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<mods:title id="3B76CFA60CCC1E9C06A6720C0C0E6CFB">Four new species of dragonfish genus Eustomias (Stomiiformes: Stomiidae: Melanostomiinae) from the western tropical Atlantic, with remarks on Eustomias minimus Clarke, 1999</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0F081D0FFA3FFD2FC4CFB41DCC1FB2E" bold="true" box="[1007,1262,1222,1248]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFA3FFD2FC4CFB41DCC1FB2E" ID-CoL="4H8N" authority="Vaillant, 1884" authorityName="Vaillant" authorityYear="1884" box="[1007,1262,1222,1248]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA3FFD2FC4CFB41DC78FB2E" bold="true" box="[1007,1111,1222,1248]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Eustomias</emphasis>
Vaillant, 1884
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<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFA3FFD2FC89FB7FDCD0FAC1" blockId="1.[810,1279,1271,1295]" box="[810,1279,1271,1295]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<typeStatus id="54BC881EFFA3FFD2FC89FB7FDB75FAC1" box="[810,858,1272,1295]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFA3FFD2FC08FB7FDCD9FAC1" authority="Vaillant, 1884" authorityName="Vaillant" authorityYear="1884" box="[939,1270,1271,1295]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA3FFD2FC08FB7FDC48FAC1" box="[939,1127,1271,1295]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Eustomias obscurus</emphasis>
Vaillant, 1884
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*
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<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFA3FFD1FC89FAB6DADCFBF0" blockId="1.[810,1459,1329,1415]" lastBlockId="2.[129,778,936,1086]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA3FFD2FC89FAB6DC08FA87" box="[810,1063,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Distinguishing characters:</emphasis>
Upper jaw protrusible; jaw dentition uniserial, no large fangs on maxilla; three pairs of basibranchial teeth; chin barbel with extremely variable morphology; anal fin originating well in advance of dorsal fin, anal-fin base much exceeding dorsal-fin base in length; notochord forming a U-shaped or S-shaped bend behind head; the first six or seven vertebrae represented by only incomplete parts (Regan and ºrewavas 1930,
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B4DFFA0FFD1FF1CFBA1D994FBF0" author="Morrow JE Jr &amp; Gibbs RH Jr" box="[191,443,1062,1086]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="351 - 511" refId="ref15788" refString="Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr * Family Melanostomiatidae * In: Fishes of the western North Atlantic * Memoirs Sears Foundation of Marine Research 1964; 1: 351 - 511 *" type="journal article" year="1964">Morrow and Gibbs 1964</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B4DFFA0FFD1FE65FBA1DA5FFBF0" author="Gibbs RH Jr &amp; Gomon JR" box="[454,624,1062,1086]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 139" refId="ref15166" refString="Gibbs RH Jr, Clarke ºA, Gomon JR * ºaxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae) * I * Subgenus Nominostomias * Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 1983; 380: 1 - 139 *" type="journal article" year="1983">
Gibbs
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA0FFD1FDAAFBA1DA17FBF0" box="[521,568,1062,1086]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
1983
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,
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B4DFFA0FFD1FDD8FBA1DACCFBF3" author="Fink WL" box="[635,739,1061,1086]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 127" refId="ref14942" refString="Fink WL * Phylogenetic interrelationships of the stomiid fishes * Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 1985; 171: 1 - 127 *" type="journal article" year="1985">Fink 1985</bibRefCitation>
)*
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<treatment id="03AE87AAFFA4FFDBFF6CF9BED9ADF80E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87AAFFA4FFDBFF6CF9BED9ADF80E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE87AAFFA4FFDBFF6CF9BED9ADF80E" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<subSubSection id="C31D6537FFA4FFD5FF6CF9BEDA95F99A" box="[207,698,1593,1620]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFA4FFD5FF6CF9BEDA95F99A" blockId="6.[207,698,1593,1620]" box="[207,698,1593,1620]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="D0F081D0FFA4FFD5FF6CF9BEDA95F99A" bold="true" box="[207,698,1593,1620]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FF6CF9BEDA95F99A" bold="true" box="[207,698,1593,1620]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFA4FFD5FF6CF9BEDA46F99A" authorityName="Bárbara &amp; Villarins &amp; Luciano &amp; Fischer &amp; Artem &amp; Prokofiev &amp; Michael &amp; Mincarone" authorityYear="2024" box="[207,617,1593,1620]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophioglossa" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Nominostomias">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FF6CF9BED918F99D" bold="true" box="[207,311,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Eustomias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FEE4F9BED9CAF99D" bold="true" box="[327,485,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nominostomias</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FE57F9BEDA46F99A" bold="true" box="[500,617,1593,1620]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ophioglossa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24057D5FFA4FFD5FDCDF9BDDA95F99A" box="[622,698,1594,1620]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D6537FFA4FFDBFEB8F9E9D9ADF80E" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFA4FFD5FEB8F9E9DA40F946" blockId="6.[129,777,1646,1740]" box="[283,623,1646,1672]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FEB8F9E9DA40F946" bold="true" box="[283,623,1646,1672]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
