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<document id="D5931B291A0AF5BE9D71789F7B12C265" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5453.1.10" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11232977" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1716281564498" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Valencia-Zuleta, Alejandro, Milto, Konstantin D. &amp; Maciel, Natan M." docDate="2024" docId="03FACA00FFDF3E2DFF3AFF17EA72E4FB" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5453.1.10.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5453 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5453.1.10" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Rhinella marina" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="141" masterDocId="FFC3B278FFDC3E2AFFFDFF80EE18E40C" masterDocTitle="Redescription of the holotype of the cane toad Rana marina Linnaeus, 1758 (Anura: Bufonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="143" masterPageNumber="135" pageNumber="138" updateTime="1733876653962" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="74D301DF06937A846EE8283A034CC8F5">Redescription of the holotype of the cane toad Rana marina Linnaeus, 1758 (Anura: Bufonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F797468A70633497C078889901BC1FC8">Valencia-Zuleta, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="73A23A9144A1265E911E8B2D96C51E5A">Laboratório de Herpetologia e Comportamento Animal, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690 - 900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="7BB93BED92A9878F9E715A17344830EA" type="email">alejandrovalencia08@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="131B75B7C045A749DB0076495BC736F1">Milto, Konstantin D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="0AC89EC1FB6DF61CFF82A491DA7E17FA" type="ORCID">0000-0003-4061-0164</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="9E4889BB650233D71D248965F488D31E">Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="9E26F6911B1E5F706C20B1721DB9341D" type="email">coluber@zin.ru</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="3CAB1D53C9B3E128108114DC8603B3C7">Maciel, Natan M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="77894AAB4FB6C553545C00AD7041DEAF" type="ORCID">0000-0001-5654-0645</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="39FEC0A3595A04D3B6BF2D3A2A14EB5A">Laboratório de Herpetologia e Comportamento Animal, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690 - 900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="3CE15BE6B655164D69150FF346EC15C7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BEC7B16FFDF3E29FF3AFF17EF6FE4A3" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1868]" box="[199,375,151,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
<taxonomicName id="4C530095FFDF3E29FF3AFF17EF6FE4A3" ID-CoL="4S7NY" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[199,375,151,175]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDF3E29FF3AFF17EF6FE4A3" box="[199,375,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Rhinella marina</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BEC7B16FFDF3E29FE82FF17EEC5E58B" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
is a large toad identified mainly by all cranial crests well developed; head wider than long; snout rounded in dorsal view; parotoid glands longer than wide, with triangular to ovoid shape, with indistinct borders; and dorsal skin covered by irregularly scattered warts (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDF3E29FD29FF5FED7FE4FB" author="Easteal, S." box="[724,871,223,247]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref4991" refString="Easteal, S. (1986) Bufo marinus (Linnaeus) - Giant toad. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 395, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1986">Easteal 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDF3E29FC8BFF60EA21E4FB" author="Kwet, A. &amp; Maneyro, R." box="[886,1081,223,247]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" pagination="479 - 485" refId="ref5375" refString="Kwet, A., Di-bernardo, M. &amp; Maneyro, R. (2006) First record of Chaunus achavali (Anura, Bufonidae) from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with a key for the identification of the species in the Chaunus marinus group. Iheringia. Serie Zoologia, 96, 479 - 485. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212006000400013" type="journal article" year="2006">
Kwet
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDF3E29FC46FF60EDEDE4FB" box="[955,1013,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDF3E29FBB5FF5FEB89E4F4" author="Rodriguez, L. O. &amp; Duellman, W. E." box="[1096,1425,223,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" pagination="12" refId="ref6364" refString="Rodriguez, L. O. &amp; Duellman, W. E. (1994) Guide to the frogs of the Iquitos region, Amazonian Peru. Asociacion de ecologia y conservacion, Amazon Center for Environmental Education and Research; Natural History Museum, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, ii + 80 + 12 (pls.) pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7937" type="journal article" year="1994">Rodriguez &amp; Duellman 1994</bibRefCitation>
). Etymologically the specific name
<taxonomicName id="4C530095FFDF3E29FDFBFE84EC4BE517" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[518,595,260,283]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDF3E29FDFBFE84EC4BE517" box="[518,595,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">marina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the Latin word for “of the sea”. Linnaeus described
<taxonomicName id="4C530095FFDF3E29FB5EFE84EB16E517" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1187,1294,260,283]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDF3E29FB5EFE84EB16E517" box="[1187,1294,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">R. marina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the description provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDF3E29FE66FEA7EC07E54C" author="Seba, A." box="[411,543,295,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" refId="ref6566" refString="Seba, A. (1734) Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio, Et Iconibus Artificiosissimis Expressio, Per Universam Physices Historiam. Opus, Cui, In Hoc Rerum Genere, Nullum Par Exstitit. Ex Toto Terrarum Orbe Collegit, Digessit, Descripsit, Et Depingen. Tomus 1. Apud J. Wetstenium, Gul. Smith &amp; Janssonio-Waesbergios, Amstelaedami, 562 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14110" type="book" year="1734">Seba (1734)</bibRefCitation>
. Seba, or someone who collected the toad, mistakenly believe that the species could be found on land and sea:
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDF3E29FE41FECCECE0E56F" box="[444,760,332,355]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">“terra marique vivere patet”</emphasis>
which means “is free to live on land and in the sea” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDF3E29FAB0FECBEEC9E58B" author="Easteal, S." pageId="3" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref4991" refString="Easteal, S. (1986) Bufo marinus (Linnaeus) - Giant toad. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 395, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1986">Easteal 1986</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC7B16FFDF3E29FF3AFE13ED93E7A8" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
When compared, the illustration (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FDCFFE13EC69E5A0" box="[562,625,403,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[447,1140,235,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-55@1.[447,1140,235,1870]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rana marina illustrated in Seba (1734), plate LXXVI, figure 1. (A) Black-and-white copy of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis, Missouri (USA), available at &lt;https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/&gt;. (B) Hand painted reprinted from the copy of the Smithsonian Libraries and Archives, Washington DC (USA), available at &lt;https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/&gt;. (C) Hand painted copy of the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232980/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) and description of
<taxonomicName id="4C530095FFDF3E29FCB0FE14EA73E5A0" authority="(Seba, 1734)" baseAuthorityName="Seba" baseAuthorityYear="1734" box="[845,1131,403,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDF3E29FCB0FE14EDC2E5A7" box="[845,986,404,427]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Rana marina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDF3E29FC14FE13EA7CE5A0" author="Seba, A." box="[1001,1124,403,428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" refId="ref6566" refString="Seba, A. (1734) Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio, Et Iconibus Artificiosissimis Expressio, Per Universam Physices Historiam. Opus, Cui, In Hoc Rerum Genere, Nullum Par Exstitit. Ex Toto Terrarum Orbe Collegit, Digessit, Descripsit, Et Depingen. Tomus 1. Apud J. Wetstenium, Gul. Smith &amp; Janssonio-Waesbergios, Amstelaedami, 562 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14110" type="book" year="1734">Seba, 1734</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and the specimen ZISP 256 (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FF62FE37EEF9E5DC" box="[159,225,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) have many similarities. ZISP 256, as indicated in the first line of the
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDF3E29FC0EFE37EB36E5C3" box="[1011,1326,439,463]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">tabula septuagesima et sexta</emphasis>
: “
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDF3E29FAB7FE38EC2FE5FF" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
Num. I.
