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<document id="64D5447E46B1AB8D1114DA003CFE6C0E" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.307.1.10" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13690145" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1725504710550" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Berry, Paul E. &amp; Kainulainen, Kent" docDate="2017" docId="3D141A3DFFB3FFE8ACBC3A78F97BDD46" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.307.1.10.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 307 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.307.1.10" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Croton crossolepis P. E. Berry &amp; Kainul. 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="99" masterDocId="C12D6245FFB3FFECAC343D28F86DD56D" masterDocTitle="Croton crossolepis (Euphorbiaceae), a new species with an unusual trichome type from southwestern Madagascar" masterLastPageNumber="100" masterPageNumber="95" pageNumber="95" updateTime="1725505106192" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
<mods:mods id="987747E7285163CE0717B2DF775CFEA5" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="5AEEDF05E2C64F73CA1DBAD9C64D183C">Croton crossolepis (Euphorbiaceae), a new species with an unusual trichome type from southwestern Madagascar</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="ED2C991AC6368F88A98C5124A4F079D8" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="61BFB22CFEB7AAA242D9032047290EB1">Berry, Paul E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="21279A167AFAC25A69D1AD708C7B1993" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="FAD3F90720DDD9109EA12CA46FDB6418">Kainulainen, Kent</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="172980C62E4249D7EF0C2021DE8B8C80">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="424DA25E0CBB62E4B2A1AE9B5DC953EC">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1D0697EA2B1704B94CC65E854FB16711">
<mods:date id="272E0B0B33FB9DDA4BA91E6590BF910C">2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="8351A0D7C001D072F8EBCC379689DDE1" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="27CAA76D667E41E0AD85528E6FBBA985">2017-05-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="879B1904A313451342DCB914E5097464">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="7D37193B33CC7249F45637CE851CCD0E">95</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="CEF120419C9815D1B41B357806231515">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.307.1.10</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="EF9F07A57604E3BC024543A7D3528AA0">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="589A84C860C829324D9F5C86D7763630" type="DOI">10.11646/phytotaxa.307.1.10</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5DB4DC75E37FBFBC96D962DB1C1C317F" type="ISSN">1179-3163</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E3B2296BCEB097AC6DBB68399C84B026" type="Zenodo-Dep">13690145</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="3D141A3DFFB3FFE8ACBC3A78F97BDD46" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D141A3DFFB3FFE8ACBC3A78F97BDD46" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D141A3DFFB3FFE8ACBC3A78F97BDD46" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<subSubSection id="FDA7F8A0FFB3FFECACBC3A78FAC7D206" box="[136,682,1872,1899]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B502AB2BFFB3FFECACBC3A78FAC7D206" blockId="0.[136,682,1872,1899]" box="[136,682,1872,1899]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<heading id="EE4A1C47FFB3FFECACBC3A78FAC7D206" box="[136,682,1872,1899]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB3FFECACBC3A78FA26D206" ID-CoL="8WT34" authority="P.E.Berry &amp; Kainul." authorityName="P. E. Berry &amp; Kainul." authorityYear="2017" box="[136,587,1872,1899]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crossolepis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB3FFECACBC3A78F933D206" bold="true" box="[136,350,1872,1899]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Croton crossolepis</emphasis>
P.E.Berry &amp; Kainul.
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB3FFECAE613A7AFAC7D206" box="[597,682,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9CFACA42FFB3FFECAE613A7AFAC7D206" box="[597,682,1874,1899]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FDA7F8A0FFB3FFECACBC3A50FD60DD70" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B502AB2BFFB3FFECACBC3A50F98CD2B8" blockId="0.[136,1452,1912,2077]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB3FFECACBC3A50F8B7D2E0" bold="true" box="[136,218,1912,1933]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Type:—</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="05D5A176FFB3FFECACEE3A50F9B3D2B8" collectingDate="2009-02-08" collectionCode="P, MO" collectorName="B. W. van Ee &amp; E. Berry &amp; B. Dorsey &amp; H. Razanatsoa" country="Madagascar" elevation="190" latitude="-23.331667" location="Route Nationale" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="43.920834" municipality="Atsimo-Andrefana" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" specimenCode="MICH-1210791" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Toliara" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="CDAAEBBBFFB3FFECACEE3A50F9E5D2E0" box="[218,392,1912,1933]" name="Madagascar" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">MADAGASCAR</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="777965C9FFB3FFECADA63A50F9B5D2E0" box="[402,472,1912,1933]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Toliara</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="55663151FFB3FFECADD63A50FAF7D2E0" box="[482,666,1912,1933]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Atsimo-Andrefana</collectingMunicipality>
: along
<location id="B062FDF0FFB3FFECAED53A50FB13D2E0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D141A3DFFB3FFE8ACBC3A78F97BDD46:B062FDF0FFB3FFECAED53A50FB13D2E0" box="[737,894,1912,1933]" country="Madagascar" latitude="-23.331667" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="43.920834" municipality="Atsimo-Andrefana" name="Route Nationale" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" stateProvince="Toliara">Route Nationale</location>
7 on S side of road, ca.
<quantity id="724506CEFFB3FFECA8463A50FCDCD2E0" box="[1138,1201,1912,1933]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
E of
<collectingRegion id="777965C9FFB3FFECA8DD3A50FD42D2E0" box="[1257,1327,1912,1933]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Toliara</collectingRegion>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D089CDECFFB3FFECA90E3A50FDC6D2E0" box="[1338,1451,1912,1933]" degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" precision="15" seconds="54" value="-23.331667">23°19’54”S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="D089CDECFFB3FFECAC893AB4F95FD2DC" box="[189,306,1948,1969]" degrees="43" direction="east" minutes="55" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" precision="15" seconds="15" value="43.920834">43°55’15”E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="724506CEFFB3FFECAD083AB4F917D2DC" box="[316,378,1948,1969]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" unit="m" value="190.0">
<elevation id="3E904C18FFB3FFECAD083AB4F917D2DC" box="[316,378,1948,1969]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" unit="m" value="190.0">190 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="C1038DEBFFB3FFECADB73AB4FA4FD2DC" box="[387,546,1948,1969]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" value="2009-02-08">
<collectingDate id="D1477403FFB3FFECADB73AB4FA4FD2DC" box="[387,546,1948,1969]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" value="2009-02-08">8 February 2009</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB3FFECAE1F3AB4FC25D2DC" box="[555,1096,1948,1969]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<collectorName id="1848CEFDFFB3FFECAE1F3AB4FACDD2DC" box="[555,672,1948,1969]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">B.W. van Ee</collectorName>
,
<collectionCode id="D3AC33EEFFB3FFECAE9D3AB4FAD4D2DC" box="[681,697,1948,1969]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
.
<collectorName id="1848CEFDFFB3FFECAE883AB4FB60D2DC" box="[700,781,1948,1969]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">E. Berry</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="1848CEFDFFB3FFECAF213AB4FB19D2DC" box="[789,884,1948,1969]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">B. Dorsey</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="1848CEFDFFB3FFECAFA63AB4FC73D2DC" box="[914,1054,1948,1969]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">H. Razanatsoa</collectorName>
823
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="6A061589FFB3FFECA8673AB4FCC4D2DC" box="[1107,1193,1948,1969]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCode id="E51B0350FFB3FFECA89A3AB4FD3CD2DC" box="[1198,1361,1948,1969]" collectionCode="MICH-" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15602" name="University of Michigan" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="Herbarium">MICH-1210791</specimenCode>
!;
<typeStatus id="6A061589FFB3FFECA9693AB4FDC1D2DC" box="[1373,1452,1948,1969]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="isotype">isotypes</typeStatus>
G!,
<collectionCode id="D3AC33EEFFB3FFECACD73AE8F97DD2B8" box="[227,272,1984,2005]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="Herbarium">MO</collectionCode>
!,
<collectionCode id="D3AC33EEFFB3FFECAD293AE8F95DD2B8" box="[285,304,1984,2005]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
!, TAN).
