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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-94-13" ID-Pensoft-UUID="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" ID-ZooBank="6CB807239A47403FABEC9AF8AE7F417F" ModsDocID="1314-2607-94-13" checkinTime="1671601504499" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Burks, Roger, Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan, Fusu, Lucian, Heraty, John M., Jansta, Petr, Heydon, Steve, Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey, Peters, Ralph S., Tselikh, Ekaterina V., Woolley, James B., van Noort, Simon, Baur, Hannes, Cruaud, Astrid, Darling, Christopher, Haas, Michael, Hanson, Paul, Krogmann, Lars &amp; Rasplus, Jean-Yves" docDate="2022" docId="F7B5A29F70185DC4AE6E84D567DE4DA6" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 94: 13-88" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 94" docPubDate="2022-12-20" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263" docTitle="Keirana Boucek 1988" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" masterDocTitle="From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="13" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1671601504499" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Burks, Roger</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fusu, Lucian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Heraty, John M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Jansta, Petr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic &amp; Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Heydon, Steve</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Insects Division, Natural History Museum, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Peters, Ralph S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Tselikh, Ekaterina V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Woolley, James B.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Texas A &amp; M University, College Station, TX, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>van Noort, Simon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town 8000 South Africa &amp; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Baur, Hannes</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1360-3487</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland &amp; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Cruaud, Astrid</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Darling, Christopher</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 2 C 6, Canada &amp; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 1 A 1, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Haas, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Hanson, Paul</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose 11501 - 2060, Costa Rica</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Krogmann, Lars</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany &amp; Institute of Biology, Biological Systematics (190 n) University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Rasplus, Jean-Yves</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F7B5A29F70185DC4AE6E84D567DE4DA6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F7B5A29F70185DC4AE6E84D567DE4DA6" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName LSID="F7B5A29F-7018-5DC4-AE6E-84D567DE4DA6" authority="revised status" authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1988" family="Metapelmatidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Metapelmatidae revised status</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Metapelmatidae" genus="Metapelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapelma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Metapelma</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
, 1988. Type genus:
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Metapelmatidae" genus="Metapelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapelma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Metapelma</taxonomicName>
Westwood, 1835.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
Antenna with 11 flagellomeres, including 3 clavomeres. Eyes ventrally divergent. Clypeus with truncate apical margin. Labrum subquadrate, exposed. Mandibles with a ventral tooth and a dorsal weakly emarginate truncation or with 3 teeth. Subforaminal bridge with postgenal bridge separating secondary posterior tentorial pits from hypostoma; hypostomal carina convergent. Axilla transverse, approximated medially. Mesoscutellum with apex rounded; axillular groove or carina present. Frenum absent. Acropleuron enlarged, convex and pad-like, covering most of mesopleural area but separated from metacoxa by mesepimeron and metapleuron (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 115–120" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figures 115 - 120. 115, 116 Keirana sp. (Megastigmidae, Keiraninae) 115 wing 116 metasoma lateral view 117, 118 Metapelma sp. (Metapelmatidae) 117 mesosoma lateral view 118 apex of mesotibia and mesotarsus 119, 120 Neanastatus sp. (Neanastatidae) 119 mesosoma lateral view 120 mesosoma ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures115-120" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781083" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">117</figureCitation>
). All legs with 5 tarsomeres; protibial spur stout and curved; basitarsal comb longitudinal; ventral membranous area anterior to mesocoxal attachment absent; mesotibial spur stout; mesotarsus with 1 row of pegs anteroventrally (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 115–120" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figures 115 - 120. 115, 116 Keirana sp. (Megastigmidae, Keiraninae) 115 wing 116 metasoma lateral view 117, 118 Metapelma sp. (Metapelmatidae) 117 mesosoma lateral view 118 apex of mesotibia and mesotarsus 119, 120 Neanastatus sp. (Neanastatidae) 119 mesosoma lateral view 120 mesosoma ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures115-120" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781083" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">118</figureCitation>
). Metasoma with separate Mt8 and Mt9 in females, without syntergum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
Next-generation molecular data (Cruaud et al., submitted) consistently place
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Neanastatidae" genus="Metapelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapelma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Metapelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Westwood far from its former position in what is now