<taxonomicName id="4C530095FFDF3E29FF6AFE5CEFAEE5FF" authority=", Marina, Americana" authorityName="Marina, Americana" box="[151,438,476,499]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rana, Marina, Americana</taxonomicName>
, rara;
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDF3E29FDF9FE5CEC2FE5FF" bold="true" box="[516,567,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">mas.</emphasis>
</emphasis>
” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDF3E29FDAEFE5BECC9E5F8" author="Seba, A." box="[595,721,475,500]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" refId="ref6566" refString="Seba, A. (1734) Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio, Et Iconibus Artificiosissimis Expressio, Per Universam Physices Historiam. Opus, Cui, In Hoc Rerum Genere, Nullum Par Exstitit. Ex Toto Terrarum Orbe Collegit, Digessit, Descripsit, Et Depingen. Tomus 1. Apud J. Wetstenium, Gul. Smith &amp; Janssonio-Waesbergios, Amstelaedami, 562 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14110" type="book" year="1734">Seba, 1734</bibRefCitation>
), corresponds to a male. We confirmed this designation based on external characteristics outlined by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDF3E29FDE1FD80EC8CE614" author="Lee, J. C." box="[540,660,512,536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" pagination="928 - 935" refId="ref5574" refString="Lee, J. C. (2001) Evolution of a secondary sexual dimorphism in the toad, Bufo marinus. Copeia, 2001, 928 - 935. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2001) 001 [0928: EOASSD] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2001">Lee (2001)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDF3E29FD30FE7FEDFCE614" author="Kelehear, C. &amp; Shine, R." box="[717,996,511,536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" pagination="20190462" refId="ref5329" refString="Kelehear, C. &amp; Shine, R. (2019) Non-reproductive male cane toads (Rhinella marina) withhold sex-identifying information from their rivals. Biology Letters, 15, 20190462. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsbl. 2019.0462" type="journal article" year="2019">Kelehear &amp; Shine (2019)</bibRefCitation>
, without resorting to incisions or forced mouth opening, to examine gonads or vocal slits respectively, given the age and relevance of this specimen. Firstly, we evaluated the robustness of the forearms (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FDACFDC7EC8AE66C" box="[593,658,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1103,1127]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1079]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1436,181,1079]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. In dorsal view, the right arm featuring the forearm and hand is depicted. The holotype of Rana marina ZISP 256 (A), housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; and the female specimen RMNH41769 (B) from Paramaribo, Suriname housed in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands. Image of the holotype was provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia, while image of RMNH41769 was taken by A. Anker." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232995/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), assessing this condition by calculating the ratio of forearm width (at the midpoint of its length) to forearm length (FAR) of ZISP 256. We then compared this ratio with that of a female specimen (RMNH41769) of similar size (SVL of
<quantity id="4CABD6F3FFDF3E29FDB4FD10ECDEE6A4" box="[585,710,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2978" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" unit="mm" value="129.78">129.78 mm</quantity>
) from
<collectingRegion id="4997B5F4FFDF3E29FCEFFD0FED88E6AB" box="[786,912,655,679]" country="Suriname" name="Paramaribo" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Paramaribo</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3443B86FFDF3E29FC61FD0FEA1DE6AB" box="[924,1029,655,679]" name="Suriname" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Suriname</collectingCountry>
, the suggested most likely locality of the
<typeStatus id="54E8C5B4FFDF3E29FF3DFD33EF05E6C7" box="[192,285,691,715]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(see discussion below), housed at the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands. Our findings indicated that forearm width in ZISP 256 (
<quantity id="4CABD6F3FFDF3E29FD4CFD57ED09E6FC" box="[689,785,727,752]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.96" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" unit="mm" value="19.6">19.6 mm</quantity>
) accounted for 57% of the FAR, while in the female was 34% (forearm width =
<quantity id="4CABD6F3FFDF3E29FEABFD7CEFDEE71F" box="[342,454,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.132" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" unit="mm" value="11.32">11.32 mm</quantity>
; FAR =
<quantity id="4CABD6F3FFDF3E29FDDFFD7BEC8AE718" box="[546,658,763,788]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.316" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" unit="mm" value="33.16">33.16 mm</quantity>
), supporting the more robust condition of ZISP 256. Secondly, there is a noticeable progressive shift in color from dark brown in the throat to light brown in the venter (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FB80FC9FEAC8E734" box="[1149,1232,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
). It appears that the originally black throat turned brown due to preservation conditions. Thirdly, a dorsal colouration leaning more towards yellow than brown, commonly found in females (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FD56FCE7ED19E78C" box="[683,769,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). And finally, presence of nuptial pads, identified in ZISP 256 by a different color found on the thumb and adjacent fingers (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FCD5FC0BED67E7A8" box="[808,895,907,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1103,1127]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1079]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1436,181,1079]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. In dorsal view, the right arm featuring the forearm and hand is depicted. The holotype of Rana marina ZISP 256 (A), housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; and the female specimen RMNH41769 (B) from Paramaribo, Suriname housed in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands. Image of the holotype was provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia, while image of RMNH41769 was taken by A. Anker." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232995/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC7B16FFDF3E29FF3AFC2FEED0E0AC" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
Also, as described and shown in the illustration by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDF3E29FD23FC2FED78E7C4" author="Seba, A." box="[734,864,943,968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" refId="ref6566" refString="Seba, A. (1734) Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio, Et Iconibus Artificiosissimis Expressio, Per Universam Physices Historiam. Opus, Cui, In Hoc Rerum Genere, Nullum Par Exstitit. Ex Toto Terrarum Orbe Collegit, Digessit, Descripsit, Et Depingen. Tomus 1. Apud J. Wetstenium, Gul. Smith &amp; Janssonio-Waesbergios, Amstelaedami, 562 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14110" type="book" year="1734">Seba (1734)</bibRefCitation>
, ZISP 256 presents large and small tubercles along the body (dorsally), except on the head. In both, illustration and ZISP 256, the head shape is rounded in dorsal view (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FAC6FC53EB97E7E0" box="[1339,1423,979,1004]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
); cranial crests are present and well developed (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FD7CFC77ECEDE01C" box="[641,757,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 3D–E</figureCitation>
); parotoid glands have ovoid shape (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FB86FC77EAD5E01C" box="[1147,1229,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
); with dark patches arranged in the form of broad, interrupted dorsolateral stripes, parallel, well-marked, with the presence of tubercles of different sizes that arise in the anterior region of the parotoid glands and end on each side of the cloaca, which appears to be an effect of the status of preservation of ZISP 256 (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FCF9FBE3ED43E070" box="[772,859,1123,1148]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
); and interdigital webbing present on hindlimbs (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FA8CFBE3EEA3E0AC" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC7B16FFDF3E29FF3AFB2CEC47E197" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
However, different from the illustration, ZISP 256 is fixed and conserved with arms and legs folded (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FAE6FB2BEB69E0C8" box="[1307,1393,1195,1220]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