<figureCitation id="2D86B7AEFFB3FFECADB63AE8F9B3D2B8" box="[386,478,1984,2005]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="1.[136,229,1624,1645]" captionStartId-1="2.[136,229,1853,1874]" captionStartId-2="3.[136,229,1771,1792]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,311,1596]" captionTargetBox-1="[164,1423,175,1828]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,461,1746]" captionTargetId-0="figure-92@1.[151,1436,311,1596]" captionTargetId-1="figure-14@2.[164,1423,175,1828]" captionTargetId-2="figure-148@3.[151,1436,461,1746]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Distribution map of Croton crossolepis from known, geolocatable specimens in southwestern Toliara Province, Madagascar, all along Route Nationale 7 (in yellow). Inset shows location of the satellite photo within Madagascar. Google Earth Image © 2017 DigitalGlobe, reproduced per attribution guidelines." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Croton crossolepis, photos of living plants. A. Large individual ca. 5 m tall (on left). Shorter tree on right with trilobed leaves is Jatropha mahafalensis Jumelle &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1910: 180), and the lanceolate-leaved shrubs in the understory are Euphorbia antso Denis (1921: 45). B. Closeup of branches showing stout stems and drooping leaves. C. Bicolored leaves with rusty-colored lepidote trichomes on stems. Note green cambial layer of the stem where outer bark was peeled off. D. A small individual on bare limestone just 10 m away from individual shown in A. E. Detail of stem apex showing the silvery underside of a leaf with overlaying brown lepidote scales concentrated along the midvein and secondary veins. F. Branch apex showing the subterminal inflorescence in bud. Note sessile buds and elongate, linear bracts. (From van Ee et al. 823 except for D, photographed nearby; photos: P.E. Berry and B.W. van Ee)." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Croton crossolepis, micrographs of dried material. A. View of the base of a leaf with the junction of the petiole, showing scattered stellate trichomes on the adaxial surface and one of the shortly stipulate acropetiolar glands. B. Closeup of the center of a leaf blade on the abaxial surface, showing a background of pale-silvery, stellate trichomes and fewer larger, brown-centered, fimbriate-rayed lepidote trichomes concentrated on the midvein and secondary veins. C. Closeup of a young stem showing densely overlapping browncentered lepidote trichomes with sharp, fringed ray tips (these exemplify the specific epithet “crossolepis”). D. A rehydrated staminate flower (anthers became detached during drying, but one of the anthers is shown in upper right), showing the venose sepals and petals adaxially and ca. 18 filaments. (A–C from van Ee et al. 823, D from Willing 32; photos: K. Kainulainen)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13690147" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13690151" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13690153" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13690147/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13690151/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13690153/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B502AB2BFFB3FFECACBC3ACCFD60DD70" blockId="0.[136,1452,1912,2077]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
=
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB3FFECACA93ACCFB78D294" authority="Radcliffe-Smith (2016: 32)" authorityName="Radcliffe-Smith" authorityPageNumber="32" authorityYear="2016" box="[157,789,2020,2041]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="mavoravina" variety="thysanolepis">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB3FFECACA93ACCF937D294" box="[157,346,2020,2041]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Croton mavoravina</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="05D5A176FFB3FFECAD553ACCFB78D294" box="[353,789,2020,2041]" collectingDate="1947-01-10" collectingDateMax="1947-01-12" collectingDateMin="1947-01-10" collectionCode="P" collectorName="de Tulear &amp; de la Table &amp; H. Humbert" country="Madagascar" county="Type" location="Tulear" municipality="Atsimo-Andrefana" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" specimenCode="P-00433491" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Toliara" typeStatus="holotype">
var.
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB3FFECADB83ACCFA69D294" box="[396,516,2020,2041]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">thysanolepis</emphasis>
Radcliffe-Smith (2016: 32)
</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB3FFECAF143ACCFB1FD294" bold="true" box="[800,882,2020,2041]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<collectingCounty id="5C63D3A7FFB3FFECAF143ACCFB38D294" box="[800,853,2020,2041]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Type</collectingCounty>
:—
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="CDAAEBBBFFB3FFECAF463ACCFC4DD294" box="[882,1056,2020,2041]" name="Madagascar" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">MADAGASCAR</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="777965C9FFB3FFECA81D3ACCFC02D294" box="[1065,1135,2020,2041]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Toliara</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="55663151FFB3FFECA84D3ACCFD5CD294" box="[1145,1329,2020,2041]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">Atsimo-Andrefana</collectingMunicipality>
: environs
<collectorName id="1848CEFDFFB3FFECA9A13ACCF891DD70" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
de
<location id="B062FDF0FFB3FFECAC893520F891DD70" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D141A3DFFB3FFE8ACBC3A78F97BDD46:B062FDF0FFB3FFECAC893520F891DD70" box="[189,252,2056,2077]" country="Madagascar" county="Type" municipality="Atsimo-Andrefana" name="Tulear" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" stateProvince="Toliara">Tuléar</location>
</collectorName>
, près de la colline
<collectorName id="1848CEFDFFB3FFECAD843520FA77DD70" box="[432,538,2056,2077]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">de la Table</collectorName>
,
<date id="C1038DEBFFB3FFECAE103520FA84DD70" box="[548,745,2056,2077]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" value="1947-01-10" valueMax="1947-01-12" valueMin="1947-01-10">
<collectingDate id="D1477403FFB3FFECAE103520FA84DD70" box="[548,745,2056,2077]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" value="1947-01-10" valueMax="1947-01-12" valueMin="1947-01-10">10–12 January 1947</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB3FFECAEC73520FBCADD70" box="[755,935,2056,2077]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">
<collectorName id="1848CEFDFFB3FFECAEC73520FB08DD70" box="[755,869,2056,2077]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">H. Humbert</collectorName>
19816
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="6A061589FFB3FFECAF803520FC67DD70" box="[948,1034,2056,2077]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
K!;
<typeStatus id="6A061589FFB3FFECA8013520FC17DD70" box="[1077,1146,2056,2077]" pageId="0" pageNumber="95" type="isotype">isotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCode id="E51B0350FFB3FFECA8B53520FC92DD70" box="[1153,1279,2056,2077]" collectionCode="P-" pageId="0" pageNumber="95">P-00433491</specimenCode>
!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FDA7F8A0FFB2FFE8ACBC3DB7F933D42E" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="1" pageNumber="96" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B502AB2BFFB2FFEDACBC3DB7FB07D44D" blockId="1.[136,1452,159,288]" pageId="1" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB2FFEDACBC3DB7F89ED5D9" bold="true" box="[136,243,159,180]" pageId="1" pageNumber="96">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB2FFEDACCE3DB7F9C2D5D9" box="[250,431,159,180]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crossolepis">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB2FFEDACCE3DB7F9C2D5D9" box="[250,431,159,180]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="96">Croton crossolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB2FFEDAE053DB7FB7ED5D9" authority="Leandri" authorityName="Leandri" authorityYear="1939" box="[561,787,159,180]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mavoravina">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB2FFEDAE053DB7FAACD5D9" box="[561,705,159,180]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="96">C. mavoravina</emphasis>
Leandri
</taxonomicName>
but differs in having fringed lepidote trichomes on the young stems and petioles, as well as on the veins of the undersides of the leaves over an underlayer of stellate trichomes (vs. stellate trichomes with several porrect central rays throughout in
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB2FFEDAE483DCFFB66D591" authorityName="Leandri" authorityYear="1939" box="[636,779,231,252]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mavoravina">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB2FFEDAE483DCFFB66D591" box="[636,779,231,252]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="96">C. mavoravina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), as well as proportionately narrower and longer bracts subtending the flowers (4–8.5 ×
<quantity id="724506CEFFB2FFEDAD573C23F9BBD44D" box="[355,470,267,288]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="0.4" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.5 mm</quantity>
vs. 1–3 ×
<quantity id="724506CEFFB2FFEDAE0F3C23FAC3D44D" box="[571,686,267,288]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="0.8" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.4">0.4–1.2 mm</quantity>
in
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB2FFEDAEF93C23FB31D44D" authorityName="Leandri" authorityYear="1939" box="[717,860,267,288]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mavoravina">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB2FFEDAEF93C23FB31D44D" box="[717,860,267,288]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="96">C. mavoravina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="E1C2FBA3FFB2FFEDACBC3B70FA11D3D8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13690147" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13690147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13690147/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="96" startId="1.[136,229,1624,1645]" targetBox="[151,1436,311,1596]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="B502AB2BFFB2FFEDACBC3B70FA11D3D8" blockId="1.[136,1452,1624,1717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB2FFEDACBC3B70F893D300" bold="true" box="[136,254,1624,1645]" pageId="1" pageNumber="96">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Distribution map of