(
<figureCitation id="133C2A39FFA4FFD5FE85F9E9D94CF946" box="[294,355,1646,1672]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1642,1666]" captionTargetBox="[114,1457,146,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-126@7.[112,1459,144,1615]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Eustomias (Nominostomias) ophioglossa, holotype, NPM 4878, 162 mm SL, Brazil, off Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, RV Antea, ABÞCOS, station* AB2#44A, 03°52ʹ53″S, 32°17ʹ33″W to 03°52ʹ13″S, 32°16ʹ28″W, 0–850 m* A, whole specimen (scale bar: 10 mm)* B, representation of dentition (fixed teeth in black; scale bar: 10 mm)* C, terminal portion of chin barbel (scale bar: 10 mm)* D, complex of bulblets in the terminal filament (scale bar: 1 mm)* E, tip of the terminal filament (scale bar:1 mm)* Bulblets are indicated by black arrows*" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133C2A39FFA4FFD5FECEF9E9D985F946" box="[365,426,1646,1672]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[198,1375,143,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[198,1375,143,1807]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Chin barbel of the new species of Eustomias* A, terminal portion of Eustomias (Haploclonus) antea, holotype, NPM 4880, 124 mm SL* B, terminal portion of Eustomias (Haploclonus) lucenae, holotype, NPM 4883, 47 mm SL* C, terminal bulbs and complex of bulblets of Eustomias (Nominostomias) ophioglossa, holotype, NPM 4878, 162 mm SL* D, distal bulb and bulblets of Eustomias (Nominostomias) ophioglossa, holotype, NPM 4878, 162 mm SL* E, terminal portion of Eustomias (Nominostomias) bertrandi, holotype, NPM 4610, 109 mm SL* Scale bar: 1 mm*" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7C, D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133C2A39FFA4FFD5FE17F9E9D9EDF946" box="[436,450,1646,1672]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="13.[114,179,1071,1095]" captionTargetBox="[117,1457,146,1039]" captionTargetId="figure-474@13.[113,1460,144,1044]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 9. Sampling location of the Eustomias from off northeastern Brazil:Eustomias antea (square); Eustomias lucenae (circle); Eustomias ophioglossa (triangle); Eustomias bertrandi (triangle); E.cf* minimus (hexagon)* Abbreviations: FN, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago; Þ, Rocas Atoll; RN, State of Rio Grande do Norte*" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">9</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6850307FFA4FFD5FE6DF9E9DA0AF946" box="[462,549,1646,1672]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[129,184,1057,1081]" captionText="Table 1. Meristic data for selected species of Eustomias from off northeastern Brazil, western tropical Atlantic*" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tables 1</tableCitation>
and
<tableCitation id="C6850307FFA4FFD5FDF5F9E9DA4BF946" box="[598,612,1646,1672]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="5.[113,168,143,167]" captionText="Table 2. Morphometric data for selected species of Eustomias from off northeastern Brazil, western tropical Atlantic*" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</tableCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFA4FFD5FF22F912D9C8F902" blockId="6.[129,777,1646,1740]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank*org:act:
<uuid id="FFA10C69FFA4FFD5FD2AF913D9C8F902" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">5169EEEB- FC73-4542-9086-1CE98E6F713C</uuid>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFA4FFD5FF22F96ED95BF8EE" blockId="6.[129,777,1769,1887]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFA4FFD5FF22F96ED8D1F8CF" box="[129,254,1769,1793]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FF22F96ED8CAF8CE" box="[129,229,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Eustomias</emphasis>
sp
</taxonomicName>
* – Villarins
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FEDCF96ED985F8CF" box="[383,426,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
* 2022: 60 [potential new species; off northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F310762CFFA4FFD5FE89F88FD949F8EE" box="[298,358,1800,1824]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brazil</collectingCountry>
]*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFA4FFD5FF22F8AFD95BF891" blockId="6.[129,777,1769,1887]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFA4FFD5FF22F8AFD8D2F8F1" box="[129,253,1831,1855]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FF22F8AFD8CAF8F1" box="[129,229,1832,1855]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Eustomias</emphasis>
sp
</taxonomicName>
* 1* – Eduardo
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FE36F8AFD991F8F1" box="[405,446,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
* 2022: 6 [potential new species; off northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F310762CFFA4FFD5FE89F8C0D949F891" box="[298,358,1863,1887]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brazil</collectingCountry>
]*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFA4FFD5FF22F807DB25F879" blockId="6.[129,778,1920,1975]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<materialsCitation id="3B6F3CE1FFA4FFD5FF22F807DB25F879" collectionCode="SL" country="Brazil" location="Fernando de Noronha Archipelago" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FF22F807D940F856" box="[129,367,1920,1944]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<typeStatus id="54BC881EFFA4FFD5FF22F807D8F3F856" box="[129,220,1920,1944]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: NPM
