varies from 703 to 1031 Hz. Within each call, the dominant harmonic varies from the first to third, but it is usually the second or third. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 700 and 1050 Hz (often, two harmonics). Frequency modulations are very subtle in this species. Nonetheless, the frequency bands have a general downward FM with a slight rapid up-downward FM at the beginning and a short down or upward FM at the end. There is no PFM (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFFFFFC2BD9AFBEAFC0EFBC9" box="[902,1022,1089,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1635,1660]" captionTargetBox="[159,1425,185,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,181,1610]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 3. Call A of Physalaemus nattereri. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). Sequence of groups of call (A and B). A single typical call (C and D). A single call with a variant envelope (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (F); 67.4 (B); 92.1 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613002/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 3D, F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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