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB2FFEDADF23B70FA17D300" box="[454,634,1624,1645]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crossolepis">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB2FFEDADF23B70FA17D300" box="[454,634,1624,1645]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="96">Croton crossolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from known, geolocatable specimens in southwestern Toliara Province, Madagascar, all along Route Nationale 7 (in yellow). Inset shows location of the satellite photo within Madagascar. Google Earth Image © 2017 DigitalGlobe, reproduced per attribution guidelines.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B502AB2BFFB2FFEFACBC3BCEFC0CD4D8" blockId="1.[136,1452,1766,2079]" lastBlockId="3.[136,1452,160,437]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="1" pageNumber="96">
Well-branched shrubs to small trees
<quantity id="724506CEFFB2FFEDAE0C3BCEFAE9D392" box="[568,644,1766,1791]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="96" unit="m" value="3.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="1.0">1–5 m</quantity>
tall (
<figureCitation id="2D86B7AEFFB2FFEDAEFC3BCEFB19D392" box="[712,884,1766,1791]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[136,229,1853,1874]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,175,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[164,1423,175,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Croton crossolepis, photos of living plants. A. Large individual ca. 5 m tall (on left). Shorter tree on right with trilobed leaves is Jatropha mahafalensis Jumelle &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1910: 180), and the lanceolate-leaved shrubs in the understory are Euphorbia antso Denis (1921: 45). B. Closeup of branches showing stout stems and drooping leaves. C. Bicolored leaves with rusty-colored lepidote trichomes on stems. Note green cambial layer of the stem where outer bark was peeled off. D. A small individual on bare limestone just 10 m away from individual shown in A. E. Detail of stem apex showing the silvery underside of a leaf with overlaying brown lepidote scales concentrated along the midvein and secondary veins. F. Branch apex showing the subterminal inflorescence in bud. Note sessile buds and elongate, linear bracts. (From van Ee et al. 823 except for D, photographed nearby; photos: P.E. Berry and B.W. van Ee)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13690151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13690151/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="96">Fig. 2A, B, D</figureCitation>
). Young stems stout, somewhat gnarled, loosely dichotomously-branched, with numerous rusty-colored lepidote trichomes with a fringed, silvery margin (
<figureCitation id="2D86B7AEFFB2FFEDA9703A22FDF0D24E" box="[1348,1437,1802,1827]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[136,229,1771,1792]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,461,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-148@3.[151,1436,461,1746]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Croton crossolepis, micrographs of dried material. A. View of the base of a leaf with the junction of the petiole, showing scattered stellate trichomes on the adaxial surface and one of the shortly stipulate acropetiolar glands. B. Closeup of the center of a leaf blade on the abaxial surface, showing a background of pale-silvery, stellate trichomes and fewer larger, brown-centered, fimbriate-rayed lepidote trichomes concentrated on the midvein and secondary veins. C. Closeup of a young stem showing densely overlapping browncentered lepidote trichomes with sharp, fringed ray tips (these exemplify the specific epithet “crossolepis”). D. A rehydrated staminate flower (anthers became detached during drying, but one of the anthers is shown in upper right), showing the venose sepals and petals adaxially and ca. 18 filaments. (A–C from van Ee et al. 823, D from Willing 32; photos: K. Kainulainen)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13690153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13690153/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="96">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
), showing a bright green phelloderm layer when decorticated (
<figureCitation id="2D86B7AEFFB2FFEDAF643A06FBC0D22A" box="[848,941,1838,1863]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[136,229,1853,1874]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,175,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[164,1423,175,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Croton crossolepis, photos of living plants. A. Large individual ca. 5 m tall (on left). Shorter tree on right with trilobed leaves is Jatropha mahafalensis Jumelle &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1910: 180), and the lanceolate-leaved shrubs in the understory are Euphorbia antso Denis (1921: 45). B. Closeup of branches showing stout stems and drooping leaves. C. Bicolored leaves with rusty-colored lepidote trichomes on stems. Note green cambial layer of the stem where outer bark was peeled off. D. A small individual on bare limestone just 10 m away from individual shown in A. E. Detail of stem apex showing the silvery underside of a leaf with overlaying brown lepidote scales concentrated along the midvein and secondary veins. F. Branch apex showing the subterminal inflorescence in bud. Note sessile buds and elongate, linear bracts. (From van Ee et al. 823 except for D, photographed nearby; photos: P.E. Berry and B.W. van Ee)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13690151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13690151/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="96">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
). Older stems gray, with numerous vertical, lenticellate striations. Leaves alternate, subcoriaceous, clustered at the branch tips; petioles 1.5–5(–8) cm long, lepidote, with two laterally divergent glands at the junction with the blade, each very shortly stipitate, the stipe lepidote, the apex concave, lustrous, and
<quantity id="724506CEFFB2FFEDADC13AB2FA10D2DE" box="[501,637,1946,1971]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="0.65" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.8 mm</quantity>
diam.; blades oval-elliptic, (2–)3–6(–10) × 2–4(–6) cm, base shallowly cordate, apex rounded to acute, margins entire, with 10–13 secondary veins on either side of the midvein, adaxially green with multiradiate trichomes, abaxially much paler, appearing brown-dotted on a silvery-white background, with mostly multiradiate trichomes between the veins but with irregularly shaped, rusty-tinged lepidote trichomes along the midvein and the secondary and tertiary veins, these with stiffly fimbriate, horizontal rays (
<figureCitation id="2D86B7AEFFB0FFEFA89C3D88FD6DD5D4" box="[1192,1280,160,185]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[136,229,1771,1792]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,461,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-148@3.[151,1436,461,1746]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Croton crossolepis, micrographs of dried material. A. View of the base of a leaf with the junction of the petiole, showing scattered stellate trichomes on the adaxial surface and one of the shortly stipulate acropetiolar glands. B. Closeup of the center of a leaf blade on the abaxial surface, showing a background of pale-silvery, stellate trichomes and fewer larger, brown-centered, fimbriate-rayed lepidote trichomes concentrated on the midvein and secondary veins. C. Closeup of a young stem showing densely overlapping browncentered lepidote trichomes with sharp, fringed ray tips (these exemplify the specific epithet “crossolepis”). D. A rehydrated staminate flower (anthers became detached during drying, but one of the anthers is shown in upper right), showing the venose sepals and petals adaxially and ca. 18 filaments. (A–C from van Ee et al. 823, D from Willing 32; photos: K. Kainulainen)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13690153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13690153/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="98">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). Inflorescence pseudoterminal, thyrsoid-spicate,
<quantity id="724506CEFFB0FFEFAE3D3DECFA32D5B0" box="[521,607,196,221]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="98" unit="cm" value="3.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="1.0">1–6 cm</quantity>
long, flowers densely arranged along the axis, only seen in bud or post-anthesis, bracts lanceolate-acicular, 4–8.5 ×
<quantity id="724506CEFFB0FFEFAEBE3DC0FB7BD46C" box="[650,790,232,257]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="0.4" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.5 mm</quantity>
, exceeding the buds, densely lepidote and brown-dotted, bracteoles 2, flanking each flower, acicular,
<quantity id="724506CEFFB0FFEFAE473C24FAA2D448" box="[627,719,268,293]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
long. Staminate flowers: buds globose, densely lepidote, pedicels
<quantity id="724506CEFFB0FFEFACBC3C18F888D424" box="[136,229,304,329]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
long; sepals 5, foliaceous, ca. 3.3 × 2.0 mm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely lepidote; petals 5, ellipticspatulate, ca. 3.5 ×
<quantity id="724506CEFFB0FFEFAD593C7CF9A5D400" box="[365,456,340,365]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
, adaxially glabrous, abaxially papillate and sparsely lepidote, margins ciliate; stamens 16–18, filaments
<quantity id="724506CEFFB0FFEFAD7D3C50F9C8D4FC" box="[329,421,376,401]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 mm</quantity>
long, glabrous to the base, anthers elliptic, 1.2–1.5 ×
<quantity id="724506CEFFB0FFEFAFC03C50FC10D4FC" box="[1012,1149,376,401]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="1.0" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1.2 mm</quantity>
; disc glands 5, opposite the sepals, sessile, ca. 0.5 × 1.0 mm; receptacle pilose. Pistillate flowers and fruits not seen.