). In the description of
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDF3E29FEA5FB4FEFC2E0E4" author="Seba, A." box="[344,474,1231,1256]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" refId="ref6566" refString="Seba, A. (1734) Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio, Et Iconibus Artificiosissimis Expressio, Per Universam Physices Historiam. Opus, Cui, In Hoc Rerum Genere, Nullum Par Exstitit. Ex Toto Terrarum Orbe Collegit, Digessit, Descripsit, Et Depingen. Tomus 1. Apud J. Wetstenium, Gul. Smith &amp; Janssonio-Waesbergios, Amstelaedami, 562 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14110" type="book" year="1734">Seba (1734)</bibRefCitation>
(
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDF3E29FE14FB4FED04E0EB" box="[489,796,1231,1255]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">tabula septuagesima et sexta</emphasis>
): “
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDF3E29FCC2FB4FEA7CE107" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Ubi pedes ejus antici, &amp; postici, extensi lunt, longitudine dimidium cubitum excedit; neque tamen extendi satis nune potest, quia exsiccata est...”</emphasis>
in literal translation means: “When its forelegs and hindlegs are stretched out, they exceed half an ell in length; fact is it cannot be extended, because it is dried out”. It appears that the description and illustration was done before the specimens was dried out. Most likely the specimen was described still fresh and perhaps where it was collected as might be suggested by the text: “
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDF3E29FB03FADFEEFBE197" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Oculi grandes, lucidi”</emphasis>
which means: “Eyes large, bright”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC7B16FFDF3E29FF3AFA27EF9DE347" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
Also, the size ratio of hands and feet differs between ZISP 256 and the illustration. To facilitate comparison, we show ratios of hand length (HAL) to forearm length (FAR) and foot length (FL) to tibia length (TIL) from ZISP 256 and the illustration. The measurements of ZISP 256 are provided below with their redescription, while those for the illustration were estimated, in pixels, with the help of the ImageJ software v1.5. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDF3E29FC85F993EA46E220" author="Schneider, C. A. &amp; Rasband, W. S. &amp; Eliceiri, K. W." box="[888,1118,1555,1580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" pagination="671 - 675" refId="ref6508" refString="Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S. &amp; Eliceiri, K. W. (2012) NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of Image Analysis HHS Public Access. Nature Methods, 9, 671 - 675. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nmeth. 2089" type="journal article" year="2012">
Schneider
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDF3E29FC16F994EA39E227" box="[1003,1057,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
) based on an illustration from black-and-white copy of
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDF3E29FE5BF9B7EC31E25C" author="Seba, A." box="[422,553,1591,1616]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" refId="ref6566" refString="Seba, A. (1734) Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio, Et Iconibus Artificiosissimis Expressio, Per Universam Physices Historiam. Opus, Cui, In Hoc Rerum Genere, Nullum Par Exstitit. Ex Toto Terrarum Orbe Collegit, Digessit, Descripsit, Et Depingen. Tomus 1. Apud J. Wetstenium, Gul. Smith &amp; Janssonio-Waesbergios, Amstelaedami, 562 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14110" type="book" year="1734">Seba (1734)</bibRefCitation>
available at &lt;https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/&gt;. ZISP 256 (HAL/FAR = 0.96) has hands slightly larger than the illustration (HAL/FAR = 0.90) and feet (FL/TIL = 0.94) 30% larger than the illustration (FL/TIL = 0.57). The limb digits also differ in their relative length of the fingers I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III in the illustration (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FA8CF9FFEEBDE2B0" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[431,1156,186,1827]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[426,1161,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Jar with the specimen ZISP 256, holotype of Rana marina, available in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. The jar has a label at the top (enlarged at the bottom of this figure) indicating that it is a Bufo marinus L.; “Kunstkamer”; “America merid.”. Image provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232987/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) and II &lt;IV &lt;I &lt;III in ZISP 256 (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FDE1F923EC94E2B0" box="[540,652,1699,1724]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 3F–G</figureCitation>
) and toes I &lt;V &lt;II/IV &lt;III in the illustration (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FB79F923EADCE2B0" box="[1156,1220,1699,1724]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[431,1156,186,1827]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[426,1161,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Jar with the specimen ZISP 256, holotype of Rana marina, available in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. The jar has a label at the top (enlarged at the bottom of this figure) indicating that it is a Bufo marinus L.; “Kunstkamer”; “America merid.”. Image provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232987/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) and I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV in ZISP 256 (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FEA6F947EFD6E2EC" box="[347,462,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 3F–G</figureCitation>
). Furthermore, the termination of the digits also differs. In the illustration (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FB1BF947EB3EE2EC" box="[1254,1318,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[431,1156,186,1827]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[426,1161,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Jar with the specimen ZISP 256, holotype of Rana marina, available in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. The jar has a label at the top (enlarged at the bottom of this figure) indicating that it is a Bufo marinus L.; “Kunstkamer”; “America merid.”. Image provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232987/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), digits are rounded and widened, resembling adhesive disc, whereas in ZISP 256 (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDF3E29FC65F96BEA13E308" box="[920,1035,1771,1796]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Fig. 3F–G</figureCitation>
), digits are rounded but not widened. These differences may stem from the illustrator’s interpretation, potentially influenced by folded arms and legs condition observed in ZISP 256.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2C2B9EFFD83E2EFF6AF8C0EF43E3C9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" startId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" targetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BEC7B16FFD83E2EFF6AF8C0EF43E3C9" blockId="4.[151,1437,1856,1989]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="B927A704FFD83E2EFF6AF8C0EF0CE354" bold="true" box="[151,276,1856,1880]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C530095FFD83E2EFE61F8C1EC3AE354" baseAuthorityName="Seba" baseAuthorityYear="1734" box="[412,546,1857,1880]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
<emphasis id="B927A704FFD83E2EFE61F8C1EC3AE354" box="[412,546,1857,1880]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Rana marina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2C2B9EFFD93E2FFF6AFBCFECABE0FB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232995" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11232995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232995/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" startId="5.[151,250,1103,1127]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1079]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BEC7B16FFD93E2FFF6AFBCFECABE0FB" blockId="5.[151,1437,1103,1271]" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">
<emphasis id="B927A704FFD93E2FFF6AFBCFEF0CE06B" bold="true" box="[151,276,1103,1127]" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
In dorsal view, the right arm featuring the forearm and hand is depicted. The holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C530095FFD93E2FFB52FBD0EB77E06B" authority="ZISP" authorityName="ZISP" box="[1199,1391,1103,1127]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
<emphasis id="B927A704FFD93E2FFB52FBD0EB2DE06B" box="[1199,1333,1104,1127]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">Rana marina</emphasis>
ZISP
</taxonomicName>