<quantity id="4CFF9B59FFA4FFD5FE98F807D940F856" box="[315,367,1920,1944]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.878162" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="4878.162">4878</quantity>
</emphasis>
, 162 mm
<collectionCode id="ED16AE79FFA4FFD5FE54F807DA3AF856" box="[503,533,1920,1944]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SL</collectionCode>
,
<collectingCountry id="F310762CFFA4FFD5FD8AF807DA49F856" box="[553,614,1920,1944]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, off
<location id="8ED86067FFA4FFD5FD05F807D9B3F879" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87AAFFA4FFDBFF6CF9BED9ADF80E:8ED86067FFA4FFD5FD05F807D9B3F879" country="Brazil" name="Fernando de Noronha Archipelago" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fernando de Noronha Archipelago</location>
, ABÞCOS, station AB2#44A,
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFA4FFD5FC9AFF17DD6FFF29" blockId="6.[825,1474,143,231]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<geoCoordinate id="EE33507BFFA4FFD5FC9AFF17DB83FF66" box="[825,940,143,168]" degrees="03" direction="south" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="15" seconds="53" value="-3.881389">
03°52
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FCD6FF08DB54FF66" box="[885,891,143,168]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ʹ</emphasis>
53″S
</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE33507BFFA4FFD5FC1DFF16DC14FF66" box="[958,1083,143,169]" degrees="32" direction="west" minutes="17" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="15" seconds="33" value="-32.2925">
32°17
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FC59FF08DC2FFF66" box="[1018,1024,143,168]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ʹ</emphasis>
33″W
</geoCoordinate>
to
<geoCoordinate id="EE33507BFFA4FFD5FBCEFF17DCF0FF66" box="[1133,1247,143,168]" degrees="03" direction="south" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="15" seconds="13" value="-3.870278">
03°52
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FB0AFF08DC80FF66" box="[1193,1199,143,168]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ʹ</emphasis>
13″S
</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE33507BFFA4FFD5FB52FF17DD40FF66" box="[1265,1391,143,168]" degrees="32" direction="west" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="15" seconds="28" value="-32.274445">
32°16
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FA8EFF08DD1CFF66" box="[1325,1331,143,168]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ʹ</emphasis>
28″W
</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CFF9B59FFA4FFD5FA23FF17DB60FF09" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="425.0" valueMax="850.0" valueMin="0.0">0–850 m</quantity>
, RV
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FC2AFF37DBECFF09" box="[905,963,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Antea</emphasis>
, mid-water trawl, coll* Leandro Eduardo, Paulo ºravassos, and crew,
<date id="FFB9107CFFA4FFD5FBA8FF48DCB5FF29" box="[1035,1178,207,231]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="2017-04-28">28 April 2017</date>
, 12:44–13:17 h*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFA4FFD5FC9AFE8EDBF1FE73" blockId="6.[825,1475,264,445]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FC9AFE8EDBB0FEEE" box="[825,927,265,288]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
A species of
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFA4FFD5FB88FE8EDCECFEEE" authorityName="Regan &amp; Trewavas" authorityYear="1930" box="[1067,1219,265,288]" pageId="6" pageNumber="16" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Nominostomias">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FB88FE8EDCECFEEE" box="[1067,1219,265,288]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nominostomias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with IC 78 and OC 70; long chin barbel (71% SL, 500% HL) with two terminal bulbs, very long, simple terminal filament (25*9% SL; 182*6% HL) split close to tip at 87*8% BL, bearing several bulblets of different sizes; axis bifurcated directly behind the second bulb at 62*1% BL (
<figureCitation id="133C2A39FFA4FFD5FCCBFE22DB8BFE73" box="[872,932,421,445]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1642,1666]" captionTargetBox="[114,1457,146,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-126@7.[112,1459,144,1615]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Eustomias (Nominostomias) ophioglossa, holotype, NPM 4878, 162 mm SL, Brazil, off Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, RV Antea, ABÞCOS, station* AB2#44A, 03°52ʹ53″S, 32°17ʹ33″W to 03°52ʹ13″S, 32°16ʹ28″W, 0–850 m* A, whole specimen (scale bar: 10 mm)* B, representation of dentition (fixed teeth in black; scale bar: 10 mm)* C, terminal portion of chin barbel (scale bar: 10 mm)* D, complex of bulblets in the terminal filament (scale bar: 1 mm)* E, tip of the terminal filament (scale bar:1 mm)* Bulblets are indicated by black arrows*" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133C2A39FFA4FFD5FC0DFE22DBE2FE73" box="[942,973,421,445]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[198,1375,143,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[198,1375,143,1807]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Chin barbel of the new species of Eustomias* A, terminal portion of Eustomias (Haploclonus) antea, holotype, NPM 4880, 124 mm SL* B, terminal portion of Eustomias (Haploclonus) lucenae, holotype, NPM 4883, 47 mm SL* C, terminal bulbs and complex of bulblets of Eustomias (Nominostomias) ophioglossa, holotype, NPM 4878, 162 mm SL* D, distal bulb and bulblets of Eustomias (Nominostomias) ophioglossa, holotype, NPM 4878, 162 mm SL* E, terminal portion of Eustomias (Nominostomias) bertrandi, holotype, NPM 4610, 109 mm SL* Scale bar: 1 mm*" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7C</figureCitation>