</paragraph>
<caption id="E1C2FBA3FFB1FFEEACBC3A15FD7FDD47" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13690151" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13690151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13690151/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="97" startId="2.[136,229,1853,1874]" targetBox="[164,1423,175,1828]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="B502AB2BFFB1FFEEACBC3A15FD7FDD47" blockId="2.[136,1452,1853,2090]" pageId="2" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB1FFEEACBC3A15F890D23F" bold="true" box="[136,253,1853,1874]" pageId="2" pageNumber="97">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB1FFEEAD363A15F9DBD23F" box="[258,438,1853,1874]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crossolepis">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB1FFEEAD363A15F9DBD23F" box="[258,438,1853,1874]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="97">Croton crossolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, photos of living plants.
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB1FFEEAE963A15FAD7D23F" bold="true" box="[674,698,1853,1874]" pageId="2" pageNumber="97">A.</emphasis>
Large individual ca. 5 m tall (on left). Shorter tree on right with trilobed leaves is
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB1FFEEACAB3A49FB4BD21B" authority="Jumelle &amp; Perrier de la Bathie (1910: 180)" authorityName="Jumelle &amp; Perrier de la Bathie" authorityPageNumber="180" authorityYear="1910" box="[159,806,1889,1910]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Jatropha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mahafalensis">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB1FFEEACAB3A49F916D21B" box="[159,379,1889,1910]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="97">Jatropha mahafalensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D12CD6DAFFB1FFEEADB63A49FB4BD21B" author="Jumelle, H. L. &amp; Perrier de la Bathie, J. M. H. A." box="[386,806,1889,1910]" pageId="2" pageNumber="97" refId="ref3110" refString="https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / botlinnean / box 004 Jumelle, H. L. &amp; Perrier de la Bathie, J. M. H. A. (1910) Un pulghere de Madagascar. Bulletin Economique de Madagasar 10: 179 - 180. Leandri, J. (1939) Les Croton de Madagascar et des iles voisines. Annales de l'Institut Botanico-Geologique Colonial de Marseille ser. 5" type="book" year="1910">Jumelle &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1910: 180)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and the lanceolate-leaved shrubs in the understory are
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB1FFEEA9713A49F90AD2F7" authority="Denis (1921: 45)" authorityName="Denis" authorityPageNumber="45" authorityYear="1921" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="97" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antso">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB1FFEEA9713A49F8D1D2F7" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="97">Euphorbia antso</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D12CD6DAFFB1FFEEACF63AADF90AD2F7" author="Denis, M." box="[194,359,1925,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="97" refId="ref2980" refString="926 - 928, 966 - 968, 977. Denis, M. (1921) Les Euphorbiees des Iles Australes d'Afrique. These, Nemours, 153 pp. IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1. Second edition. IUCN Species Survival Commission, IUCN, Gland &amp;" type="book" year="1921">Denis (1921: 45)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB1FFEEAD5B3AADF9E8D2F7" bold="true" box="[367,389,1925,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="97">B.</emphasis>
Closeup of branches showing stout stems and drooping leaves.
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB1FFEEAFD23AADFB90D2F7" bold="true" box="[998,1021,1925,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="97">C.</emphasis>
Bicolored leaves with rusty-colored lepidote trichomes on stems. Note green cambial layer of the stem where outer bark was peeled off.
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB1FFEEAFD83A81FC6ED2D3" bold="true" box="[1004,1027,1961,1982]" pageId="2" pageNumber="97">D.</emphasis>
A small individual on bare limestone just 10 m away from individual shown in A.
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB1FFEEADD83AE5FA6ED28F" bold="true" box="[492,515,1997,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="97">E.</emphasis>
Detail of stem apex showing the silvery underside of a leaf with overlaying brown lepidote scales concentrated along the midvein and secondary veins.
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB1FFEEAEBC3AD9FAF6DD6B" bold="true" box="[648,667,2033,2054]" pageId="2" pageNumber="97">F.</emphasis>
Branch apex showing the subterminal inflorescence in bud. Note sessile buds and elongate, linear bracts. (From
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB1FFEEAD9D353DFA26DD47" box="[425,587,2069,2090]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="97">van Ee et al. 823</emphasis>
except for D, photographed nearby; photos: P.E. Berry and B.W. van Ee).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E1C2FBA3FFB0FFEFACBC3BC3FC10D2B5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13690153" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13690153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13690153/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="98" startId="3.[136,229,1771,1792]" targetBox="[151,1436,461,1746]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="B502AB2BFFB0FFEFACBC3BC3FC10D2B5" blockId="3.[136,1451,1771,2008]" pageId="3" pageNumber="98">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB0FFEFACBC3BC3F892D26D" bold="true" box="[136,255,1771,1792]" pageId="3" pageNumber="98">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB0FFEFAD323BC3F9D1D26D" box="[262,444,1771,1792]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crossolepis">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB0FFEFAD323BC3F9D1D26D" box="[262,444,1771,1792]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="98">Croton crossolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, micrographs of dried material.
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB0FFEFAECE3BC3FB7CD26D" bold="true" box="[762,785,1771,1792]" pageId="3" pageNumber="98">A.</emphasis>
View of the base of a leaf with the junction of the petiole, showing scattered stellate trichomes on the adaxial surface and one of the shortly stipulate acropetiolar glands.
