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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.339.4903" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f5e2c4d6-742c-4235-bf0e-b97e1ec678d2" ID-PMC="PMC3800827" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-339-1" ID-PubMed="24146585" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-339-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 339" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the genus Carasobarbus Karaman, 1971 (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae)" checkinTime="1451246844427" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Borkenhagen, Kai &amp; Krupp, Friedhelm" docDate="2013" docId="CCF50C165DDDB936BA448F927FD63931" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 339: 1-53" docOrigin="ZooKeys 339" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.339.4903" docTitle="Carasobarbus apoensis Banister &amp; Clarke 1977" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FF8B0A687873FFFAFFC0C22FFFF3FFD2" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the genus Carasobarbus Karaman, 1971 (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="53" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1668156576871" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Taxonomic revision of the genus Carasobarbus Karaman, 1971 (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Borkenhagen, Kai</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Krupp, Friedhelm</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>339</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>53</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.339.4903</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.339.4903</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-339-1</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152048576" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CCF50C165DDDB936BA448F927FD63931" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CCF50C165DDDB936BA448F927FD63931" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Carasobarbus_apoensis" authority="Banister &amp; Clarke, 1977" authorityName="Banister &amp; Clarke" authorityYear="1977" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis (Banister &amp; Clarke, 1977)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Barbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Barbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Barbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Banister and Clarke 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 113.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="material">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Type material. Holotype of
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Barbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Barbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Barbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
: BMNH 1976.4.7:166, Saudi Arabia, permanent stream near
<normalizedToken originalValue="Khamīs">Khamīs</normalizedToken>
Mushayt (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="18.283333">18°17'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="42.566666">42°34'E</geoCoordinate>
), F. Tippler, 12 Dec 1968.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Paratypes of
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Barbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Barbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Barbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
: BMNH 1976.4.7:167-171, 5, same data as holotype. - BMNH 1976.4.7:172-175, 4, Saudi Arabia, upper
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wādī">Wadī</normalizedToken>
Turabah near
<normalizedToken originalValue="Aţ">At</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ţā’if">Ţa'if</normalizedToken>
(
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="22.933332">22°56'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="40.9">40°54'E</geoCoordinate>
), G. Popov. - BMNH 1971.2.11:1-2, 2, Saudi Arabia, intermittent watercourse in
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wādī">Wadī</normalizedToken>
Adamah (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="19.883333">19°53'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="41.95">41°57'E</geoCoordinate>
), J. P. Mandaville, 27 Oct 1969.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Non-type material. Endorheic darinages. BMNH 1980.7.1:15, 1, Saudi Arabia,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wādī">Wadī</normalizedToken>
Habayaba between
<normalizedToken originalValue="Aţ">At</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ţā’if">Ţa'if</normalizedToken>
and Ash
<normalizedToken originalValue="Shafā">Shafa</normalizedToken>
[N21°11', E 40°24'], A. Farag, 1980. - SMF 30167, 3; SMF 30170, 10 Saudi Arabia,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wādī">Wadī</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Būwah">Būwah</normalizedToken>
(
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="20.75">20°45'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="41.133335">41°8'E</geoCoordinate>
), F. Krupp and W. Schneider, 21 Mar 1990. - SMF 30169, 6; SMF 33147, 4, Saudi Arabia,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wādī">Wadī</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Būwah">Būwah</normalizedToken>
(
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="20.733334">20°44'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="41.116665">41°7'E</geoCoordinate>
), F. Krupp and W. Schneider, 21 Mar 1990. - SMF 30168, 6; SMF 30171, 9, Saudi Arabia,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wādī">Wadī</normalizedToken>
Turabah (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="20.533333">20°32'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="41.283333">41°17'E</geoCoordinate>
), F. Krupp and W. Schneider, 20 Mar 1990.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Streams draining towards the Red Sea. CMNFI 87-0135, 1; CMNFI 87-0137, 4, Saudi Arabia,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wādī">Wadī</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hadīyah">Hadīyah</normalizedToken>
(
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="25.566668">25°34'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="38.683334">38°41'E</geoCoordinate>
). - SMF 33149, 1, Saudi Arabia,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wādī">Wadī</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ḩaqqaq">Ḩaqqaq</normalizedToken>
(
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="22.816668">22°49'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="39.366665">39°22'E</geoCoordinate>
), W.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Büttiker">Buettiker</normalizedToken>
, 5/6 May 1983. - SMF 33148, 2, Saudi Arabia,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wādī">Wadī</normalizedToken>
'Ilyab (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="20.083334">20°5'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="40.9">40°54'E</geoCoordinate>
), H. Felemban and J. Gasparetti, 28 Oct 1983. - SMF 33539, 3, Saudi Arabia,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wādī">Wadī</normalizedToken>
'Ilyab (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="20.116667">20°7'N</geoCoordinate>
, 40°57E), W.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Büttiker">Buettiker</normalizedToken>
, 10−11 Nov 1983.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Unknown drainage system. SMF 33146, 4, Saudi Arabia, Al
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ḩijāz">Ḩijaz</normalizedToken>
, W.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Büttiker">Buettiker</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">One pair of barbels, usually 10 branched rays in the dorsal fin, 27 to 32 scales in the lateral line, usually 12 scales around the least circumference of the caudal peduncle, last unbranched ray of dorsal fin shorter than head.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">The body depth is comparatively low and a nuchal hump is present in adults but not developed in juveniles. The height of the caudal peduncle is relatively low (Table 1). The dorsal and ventral fins are usually positioned behind the middle of the body. The head is elongate with a straight or slightly concave dorsal profile. The ventral profile of the head is slightly convex. (Figs 1, 2). The head length is about equal to the body depth. The mouth is broad and terminal or slightly sub-terminal with one pair of barbels (Fig. 3, Table 2). Only one out of 65 specimens had two pairs of barbels and in one specimen a single anterior barbel was present. The eyes are in the anterior half of the head and slightly protuberant. The morphometric characters are summarised in Table 1.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figure 1.