)*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFA4FFD5FC9AFE58DD11FB28" blockId="6.[825,1475,478,1975]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA4FFD5FC9AFE58DB9FFE38" box="[825,944,479,502]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Description:</emphasis>
Chin barbel very long, extending beyond the anal fin insertion (71% SL, 500% HL), with two oval terminal bulbs of approximately equal size (proximal bulb 1*12 times the distal bulb length) separated by a short interspace (9*6% HL, 115*8% proximal bulb length), inserted at 57*4 and 60*6% barbel length, respectively (Fig* 4)* No appendages or photophores on the barbel stem* Stem unpigmented* Axis darkly pigmented to proximal end of second bulb and lightly pigmented to the end of filament* ºerminal filament very long (25*9% SL, 182*6% HL), without side branches, with axis bifurcated directly asser the distal tip of second bulb at 62*9% of barbel length (
<figureCitation id="133C2A39FFA4FFD5FA98FC9FDDA6FCFE" box="[1339,1417,792,816]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1642,1666]" captionTargetBox="[114,1457,146,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-126@7.[112,1459,144,1615]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Eustomias (Nominostomias) ophioglossa, holotype, NPM 4878, 162 mm SL, Brazil, off Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, RV Antea, ABÞCOS, station* AB2#44A, 03°52ʹ53″S, 32°17ʹ33″W to 03°52ʹ13″S, 32°16ʹ28″W, 0–850 m* A, whole specimen (scale bar: 10 mm)* B, representation of dentition (fixed teeth in black; scale bar: 10 mm)* C, terminal portion of chin barbel (scale bar: 10 mm)* D, complex of bulblets in the terminal filament (scale bar: 1 mm)* E, tip of the terminal filament (scale bar:1 mm)* Bulblets are indicated by black arrows*" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 4C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133C2A39FFA4FFD5FA30FC9FDD9EFCFE" box="[1427,1457,792,816]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[198,1375,143,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[198,1375,143,1807]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Chin barbel of the new species of Eustomias* A, terminal portion of Eustomias (Haploclonus) antea, holotype, NPM 4880, 124 mm SL* B, terminal portion of Eustomias (Haploclonus) lucenae, holotype, NPM 4883, 47 mm SL* C, terminal bulbs and complex of bulblets of Eustomias (Nominostomias) ophioglossa, holotype, NPM 4878, 162 mm SL* D, distal bulb and bulblets of Eustomias (Nominostomias) ophioglossa, holotype, NPM 4878, 162 mm SL* E, terminal portion of Eustomias (Nominostomias) bertrandi, holotype, NPM 4610, 109 mm SL* Scale bar: 1 mm*" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7C</figureCitation>
), ending in two separate unequal terminations, with the ventral longer and heavily pigmented by large melanophores from the bifurcation (Fig* 4D)* A group of six closely set elongate bulblets of different shape and size located below the lower branch of the axis in front of the distal bulb at distance of 1*2 times distal bulb length (8*7% HL, 105*2% proximal bulb length)* A large oval bulblet (4*3% HL, 52*6% proximal bulb length) situated on the upper branch of the axis at a distance 1*5 times greater than its length from the previous complex of bulblets (
<figureCitation id="133C2A39FFA4FFD5FA94FBB5DDA9FB84" box="[1335,1414,1074,1098]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1642,1666]" captionTargetBox="[114,1457,146,1613]" captionTargetId="figure-126@7.[112,1459,144,1615]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Eustomias (Nominostomias) ophioglossa, holotype, NPM 4878, 162 mm SL, Brazil, off Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, RV Antea, ABÞCOS, station* AB2#44A, 03°52ʹ53″S, 32°17ʹ33″W to 03°52ʹ13″S, 32°16ʹ28″W, 0–850 m* A, whole specimen (scale bar: 10 mm)* B, representation of dentition (fixed teeth in black; scale bar: 10 mm)* C, terminal portion of chin barbel (scale bar: 10 mm)* D, complex of bulblets in the terminal filament (scale bar: 1 mm)* E, tip of the terminal filament (scale bar:1 mm)* Bulblets are indicated by black arrows*" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 4C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133C2A39FFA4FFD5FA31FBB5DD9EFB87" box="[1426,1457,1074,1097]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1835,1859]" captionTargetBox="[198,1375,143,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[198,1375,143,1807]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Chin barbel of the new species of Eustomias* A, terminal portion of Eustomias (Haploclonus) antea, holotype, NPM 4880, 124 mm SL* B, terminal portion of Eustomias (Haploclonus) lucenae, holotype, NPM 4883, 47 mm SL* C, terminal bulbs and complex of bulblets of Eustomias (Nominostomias) ophioglossa, holotype, NPM 4878, 162 mm SL* D, distal bulb and bulblets of Eustomias (Nominostomias) ophioglossa, holotype, NPM 4878, 162 mm SL* E, terminal portion of Eustomias (Nominostomias) bertrandi, holotype, NPM 4610, 109 mm SL* Scale bar: 1 mm*" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7D</figureCitation>