<taxonomicName family="Neanastatidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Neanastatidae</taxonomicName>
, instead most frequently as the sister group of
<taxonomicName family="Macromesidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Macromesidae</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1833" family="Cleonymidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Cleonymidae</taxonomicName>
. There is only minor, and not consistently diagnostic, resemblance between these three groups, and therefore
<taxonomicName family="Metapelmatidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Metapelmatidae</taxonomicName>
revised status is restored from synonymy as a separate family. The difference between
<taxonomicName family="Metapelmatidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Metapelmatidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Neanastatidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Neanastatidae</taxonomicName>
is subtle but present, in that
<taxonomicName family="Neanastatidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Neanastatidae</taxonomicName>
do not have the mesopleural area separated from the metacoxa by the mesepimeron and metapleuron.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eopelma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Eopelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also differs in several respects, including having fewer flagellomeres with an undivided clava, and does not bear any resemblance to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Neanastatidae" genus="Metapelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metapelma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Metapelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eupelmidae</taxonomicName>
differ in ways explained by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121149fv" author="Gibson, GAP" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 121" refId="B19" refString="Gibson, GAP, 1989. Phylogeny and classification of Eupelmidae, with a revision of the world genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 149: 1 - 121, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121149fv" title="Phylogeny and classification of Eupelmidae, with a revision of the world genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121149fv" volume="149" year="1989">Gibson (1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Gibson, GAP" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" refId="B20" refString="Gibson, GAP, 1995. Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International 5: [v +] 421." title="Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: classification and revision of world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International 5: [v +] 421." year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
), but notably by having a membranous area anterior to the mesocoxal attachment ventrally. Male
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eupelminae">Eupelminae</taxonomicName>
additionally do not have an expanded acropleuron and all the associated modifications of the mesosoma and mid legs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1029-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">E4AB70044633405197DFE02F1F68CCC4</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">24EE8857253253C993F86C5F688AF3E8</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="180881689" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C4C02082-8D11-421C-9865-9F3EBD121173" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F7B5E07CAE4752F88D50D0D0EDD0E73B" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/C4C02082-8D11-421C-9865-9F3EBD121173" authority="Zhang &amp; Li" authorityName="Zhang &amp; Li" authorityYear="2021" class="Arachnida" family="Pimoidae" genus="Pimoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pimoa phaplu" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phaplu" status="sp. nov.">Pimoa phaplu Zhang &amp; Li</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="F37" captionText="Figure 37. Left palp of Pimoa phaplu sp. nov., holotype A prolateral view B retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for A, B." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529492" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figures 37</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Epigyne and habitus of Pimoa phaplu sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view C schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E male habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for F, G." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529493" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 38</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="F57" captionText="Figure 57. Left palps of Pimoa new species, ventral view A Pimoa phaplu sp. nov. B Pimoa sangri sp. nov. C Pimoa tengchong sp. nov. D Pimoa xiahe sp. nov. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529512" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 57</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="F59" captionText="Figure 59. Distribution records of Pimoa new species in this paper 1 P. anning sp. nov. 2 P. bomi sp. nov. 3 P. cawarong sp. nov. 4 P. daman sp. nov. 5 P. danba sp. nov. 6 P. deqen sp. nov. 7 P. dongjiu sp. nov. 8 P. guiqing sp. nov. 9 P. gyaca sp. nov. 10 P. gyara sp. nov. 11 P. gyirong sp. nov. 12 P. heishui sp. nov. 13 P. jinchuan sp. nov. 14 P. khaptad sp. nov. 15 P. koshi sp. nov. 16 P. lhatog sp. nov. 17 P. mechi sp. nov. 18 P. miandam sp. nov. 19 P. miero sp. nov. 20 P. mude sp. nov. 21 P. muli sp. nov. 22 P. naran sp. nov. 23 P. ninglang sp. nov. 24 P. nyalam sp. nov. 25 P. phaplu sp. nov. 26 P. putou sp. nov. 27 P. rara sp. nov. 28 P. sangri sp. nov. 29 P. shigatse sp. nov. 30 P. tengchong sp. nov. 31 P. xiahe sp. nov. 32 P. yejiei sp. nov. 33 P. yele sp. nov. 34 P. zayu sp. nov. 35 P. zhigangi sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure59" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529514" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 59</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
♂ (IZCAS-Ar41990), Nepal, Sagarmatha District, Phaplu Airport,