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
, holotype (BMNH 1976.4.7:166) from a permanent stream near
<normalizedToken originalValue="Khamīs">Khamīs</normalizedToken>
Mushayt, © The Natural History Museum, London.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figure 2.
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
, live specimen from
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wādī">Wadī</normalizedToken>
Turabah.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figure 3. Ventral view of the head and chest. A
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
(SMF 30167, 108.6 mm SL) B
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus canis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canis">Carasobarbus canis</taxonomicName>
(SMF 33135, 108.3 mm SL) C
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus chantrei" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chantrei">Carasobarbus chantrei</taxonomicName>
(SMF 33133, 122.9 mm SL) D
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus exulatus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exulatus">Carasobarbus exulatus</taxonomicName>
(SMF 33109, 103.7 mm SL) E
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus fritschii" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fritschii">Carasobarbus fritschii</taxonomicName>
(SMF 33446, 89.6 mm SL) F
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus harterti" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harterti">Carasobarbus harterti</taxonomicName>
(SMF 33368, 93.6 mm SL) G
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus kosswigi" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kosswigi">Carasobarbus kosswigi</taxonomicName>
(SMF 30173, 107.1 mm SL) H
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus luteus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteus">Carasobarbus luteus</taxonomicName>
(SMF 30176, 120.7 mm SL) I
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus sublimus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublimus">Carasobarbus sublimus</taxonomicName>
(SMF 33118, 80.2 mm SL), pictures resized to facilitate comparison.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 2. Number of pairs of barbels.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<table pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">n</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">1</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">1,5</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">2</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus canis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canis">Carasobarbus canis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus chantrei" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chantrei">Carasobarbus chantrei</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus exulatus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exulatus">Carasobarbus exulatus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus fritschii" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fritschii">Carasobarbus fritschii</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus harterti" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harterti">Carasobarbus harterti</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus kosswigi" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kosswigi">Carasobarbus kosswigi</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus luteus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteus">Carasobarbus luteus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus sublimus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublimus">Carasobarbus sublimus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
dorsal fin and its base are rather short. It usually has four unbranched and 10 branched rays (Table 3). The last unbranched ray is considerably shorter than the head (Fig. 4), weakly ossified, and its distal part is flexible. The anal fin has three unbranched and six branched rays (Table 4). Pectoral and ventral fins are relatively short (Table 1).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table 3. Number of branched dorsal-fin rays.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<table pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">n</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">7</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">8</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">9</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">10</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">11</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus canis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canis">Carasobarbus canis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus chantrei" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chantrei">Carasobarbus chantrei</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus exulatus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exulatus">Carasobarbus exulatus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus fritschii" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fritschii">Carasobarbus fritschii</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus harterti" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harterti">Carasobarbus harterti</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus kosswigi" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kosswigi">Carasobarbus kosswigi</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus luteus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteus">Carasobarbus luteus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus sublimus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublimus">Carasobarbus sublimus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 4. Last unbranched dorsal-fin ray length / head length; TES = Tigris-Euphrates system.</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table 4. Number of branched anal-fin rays.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<table pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">n</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">5</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">6</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">7</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus canis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canis">Carasobarbus canis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus chantrei" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chantrei">Carasobarbus chantrei</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus exulatus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exulatus">Carasobarbus exulatus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus fritschii" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fritschii">Carasobarbus fritschii</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus harterti" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harterti">Carasobarbus harterti</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus kosswigi" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kosswigi">Carasobarbus kosswigi</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus luteus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteus">Carasobarbus luteus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus sublimus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublimus">Carasobarbus sublimus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
has 27 to 32 scales in the lateral line (Table 5), usually 4.5 scales above the lateral line (Table 6), 3.5 or 4.5 scales below the lateral line (Table 7) and 12 scales around the least circumference of the caudal peduncle (Table 8). The scales are shown in Fig. 5.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table 5. Lateral line scale count.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<table pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">n</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">25</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">26</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">27</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">28</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">29</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">30</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">31</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">32</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">33</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">34</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">35</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">36</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">37</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">38</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">39</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus canis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canis">Carasobarbus canis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus chantrei" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chantrei">Carasobarbus chantrei</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus exulatus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exulatus">Carasobarbus exulatus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus fritschii" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fritschii">Carasobarbus fritschii</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus harterti" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harterti">Carasobarbus harterti</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus kosswigi" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kosswigi">Carasobarbus kosswigi</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus luteus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteus">Carasobarbus luteus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus sublimus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublimus">Carasobarbus sublimus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table 6. Number of scales above the lateral line.