)* Six tiny round bulblets on terminal filament; the first underneath the lower axis; second and third on the lower axis; fourth and fissh on the upper axis; and the sixth above the lower axis (Fig* 4D)* Distance between proximal and distal bulbs 1*16 times proximal bulb length, 1*29 times distal bulb length*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFA4FFD5FCF6FB69DBD9F9B0" blockId="6.[825,1475,478,1975]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dorsal-fin rays 20, anal-fin rays 33, pectoral-fin rays 3, pelvic-fin rays 7, branchiostegal rays 16, an total vertebrae 67* Linear photophores in the series: BR 11, IP 8, PV 32, VAV 19 (seven above anal-fin base), OV 33, VAL 18 (eight above anal-fin base), AC 19, IC 78, and OC 70 (ºable 1)* Presence of one photophore immediately behind end of premaxilla and one photophore on opercle* Postorbital organ small, oval, directed diagonally (0*8% SL, 5*65% HL)* Suborbital organ small, rounded (0*5% SL, 3*5% HL)* Small photophores on head and body randomly located* Series of small photophores along the anterior edge of the orbit extending in a straight line above PO; a few aggregations of luminous spots near IV photophores and near base of pelvic-fin rays* No ventral groove*</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFA4FFD5FCF6F902DB9FF879" blockId="6.[825,1475,478,1975]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sixteen teeth on premaxilla, with second tooth the longest (1*8% SL, 12*6% HL), followed by a sequence of three or four smaller teeth and one longer* Seven fixed teeth: first, second, third, sixth, seventh, 13th, and 14th (Fig* 4B)* ºwenty-one dentary teeth, with fourth tooth the longest (1*4% SL, 10*0% HL) and probably the second and third are replacement teeth* Nine fixed teeth: third, sixth, eighth, 10th, and 11th–15th (Fig* 4B)* ºwenty-one teeth on maxilla, comb-like and directed backwards* Gill filaments extending almost beyond gill cover when fixed*</paragraph>
<caption id="DF786634FFA5FFD4FFD2F9EDDDAAF919" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[113,178,1642,1666]" targetBox="[114,1457,146,1613]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFA5FFD4FFD2F9EDDDAAF919" blockId="7.[113,1435,1642,1751]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA5FFD4FFD2F9EDDA75F94C" bold="true" box="[113,602,1642,1667]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Figure 4.
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFA5FFD4FF6EF9ECDA75F94C" authorityName="Bárbara &amp; Villarins &amp; Luciano &amp; Fischer &amp; Artem &amp; Prokofiev &amp; Michael &amp; Mincarone" authorityYear="2024" box="[205,602,1642,1667]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophioglossa" subGenus="Nominostomias">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA5FFD4FF6EF9ECD91DF94D" bold="true" box="[205,306,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eustomias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA5FFD4FEE2F9ECD9F5F94D" bold="true" box="[321,474,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nominostomias</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA5FFD4FE4BF9EDDA75F94C" bold="true" box="[488,602,1642,1666]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ophioglossa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, holotype,
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA5FFD4FD60F9ECDB03F94D" box="[707,812,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">NPM 4878</emphasis>
, 162 mm SL, Brazil, off Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, RV
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA5FFD4FFD2F900D888F950" box="[113,167,1671,1694]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Antea</emphasis>
, ABÞCOS, station* AB2#44A, 03°52
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA5FFD4FDB2F902DA39F950" box="[529,534,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ʹ</emphasis>
53″S, 32°17
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA5FFD4FD20F902DAA7F950" box="[643,648,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ʹ</emphasis>
33″W to 03°52
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA5FFD4FCB6F902DB35F950" box="[789,794,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ʹ</emphasis>
13″S, 32°16
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFA5FFD4FC24F902DBA3F950" box="[903,908,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ʹ</emphasis>
28″W, 0–850 m* A, whole specimen (scale bar: 10 mm)* B, representation of dentition (fixed teeth in black; scale bar: 10 mm)* C, terminal portion of chin barbel (scale bar: 10 mm)* D, complex of bulblets in the terminal filament (scale bar: 1 mm)* E, tip of the terminal filament (scale bar: 1 mm)* Bulblets are indicated by black arrows*
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFA5FFDBFF2EF880D923FE0C" blockId="7.[113,762,1799,1979]" lastBlockId="8.[129,780,144,575]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Measurements (as a percentage of SL): body depth (behind head) 8*6, body width (at pelvic insertions) 4*4, dorsal-fin base length 14*8, anal-fin base length 26*5, predorsal length 82*7, preanal length 71*0, prepelvic length 56*8, pelvic–anal distance 14*2, snout to anus 69*1, pectoral-fin length 14*8, pelvic-fin length 14*2, caudal peduncle length 2*3, caudal peduncle depth 1*7, head length 14*2, snout length 3*9, chin barbel length 71*0, terminal filament length 25*9, first bulb length 1*2 and depth 0*5, second bulb length, 1*0 and depth 0*4, group of bulblets 0*7 and depth 0*3, single large bulblet 0*6 and depth 0*3, proximal and distal bulb interspace 1*4, distal bulb to group of bulblets 1*2, group of bulblets to single large bulblet 0*9, eye diameter 2*6, interorbital space 3*6, and upper jaw length 10*5 (ºable 2)* Measurements (as a percentage of HL): snout length 27*4, upper jaw length 71*9, eye diameter 18*7, interorbital space 25*2, chin barbel length 500, terminal filament length 182*6, first bulb length 8*3 and depth 3*5, second bulb length 7*4 and depth 3*0, group of bulblets length 5*2 and depth 2*2, single large bulblet length 4*3 and depth 2*0, proximal and distal bulb interspace 9*6, distal bulb to group of bulblets 8*7, and group of bulblets to single large bulblet 6*5 (ºable 2); SO/eye 0*19 and PO/eye 0*30*</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFAAFFDBFF3FFE4ED9B2FDF1" blockId="8.