256 (A), housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; and the female specimen RMNH41769 (B) from Paramaribo, Suriname housed in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands. Image of the holotype was provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia, while image of RMNH41769 was taken by A. Anker.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEC7B16FFD93E2FFF3AFACBEA04E2E3" blockId="5.[151,1437,1355,2027]" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">
Comparisons and diagnoses recovered from illustrations found in Seba’s book can be a challenging task (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFD93E2FFAACFACBEF13E18B" author="Lavilla, E. O. &amp; Caramaschi, U. &amp; Langone, J. A. &amp; Pombal, J. P. &amp; De Sa, R. O." pageId="5" pageNumber="140" pagination="251 - 264" refId="ref5501" refString="Lavilla, E. O., Caramaschi, U., Langone, J. A., Pombal, J. P. &amp; De Sa, R. O. (2013) The identity of Rana margaritifera Laurenti, 1768 (Anura, Bufonidae). Zootaxa, 3646 (3), 251 - 264. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3646.3.4" type="journal article" year="2013">
Lavilla
<emphasis id="B927A704FFD93E2FFF6AFAF0EED4E18B" box="[151,204,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
). Initially books were sold black-and-white, and thus, the quality of the representation of the drawings prevents an unambiguous comparison to the high-resolution photos we presented here. It is known that copies of Seba’s books were colored individually by many illustrators, perhaps at the own expense of the buyers (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFD93E2FFB9DFA37EAF4E1C3" author="Musch, I." box="[1120,1260,1463,1487]" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" pagination="6 - 25" refId="ref5982" refString="Musch, I. (2001) Albertus Seba's collection of natural specimens and its pictorial inventory. In: I. Musch, R. Willmann, and J. Rust (Eds), Albertus Seba Cabinet of Natural Curiosities. &quot; Locupletissimi rerum naturalium thesauri 1734 - 1765. Taschen America Llc, Koln, pp. 6 - 25." type="book chapter" year="2001">Müsch 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, different quality of drawings and paintings can be found among books printed (see
<figureCitation id="13686793FFD93E2FFC63FA5BEDC2E1FF" box="[926,986,1499,1523]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[447,1140,235,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-55@1.[447,1140,235,1870]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rana marina illustrated in Seba (1734), plate LXXVI, figure 1. (A) Black-and-white copy of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis, Missouri (USA), available at &lt;https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/&gt;. (B) Hand painted reprinted from the copy of the Smithsonian Libraries and Archives, Washington DC (USA), available at &lt;https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/&gt;. (C) Hand painted copy of the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232980/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Maybe the illustrators adapted the colors by comparing to other known species, but not necessarily the actual colors, since it is most likely they did not access the specimens (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFD93E2FFEC0F9A3EFA6E237" author="Bauer, A. M." box="[317,446,1571,1595]" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" pagination="53 - 79" refId="ref4719" refString="Bauer, A. M. (2012) Linnaean names and pre-Linnaean sources in herpetology. Bibliotheca Herpetologica, 9, 53 - 79." type="journal article" year="2012">Bauer 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFD93E2FFE34F9A3EC4BE237" author="Musch, I." box="[457,595,1571,1595]" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" pagination="6 - 25" refId="ref5982" refString="Musch, I. (2001) Albertus Seba's collection of natural specimens and its pictorial inventory. In: I. Musch, R. Willmann, and J. Rust (Eds), Albertus Seba Cabinet of Natural Curiosities. &quot; Locupletissimi rerum naturalium thesauri 1734 - 1765. Taschen America Llc, Koln, pp. 6 - 25." type="book chapter" year="2001">Müsch 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Perhaps birds and mammals attracted more the attention of illustrators, since the drawings found in Seba’s books of these species seem to be more faithful to reality. Although we suggest that the comparison of coloration between photos and illustrations should be done with care, it appears that it is somehow close to the drawing we represent here. We only note that there is a slight difference in coloration between ZISP 256 and the illustration, as the beige patterns in some regions of the body (e.g., irregular beige mid-dorsal area, legs and, glands) could indicate a rupture of the integument due to preservation or friction with the glass jar.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC7B16FFD93E2CFF3AF97BEC42E4D8" blockId="5.[151,1437,1355,2027]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">
Please see detailed description below of the
<typeStatus id="54E8C5B4FFD93E2FFD60F97BECE2E31F" box="[669,762,1787,1811]" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
following
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFD93E2FFC93F97BEA38E31F" author="Pramuk, J. B." box="[878,1056,1787,1811]" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" pagination="407 - 452" refId="ref6311" refString="Pramuk, J. B. (2006) Phylogeny of South American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 146, 407 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2006.00212. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Pramuk’s (2006)</bibRefCitation>
nomenclature for cranial crests and
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFD93E2FFF6AF89FEF70E33B" author="Heyer, W. R. &amp; Rand, A. S. &amp; Cruz, C. A. G. &amp; Peixoto, O. L. &amp; Nelson, C. E." box="[151,360,1823,1847]" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" pagination="231 - 410" refId="ref5135" refString="Heyer, W. R., Rand, A. S., Cruz, C. A. G., Peixoto, O. L. &amp; Nelson, C. E. (1990) Frogs of Boraceia. Arquivos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, 31, 231 - 410." type="journal article" year="1990">
Heyer
<emphasis id="B927A704FFD93E2FFF1CF8A0EF01E33B" box="[225,281,1823,1847]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
(1990)
</bibRefCitation>
for snout shapes. Measurements were taken using a digital caliper (to nearest
<quantity id="4CABD6F3FFD93E2FFB3EF89FEB00E33B" box="[1219,1304,1823,1847]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
) and follow
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFD93E2FFF6AF8C3EF68E357" author="Maciel, N. M. &amp; Brandao, R. A. &amp; Campos, L. A. &amp; Sebben, A." box="[151,368,1859,1883]" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" pagination="23 - 39" refId="ref5691" refString="Maciel, N. M., Brandao, R. A., Campos, L. A. &amp; Sebben, A. (2007) A large new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Cerrado of Brazil. Zootaxa, 1627 (1), 23 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1627.1.2" type="journal article" year="2007">
Maciel
<emphasis id="B927A704FFD93E2FFF17F8C4EF39E357" box="[234,289,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFD93E2FFE55F8C3ECFFE357" author="Narvaes, P. &amp; Rodrigues, M. T." box="[424,743,1859,1883]" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref6046" refString="Narvaes, P. &amp; Rodrigues, M. T. (2009) Taxonomic revision of Rhinella granulosa species group (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae), with a description of a new species. Arquivos de Zoologia, 40, 1 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2176 - 7793. v 40 i 1 p 1 - 73" type="journal article" year="2009">Narvaes &amp; Rodrigues (2009)</bibRefCitation>
: snout-vent length (SVL); head width (HW); head length (HL); head height (HH); maximum length of parotoid gland (PGL); maximum width of parotoid gland (PGW); tympanum diameter (TD); eye diameter (ED); eyelid width, perpendicular distance from the inner edge to the outer edge of the eyelid (EW); interorbital distance (IOD); eye to nostril distance, between anterior corner orbit and posterior margin of the narial opening (END); internostril distance (IND); snout to nostril distance (SND); upper arm length (UAR); forearm length (FAR); hand length (HAL); thigh length (THL); tibia length (TIL); tarsus length (TL); foot length (FL). The webbing formulae follows
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDA3E2CFEA8FF3CEC4EE4D8" author="Savage, J. M. &amp; Heyer, W. R." box="[341,598,188,212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" pagination="131" refId="ref6444" refString="Savage, J. M. &amp; Heyer, W. R. (1997) Digital webbing formulae for anurans: a refinement. Herpetological Review, 28, 131." type="journal article" year="1997">Savage &amp; Heyer (1997)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC7B16FFDA3E2CFF3AFF5FEC25E0AC" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">
Description of the
<typeStatus id="54E8C5B4FFDA3E2CFE6AFF5FEFECE4FB" box="[407,500,223,247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
ZISP 256: Adult male (SVL=
<quantity id="4CABD6F3FFDA3E2CFCB1FF60EDA7E4FB" box="[844,959,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.419" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" unit="mm" value="141.9">141.9 mm</quantity>