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<table pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">n</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">3,5</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">4</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">4,5</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">5</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">5,5</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">6</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">6,5</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">7</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus canis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canis">Carasobarbus canis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus chantrei" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chantrei">Carasobarbus chantrei</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus exulatus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exulatus">Carasobarbus exulatus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus fritschii" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fritschii">Carasobarbus fritschii</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus harterti" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harterti">Carasobarbus harterti</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus kosswigi" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kosswigi">Carasobarbus kosswigi</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus luteus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteus">Carasobarbus luteus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus sublimus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublimus">Carasobarbus sublimus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table 7. Number of scales below the lateral line.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<table pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">n</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">3</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">3,5</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">4</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">4,5</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">5</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">5,5</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">6</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">6,5</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus canis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canis">Carasobarbus canis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus chantrei" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chantrei">Carasobarbus chantrei</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus exulatus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exulatus">Carasobarbus exulatus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus fritschii" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fritschii">Carasobarbus fritschii</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus harterti" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harterti">Carasobarbus harterti</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus kosswigi" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kosswigi">Carasobarbus kosswigi</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus luteus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteus">Carasobarbus luteus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus sublimus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublimus">Carasobarbus sublimus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table 8. Number of scales around the least circumference of the caudal peduncle.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<table pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">n</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">10</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">11</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">12</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">13</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">14</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">15</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">16</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">17</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">18</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">19</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">20</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus canis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canis">Carasobarbus canis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus chantrei" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chantrei">Carasobarbus chantrei</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus exulatus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exulatus">Carasobarbus exulatus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus fritschii" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fritschii">Carasobarbus fritschii</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus harterti" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harterti">Carasobarbus harterti</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus kosswigi" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kosswigi">Carasobarbus kosswigi</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus luteus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteus">Carasobarbus luteus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus sublimus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublimus">Carasobarbus sublimus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Figure 5. Striation pattern of scales taken from anteriour part of the boby above lateral line. A
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
B
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus canis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canis">Carasobarbus canis</taxonomicName>
C
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus chantrei" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chantrei">Carasobarbus chantrei</taxonomicName>
D
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus exulatus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exulatus">Carasobarbus exulatus</taxonomicName>
E
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus fritschii" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fritschii">Carasobarbus fritschii</taxonomicName>
F
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus harterti" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harterti">Carasobarbus harterti</taxonomicName>
G
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus kosswigi" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kosswigi">Carasobarbus kosswigi</taxonomicName>
H
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus luteus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteus">Carasobarbus luteus</taxonomicName>
I
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus sublimus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublimus">Carasobarbus sublimus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">The pharyngeal teeth count is 2.3.5- in 12 specimens, -5.3.2 in two specimens and 1.3.5- in one specimen. The pharyngeal teeth are hooked at their tips (Fig. 6).</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Figure 6. Pharyngeal bone. A
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
(SMF 30168, 190.1 mm SL) B
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus canis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canis">Carasobarbus canis</taxonomicName>
(SMF 30175, 168.7 mm SL) C
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus chantrei" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chantrei">Carasobarbus chantrei</taxonomicName>
(SMF 33133, 165.9 mm SL) D
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus exulatus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exulatus">Carasobarbus exulatus</taxonomicName>
(SMF 33107, 170.1 mm SL) E
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus fritschii" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fritschii">Carasobarbus fritschii</taxonomicName>
(SMF 33405, 147.2 mm SL) F
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus harterti" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harterti">Carasobarbus harterti</taxonomicName>
(SMF 33396, 105.9 mm SL) G
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus kosswigi" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kosswigi">Carasobarbus kosswigi</taxonomicName>
(SMF 30174, 141.5 mm SL) H
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus luteus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteus">Carasobarbus luteus</taxonomicName>
(SMF 30179, 143.4 mm SL). Scale bar = 3 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Live colouration is golden with olive fins. The upper side is darker than the belly (Fig. 2). In ethanol-preserved specimens the upper side is dark, the belly yellow and the fins are grey or yellow (Fig. 1). Juveniles have a dark lateral spot on the caudal peduncle.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">The maximum length observed in the material examined is 288 mm SL.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">Carasobarbus</pageBreakToken>
apoensis
</taxonomicName>
differs from all congeners, except
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus luteus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteus">Carasobarbus luteus</taxonomicName>
, by having one rather than two pairs of barbels. For a comparison with
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus luteus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteus">Carasobarbus luteus</taxonomicName>
populations see below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Distribution.
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
occurs in the Al
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ḩijāz">Ḩijaz</normalizedToken>
mountain range in wadis draining either inland or towards the Red Sea (Fig. 7). It is endemic to Saudi Arabia.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Figure 7. Map of the distribution of
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus canis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canis">Carasobarbus canis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus chantrei" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chantrei">Carasobarbus chantrei</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus exulatus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exulatus">Carasobarbus exulatus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus kosswigi" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kosswigi">Carasobarbus kosswigi</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus luteus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteus">Carasobarbus luteus</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus sublimus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sublimus">Carasobarbus sublimus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="habitats and biology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Habitats and biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">This species inhabits the upper courses of wadis, which are characterised by strong seasonal fluctuations in water levels, temperature and other physiochemical parameters.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">Conservation</pageBreakToken>