[129,780,144,575]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Colour when freshly caught: body black and two terminal bulbs blueish* Colour in alcohol: body dark brown; pelvic-fin rays darkly pigmented; dorsal- and anal-fin rays and membranes lightly pigmented near base*</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFAAFFDBFF22FDE6DA60FD19" blockId="8.[129,777,609,727]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFF22FDE6D8D1FDB7" box="[129,254,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distribution:</emphasis>
Known only from the type locality, off eastern Fernando de Noronha Archipelago,
<collectingCountry id="F310762CFFAAFFDBFE48FD07DA09FD56" box="[491,550,640,664]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(Fig* 9)* Ŋe
<typeStatus id="54BC881EFFAAFFDBFD0EFD07DB26FD56" box="[685,777,640,664]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was collected at
<quantity id="4CFF9B59FFAAFFDBFE86FD18D949FD79" box="[293,358,671,695]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="780.0">780 m</quantity>
depth, where the temperature was 4*7°C, salinity 34*5, and dissolved oxygen 3*6 mL/L*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFAAFFDBFF22FD79D917FC9A" blockId="8.[129,777,766,852]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFF22FD79D8DFFCD8" box="[129,240,766,790]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Etymology:</emphasis>
Ŋe species epithet is created from Greek ‘ophis’ (snake) and ‘glossa’ (tongue) in allusion to the terminal filament spliưing at the tip*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836BCFFAAFFDBFF22FCF8D9ADF80E" blockId="8.[129,778,894,1984]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFF22FCF8D8D0FC58" box="[129,255,895,918]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Comparison:</emphasis>
Like all congeners in subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFDCFFCF8DB2BFC58" authorityName="Regan &amp; Trewavas" authorityYear="1930" box="[620,772,895,918]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Nominostomias">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFDCFFCF8DB2BFC58" box="[620,772,895,918]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nominostomias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFF22FC18D923FC78" authorityName="Bárbara &amp; Villarins &amp; Luciano &amp; Fischer &amp; Artem &amp; Prokofiev &amp; Michael &amp; Mincarone" authorityYear="2024" box="[129,268,926,950]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophioglossa">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFF22FC18D923FC78" box="[129,268,926,950]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. ophioglossa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has three pectoral-fin rays, seven pelvic-fin rays, barbel stem unpigmented with no photophore-like structures, presence of bulbs and terminal filament, ventral groove absent, and high counts of serial photophores in comparison to the other three-pectoral-rayed subgenus,
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFE58FB9CDA5BFBFD" authorityName="Regan &amp; Trewavas" authorityYear="1930" box="[507,628,1051,1075]" pageId="8" pageNumber="14" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Haploclonus">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFE58FB9CDA5BFBFD" box="[507,628,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Haploclonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(78 IC and 70 OC vs* 65–71 IC and 56–65 OC)* However,
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFDF6FBBCDAF0FB9C" authorityName="Bárbara &amp; Villarins &amp; Luciano &amp; Fischer &amp; Artem &amp; Prokofiev &amp; Michael &amp; Mincarone" authorityYear="2024" box="[597,735,1082,1106]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophioglossa">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFDF6FBBCDAF0FB9C" box="[597,735,1082,1106]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. ophioglossa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from all other species of the genus by having unique barbel morphology, with the axis of the terminal filament bifurcated along all of its length*
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFEFFFB1EDA1BFB7E" authorityName="Bárbara &amp; Villarins &amp; Luciano &amp; Fischer &amp; Artem &amp; Prokofiev &amp; Michael &amp; Mincarone" authorityYear="2024" box="[348,564,1176,1200]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophioglossa">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFEFFFB1EDA1BFB7E" box="[348,564,1176,1200]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Eustomias ophioglossa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to the group I of
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B4DFFAAFFDBFF0EFB3FD95BFB1E" author="Gibbs RH Jr &amp; Gomon JR" box="[173,372,1208,1232]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 139" refId="ref15166" refString="Gibbs RH Jr, Clarke ºA, Gomon JR * ºaxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae) * I * Subgenus Nominostomias * Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 1983; 380: 1 - 139 *" type="journal article" year="1983">
Gibbs
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFF51FB3FD90CFB1E" box="[242,291,1208,1232]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
(1983)
</bibRefCitation>