<geoCoordinate degrees="27.53" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="27.53">27.53°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="86.60" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="86.6">86.60°E</geoCoordinate>
, ca. 2530 m, 26.III.2019, C. Shrestha leg.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paratypes</emphasis>
: 2♀ (IZCAS-Ar41991-Ar41992), same data as holotype.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The male of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zhang &amp; Li" authorityYear="2021" class="Arachnida" family="Pimoidae" genus="Pimoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pimoa phaplu" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phaplu">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pimoa phaplu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. resembles those of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. nematoides" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nematoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. nematoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hormiga, 1994 (see
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.549" author="Hormiga, G" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 104" refId="B8" refString="Hormiga, G, 1994a. A revision and cladistic analysis of the spider family Pimoidae (Araneoidea: Araneae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 549: 1 - 104, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.549" title="A revision and cladistic analysis of the spider family Pimoidae (Araneoidea: Araneae)." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.549" volume="549" year="1994 a">Hormiga 1994a</bibRefCitation>
: 71, figs 285-289) and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. yadong" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yadong">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. yadong</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.940.49793" author="Zhang, X" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="79 - 104" refId="B24" refString="Zhang, X, Lan, T, Nie, L, Li, S, 2020. Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from Tibet, China. ZooKeys 940: 79 - 104, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.940.49793" title="Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from Tibet, China." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.940.49793" volume="940" year="2020">Zhang et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
: 99, fig. 14A-C) but can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. nematoides" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nematoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. nematoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the longer palpal patella and tibia (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="F37" captionText="Figure 37. Left palp of Pimoa phaplu sp. nov., holotype A prolateral view B retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for A, B." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529492" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">37A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="F57" captionText="Figure 57. Left palps of Pimoa new species, ventral view A Pimoa phaplu sp. nov. B Pimoa sangri sp. nov. C Pimoa tengchong sp. nov. D Pimoa xiahe sp. nov. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529512" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">57A</figureCitation>
) (vs. short) and from
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. yadong" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yadong">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. yadong</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the unsclerotized median apophysis (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="F57" captionText="Figure 57. Left palps of Pimoa new species, ventral view A Pimoa phaplu sp. nov. B Pimoa sangri sp. nov. C Pimoa tengchong sp. nov. D Pimoa xiahe sp. nov. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529512" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">57A</figureCitation>
) (vs. sclerotized) and also by the membranous, distinct conductor (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="F57" captionText="Figure 57. Left palps of Pimoa new species, ventral view A Pimoa phaplu sp. nov. B Pimoa sangri sp. nov. C Pimoa tengchong sp. nov. D Pimoa xiahe sp. nov. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529512" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">57A</figureCitation>
) (vs. indistinct). The female of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. phaplu" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phaplu">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. phaplu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. resembles those of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. sinuosa" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinuosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sinuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.549" author="Hormiga, G" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 104" refId="B8" refString="Hormiga, G, 1994a. A revision and cladistic analysis of the spider family Pimoidae (Araneoidea: Araneae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 549: 1 - 104, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.549" title="A revision and cladistic analysis of the spider family Pimoidae (Araneoidea: Araneae)." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.549" volume="549" year="1994 a">Hormiga 1994a</bibRefCitation>
: 67, figs 266-274) and
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. yadong" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yadong">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. yadong</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.940.49793" author="Zhang, X" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="79 - 104" refId="B24" refString="Zhang, X, Lan, T, Nie, L, Li, S, 2020. Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from Tibet, China. ZooKeys 940: 79 - 104, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.940.49793" title="Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from Tibet, China." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.940.49793" volume="940" year="2020">Zhang et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