status.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
is rated Least Concern and still occurs in large numbers, but abstraction of large specimens by recreational fishing, water abstraction and habitat loss might become problematic for this species (
<bibRefCitation author="BCEAW," journalOrPublisher="The Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife, Sharjah, UAE" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" title="Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP) for the Threatened Fauna of Arabia's Mountain Habitat. Final Report." year="2002">BCEAW 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="remarks and discussion">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Remarks and discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
was originally described from
<normalizedToken originalValue="Khamīs">Khamīs</normalizedToken>
Mushayt,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wādī">Wadī</normalizedToken>
Turabah and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wādī">Wadī</normalizedToken>
Adamah as a member of the genus
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Barbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Barbus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Barbus</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Banister and Clarke 1977</bibRefCitation>
). It was later transferred to the genus
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carasobarbus</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Ekmekci, FG" journalOrPublisher="Folia Zoologica" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="87 - 96" title="A revision of the generic position of Barynotus (Systomus) verhoeffi, and the validity of the genera Carasobarbus, Kosswigobarbus and Mesopotamichthys (Pisces, Cyprinidae)." volume="47" year="1998">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ekmek-çi">Ekmek-ci</normalizedToken>
and Banarescu 1998
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation author="Alkahem, AF" journalOrPublisher="Fauna of Saudi Arabia" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="545 - 567" title="Freshwater fishes of Saudi Arabia." volume="5" year="1983">Alkahem and Behnke (1983)</bibRefCitation>
reported an unknown
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Barbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Barbus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Barbus</taxonomicName>
and tentatively considered these specimens to be atypical
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
. We did not find any evidence of an undescribed
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carasobarbus</taxonomicName>
species that occurs sympatrically with
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
, thus we agree with their conclusion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus apoensis" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apoensis">Carasobarbus apoensis</taxonomicName>
is very closely related to
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Carasobarbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carasobarbus luteus" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luteus">Carasobarbus luteus</taxonomicName>
(KB unpublished data).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<paragraph id="44C6C18AC7FC2C89E157831578F189EA" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="33BE0C22EA48F52B23F6DA3263CACEA3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298343" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera defessa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="defessa">Hypoponera defessa Bolton &amp; Fisher</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7C2B5F8A14B0E3C6F2DC4944283211D" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6894746E22748B45734F93B921311AF0" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph id="9387F3FBDCD379A94BD9CF12F4A31C4F" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
(Figs 25
<normalizedToken id="83835C91EA695A5D262F589EBCFE4AEB" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
27)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B3105166246A7D2A770CF6D35C5FB184" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
WORKER (holotype in parentheses). Measurements: HL 0.57
<normalizedToken id="C9E35368554413668F40EF034B6C7F78" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
0.61 (0.58), HW 0.43
<normalizedToken id="4900F09F3EB9BF051734DFD355055044" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
0.46 (0.45), HS 0.500
<normalizedToken id="C6010A1AD70473C15578476BD5FF3331" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
0.530 (0.515), SL 0.39
<normalizedToken id="7054D705EBFA626BBFB3ADD4937BE807" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
0.41 (0.40), PrW 0.32
<normalizedToken id="FA209A154856095A4479B2169F3D6BE3" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
0.35 (0.32), WL 0.74
<normalizedToken id="FB849E32C60AFC54454D70746ADBF1D2" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
0.80 (0.76), HFL 0.40
<normalizedToken id="D993E67ADC9AB21748E02480537B718B" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
0.43 (0.42), PeNL 0.16
<normalizedToken id="AA1832B1B47A0888FE95C820CF0C9D51" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
0.19 (0.17), PeH 0.34
<normalizedToken id="CD1C3912086570846C48B06FA40F4FF7" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
0.37 (0.36), PeNW 0.23
<normalizedToken id="352F36855DC9F2595F5E6982D4D4C406" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
0.26 (0.24), PeS 0.243
<normalizedToken id="977A36365D2A7BDB7A145217274A250A" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
0.270 (0.257) (11 measured). Indices: CI 74
<normalizedToken id="FC8DB192539029277611B82072494C02" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
78 (78), SI 87
<normalizedToken id="6AFC69AA25F47900754477391965B7F8" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
93 (89), PeNI 70
<normalizedToken id="A4B29AF83FB69DDC79FB5A00604313B0" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
76 (75), LPeI 46
<normalizedToken id="3015EC8545145C865F48BF4A7E74D98E" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
53 (47), DPeI 134
<normalizedToken id="25E7BB7992A22974EAA344499CCFE690" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
150 (141).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E4705D6C3AEE461DC21234EF26FC01B3" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Eyes absent. Median portion of clypeus evenly convex from side to side, without a raised median longitudinal ridge or crest except posteriorly, between the extreme anterior portions of the frontal lobes. Apex of scape, when laid straight back from its insertion, distinctly fails to reach the midpoint of the posterior margin in full-face view; SL/HL 0.65
<normalizedToken id="7CECA40CD2D275B1CFD2748D25570D73" originalValue="–" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</normalizedToken>
0.70. Reticulate-punctate sculpture on cephalic dorsum fine and dense, the punctures crowded, small, and sharply defined. Lateroventral areas of head distinctly punctate, the individual punctures sharply incised but much more widely spaced than on the dorsum. Punctate sculpture on disc of pronotum very weak, much less strongly defined, more sparse and more widely spaced than on cephalic dorsum. Metanotal groove entirely absent from dorsum of mesosoma. Sides of propodeal declivity bluntly angular, not carinate. Petiole node in dorsal view thickly D-shaped, with a strongly convex anterior face that is continuous with the sides, the anterior and lateral faces form a single continuous convexity. Petiole node in profile thickly columnar, with parallel sides from just above tubercle to apex; dorsum shallowly convex. Posterior surface of petiole node without radiating cuticular ribs above the peduncle. Subpetiolar process with a curved and obliquely descending anterior face, a ventral angle that may be sharp or blunt and a short, ascending posterior surface. Base of cinctus of second gastral tergite densely cross-ribbed. Disc of second gastral tergite microreticulate to superficially reticulate-punctate; without sharply incised widely separated punctures. Maximum width of first gastral tergite in dorsal view is subequal to the width of the second tergite at its midlength. Midline length of second gastral posttergite, from posterior margin of cinctus
<pageBreakToken id="3DFC907DFB481A151177125289F48D36" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" start="start">to</pageBreakToken>
apex, is about the same as the maximum width of the segment. Suberect to erect setae on dorsum of first gastral tergite sparse and short, only about half the length of the setae on the posterodorsal margin of the node. Full adult colour light brown, the appendages lighter.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="593B2226670C8E36C1ED4E0B40F63125" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="multiple">
<caption id="4BE79C292A661F06B0F7E8C1433B3709" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph id="6E85C8E943277C4092D6342BEDEA0AF7" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
FIGURES 25
<normalizedToken id="CC5468DA326D5C7AC018C0E80E9FFAFD" originalValue="–" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">-</normalizedToken>
27. Lateral, full face and dorsal view of body.
<taxonomicName id="52D1146EA3AC0DC468D7721A43F405D5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298343" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera defessa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="defessa">Hypoponera defessa</taxonomicName>
worker CASENT0226566.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A584DCE92C9F96FA0A7D8C1AC991F2E4" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="564918DC01B5BC82F0B9E9A97963ECCD" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Holotype worker (upper specimen of two on pin), Ghana: Poano, ix.1992 (R. Belshaw) (BMNH). Paratypes. 3 workers with same data as holotype, one mounted below holotype (BMNH).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="96CB87C2C8E8C8890766721AA105BD90" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="2C953456FBCFA631CEC6FD455E2869CD" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
A fairly widespread but apparently uncommon species. Each of the samples noted below consists of only one or a few specimens.