owing to the presence of two terminal bulbs and a single terminal filament lacking branches* In the identification key proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B4DFFAAFFDBFE69FB71DAB9FAC1" author="Gibbs RH Jr &amp; Gomon JR" box="[458,662,1270,1295]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 139" refId="ref15166" refString="Gibbs RH Jr, Clarke ºA, Gomon JR * ºaxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae) * I * Subgenus Nominostomias * Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 1983; 380: 1 - 139 *" type="journal article" year="1983">
Gibbs
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFDB1FB70DA6BFAC0" box="[530,580,1270,1294]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
(1983)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFD06FB70D8DFFAE0" authorityName="Bárbara &amp; Villarins &amp; Luciano &amp; Fischer &amp; Artem &amp; Prokofiev &amp; Michael &amp; Mincarone" authorityYear="2024" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophioglossa">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFD06FB70D8DFFAE0" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Eustomias ophioglossa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fits the couplet 18 (interbulbar distance&gt; 2% SL, barbel length 85% SL or shorter, and terminal filament with or without short branches), which includes
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFD8DFAD2D993FA42" authority="Gibbs, Clarke &amp; Gomon, 1983" authorityName="Gibbs, Clarke &amp; Gomon" authorityYear="1983" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australensis">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFD8DFAD2DB26FAA2" box="[558,777,1364,1388]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Eustomias australensis</emphasis>
Gibbs, Clarke &amp; Gomon, 1983
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFE6BFAF3D952FA65" authority="Gibbs, Clarke &amp; Gomon, 1983" authorityName="Gibbs, Clarke &amp; Gomon" authorityYear="1983" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austratlanticus">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFE6BFAF3DAEFFA42" box="[456,704,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Eustomias austratlanticus</emphasis>
Gibbs, Clarke &amp; Gomon, 1983
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFE18FA13DB2BFA65" authority="Parr, 1927" authorityName="Parr" authorityYear="1927" box="[443,772,1427,1451]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bibulbosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFE18FA13DAA1FA65" box="[443,654,1427,1451]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Eustomias bibulbosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B4DFFAAFFDBFD34FA13DB2BFA65" author="Parr AE" box="[663,772,1427,1451]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 123" refId="ref16092" refString="Parr AE * Ne stomiatoid fishes of the suborder Gymnophotodermi (Astronesthidae, Melanostomiatidae, Idiacanthidae) with a complete review of the species * Scientific results of the third oceanographic expedition of the ' Pawnee' 1927) * Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University 1927; 3: 1 - 123 *" type="journal article" year="1927">Parr, 1927</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
* However,
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFF4FFA34D956FA04" authorityName="Bárbara &amp; Villarins &amp; Luciano &amp; Fischer &amp; Artem &amp; Prokofiev &amp; Michael &amp; Mincarone" authorityYear="2024" box="[236,377,1458,1482]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophioglossa">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFF4FFA34D956FA04" box="[236,377,1458,1482]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. ophioglossa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from these species by: (i) the presence of a group of fusiform bulblets and a separated large oval bulblet in the basal portion of the terminal filament, splitting close to tip (vs* only tiny bulblets present and filament not spliưing); (ii) interbulbar distance 1*3 times distal bulb length (vs* 1*0 times distal bulb length in
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFE44F9D7DA5EF9A9" authorityName="Gibbs, Clarke &amp; Gomon" authorityYear="1983" box="[487,625,1615,1639]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australensis">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFE44F9D7DA5EF9A9" box="[487,625,1615,1639]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. australensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 2*8–3*0 times distal bulb length in
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFEFFF9E8DA27F948" authorityName="Gibbs, Clarke &amp; Gomon" authorityYear="1983" box="[348,520,1646,1670]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austratlanticus">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFEFFF9E8DA27F948" box="[348,520,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. austratlanticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 2*0–7*8 times in
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFD56F9E8D8C8F968" authorityName="Parr" authorityYear="1927" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bibulbosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFD56F9E8D8C8F968" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. bibulbosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and (iii) length of distal bulb 0*9 times proximal bulb (vs* distal bulb 1*6 times proximal bulb in
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFDDBF929DB2BF90B" authorityName="Gibbs, Clarke &amp; Gomon" authorityYear="1983" box="[632,772,1709,1733]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="australensis">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFDDBF929DB2BF90B" box="[632,772,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. australensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, distal bulb 1*4–2*1 times proximal bulb in