: 99, fig. 15A-D) but can be distinguished by the bean-shaped spermathecae, separated by a short distance (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Epigyne and habitus of Pimoa phaplu sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view C schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E male habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for F, G." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529493" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">38A</figureCitation>
) (vs. unseparated in
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. sinuosa" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinuosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. sinuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and round in
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. yadong" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yadong">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. yadong</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and also from
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. yadong" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yadong">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. yadong</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the distally narrow dorsal plate (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Epigyne and habitus of Pimoa phaplu sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view C schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E male habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for F, G." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529493" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">38B</figureCitation>
) (vs. distally blunt).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529492" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 37" startId="F37">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 37.</emphasis>
Left palp of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zhang &amp; Li" authorityYear="2021" class="Arachnida" family="Pimoidae" genus="Pimoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pimoa phaplu" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phaplu">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pimoa phaplu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., holotype
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
prolateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529493" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 38" startId="F38">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 38.</emphasis>
Epigyne and habitus of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zhang &amp; Li" authorityYear="2021" class="Arachnida" family="Pimoidae" genus="Pimoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pimoa phaplu" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phaplu">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pimoa phaplu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
epigyne, ventral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
vulva, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
male habitus, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
female habitus, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F, G</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Male (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">holotype</emphasis>
)
</emphasis>
: Total length 7.05. Carapace 3.53 long, 3.09 wide. Abdomen 3.52 long, 2.47 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.21, ALE 0.20, PME 0.21, PLE 0.21; AME-AME 0.15, AME-ALE 0.14, PME-PME 0.17, PME-PLE 0.19. Leg measurements: I: 25.35 (7.63, 7.96, 6.92, 2.84); II: 20.32 (6.16, 6.24, 5.52, 2.40); III: 14.64 (4.60, 4.56, 3.96, 1.52); IV: 20.68 (6.06, 6.81, 5.78, 2.03). Habitus as in Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Epigyne and habitus of Pimoa phaplu sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view C schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E male habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for F, G." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529493" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">38E</figureCitation>
. Carapace yellowish with black lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen black with slightly yellowish transverse bands. Legs brownish with black annulations. Palp (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="F37" captionText="Figure 37. Left palp of Pimoa phaplu sp. nov., holotype A prolateral view B retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for A, B." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529492" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">37A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="F57" captionText="Figure 57. Left palps of Pimoa new species, ventral view A Pimoa phaplu sp. nov. B Pimoa sangri sp. nov. C Pimoa tengchong sp. nov. D Pimoa xiahe sp. nov. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529512" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">57A</figureCitation>
): patella long, ca. 1/2 of tibial length; tibia long, subequal to cymbial length, with a dorsal process; paracymbium large, ca. 1/2 of cymbial length; pimoid cymbial sclerite L-shaped, ca. 1/2 of cymbial length; cymbial denticulate process short and distally pointed, with more than 8 cuspules; median apophysis slender; conductor membranous and distinct; pimoid embolic process almost as long as embolus; embolus beginning at the 3:00
<normalizedToken originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
position; embolic tooth absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Female (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">paratype</emphasis>
)
</emphasis>
: Total length 9.40. Carapace 3.64 long, 3.24 wide. Abdomen 5.76 long, 4.60 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.24, ALE 0.26, PME 0.22, PLE 0.25; AME-AME 0.13, AME-ALE 0.18, PME-PME 0.23, PME-PLE 0.26. Leg measurements: I: 23.00 (6.68, 7.68, 6.04, 2.60); II: 21.20 (6.28, 6.96, 5.60, 2.36); III: 14.16 (4.32, 4.40, 3.76, 1.68); IV: 20.13 (5.96, 6.44, 5.92, 1.81). Habitus as in Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Epigyne and habitus of Pimoa phaplu sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view C schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E male habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for F, G." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529493" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">38F, G</figureCitation>