<taxonomicName id="93B3B222A8F0A6AAD157CB7BACA3F645" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298343" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.bestMatchDistance="222" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera defessa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="defessa">H. defessa</taxonomicName>
is closely related to two other species; the widespread
<taxonomicName id="42322F91D7AC00CC0FB38906AC3C8C72" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298348" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera fatiga Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fatiga">fatiga</taxonomicName>
and the Ivory Coast and Ghana
<taxonomicName id="D4A5FFC23660E0EDF556F8D128969984" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298355" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera lassa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="lassa">species lassa</taxonomicName>
. All three are small (HW 0.36
<normalizedToken id="BDED999DFD232276DDA53E3D0BB1FC68" originalValue="–" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">-</normalizedToken>
0.46), eyeless, brownish-yellow to brown species in which the metanotal groove is absent, the cinctus of the second gastral tergite has cross-ribs and the disc of the second gastral
<pageBreakToken id="CF66F896FBBF51BF3800218C2D1F452A" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" start="start">tergite</pageBreakToken>
is superficially reticulate-punctate to microreticulate.
<taxonomicName id="88F8F6EC412976061BC9E48BE533BAF0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298343" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.bestMatchDistance="435" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera defessa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="defessa">H. defessa</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from both
<taxonomicName id="9B2599F9CA15C1C98C8CDFD68163422D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298348" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera fatiga Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fatiga">fatiga</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B820CACDF692C20467C72A2E7B3F867F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298355" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera lassa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lassa">lassa</taxonomicName>
by its lack of a raised median longitudinal clypeal ridge, which is conspicuous in the last two named. In addition, the petiole node in
<taxonomicName id="BD028B8A4BD2FF3658F67EA07EBC8FA3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298343" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera defessa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="defessa">defessa</taxonomicName>
is columnar in profile and relatively stout (LPeI 46
<normalizedToken id="A9129A47AB1237902C47ED2DC97F78EF" originalValue="–" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">-</normalizedToken>
53), is D-shaped in dorsal view and is longer relative to its width (DPeI 134
<normalizedToken id="0F60EB88A858AC7FD8698BAAA2D32F89" originalValue="–" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">-</normalizedToken>
150). In
<taxonomicName id="4E8D717AF72D70416DF7FAC0DCA68C86" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298348" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera fatiga Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fatiga">fatiga</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="DF13589A2302F7316E78A2ACC0E48A94" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298355" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera lassa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lassa">lassa</taxonomicName>
the correponding indices combined are LPeI 37
<normalizedToken id="F438D5B05FA44CE96D4A317173C489BA" originalValue="–" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">-</normalizedToken>
44 and DPeI 155
<normalizedToken id="47F4D6F850D0CF2D537F385F75B19493" originalValue="–" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">-</normalizedToken>
180. In the order
<taxonomicName id="E729AE0F4C9C8ED15128EA40D9F3CC39" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298355" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera lassa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lassa">lassa</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="DFF376303C7CCAD230BA31B64CBF70D2" originalValue="–" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">-</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="F3828E6B1D7C44438678469C0C41E7CF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298343" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera defessa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="defessa">defessa</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="B4575AD1ADAD669901CFE93EAFD74B24" originalValue="–" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">-</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="18E630AA69050599CA0E60E8F268D823" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298348" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera fatiga Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fatiga">fatiga</taxonomicName>
the three species show a morphoclinal reduction in the density and intensity of the punctate sculpture of the lateroventral surfaces of the head. In
<taxonomicName id="F558BE4EC7DEFBB441B21987B74E9DFE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298355" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera lassa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lassa">lassa</taxonomicName>
the sculpture is nearly reticulate-punctate, with the individual punctures sharply defined and closely packed, the distances between the punctures generally less than the puncture diameters; in
<taxonomicName id="3C45C5998FF0CF07B2E45CECE4DE1CF5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298343" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera defessa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="defessa">defessa</taxonomicName>
the punctures are still sharply defined but more widely spaced, the distances between the punctures equal to or greater than the puncture diameters; in
<taxonomicName id="FEF3C5F6C6466BAD8DFC86CD8EA08F23" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298348" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera fatiga Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fatiga">fatiga</taxonomicName>
the punctures are widely spaced, minute, feeble and superficial. The ratio SL/HL shows a combined range of 0.65
<normalizedToken id="5C95CB6E6A6FEF320804B74B54312D8F" originalValue="–" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">-</normalizedToken>
0.71 in
<taxonomicName id="E355D4706C8355189A7FA044AAF997F1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298343" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera defessa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="defessa">defessa</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6853E6A6546DB8A9173049A36EA6E9FE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298355" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera lassa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lassa">lassa</taxonomicName>
, but tends to average somewhat lower in
<taxonomicName id="00C09322B8580B6095F8121383426E3A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298348" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera fatiga Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fatiga">fatiga</taxonomicName>
, 0.60
<normalizedToken id="03C3F3929480C797E29EA2A805573AFC" originalValue="–" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">-</normalizedToken>