;
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFC31FF5FEA17E4F4" box="[972,1039,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[431,1156,186,1827]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[426,1161,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Jar with the specimen ZISP 256, holotype of Rana marina, available in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. The jar has a label at the top (enlarged at the bottom of this figure) indicating that it is a Bufo marinus L.; “Kunstkamer”; “America merid.”. Image provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232987/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), in good condition of preservation. General body aspect robust (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFE30FE83EC3CE510" box="[461,548,259,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). Head slightly wider than long (HL/HW=0.75); SVL 2.66 times longer than HW; snout rounded in dorsal view (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFE15FEA7EC26E54C" box="[488,574,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
) and vertical in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFC7AFEA7EDC5E54C" box="[903,989,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
); roof of the skull slightly concave (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFA8CFEA7EEA3E568" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
); cranial crests present, developed and thickened (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFD22FECBED2EE568" box="[735,822,331,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
); canthal crests short, not in contact at the tip (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFAC5FECBEB97E568" box="[1336,1423,331,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
); preorbital crests in contact with the eye, as well as with canthal and supraorbital crest (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFBDCFEEFEA6BE584" box="[1057,1139,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
); supraorbital crests slightly straight, connecting with parietal and postorbital crests (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFD13FE13ED5CE5A0" box="[750,836,403,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
); postorbital crests short, perpendicularly to parietal and supraorbital crests (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFE90FE37EFDDE5DC" box="[365,453,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
); pretympanic crests short, reaching the medial portion of the eye and in contact with the eye itself (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFEF7FE5BEF7AE5F8" box="[266,354,475,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
); supratympanic crests short, partially concealed in the posterior region by the parotoid glands (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFA8AFE5BEEC1E614" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig 3D–E</figureCitation>
); parietal crests thin, almost indistinct, perpendicular to postorbital and suborbital crests (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFB71FE7FEAC4E614" box="[1164,1244,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig 3D</figureCitation>
); suborbital crests forming an slightly arc-shaped curve, touching the lips (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFD03FDA3ED4BE630" box="[766,851,547,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
);
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDA3E2CFC94FDA3EA06E637" box="[873,1054,547,571]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">canthus rostralis</emphasis>
straight (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFB7AFDA3EAE6E630" box="[1159,1278,547,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3D–E</figureCitation>
); loreal region slight concave, smooth (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFE67FDC7EC16E66C" box="[410,526,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3D–E</figureCitation>
); nostrils large, oval and laterally directed (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFC21FDC7EA29E66C" box="[988,1073,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
); IOD twice wider than ED (IOD/ ED=1.87); eyelid slightly smaller than ED (EW/ED=0.84), granular, protruding and thickened laterally above the eye (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFA8CFDEBEEA3E6A4" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
); ED twice times longer than TD (TD/ED=0.49); tympanic membrane ovoid, partially concealed by the parotoid gland (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFF62FD33EEEAE6C0" box="[159,242,691,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
); tympanic
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDA3E2CFE93FD33EFDAE6C7" box="[366,450,691,715]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">annulus</emphasis>
indistinct (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFDC7FD33EC95E6C0" box="[570,653,691,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
); dorsum of the head smooth (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFC32FD33EA3CE6C0" box="[975,1060,691,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
). Parotoid glands longer than wide, ovoid with indistinct borders (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFE2AFD57EC54E6FC" box="[471,588,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[431,1156,186,1827]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[426,1161,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Jar with the specimen ZISP 256, holotype of Rana marina, available in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. The jar has a label at the top (enlarged at the bottom of this figure) indicating that it is a Bufo marinus L.; “Kunstkamer”; “America merid.”. Image provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232987" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232987/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 2A–B</figureCitation>
); PGL twice times longer than PGW (PGL/PGW =2.01). Relative fingers length II &lt;IV &lt;I &lt;III; fingers with slight lateral fringes and tips keratinized, but without basal webbing (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFB44FD7BEB12E718" box="[1209,1290,763,788]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
); subarticular tubercles low, with irregular shape (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFDE1FC9FEC76E734" box="[540,622,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
); supernumerary tubercles rounded, low, distributed irregularly in the palm (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFF62FCC3EEE8E750" box="[159,240,835,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
); outer palmar tubercle large and rounded, twice times larger than inner palmar tubercle (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFB52FCC3EB18E750" box="[1199,1280,835,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
); inner palmar tubercle ovoid at base of finger I (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFDFBFCE7EC4FE78C" box="[518,599,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
); finger I, more thickened than the others (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFBDEFCE7EA6DE78C" box="[1059,1141,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
); nuptial pads slight visible on the dorsolateral surface of fingers I, II and III (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFD56FC0BED1AE7A8" box="[683,770,907,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1103,1127]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1079]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1436,181,1079]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. In dorsal view, the right arm featuring the forearm and hand is depicted. The holotype of Rana marina ZISP 256 (A), housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; and the female specimen RMNH41769 (B) from Paramaribo, Suriname housed in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands. Image of the holotype was provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia, while image of RMNH41769 was taken by A. Anker." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232995/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
); forearm and arm robust (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFBE2FC0BEA90E7A8" box="[1055,1160,907,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3C,F</figureCitation>
). Relative toes length: I &lt;II &lt;V &lt;III &lt;IV (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFEAFFC2FEFBFE7C4" box="[338,423,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
); toes with lateral fringes, tips keratinized, and basal digital webbing (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFB73FC2FEAFBE7C4" box="[1166,1251,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
); digital webbing formulae: I 1–2
<superScript id="7C26D65EFFDA3E2CFEBEFC52EF54E7EC" attach="left" box="[323,332,978,992]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">+</superScript>
II 1
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–3 III 2