. Carapace yellowish with black lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen black with yellowish transverse chevrons and vertical band extending to the medial part. Legs brownish with black annulations. Epigyne (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Epigyne and habitus of Pimoa phaplu sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B vulva, dorsal view C schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E male habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for F, G." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529493" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">38A-D</figureCitation>
): subtriangular; ventral plate broad, length subequal to width; dorsal plate tongue shaped, distally extending beyond the ventral plate; copulatory openings distinct; spermathecae bean shaped, separated by short distance; fertilization ducts hyaline, medially oriented.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Known only from the type locality, Sagarmatha District, Nepal (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 59" captionStartId="F59" captionText="Figure 59. Distribution records of Pimoa new species in this paper 1 P. anning sp. nov. 2 P. bomi sp. nov. 3 P. cawarong sp. nov. 4 P. daman sp. nov. 5 P. danba sp. nov. 6 P. deqen sp. nov. 7 P. dongjiu sp. nov. 8 P. guiqing sp. nov. 9 P. gyaca sp. nov. 10 P. gyara sp. nov. 11 P. gyirong sp. nov. 12 P. heishui sp. nov. 13 P. jinchuan sp. nov. 14 P. khaptad sp. nov. 15 P. koshi sp. nov. 16 P. lhatog sp. nov. 17 P. mechi sp. nov. 18 P. miandam sp. nov. 19 P. miero sp. nov. 20 P. mude sp. nov. 21 P. muli sp. nov. 22 P. naran sp. nov. 23 P. ninglang sp. nov. 24 P. nyalam sp. nov. 25 P. phaplu sp. nov. 26 P. putou sp. nov. 27 P. rara sp. nov. 28 P. sangri sp. nov. 29 P. shigatse sp. nov. 30 P. tengchong sp. nov. 31 P. xiahe sp. nov. 32 P. yejiei sp. nov. 33 P. yele sp. nov. 34 P. zayu sp. nov. 35 P. zhigangi sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080.figure59" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/529514" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">59</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380" ID-PMC="PMC6033956" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-102-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" ID-PubMed="30002597" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1306325" ModsDocID="1314-2003-102-1" checkinTime="1530324112772" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="DeFilipps, Robert A. &amp; Krupnick, Gary A." docDate="2018" docId="F7B5F37190A2DB932E9A6F1E95209AFF" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 102: 1-341" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 102" docPubDate="2018-06-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380" docTitle="Eryngium caeruleum M. Bieb." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" masterDocTitle="The medicinal plants of Myanmar" masterLastPageNumber="341" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1668138950833" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>The medicinal plants of Myanmar</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>DeFilipps, Robert A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Deceased</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Krupnick, Gary A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1357-4826</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC- 166, Washington, DC, 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">krupnick@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2018-06-28</mods:number>
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<mods:number>102</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="150768779" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F7B5F37190A2DB932E9A6F1E95209AFF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F7B5F37190A2DB932E9A6F1E95209AFF" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName LSID="F7B5F371-90A2-DB93-2E9A-6F1E95209AFF" authority="M. Bieb." authorityName="M. Bieb." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Eryngium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eryngium caeruleum" order="Apiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caeruleum">Eryngium caeruleum M. Bieb.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="name">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Name.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">English</emphasis>
: sea holly.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="range">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Range.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Southern Europe to West Asia.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="uses">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Root</emphasis>
: Used to treat paralysis and as a tonic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The chemicals in this plant have been shown to be effective in the treatment of piles, and as a tonic and aphrodisiac (
<bibRefCitation author="Duke, JA" journalOrPublisher="Lipid / Fett" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" publicationUrl="http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/" refId="B33" refString="Duke, JA, 2009. Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical database. USDA-ARS-NGRL, Beltsville Agricultural Research Centre, Maryland. http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/" title="Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical database. USDA-ARS-NGRL, Beltsville Agricultural Research Centre, Maryland." url="http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/" year="2009">Duke 2009</bibRefCitation>
). The root is used as an aphrodisiac and as a nervine (
<bibRefCitation author="Chopra, RN" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vector Ecology" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B25" refString="Chopra, RN, Nayar, SL, Chopra, IC, 1986. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi." title="Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi." year="1986">Chopra et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="reference">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Reference.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<bibRefCitation author="Nordal, A" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B85" refString="Nordal, A, 1963. The Medicinal Plants and Crude Drugs of Burma. Hellstrom &amp; Nordahls Boktrykkeri, Oslo." title="The Medicinal Plants and Crude Drugs of Burma. Hellstrom &amp; Nordahls Boktrykkeri, Oslo." year="1963">Nordal (1963)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>