0.67.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AF476718A4B37A730DC79941FF086D9B" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A single specimen from Togo (MHNG, data below) is somewhat at variance with the description just given. Most of its dimensions and indices fall easily within the range given, but its HW 0.54 and SL 0.42 are slightly too high. Coupled with this, the anterior and posterior faces of its petiole node in profile are weakly convergent dorsally. It is suspected that this specimen may represent an intercaste rather than a sibling species, but this cannot be proved at present.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07E9E56D54DC898ED1E4935230BA7E24" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="65D30959131FA1CD44703D9FEBF6BDB7" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="4854DF50BB61E2740D9B82D443EE7715" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298343" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.bestMatchDistance="1380" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera defessa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="defessa">H. defessa</taxonomicName>
should not be confused with the common, yellow,
<taxonomicName id="C6ECCFEFF8E638F38C2B0D676ED3097B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29461" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera coeca (Santschi)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coeca">coeca</taxonomicName>
as the latter has a median clypeal crest, has dorsally convergent anterior and posterior faces to the petiole node in profile, tends to be smaller (HL 0.47
<normalizedToken id="4DA791FC82FB64096DB8136A12B925EA" originalValue="–" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">-</normalizedToken>
0.52, HS 0.415
<normalizedToken id="E594F03B9E0440B63F5B179D7BBBF340" originalValue="–" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">-</normalizedToken>
0.465, SL 0.30
<normalizedToken id="AFFD44BCC57E04F7DBDC7ADF834A5A45" originalValue="–" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">-</normalizedToken>
0.35, PeH 0.25
<normalizedToken id="D7DAE02A0BC54443FA7831DC93F952BC" originalValue="–" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">-</normalizedToken>
0.31, PeS 0.187
<normalizedToken id="30C5C742CD658DB9733EDAA89D9BA227" originalValue="–" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">-</normalizedToken>
0.233), with slightly broader head and shorter scape (CI 77
<normalizedToken id="A6E699FF6EDCBB4FAF34530855657925" originalValue="–" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">-</normalizedToken>
84, SI 80
<normalizedToken id="B59AE933495EB1AEB3C6A59401987202" originalValue="–" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">-</normalizedToken>
89) and has the punctulate sculpture of the lateroventral areas of the head very sparse, superficial and faint.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="720823F3F8B3E51A8F49C07EA70D7ED1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="80B2C5ADBCB36BFE98E1069465336153" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Non-paratypic material examined. Ivory Coast: Tai Forest (J. Piart); Tai Forest (Mahnert &amp; Perret); Man (Mahnert &amp; Perret); Zaidon (I.
<normalizedToken id="1DE35B7F8F9B01A92274CEC7B9A3815B" originalValue="Löbl" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Loebl</normalizedToken>
). Ghana: Asiakwa (R. Belshaw). To g o:
<normalizedToken id="559942AD338B1C5BC5C91AEA43D7A9F5" originalValue="Palimé" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Palime</normalizedToken>
, Klouto For. (Vit). Cameroun: Prov. Sud, P.N. Campo, Campo (B.L. Fisher); Prov Sud, Res. Campo, Massif des Mamelles (B.L. Fisher); Prov. Sud,
<normalizedToken id="6862827516400AE884911DE8F99584AB" originalValue="N’Kolo" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">N'Kolo</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken id="436EE9A10AB6DAE6D45986075B06ED8B" originalValue="Bondé" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Bonde</normalizedToken>
For., Elogbatindi (B.L. Fisher). Gabon: Prov. Estuaire, F.C. Mondah, Libreville (B.L. Fisher).
</paragraph>
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72
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<paragraph id="C95D4EADAE3583692E1BDF44E71B729F" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Taxon classification Animalia Scleractinia Flabellidae</paragraph>
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Fig. 11B
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<taxonomicName id="B1EFA0E88AE7EB0131724275A25D102D" class="Anthozoa" family="Flabellidae" genus="Blastotrochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Blastotrochus nutrix" order="Scleractinia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutrix">
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nutrix
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Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1848: 284-285, pl. 8, Fig. 14.-Semper 1872: 238-241, pl. 16, figs 1-6.-
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: 379.-
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: 643, 645, fig. 1 (upper); 1989b: 74-75, pl. 38i-m, 39
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(synonymy).-
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: 173-174.-
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: pl. 23
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.
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<paragraph id="0D4616A50D885D3C8F147CBF08853CA5" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="778E21F485FCBCD7215B6A5F9A256AA8" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">As for the genus.</paragraph>
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266
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.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Bidens bipontina Sherff (A-C). A Distal part of plant B Head post-flowering showing involucral bracts and apex of achenes C Head showing rays and apex of disk florets. Drawn from Perlman &amp; Wood 15028 (US), except B from Wood and Perlman 4601 (US). Images used to augment illustration from field shots of Wood and Perlman 4601 and Perlman and Wood 15021. Bidens henryi Sherff (D-F). D Distal part of plant E Head post-flowering showing involucral bracts F Head showing rays and disk florets. Drawn Wood 10038 (US), except F from Perlman 14868 (US). Images from field shots used to augment illustration of Wood 10038, Wagner 6219 and Lorence &amp; Price 8932." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10674" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Fig. 2D-F</figureCitation>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Forest Brown" authorityYear="1935" baseAuthorityName="Sherff" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Campylotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="henryi">Campylotheca henryi</taxonomicName>
(Sherff) F. Br., Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 130: 355. 1935.
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Marquesas Islands. Hiva Oa: Atuona Valley ridge on route to Hanamenu, 3500-4000 ft [1065-1220 m], December 1917, C. Henry s.n. (holotype: F-474749!).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="42" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
Erect subshrubs to shrubs 1-2 m tall. Leaves simple, 2.5-13 cm long including petiole, blades lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 1.8-9.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-3.8 cm, glabrous, margins serrate, apex acuminate. Heads (1-)3-4(-7), in diffuse cymes terminating main stem and lateral branches, 5-15 mm in diameter excluding rays, peduncles 1.2-9.5 cm long, glabrous; outer involucral bracts 4-13 mm long, linear, well differentiated from inner bracts, recurved, apex erose, sometimes with few short hairs; ray florets ca. 13, sterile, rays yellow, 12-15
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2-5 mm; disk florets ca. 30-32, perfect, corollas yellow. Achenes black, straight, 8-10
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-2 mm, glabrous or with few inconspicuous setae near the apex; pappus of 2-3 antrorse barbed awns.