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–
<superScript id="7C26D65EFFDA3E2CFE08FC54EC0DE7EC" attach="left" box="[501,533,978,1004]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">31/2</superScript>
IV
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–2
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V (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFD4BFC53ED17E7E0" box="[694,783,979,1004]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
); subarticular tubercles low, oval (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFB70FC53EAFEE7E0" box="[1165,1254,979,1004]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
); supernumerary tubercles small, linearly distributed in the plantar surface (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFCF9FC77ED42E01C" box="[772,858,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
); outer and inner metatarsal tubercle ovals, protruding distally, with both being equal in size (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFDCEFB9BEC91E038" box="[563,649,1051,1076]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
); tarsal fold present (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFC97FB9BEDD8E038" box="[874,960,1051,1076]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
); TIL approximately 2.56 times smaller than the SVL (TIL/SVL=0.39). Dorsal skin granular (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFD4CFBBFED11E054" box="[689,777,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
); covered by large, rounded, and oval tubercles of different sizes (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFF27FBE3EF57E070" box="[218,335,1123,1148]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3A–B</figureCitation>
); tubercles of similar sizes, smaller and densely in the limbs (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFC23FBE3EA2AE070" box="[990,1074,1123,1148]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). Venter wrinkled to areolate with tubercles with keratinized tip (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFE21FB07EC28E0AC" box="[476,560,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC7B16FFDA3E2CFF3AFB2BEF92E13C" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">
Coloration in preservative of ZISP 256: Heterogeneous brown dorsal coloration with a large and irregular mid-dorsal beige (dark yellow) area with keratinized tubercles rougher on both sides (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFC31FB4FEA3AE0E4" box="[972,1058,1231,1256]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
). Nuptial pads dark brown. Venter beige with irregular brown spots at the center; throat slight brown (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFC88FB73EDD3E100" box="[885,971,1267,1292]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
); hind limbs with several, irregular, brown reticulations (
<figureCitation id="13686793FFDA3E2CFED7FA97EF66E13C" box="[298,382,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1856,1880]" captionTargetBox="[305,1271,185,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[297,1291,181,1832]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11232993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11232993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC7B16FFDA3E2CFF3AFABCEC95E197" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">
Measurements of the
<typeStatus id="54E8C5B4FFDA3E2CFE51FABBEC11E15F" box="[428,521,1339,1363]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(in mm): SVL 141.9; HL 40.3; HH 28.5; HW 53.3; PGL 55.3; PGW 27.5; TD 5.9; ED = 12.1; TD = 5.9; EW = 10.2; IOD = 22.7; END = 10.5; IND= 9.8; SND = 4.9; UAR= 38.1; FAR = 34.1; HAL = 32.7; THL = 62.1; TIL = 55.6; TL = 30.3; FL = 52.2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC7B16FFDA3E2CFF3AFA27EDFEE363" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">
<collectingCounty id="628D039AFFDA3E2CFF3AFA27EEE8E1B3" box="[199,240,1447,1471]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">The</collectingCounty>
type locality of
<collectingMunicipality id="6B88E16CFFDA3E2CFE65FA27EFC6E1B3" box="[408,478,1447,1471]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Seba’s</collectingMunicipality>
specimens also has been subject of historical discussion (see the case of
<taxonomicName id="4C530095FFDA3E2CFB32FA28EF2BE1EF" authority="Laurenti, 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifera">
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDA3E2CFB32FA28EB84E1CC" box="[1231,1436,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Rana margaritifera</emphasis>
Laurenti,
<quantity id="4CABD6F3FFDA3E2CFF03FA4BEF2BE1EF" box="[254,307,1483,1507]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.49072" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" unit="in" value="1768.0">1768</quantity>
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDA3E2CFEA9FA4BEC01E1E8" author="Lavilla, E. O. &amp; Caramaschi, U. &amp; Langone, J. A. &amp; Pombal, J. P. &amp; De Sa, R. O." box="[340,537,1483,1508]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" pagination="251 - 264" refId="ref5501" refString="Lavilla, E. O., Caramaschi, U., Langone, J. A., Pombal, J. P. &amp; De Sa, R. O. (2013) The identity of Rana margaritifera Laurenti, 1768 (Anura, Bufonidae). Zootaxa, 3646 (3), 251 - 264. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3646.3.4" type="journal article" year="2013">
Lavilla
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDA3E2CFE58FA4CEFC2E1EF" box="[421,474,1483,1507]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
).
<location id="8E8C2DCDFFDA3E2CFDD4FA4BEC4AE1EF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FACA00FFDF3E2DFF3AFF17EA72E4FB:8E8C2DCDFFDA3E2CFDD4FA4BEC4AE1EF" box="[553,594,1483,1507]" country="Suriname" county="The" municipality="Seba's" name="The" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" stateProvince="Paramaribo">The</location>
type locality of
<taxonomicName id="4C530095FFDA3E2CFD03FA4CED70E1EF" box="[766,872,1484,1507]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDA3E2CFD03FA4CED70E1EF" box="[766,872,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">R. marina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally indicated as originating from
<location id="8E8C2DCDFFDA3E2CFABDFA4BEB84E1EF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FACA00FFDF3E2DFF3AFF17EA72E4FB:8E8C2DCDFFDA3E2CFABDFA4BEB84E1EF" box="[1344,1436,1483,1507]" country="Suriname" county="The" municipality="Seba's" name="America" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" stateProvince="Paramaribo">America</location>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDA3E2CFF63FA6FEF5BE20B" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[158,323,1519,1543]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" refId="ref5630" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10 th Edition. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 881 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDA3E2CFEACFA6FEFDFE204" author="Seba, A." box="[337,455,1519,1544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" refId="ref6566" refString="Seba, A. (1734) Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio, Et Iconibus Artificiosissimis Expressio, Per Universam Physices Historiam. Opus, Cui, In Hoc Rerum Genere, Nullum Par Exstitit. Ex Toto Terrarum Orbe Collegit, Digessit, Descripsit, Et Depingen. Tomus 1. Apud J. Wetstenium, Gul. Smith &amp; Janssonio-Waesbergios, Amstelaedami, 562 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14110" type="book" year="1734">Seba 1734</bibRefCitation>
), but it was restricted to
<collectingCountry id="F3443B86FFDA3E2CFD20FA6FED5BE20B" box="[733,835,1519,1543]" name="Suriname" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Suriname</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDA3E2CFC8DFA6FEA8CE20B" author="Muller, L. &amp; Hellmich, W." box="[880,1172,1519,1544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" pagination="120" refId="ref5929" refString="Muller, L. &amp; Hellmich, W. (1936) Amphibien und Reptilien I. Teil: Amphibia, Chelonia, Loricata. In: Krieg, H. (Ed.), Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Gran Chaco-Expeditionen. Stecker und Schroder, Sttutgard, pp. 120." type="book chapter" year="1936">Müller &amp; Hellmich (1936)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDA3E2CFB30FA6FEB60E204" author="Schmidt, K. P." box="[1229,1400,1519,1544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" pagination="475 - 510" refId="ref6476" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1941) The amphibians and reptiles of British Honduras. Zoological Series of Field Museum of Natural History, XXII, 475 - 510." type="journal article" year="1941">Schmidt (1941)</bibRefCitation>
, as apparently this is the most probable area of for many specimens of
<location id="8E8C2DCDFFDA3E2CFC8AF993EDA5E227" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FACA00FFDF3E2DFF3AFF17EA72E4FB:8E8C2DCDFFDA3E2CFC8AF993EDA5E227" box="[887,957,1555,1579]" country="Suriname" county="The" municipality="Seba's" name="Seba's" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" stateProvince="Paramaribo">Seba’s</location>
collections.