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB0FFEFA85C3A27FC13D249" bold="true" box="[1128,1150,1807,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="98">B.</emphasis>
Closeup of the center of a leaf blade on the abaxial surface, showing a background of pale-silvery, stellate trichomes and fewer larger, brown-centered, fimbriate-rayed lepidote trichomes concentrated on the midvein and secondary veins.
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB0FFEFAF193A7FFB29D201" bold="true" box="[813,836,1879,1900]" pageId="3" pageNumber="98">C.</emphasis>
Closeup of a young stem showing densely overlapping browncentered lepidote trichomes with sharp, fringed ray tips (these exemplify the specific epithet
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB0FFEFA8233A53FCFFD2FD" box="[1047,1170,1915,1936]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="98" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crossolepis">“crossolepis</taxonomicName>
”).
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB0FFEFA8983A53FCA9D2FD" bold="true" box="[1196,1220,1915,1936]" pageId="3" pageNumber="98">D.</emphasis>
A rehydrated staminate flower (anthers became detached during drying, but one of the anthers is shown in upper right), showing the venose sepals and petals adaxially and ca. 18 filaments. (
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB0FFEFAD8F3AEBF987D2B5" bold="true" box="[443,490,1987,2008]" pageId="3" pageNumber="98">A–C</emphasis>
from
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB0FFEFAE113AEBFAA0D2B5" box="[549,717,1987,2008]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="98">van Ee et al. 823,</emphasis>
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB0FFEFAEE73AEBFA89D2B5" bold="true" box="[723,740,1987,2008]" pageId="3" pageNumber="98">D</emphasis>
from
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB0FFEFAF2B3AEBFB09D2B5" box="[799,868,1987,2008]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="98">Willing</emphasis>
32; photos: K. Kainulainen).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B502AB2BFFB7FFE8AC893D88F933D42E" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,2091]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
<materialsCitation id="05D5A176FFB7FFE8AC893D88F997D5B6" collectingDate="1943-02-27" collectionCode="MO" collectorName="R. Decary" country="Madagascar" location="Tulear" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" specimenCode="P-00433492" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Toliara">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AC893D88FAA9D5D4" bold="true" box="[189,708,160,185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
<typeStatus id="6A061589FFB7FFE8AC893D88FA58D5D4" box="[189,565,160,185]" isOtherTypeStatus="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Additional specimens examined</typeStatus>
(
<typeStatus id="6A061589FFB7FFE8AE763D88FAD1D5D4" box="[578,700,160,185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
)
</emphasis>
:—
<collectingCountry id="CDAAEBBBFFB7FFE8AED03D88FBDFD5D4" box="[740,946,160,185]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">MADAGASCAR</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="777965C9FFB7FFE8AF8E3D88FC60D5D4" box="[954,1037,160,185]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Toliara</collectingRegion>
:
<location id="B062FDF0FFB7FFE8A8223D88FC0DD5D4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D141A3DFFB3FFE8ACBC3A78F97BDD46:B062FDF0FFB7FFE8A8223D88FC0DD5D4" box="[1046,1120,160,185]" country="Madagascar" name="Tulear" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" stateProvince="Toliara">Tuléar</location>
,
<date id="C1038DEBFFB7FFE8A85E3D88FD5CD5D4" box="[1130,1329,160,185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" value="1943-02-27">
<collectingDate id="D1477403FFB7FFE8A85E3D88FD5CD5D4" box="[1130,1329,160,185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" value="1943-02-27">27 February 1943</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8A90F3D88F8A3D5B6" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
<collectorName id="1848CEFDFFB7FFE8A90F3D88FDC6D5D4" box="[1339,1451,160,185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">R. Decary</collectorName>
18841
</emphasis>
(G, K,
<collectionCode id="D3AC33EEFFB7FFE8AD133DEAF93AD5B6" box="[295,343,194,219]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="Herbarium">MO</collectionCode>
,
<specimenCode id="E51B0350FFB7FFE8AD503DEAF99FD5B6" box="[356,498,194,219]" collectionCode="P-" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">P-00433492</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="05D5A176FFB7FFE8AE323DEAFCF5D593" collectingDate="2004-05-19" collectionCode="MICH, MO" collectorName="Z. Rogers &amp; F. Rakotonasolo" country="Madagascar" elevation="85" latitude="-23.42389" location="La Table" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="43.767498" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" specimenCode="P-05572382" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Toliara">
<location id="B062FDF0FFB7FFE8AE323DEAFA00D5B6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D141A3DFFB3FFE8ACBC3A78F97BDD46:B062FDF0FFB7FFE8AE323DEAFA00D5B6" box="[518,621,194,219]" country="Madagascar" latitude="-23.42389" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="43.767498" name="La Table" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" stateProvince="Toliara">La Table</location>
, ca.
<locationDeviation id="A4B0B209FFB7FFE8AE963DEAFBECD5B6" box="[674,897,194,219]" location="Toliara" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
<quantity id="724506CEFFB7FFE8AE963DEAFA87D5B6" box="[674,746,194,219]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
N of
<collectingRegion id="777965C9FFB7FFE8AF1B3DEAFBECD5B6" box="[815,897,194,219]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Toliara</collectingRegion>
</locationDeviation>
, slope and along ridge,
<geoCoordinate id="D089CDECFFB7FFE8A8A53DEAFD7BD5B6" box="[1169,1302,194,219]" degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" precision="15" seconds="26" value="-23.42389">23°25’26”S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="D089CDECFFB7FFE8A92A3DEAFDCAD5B6" box="[1310,1447,194,219]" degrees="43" direction="east" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" precision="15" seconds="03" value="43.767498">43°46’03”E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="724506CEFFB7FFE8ACBC3DCDF890D593" box="[136,253,229,254]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" unit="m" value="85.0" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="50.0">
<elevation id="3E904C18FFB7FFE8ACBC3DCDF890D593" box="[136,253,229,254]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" unit="m" value="85.0" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="50.0">50–120 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="C1038DEBFFB7FFE8AD3F3DCDF9CAD593" box="[267,423,229,254]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" value="2004-05-19">
<collectingDate id="D1477403FFB7FFE8AD3F3DCDF9CAD593" box="[267,423,229,254]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" value="2004-05-19">19 May 2004</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AD803DCDFB58D593" box="[436,821,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
<collectorName id="1848CEFDFFB7FFE8AD803DCDFA4FD593" box="[436,546,229,254]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Z. Rogers</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="1848CEFDFFB7FFE8AE7E3DCDFB6FD593" box="[586,770,229,254]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">F. Rakotonasolo</collectorName>
486
</emphasis>
(K,
<collectionCode id="D3AC33EEFFB7FFE8AF5F3DCDFBDAD593" box="[875,951,229,254]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15602" name="University of Michigan" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="Herbarium">MICH</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="D3AC33EEFFB7FFE8AFF03DCDFB99D593" box="[964,1012,229,254]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="Herbarium">MO</collectionCode>
,
<specimenCode id="E51B0350FFB7FFE8A8353DCDFCE2D593" box="[1025,1167,229,254]" collectionCode="P-" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">P-05572382</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="05D5A176FFB7FFE8A8973DCDFB7AD44C" collectingDate="1971-01-18" collectionCode="P" collectorName="Schmitt" country="Madagascar" location="Tulear" municipality="Ankororoka" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" specimenCode="P-00154330" specimenCount="1">
<collectingMunicipality id="55663151FFB7FFE8A8973DCDFD40D593" box="[1187,1325,229,254]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Ankororoka</collectingMunicipality>
, préfecture
<location id="B062FDF0FFB7FFE8ACBC3C20F8BFD44C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D141A3DFFB3FFE8ACBC3A78F97BDD46:B062FDF0FFB7FFE8ACBC3C20F8BFD44C" box="[136,210,264,289]" country="Madagascar" municipality="Ankororoka" name="Tulear" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Tuléar</location>
,
<date id="C1038DEBFFB7FFE8ACE93C20F9F4D44C" box="[221,409,264,289]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" value="1971-01-18">
<collectingDate id="D1477403FFB7FFE8ACE93C20F9F4D44C" box="[221,409,264,289]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" value="1971-01-18">18 January 1971</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AD913C20FA1DD44C" box="[421,624,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
J.