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="bipontina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Bidens bipontina</emphasis>
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Sherff (
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).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">A</emphasis>
Distal part of plant
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">B</emphasis>
Head post-flowering showing involucral bracts and apex of achenes
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">C</emphasis>
Head showing rays and apex of disk florets. Drawn from Perlman &amp; Wood 15028 (US), except B from Wood and Perlman 4601 (US). Images used to augment illustration from field shots of Wood and Perlman 4601 and Perlman and Wood 15021.
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="henryi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Bidens henryi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sherff (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">D-F</emphasis>
).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">D</emphasis>
Distal part of plant
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">E</emphasis>
Head post-flowering showing involucral bracts
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">F</emphasis>
Head showing rays and disk florets. Drawn Wood 10038 (US), except F from Perlman 14868 (US). Images from field shots used to augment illustration of Wood 10038, Wagner 6219 and Lorence &amp; Price 8932.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Marquesas Islands, occurring on Hiva Oa and Tahuata, (400-) 620-1200 m.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="42" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="henryi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Bidens henryi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from ridges and summit areas in montane wet shrubland or low forest with
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Metrosideros" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="collina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Metrosideros collina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(J.R. Forst. &amp; G. Forst.) A. Gray and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Weinmannia marquesana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
F. Br. with fern understory along with other shrubs and trees such as species of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Cheirodendron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Apiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Cheirodendron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Coprosma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Crossostylis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Cyrtandra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Myrsine</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">C</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="42" type="onservation status">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="42">onservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
Proposed IUCN Red List Category
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Endangered</emphasis>
(EN), criteria B2a, B2b (i-iii): B2: total area of occupancy less than 500 km² (ca. 378 km²); B1a, severely fragmented; B1b (i-iii), habitat continuing decline inferred. The suitable habitat for
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="henryi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Bidens henryi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on Hiva Oa (ca. 315 km²), and Tahuata (ca. 61 km²) is restricted to mountain slopes and summits, indicated as an endangered environment that is threatened by human activity (deforestation and fire), feral animals, and invasive plants, thus reducing the extent of the forest. It is relatively common locally in some areas, however, and consequently vulnerable (VU) might be an alternative category (Butaud, pers. comm. 2014).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" type="specimens examined">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Marquesas Islands. Hiva Oa:</emphasis>
Chemin
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Atuona">d'Atuona</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="à">a</normalizedToken>
Hanamenu par Feani,
<normalizedToken originalValue="crête">crete</normalizedToken>
Hanamenu, 1090 m, 12 Feb 1975,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schäfer">Schaefer</normalizedToken>
5192 (K, US); Chemin
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Atuona">d'Atuona</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="à">a</normalizedToken>
Hanamenu par Feani,
<normalizedToken originalValue="côté">cote</normalizedToken>
Atuona, 1010 m, 13 Feb 1975,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schäfer">Schaefer</normalizedToken>
5205 (K, MPU); Feani ridge to upper slopes of dry side of island, 1150 m, 12 Feb 1975, Oliver &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schäfer">Schaefer</normalizedToken>
3122 (BISH, MO, P, PTBG, US); Feani, trail from Atuona to Hanamenu, 1190 m, 10 Feb 1975, Oliver &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schäfer">Schaefer</normalizedToken>
3105 (BISH, P, PTBG, US); Feani, vieux sentier
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Atuona">d'Atuona</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="à">a</normalizedToken>
Hanamenu,
<normalizedToken originalValue="crête">crete</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="côté">cote</normalizedToken>
Hanamenu, 900 m, 5 Mar 1975,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schäfer">Schaefer</normalizedToken>
&amp; Oliver 5271 (K, MPU, US); Puamau, chemin vers Atuona,
<normalizedToken originalValue="après">apres</normalizedToken>
la bifurcation vers Hanaupe, lieu-dit Keiani, 650 m, 26 Mar 1975,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schäfer">Schaefer</normalizedToken>
5382 (K, MPU, US); A
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’est">l'est</normalizedToken>
de la piste
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’aviation">d'aviation</normalizedToken>