<location id="8E8C2DCDFFDA3E2CFBB5F993EA91E227" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FACA00FFDF3E2DFF3AFF17EA72E4FB:8E8C2DCDFFDA3E2CFBB5F993EA91E227" box="[1096,1161,1555,1579]" country="Suriname" county="The" municipality="Seba's" name="Based" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" stateProvince="Paramaribo">Based</location>
on information indicated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDA3E2CFF44F9B7EF26E25C" author="Seba, A." box="[185,318,1591,1616]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" refId="ref6566" refString="Seba, A. (1734) Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio, Et Iconibus Artificiosissimis Expressio, Per Universam Physices Historiam. Opus, Cui, In Hoc Rerum Genere, Nullum Par Exstitit. Ex Toto Terrarum Orbe Collegit, Digessit, Descripsit, Et Depingen. Tomus 1. Apud J. Wetstenium, Gul. Smith &amp; Janssonio-Waesbergios, Amstelaedami, 562 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14110" type="book" year="1734">Seba (1734)</bibRefCitation>
, we suggested the coastal area in
<collectingCountry id="F3443B86FFDA3E2CFD57F9B7ED0BE243" box="[682,787,1591,1615]" name="Suriname" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Suriname</collectingCountry>
, in particular,
<collectingRegion id="4997B5F4FFDA3E2CFC53F9B7EA31E243" box="[942,1065,1591,1615]" country="Suriname" name="Paramaribo" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Paramaribo</collectingRegion>
as the type locality of the species.
<location id="8E8C2DCDFFDA3E2CFF6AF9DBEED3E27F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FACA00FFDF3E2DFF3AFF17EA72E4FB:8E8C2DCDFFDA3E2CFF6AF9DBEED3E27F" box="[151,203,1627,1651]" country="Suriname" county="The" municipality="Seba's" name="Seba" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" stateProvince="Paramaribo">Seba</location>
visited incoming ships in
<location id="8E8C2DCDFFDA3E2CFE1EF9DBEC47E27F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FACA00FFDF3E2DFF3AFF17EA72E4FB:8E8C2DCDFFDA3E2CFE1EF9DBEC47E27F" box="[483,607,1627,1651]" country="Suriname" county="The" municipality="Seba's" name="Amsterdam" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" stateProvince="Paramaribo">Amsterdam</location>
and bought specimens from many parts of the world (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDA3E2CFB5CF9DCEB4BE278" author="Boeseman, M." box="[1185,1363,1628,1652]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" pagination="177 - 210" refId="ref4745" refString="Boeseman, M. (1970) The vicissitudes and dispersal of Albertus Seba's zoological specimens. Zoologische Mededelingen, 44, 177 - 210." type="journal article" year="1970">Boeseman 1970</bibRefCitation>
).
<location id="8E8C2DCDFFDA3E2CFA9EF9DCEB99E278" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FACA00FFDF3E2DFF3AFF17EA72E4FB:8E8C2DCDFFDA3E2CFA9EF9DCEB99E278" box="[1379,1409,1628,1652]" country="Suriname" county="The" municipality="Seba's" name="As" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" stateProvince="Paramaribo">As</location>
in the early 18
<superScript id="7C26D65EFFDA3E2CFEE9F9FEEF38E280" attach="left" box="[276,288,1662,1676]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">th</superScript>
century only the area around
<collectingRegion id="4997B5F4FFDA3E2CFDA7F9FFECC0E29B" box="[602,728,1663,1687]" country="Suriname" name="Paramaribo" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Paramaribo</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3443B86FFDA3E2CFD1FF9FFED53E29B" box="[738,843,1663,1687]" name="Suriname" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Suriname</collectingCountry>
, was settled, it is most likely that
<location id="8E8C2DCDFFDA3E2CFB53F9FFEAECE29B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FACA00FFDF3E2DFF3AFF17EA72E4FB:8E8C2DCDFFDA3E2CFB53F9FFEAECE29B" box="[1198,1268,1663,1687]" country="Suriname" county="The" municipality="Seba's" name="Seba's" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" stateProvince="Paramaribo">Seba’s</location>
specimen came from there (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDA3E2CFEE8F923EFD5E2B0" author="Hoogmoed, M. S." box="[277,461,1699,1724]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" refId="ref5191" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1973) Notes on the herpetofauna of Surinam IV. The lizards and amphisbaenians of Surinam. Biogeograp. W. Junk b. v., Publishers, The Hague, 428 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 010 - 2706 - 9" type="book" year="1973">Hoogmoed 1973</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDA3E2CFE22F923ECE3E2B0" author="Duellman, W. E. &amp; Wiens, J. J." box="[479,763,1699,1724]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref4881" refString="Duellman, W. E. &amp; Wiens, J. J. (1993) Hylid frogs of the genus Scinax Wagler, 1830, in Amazonian Ecuador and Peru. Occasional papers of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas, 153, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1993">Duellman &amp; Wiens (1993)</bibRefCitation>
designated the
<typeStatus id="54E8C5B4FFDA3E2CFC5FF924EDEEE2B0" box="[930,1014,1700,1724]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C530095FFDA3E2CFBE7F924EB41E2B7" authority="(Laurenti, 1768)" baseAuthorityName="Laurenti" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[1050,1369,1699,1723]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scinax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruber">
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDA3E2CFBE7F924EABBE2B7" box="[1050,1187,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Scinax ruber</emphasis>
(Laurenti, 1768)
</taxonomicName>
based on the same assumption. Also, as stated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDA3E2CFD8CF947ED17E2D3" author="Easteal, S." box="[625,783,1735,1759]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref4991" refString="Easteal, S. (1986) Bufo marinus (Linnaeus) - Giant toad. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 395, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1986">Easteal (1986)</bibRefCitation>
, the specific name
<taxonomicName id="4C530095FFDA3E2CFC1CF948EA36E2D3" box="[993,1070,1736,1759]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDA3E2CFC1CF948EA36E2D3" box="[993,1070,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">marina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was mistakenly used to indicated that the species could live on land and sea. Thus, it is not unlikely that we could assume that the type could have been collected in an area close to the coast. Also being an old town and a departure point (i.e., port), removal of specimens for trade was easier. However, this is only a suggestion and more detailed information should be evaluated in future studies, perhaps by inspecting documents of diaries, trades, and ship routes of that date.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEC7B16FFDA3E2DFF3AF8FBEA72E4FB" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,248]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="142" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">
The finding reported herein significantly contributes to nomenclature of the species