<collectionCode id="D3AC33EEFFB7FFE8AD833C20F9A4D44C" box="[439,457,264,289]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
.
<collectorName id="1848CEFDFFB7FFE8ADE03C20FA45D44C" box="[468,552,264,289]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Schmitt</collectorName>
169-S
</emphasis>
(
<specimenCode id="E51B0350FFB7FFE8AE4B3C20FB62D44C" box="[639,783,264,289]" collectionCode="P-" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">P-00154330</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="05D5A176FFB7FFE8AF163C20F937D42E" collectingDate="1985-11-12" collectionCode="MO" collectorName="Willing" country="Madagascar" location="28 km E of Tulear" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" specimenCode="MO-2990275" specimenCount="1">
<location id="B062FDF0FFB7FFE8AF163C20FB83D44C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D141A3DFFB3FFE8ACBC3A78F97BDD46:B062FDF0FFB7FFE8AF163C20FB83D44C" box="[802,1006,264,289]" country="Madagascar" name="28 km E of Tulear" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
<quantity id="724506CEFFB7FFE8AF163C20FB04D44C" box="[802,873,264,289]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" unit="km" value="28.0">28 km</quantity>
E of Tuléar
</location>
by road,
<date id="C1038DEBFFB7FFE8A86D3C20FD59D44C" box="[1113,1332,264,289]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" value="1985-11-12">
<collectingDate id="D1477403FFB7FFE8A86D3C20FD59D44C" box="[1113,1332,264,289]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" value="1985-11-12">12 November 1985</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8A90B3C20F8C9D42E" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
T.
<collectorName id="1848CEFDFFB7FFE8A96E3C20FDC6D44C" box="[1370,1451,264,289]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Willing</collectorName>
32
</emphasis>
(
<specimenCode id="E51B0350FFB7FFE8AC873C02F93FD42E" box="[179,338,298,323]" collectionCode="MO-" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15859" name="Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="Herbarium">MO-2990275</specimenCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FDA7F8A0FFB7FFE8AC893C65FA33D734" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B502AB2BFFB7FFE8AC893C65FD76D4A3" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,2091]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AC893C65F934D40B" bold="true" box="[189,345,333,358]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Distribution:</emphasis>
—This species appears to be restricted to a narrow swath of deciduous or spiny scrub forest in southwestern
<collectingRegion id="777965C9FFB7FFE8AD103C58F9B2D4E4" box="[292,479,368,393]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Toliara Province</collectingRegion>
(Atsimo-Andrefana Region), mainly along Route Nationale 7 starting from La Table, about 20 road km east of
<collectingRegion id="777965C9FFB7FFE8AD813CBAFA6AD4C6" box="[437,519,402,427]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Toliara</collectingRegion>
, and extending another
<quantity id="724506CEFFB7FFE8AF283CBAFB0BD4C6" box="[796,870,402,427]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" unit="km" value="25.0">25 km</quantity>
or so (east of Ankororoka) to about a third of the distance from Tuléar to Andranovory (the junction with Route Nationale 10 to Fort Dauphin; see
<figureCitation id="2D86B7AEFFB7FFE8A8FE3C9DFD67D4A3" box="[1226,1290,437,462]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[136,229,1624,1645]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,311,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-92@1.[151,1436,311,1596]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distribution map of Croton crossolepis from known, geolocatable specimens in southwestern Toliara Province, Madagascar, all along Route Nationale 7 (in yellow). Inset shows location of the satellite photo within Madagascar. Google Earth Image © 2017 DigitalGlobe, reproduced per attribution guidelines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13690147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13690147/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B502AB2BFFB7FFE8AC893CF0FA33D734" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,2091]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AC893CF0F9BBD49C" bold="true" box="[189,470,472,497]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Habitat and Phenology:</emphasis>
—Deciduous bush on limestone substrates, elevation
<quantity id="724506CEFFB7FFE8A8173CF0FCF8D49C" box="[1059,1173,472,497]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" unit="m" value="100.0" valueMax="190.0" valueMin="10.0">
10–
<specimenCount id="A3BB60A2FFB7FFE8A8793CF0FCF8D49C" box="[1101,1173,472,497]" count="190" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="generic">190 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. One individual was seen with post-anthesis flowers in late November, and all others collections examined were in bud in January, February, and May. The species likely flowers for short periods of time following the infrequent periods of heavy rain that mostly occur from October to April in the region.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FDA7F8A0FFB7FFE8AC893F4AF97BDD46" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="B502AB2BFFB7FFE8AC893F4AFD13D7AC" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,2091]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AC893F4AF925D716" bold="true" box="[189,328,610,635]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Etymology:</emphasis>
—The specific epithet refers to the stiffly fringed-scaled trichomes on the stems and scattered along the veins of the leaf undersides. In the field we referred to this species as the “Velcro”
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8A8653FADFCF2D7F3" authorityName="Linnaeus (1753:" authorityYear="1004" box="[1105,1183,645,670]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8A8653FADFCF2D7F3" box="[1105,1183,645,670]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Croton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of its tendency to cling to clothing with its fimbriate scales, akin to the VELCRO® brand self-engaging hook and loop fasteners.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B502AB2BFFB7FFE8AC893FE2F94BD6BB" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,2091]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AC893FE2FA66D78E" bold="true" box="[189,523,714,739]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Conservation assessment:—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8AE3F3FE2FAB6D78E" box="[523,731,714,739]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crossolepis">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AE3F3FE2FAB6D78E" box="[523,731,714,739]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Croton crossolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently known from just six collections in scrub forest east of
<collectingRegion id="777965C9FFB7FFE8ACBC3FC5F8B7D66B" box="[136,218,749,774]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Toliara</collectingRegion>
, between La Table and Ankororoka, along Route Nationale 7. This is an area that has been severely threatened by deforestation and fires set to clear the land, and only La Table now belongs to a protected area, the Tsinjoriake Reserve. We visited La Table twice, once in the wet season and once in the dry season, and did not find any individuals of this species, so we assume that it is not common there. Since the overall area of occupancy is less than
<quantity id="724506CEFFB7FFE8A9063E7DFDF0D603" box="[1330,1437,853,878]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" unit="km" value="2000.0">2,000 km</quantity>
<superScript id="42C80663FFB7FFE8A9A83E7BFDC9D60C" attach="left" box="[1436,1444,851,865]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">2</superScript>
, only six locations are known, and the quality of habitat in the area is in evident decline, we consider that it should be assigned a conservation status of Vulnerable (VU B2abiii) following the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2012).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B502AB2BFFB7FFE8AC893EC8FC13D1A4" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,2091]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AC893EC8F94BD694" bold="true" box="[189,294,992,1017]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Notes:—</emphasis>
Although we still lack fruits and pistillate flowers of this species, it is distinctive enough in other features from the remaining members of the genus in the arid southeast of
<collectingCountry id="CDAAEBBBFFB7FFE8AF6C392AFBB2D176" box="[856,991,1026,1051]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
that we are confident in describing it here as a new species. Most of the numerous other species of
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8AECD390DFB2AD153" authorityName="Linnaeus (1753:" authorityYear="1004" box="[761,839,1061,1086]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AECD390DFB2AD153" box="[761,839,1061,1086]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Croton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that occur in the area around
<collectingRegion id="777965C9FFB7FFE8A8BB390DFCB3D153" box="[1167,1246,1061,1086]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Toliara</collectingRegion>
are much smaller-leaved, including those that co-occur with it on La Table, such as