, 7 Mar 1974,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hallé">Halle</normalizedToken>
2117 (US); Mt. Ootua, central part, 785 m, 28 Jul 1977,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gagné">Gagne</normalizedToken>
1200 (BISH, US); Mt. Ootua, central part, 800 m, 27 Jul 1977,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gagné">Gagne</normalizedToken>
1166 (BISH, US); Rim
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="43" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
Puamau valley along trail from main road, 650 m, 9°46&quot;26.8'S/138°54&quot;24.8'W, 20 Feb 2003, Perlman 18488 (BISH, P, PAP, PTBG, US); NE slopes Mt. Temetiu, 700 m, 23 Feb 1929, Mumford &amp; Adamson 49 (BISH); Atuona V., 700 m, 6 Oct 1930, Pacific Ent. Survey EX 49 (BISH [2]); Feani, 900 m, 15 Dec 1921, Brown 1084 (BISH); Road from Atuona to Puamau, just below Mt. Ootua, 700 m, 22 Jan 1975, Sachet, Oliver &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schäfer">Schaefer</normalizedToken>
2131 (BISH, PTBG, US); Ootua, 800 m, 15 Dec 1921, Brown &amp; Brown 1018 (BISH); Atuona-Feani Trail, upper part of trail, exposed slope, 900-1000 m, 24-26 Sep 1963, Sachet &amp; Decker 1122 (BISH, NSW, MO, P, US); Teavaimataii, N side Mt. Ootua, 800 m, 6 May 1929, Mumford &amp; Adamson 351 (BISH [2]); Hanaiapa, 800 m, 30 Oct 1922, Quayle 1600 (BISH); Road from Atuona to Puamau, just below Mt. Ootua, 660-690 m, 22 Jan 1975, Sachet, Oliver &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schäfer">Schaefer</normalizedToken>
2129 (BISH, CBG, CHR, K, MO, NSW, L, P, PTBG, US); Entre Hanamenu et la
<normalizedToken originalValue="crête">crete</normalizedToken>
de Feani, lieu-dit
<normalizedToken originalValue="Teho’o-ho’o">Teho'o-ho'o</normalizedToken>
, 750 800 m, 27 Jul 1975,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schäfer">Schaefer</normalizedToken>
5629 (MPU); Hava Iafa, 700 m, 29 Oct 1922, Jones 1600 (BKL); Atuona-Feani Trail, upper part of trail, just below crest of ridge, 1200 m, 24-26 Sep 1963, Sachet &amp; Decker 1141 (BISH, PTBG, US); Where trail toward Hanamenu turns into dry ridge, 884 m, 3 Aug 1988, Perlman 10208 (BISH, F, MO, PTBG, UBC, US); Trail to Feani and Hanamenu, 1006 m, 29 Jul 1988, Perlman, Wagner, Lorence, Florence &amp; Montgomery 10177 (AD, BISH, F, MO, P, PAP, PTBG, UBC, US); Along old Atuona-Hanamenu Trail, on high ridge leading to Mt. Feani, 1050-1150 m, 30 Jul 1988, Lorence, Wagner, Florence, Perlman &amp; Montgomery 6259 (PAP, PTBG); Mt. Feani, 1100 m, 11 Nov 1989, McKee 44683 (BISH, PAP); Atuona, piste de Hanamenu, 680 m, 29 Jul 1988, Florence, Lorence, Perlman &amp; Wagner 9609 (BISH, P, PAP, US); trail from Atuona (W) to ridge leading to Mt. Feani and Temetiu, 1020 m, 29 Jul 1988, Wagner &amp; Lorence 6219 (BISH, PTBG, US); Atuona, piste de Hanamenu,
<normalizedToken originalValue="crête">crete</normalizedToken>
centrale, 1010 m, 29 Jul 1988, Florence, Lorence, Perlman &amp; Wagner 9617 (BISH, P, PAP, US); Base camp, near Vaitumete to ridge crest south of Teakatau, 1200 m, 9°48&quot;S/139°4&quot;W, 29 Jan 2003, Lorence, Dunn &amp; Price 8932 (BISH, P, PAP, PTBG, US)[used in molecular study, Funk et al.], cult from Lorence et al. 8932, Lorence 9175 (BISH, PTBG, US); Temetiu region, drainages to southeast of Vaimete et Vaiumioi (source), headwaters of Hanamenu, 1067 m, 29 Jan 2003, Wood 10038 (BISH, NY, P, PAP, PTBG, US); Trail to Hanamenu, along summit crest, 1000 m, 9°47&quot;9.29'S/139°4&quot;56.7&quot;W, 1 Aug 2005, Perlman 19759 (PAP, PTBG); Road from Atuona to Puamau, just below Mt. Ootua, spur ridge above road below Ootua peak, 720 m, 23 Nov 1974, Sachet &amp; Decker 1923 (BISH, CBG, CHR, K, MO, MPU, NSW, L, P, PAP, PTBG, US); Eiaone-Piamau divide, crest approx. 0.5 km from pass, 400 m, 5 Dec 1963, Decker 973 (BISH, MO, NSW, PTBG, US); Atuona-Feani Trail, Feani ridge, 1000 m, 24-26 Sep 1963, Sachet &amp; Decker 1195 (US); Mt. Ootua, off road between Airport and Puamau, on E side of summit, 811 m, 21 Aug 1995, Perlman &amp; Wood 14868 (BISH, MO, P, PAP, PTBG, UBC, US); Eiaone-Piamau divide, crest approx. 0.5 km from pass, 400 m, 5 Dec 1963, Decker 973 (BISH, MO, NSW, PTBG, US).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">Tahuata:</emphasis>
Vaitahu,
<normalizedToken originalValue="crête">crete</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Amatea">d'Amatea</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="début">debut</normalizedToken>
de la
<normalizedToken originalValue="montée">montee</normalizedToken>
raide vers la partie haute, 620 m, 10 Apr 1975,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schäfer">Schaefer</normalizedToken>
5519 (MPU); Ridge between Amatea &amp; Haaoiputeomo, summit crest of island, 823 m, 12 Jul 1997, Perlman, Wood &amp; Luce 15989 (MO, P, PAP, PTBG, US); Summit of ridge above Vaitahu, near Haaoiputeomo,
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="44" start="start">on</pageBreakToken>
ridge near antenna, along ridge crest between Vaitahu &amp; Hanatetena, 823 m, 1 Sep 1995, Perlman, Wood &amp; Luce 14917 (MO, P, PAP, PTBG, US); Along top of ridge from Amatea to Haaoiputeomo, over Hanatetena village, Summit crest of island above Vaitahu, 866 m, 11 Jul 1997, Perlman, Wood &amp; Luce 15958 (P, PAP, PTBG, US);
<normalizedToken originalValue="Région">Region</normalizedToken>
du sommet de Tahuata, 17 Mar 1974,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hallé">Halle</normalizedToken>
2186 (US); de Hamatea
<normalizedToken originalValue="à">a</normalizedToken>
la
<normalizedToken originalValue="crête">crete</normalizedToken>
centrale de
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’île">l'ile</normalizedToken>
, 750-850 m, 26 May 1975, Thibault 54 (BISH, US); Mt. Ootua, summit area and along trail from road cut, 732 m, 9°46&quot;10'S/138°58&quot;31.4'W, 19 Jul 2004, Perlman &amp; Wood 19207 (BISH, P, PAP, PTBG, US).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bidens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="henryi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Bidens henryi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has conspicuous linear, recurved outer involucral bracts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>