<taxonomicName id="4C530095FFDA3E2CFB8CF8FBEB3BE39F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1137,1315,1915,1939]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDA3E2CFB8CF8FBEB3BE39F" box="[1137,1315,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Rhinella marina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well as the group and clade it was nested and also named (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDA3E2CFD3FF820ED8EE3B4" author="Pereyra, M. O. &amp; Blotto, B. L. &amp; Baldo, D. &amp; Chaparro, J. C. &amp; Ron, S. &amp; Elias-Costa, A. J. &amp; Iglesias, P. P. &amp; Venegas, P. J. &amp; Thome, M. T. C. &amp; Ospina-Sarria, J. J. &amp; Maciel, N. M. &amp; Rada, M. &amp; Kolenc, F. &amp; Borteiro, C. &amp; Rivera-Correa, M. &amp; Rojas-Runjaic, F. J. M. &amp; Moravec, J. &amp; de la Riva, I. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. &amp; Castroviejo-Fisher, S. &amp; Grant, T. &amp; Haddad, C. F. B. &amp; Faivovich, J." box="[706,918,1951,1976]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" pagination="1 - 155" refId="ref6116" refString="Pereyra, M. O., Blotto, B. L., Baldo, D., Chaparro, J. C., Ron, S., Elias-Costa, A. J., Iglesias, P. P., Venegas, P. J., Thome, M. T. C., Ospina-Sarria, J. J., Maciel, N. M., Rada, M., Kolenc, F., Borteiro, C., Rivera-Correa, M., Rojas-Runjaic, F. J. M., Moravec, J., de la Riva, I., Wheeler, W. C., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Grant, T., Haddad, C. F. B. &amp; Faivovich, J. (2021) Evolution in the genus Rhinella: a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of neotropical true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 447, 1 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090.447.1.1" type="journal article" year="2021">
Pereyra
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDA3E2CFCE0F820ED4DE3BB" box="[797,853,1951,1975]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
). Although there are still many unresolved gaps regarding the diversity and history of names related to the
<taxonomicName id="4C530095FFDA3E2CFCFFF844ED74E3D7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[770,876,1988,2011]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marina">
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDA3E2CFCFFF844ED74E3D7" box="[770,876,1988,2011]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">R. marina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, such as proper diagnoses for many species of the group [see
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDB3E2DFEC8FF17EC06E4A3" author="Acevedo, A. A. &amp; Lampo, M. &amp; Cipriani, R." box="[309,542,151,175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="142" pagination="574 - 586" refId="ref4656" refString="Acevedo, A. A., Lampo, M. &amp; Cipriani, R. (2016) The cane or marine toad, Rhinella marina (Anura, Bufonidae): Two genetically and morphologically distinct species. Zootaxa, 4103 (6), 574 - 586. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4103.6.7" type="journal article" year="2016">
Acevedo
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDB3E2DFE67FF18EFC8E4A3" box="[410,464,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
(2016)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDB3E2DFDAEFF18ED2BE4BC" author="Pereyra, M. O. &amp; Blotto, B. L. &amp; Baldo, D. &amp; Chaparro, J. C. &amp; Ron, S. &amp; Elias-Costa, A. J. &amp; Iglesias, P. P. &amp; Venegas, P. J. &amp; Thome, M. T. C. &amp; Ospina-Sarria, J. J. &amp; Maciel, N. M. &amp; Rada, M. &amp; Kolenc, F. &amp; Borteiro, C. &amp; Rivera-Correa, M. &amp; Rojas-Runjaic, F. J. M. &amp; Moravec, J. &amp; de la Riva, I. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. &amp; Castroviejo-Fisher, S. &amp; Grant, T. &amp; Haddad, C. F. B. &amp; Faivovich, J." box="[595,819,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="142" pagination="1 - 155" refId="ref6116" refString="Pereyra, M. O., Blotto, B. L., Baldo, D., Chaparro, J. C., Ron, S., Elias-Costa, A. J., Iglesias, P. P., Venegas, P. J., Thome, M. T. C., Ospina-Sarria, J. J., Maciel, N. M., Rada, M., Kolenc, F., Borteiro, C., Rivera-Correa, M., Rojas-Runjaic, F. J. M., Moravec, J., de la Riva, I., Wheeler, W. C., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Grant, T., Haddad, C. F. B. &amp; Faivovich, J. (2021) Evolution in the genus Rhinella: a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of neotropical true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 447, 1 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090.447.1.1" type="journal article" year="2021">
Pereyra
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDB3E2DFD56FF18ECC2E4A3" box="[683,730,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="142">et al</emphasis>
. (2021)
</bibRefCitation>
], found type specimens (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C530095FFDB3E2DFB8EFF18EB80E4A3" authority="Cope, 1862" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1862" box="[1139,1432,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diptychus">
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDB3E2DFB8EFF18EB0AE4A3" box="[1139,1298,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="142">Bufo diptychus</emphasis>
Cope, 1862
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDB3E2DFF6AFF3BEFABE4D8" author="Lavilla, E. O. &amp; Brusquetti, F." box="[151,435,187,212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="142" pagination="161 - 170" refId="ref5449" refString="Lavilla, E. O. &amp; Brusquetti, F. (2018) On the identity of Bufo diptychus Cope, 1862 (anura: Bufonidae). Zootaxa, 4442 (1), 161 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4442.1.9" type="journal article" year="2018">Lavilla &amp; Brusquetti 2018</bibRefCitation>
), and description of candidate species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC206E7FFDB3E2DFCA9FF3CEA3AE4D8" author="Pereyra, M. O. &amp; Blotto, B. L. &amp; Baldo, D. &amp; Chaparro, J. C. &amp; Ron, S. &amp; Elias-Costa, A. J. &amp; Iglesias, P. P. &amp; Venegas, P. J. &amp; Thome, M. T. C. &amp; Ospina-Sarria, J. J. &amp; Maciel, N. M. &amp; Rada, M. &amp; Kolenc, F. &amp; Borteiro, C. &amp; Rivera-Correa, M. &amp; Rojas-Runjaic, F. J. M. &amp; Moravec, J. &amp; de la Riva, I. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. &amp; Castroviejo-Fisher, S. &amp; Grant, T. &amp; Haddad, C. F. B. &amp; Faivovich, J." box="[852,1058,187,212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="142" pagination="1 - 155" refId="ref6116" refString="Pereyra, M. O., Blotto, B. L., Baldo, D., Chaparro, J. C., Ron, S., Elias-Costa, A. J., Iglesias, P. P., Venegas, P. J., Thome, M. T. C., Ospina-Sarria, J. J., Maciel, N. M., Rada, M., Kolenc, F., Borteiro, C., Rivera-Correa, M., Rojas-Runjaic, F. J. M., Moravec, J., de la Riva, I., Wheeler, W. C., Castroviejo-Fisher, S., Grant, T., Haddad, C. F. B. &amp; Faivovich, J. (2021) Evolution in the genus Rhinella: a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of neotropical true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 447, 1 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090.447.1.1" type="journal article" year="2021">
Pereyra
<emphasis id="B927A704FFDB3E2DFC53FF3CEDFBE4DF" box="[942,995,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
), we consider that the redescription of the
<typeStatus id="54E8C5B4FFDB3E2DFF26FF5FEF20E4FB" box="[219,312,223,247]" pageId="7" pageNumber="142" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of the oldest species of the group can clarify and improve its understanding.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>