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8AFB33960FCBED10C" authority="Baillon (1890: 864)" authorityName="Baillon" authorityPageNumber="864" authorityYear="1890" box="[903,1235,1096,1121]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inops">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AFB33960FB8AD10C" box="[903,999,1096,1121]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">C. inops</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D12CD6DAFFB7FFE8AFC53960FCBED10C" author="Baillon, H. E." box="[1009,1235,1096,1121]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" pagination="846 - 851" refId="ref2945" refString="Baillon, H. E. (1890) Liste des plantes de Madagascar, Croton. Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Paris 2: 846 - 851, 860 - 864," type="journal article" year="1890">Baillon (1890: 864)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8A93B3960F902D1EE" authority="Leandri (1970: 310)" authorityName="Leandri" authorityPageNumber="310" authorityYear="1970" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chauvetiae">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8A93B3960FDC6D10C" box="[1295,1451,1096,1121]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">C. chauvetiae</emphasis>
Leandri (1970: 310)
</taxonomicName>
. At the easternmost (
<typeStatus id="6A061589FFB7FFE8AE6B3942FAFFD1EE" box="[607,658,1130,1155]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">type</typeStatus>
) location of
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8AF113942FBA9D1EE" box="[805,964,1130,1155]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crossolepis">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AF113942FBA9D1EE" box="[805,964,1130,1155]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">C. crossolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we observed considerable variation in the size of the plants, with some quite small and compact on open ground of limestone outcrops (
<figureCitation id="2D86B7AEFFB7FFE8A88539A5FD66D1CB" box="[1201,1291,1165,1190]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[136,229,1853,1874]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,175,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[164,1423,175,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Croton crossolepis, photos of living plants. A. Large individual ca. 5 m tall (on left). Shorter tree on right with trilobed leaves is Jatropha mahafalensis Jumelle &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1910: 180), and the lanceolate-leaved shrubs in the understory are Euphorbia antso Denis (1921: 45). B. Closeup of branches showing stout stems and drooping leaves. C. Bicolored leaves with rusty-colored lepidote trichomes on stems. Note green cambial layer of the stem where outer bark was peeled off. D. A small individual on bare limestone just 10 m away from individual shown in A. E. Detail of stem apex showing the silvery underside of a leaf with overlaying brown lepidote scales concentrated along the midvein and secondary veins. F. Branch apex showing the subterminal inflorescence in bud. Note sessile buds and elongate, linear bracts. (From van Ee et al. 823 except for D, photographed nearby; photos: P.E. Berry and B.W. van Ee)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13690151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13690151/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
), while others nearby in more protected, forested spots grew as small trees to
<quantity id="724506CEFFB7FFE8AF7E3998FB18D1A4" box="[842,885,1200,1225]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
tall (
<figureCitation id="2D86B7AEFFB7FFE8AF9B3998FC65D1A4" box="[943,1032,1200,1225]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[136,229,1853,1874]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,175,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[164,1423,175,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Croton crossolepis, photos of living plants. A. Large individual ca. 5 m tall (on left). Shorter tree on right with trilobed leaves is Jatropha mahafalensis Jumelle &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1910: 180), and the lanceolate-leaved shrubs in the understory are Euphorbia antso Denis (1921: 45). B. Closeup of branches showing stout stems and drooping leaves. C. Bicolored leaves with rusty-colored lepidote trichomes on stems. Note green cambial layer of the stem where outer bark was peeled off. D. A small individual on bare limestone just 10 m away from individual shown in A. E. Detail of stem apex showing the silvery underside of a leaf with overlaying brown lepidote scales concentrated along the midvein and secondary veins. F. Branch apex showing the subterminal inflorescence in bud. Note sessile buds and elongate, linear bracts. (From van Ee et al. 823 except for D, photographed nearby; photos: P.E. Berry and B.W. van Ee)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13690151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13690151/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
, left side).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B502AB2BFFB7FFE8AC8939FAFDE9D236" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,2091]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
One of the main features that differentiates this species from its congeners is the unusual
<typeStatus id="6A061589FFB7FFE8A8D439FAFD7DD186" box="[1248,1296,1234,1259]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">type</typeStatus>
of trichomes that are found on the stems and undersides of the leaves. These are irregularly lepidote scales that have a markedly brown central disc but fringed rays that are silvery-translucent; when coming into contact with a shirt sleeve, the stiff, partially separated rays of these trichomes often cling to the fabric almost like hook and loop fasteners. These larger scales are superimposed upon a denser layer of uniformly silvery, multiradiate trichomes underneath (
<figureCitation id="2D86B7AEFFB7FFE8A8CA3875FD1DD01B" box="[1278,1392,1373,1398]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[136,229,1853,1874]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,175,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[164,1423,175,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Croton crossolepis, photos of living plants. A. Large individual ca. 5 m tall (on left). Shorter tree on right with trilobed leaves is Jatropha mahafalensis Jumelle &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1910: 180), and the lanceolate-leaved shrubs in the understory are Euphorbia antso Denis (1921: 45). B. Closeup of branches showing stout stems and drooping leaves. C. Bicolored leaves with rusty-colored lepidote trichomes on stems. Note green cambial layer of the stem where outer bark was peeled off. D. A small individual on bare limestone just 10 m away from individual shown in A. E. Detail of stem apex showing the silvery underside of a leaf with overlaying brown lepidote scales concentrated along the midvein and secondary veins. F. Branch apex showing the subterminal inflorescence in bud. Note sessile buds and elongate, linear bracts. (From van Ee et al. 823 except for D, photographed nearby; photos: P.E. Berry and B.W. van Ee)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13690151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13690151/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Fig. 2E, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="2D86B7AEFFB7FFE8A94F3875FDF3D01B" box="[1403,1438,1373,1398]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[136,229,1771,1792]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,461,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-148@3.[151,1436,461,1746]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Croton crossolepis, micrographs of dried material. A. View of the base of a leaf with the junction of the petiole, showing scattered stellate trichomes on the adaxial surface and one of the shortly stipulate acropetiolar glands. B. Closeup of the center of a leaf blade on the abaxial surface, showing a background of pale-silvery, stellate trichomes and fewer larger, brown-centered, fimbriate-rayed lepidote trichomes concentrated on the midvein and secondary veins. C. Closeup of a young stem showing densely overlapping browncentered lepidote trichomes with sharp, fringed ray tips (these exemplify the specific epithet “crossolepis”). D. A rehydrated staminate flower (anthers became detached during drying, but one of the anthers is shown in upper right), showing the venose sepals and petals adaxially and ca. 18 filaments. (A–C from van Ee et al. 823, D from Willing 32; photos: K. Kainulainen)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13690153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13690153/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">3B</figureCitation>
). Another particular feature of this species are the acicular bracts that subtend the flowers on the inflorescence (
<figureCitation id="2D86B7AEFFB7FFE8A97E38A8FDF2D0F4" box="[1354,1439,1408,1433]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[136,229,1853,1874]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,175,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[164,1423,175,1828]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Croton crossolepis, photos of living plants. A. Large individual ca. 5 m tall (on left). Shorter tree on right with trilobed leaves is Jatropha mahafalensis Jumelle &amp; Perrier de la Bâthie (1910: 180), and the lanceolate-leaved shrubs in the understory are Euphorbia antso Denis (1921: 45). B. Closeup of branches showing stout stems and drooping leaves. C. Bicolored leaves with rusty-colored lepidote trichomes on stems. Note green cambial layer of the stem where outer bark was peeled off. D. A small individual on bare limestone just 10 m away from individual shown in A. E. Detail of stem apex showing the silvery underside of a leaf with overlaying brown lepidote scales concentrated along the midvein and secondary veins. F. Branch apex showing the subterminal inflorescence in bud. Note sessile buds and elongate, linear bracts. (From van Ee et al. 823 except for D, photographed nearby; photos: P.E. Berry and B.W. van Ee)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13690151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13690151/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
). Radcliffe-Smith (2016) treated this species as a variety of
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8AF39388AFBDED0D6" authorityName="Leandri" authorityYear="1939" box="[781,947,1442,1467]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mavoravina">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AF39388AFBDED0D6" box="[781,947,1442,1467]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">C. mavoravina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but that species, which occurs farther east in
<collectingRegion id="777965C9FFB7FFE8ACBC38EDF92ED0B3" box="[136,323,1477,1502]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Toliara Province</collectingRegion>
, is characterized by more membranaceous, wavy-margined leaves with uniformly stellate pubescence on both sides of the leaves, as well as on the stems and petioles. It also has smaller bracts and more slender, straighter shoots than
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8AD3A3B22F9C1D34E" box="[270,428,1546,1571]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crossolepis">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AD3A3B22F9C1D34E" box="[270,428,1546,1571]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">C. crossolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the molecular phylogeny of Malagasy species of
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8A8343B22FC23D34E" authorityName="Linnaeus (1753:" authorityYear="1004" box="[1024,1102,1546,1571]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8A8343B22FC23D34E" box="[1024,1102,1546,1571]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Croton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D12CD6DAFFB7FFE8A84D3B22FD3CD34E" author="Haber, E. A. &amp; Kainulainen, K. &amp; van Ee, B. W. &amp; Oyserman, B. O. &amp; Berry, P. E." box="[1145,1361,1546,1571]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" refId="ref3037" refString="Cambridge, iv + 32 pp. Haber, E. A., Kainulainen, K., van Ee, B. W., Oyserman, B. O. &amp; Berry, P. E. (2017) Phylogenetic relationships of a major diversification of" type="book" year="2017">
Haber
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8A8F13B22FC90D34E" box="[1221,1277,1546,1571]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8A9693B22F968D32B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crossolepis">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8A9693B22F968D32B" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Croton crossolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is treated as “
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8AD953B05F982D32B" authorityName="Berry &amp; Kainulainen" authorityYear="2017" box="[417,495,1581,1606]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AD953B05F982D32B" box="[417,495,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Croton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9CFACA42FFB7FFE8ADC23B05FA21D32B" box="[502,588,1581,1606]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
A,” and it is a member of the Western Indian Ocean Region (WIOR) Clade 1, which also includes
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8AD5F3B78FA7CD304" authorityName="Leandri" authorityYear="1939" box="[363,529,1616,1641]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mavoravina">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AD5F3B78FA7CD304" box="[363,529,1616,1641]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">C. mavoravina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Within that clade,
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8AEDE3B78FBEAD304" box="[746,903,1616,1641]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crossolepis">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AEDE3B78FBEAD304" box="[746,903,1616,1641]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">C. crossolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to a subclade of 12 species that in turn is divided into two well supported groups. The first of these two groups includes
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8AFDF3B5AFCFCD3E6" authorityName="Leandri" authorityYear="1939" box="[1003,1169,1650,1675]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mavoravina">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AFDF3B5AFCFCD3E6" box="[1003,1169,1650,1675]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">C. mavoravina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
along with several others smaller-leaved species from the south of
<collectingCountry id="CDAAEBBBFFB7FFE8AE573BBDFA81D3C3" box="[611,748,1685,1710]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, including C.
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AFA53BBDFC71D3C3" box="[913,1052,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">aubrevilecta</emphasis>
Leandri (1970: 310),
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8A9283BBDF906D3BC" authority="Leandri (1969: 504)" authorityName="Leandri" authorityPageNumber="504" authorityYear="1969" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="miarensis">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8A9283BBDFDC6D3C3" box="[1308,1451,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">C. miarensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D12CD6DAFFB7FFE8ACBC3B90F906D3BC" author="Leandri, J." box="[136,363,1720,1745]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" refId="ref3187" refString="7: 1 - 100. Leandri, J. (1969) Sur quelques especes malgaches de Croton (Euphorbiacees). Adansonia, n. s. 9: 497 - 510. Leandri, J. (1970) Croton malgaches. Adansonia, n. s. 10: 309 - 314. Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum. Imprensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 1200 pp. Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2016) The genus Croton in Madagascar and the Comoro Is. Preprint deposited in the libraries of K, BM and WSY on" type="book" year="1969">Leandri (1969: 504)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8AD913B90FB73D3BC" authority="Leandri (1939: 29)" authorityName="Leandri" authorityPageNumber="29" authorityYear="1939" box="[421,798,1720,1745]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kimosorum">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AD913B90FA2CD3BC" box="[421,577,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">C. kimosorum</emphasis>
Leandri (1939: 29)
</taxonomicName>
. Such a pattern suggests that
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8A8503B90FD6CD3BC" box="[1124,1281,1720,1745]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crossolepis">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8A8503B90FD6CD3BC" box="[1124,1281,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">C. crossolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be related to
<taxonomicName id="72BDD0A8FFB7FFE8AC923BF2F923D39E" authorityName="Leandri" authorityYear="1939" box="[166,334,1754,1779]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mavoravina">
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AC923BF2F923D39E" box="[166,334,1754,1779]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">C. mavoravina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but is certainly not conspecific with it. We chose not to simply make a new combination with the Radcliffe-Smith (2016) varietal name “
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8AE0E3BD5FAABD27B" box="[570,710,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">thysanolepis</emphasis>
” because that is not required by the Code, but more importantly we chose to use our own collection as the
<typeStatus id="6A061589FFB7FFE8AE083A08FA01D254" box="[572,620,1824,1849]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">type</typeStatus>
because it is well documented with a georeferenced locality, photographs are available in the Tropicos® database, and molecular sequence data from it are published in
<bibRefCitation id="D12CD6DAFFB7FFE8A89C3A6AFDEDD236" author="Haber, E. A. &amp; Kainulainen, K. &amp; van Ee, B. W. &amp; Oyserman, B. O. &amp; Berry, P. E." box="[1192,1408,1858,1883]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" refId="ref3037" refString="Cambridge, iv + 32 pp. Haber, E. A., Kainulainen, K., van Ee, B. W., Oyserman, B. O. &amp; Berry, P. E. (2017) Phylogenetic relationships of a major diversification of" type="book" year="2017">
Haber
<emphasis id="87C97739FFB7FFE8A8C73A6AFD46D236" box="[1267,1323,1858,1883]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B502AB2BFFB7FFE8AC893A4DF97BDD46" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,2091]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
In view of our current lack of knowledge about the pistillate flowers and fruits of this species, we would strongly encourage botanists visiting southern
<collectingCountry id="CDAAEBBBFFB7FFE8AE713AA0FAA1D2CC" box="[581,716,1928,1953]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
to search for this species in an effort to characterize it more substantially and to improve the threat assessment for the species. Mature inflorescences, particularly ones with female flowers and fruits would be particularly helpful. Likewise, since we do not yet understand the significance of the green phelloderm layer underneath the young stem cortex, determining the extent of this feature on older wood would also be desirable.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>