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFD93F94ADAF7F92A" authorityName="Gibbs, Clarke &amp; Gomon" authorityYear="1983" box="[560,728,1740,1764]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austratlanticus">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFD93F94ADAF7F92A" box="[560,728,1740,1764]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. austratlanticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and distal bulb 1*0–1*6 times proximal bulb in
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFD9EF96BDA91F8CA" authorityName="Parr" authorityYear="1927" box="[573,702,1772,1796]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bibulbosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFD9EF96BDA91F8CA" box="[573,702,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. bibulbosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)* Also, it differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFEB5F88BD9EEF8ED" authorityName="Gibbs, Clarke &amp; Gomon" authorityYear="1983" box="[278,449,1803,1827]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austratlanticus">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFEB5F88BD9EEF8ED" box="[278,449,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. austratlanticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the longer terminal filament without branches (25*9% SL vs* 10% or shorter, with two short branches near its base), and from
<taxonomicName id="4C074D3FFFAAFFDBFE72F8CDDA7FF8AC" authorityName="Parr" authorityYear="1927" box="[465,592,1866,1890]" family="Stomiidae" genus="Eustomias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stomiiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bibulbosus">
<emphasis id="B973EAAEFFAAFFDBFE72F8CDDA7FF8AC" box="[465,592,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. bibulbosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the interbulbar distance 1*2 times proximal bulb length (vs* interbular distance 2*3–8*5 times proximal bulb length) and high count of premaxillary teeth (16 vs* 12–13)*
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="42E461A2F54E92E0E1D887DFCB3BFA8D">Ŋe first record of the genus Prosantorhinus % Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae) of East Asia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4B77DE29AE3291F5F3007164410A8DFC">Sun, Danhui</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A1B15A511A28C03232A0B02C96957199">University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049, China &amp; Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="58DEF2FCF446F4595139951467799619">Deng</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BFF986917AB68877FB8224F04A4C64D4">University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049, China &amp; Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="47032E612F2B8A2252CF8F87F665F53B">Wang, Shiqi</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="95CEA3184FA5F30C5C5AEDE3B53F04F2">Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FBBB1CD80F6424B79A13785AB7B79179">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="DEE657ACB09866D3A8A1046B24A00F15">
<mods:title id="09CD71F800EF744418054347144B758B">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="D84FAA94BF1BA01FED65421CCB720D0A">
<mods:date id="E8DB0ED4CC0F9CE43F074631EC8CC509">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="139A74B0C2613972374BF3B57E211F57" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="827249D5D453E04F04A7DB92B804C111">2024-10-31</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="5327F39F14C4B36426E48C15C47F75A8" type="volume">
<mods:number id="CBF9C48815B484BDF732A77A0A5A1435">202</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="20B1EB9A918E2B0428E1532A00F5971B">2</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="E8FDBFBFE55E9F3D967BAD051D58DB93">https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad183/7470716</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="152C4EFDC65D8AC4EF967765D92435C2" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad183</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="19CB1A83644DF53F7B334C933BD42BE0" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3AA0DBC700E429C42167A6A1AE34D7BB" type="Zenodo-Dep">14548569</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A710D07CFFE5FFB04E53FBBB28B1A0C3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A710D07CFFE5FFB04E53FBBB28B1A0C3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A710D07CFFE5FFB04E53FBBB28B1A0C3" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection id="67A332E1FFE5FFB74E53FBBB2923A3E7" box="[320,586,1150,1177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE5FFB74E53FBBB2923A3E7" blockId="2.[320,586,1150,1177]" box="[320,586,1150,1177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="744ED606FFE5FFB74E53FBBB2923A3E7" bold="true" box="[320,586,1150,1177]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="2">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74E53FBBB2923A3E7" bold="true" box="[320,586,1150,1177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74E53FBBB2A90A3E7" authorityName="Sun &amp; Deng &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2024" box="[320,505,1150,1177]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74E53FBBB2A90A3E7" bold="true" box="[320,505,1150,1177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Prosantorhinus yei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="06FE0003FFE5FFB74EEDFBBA2923A3E7" box="[510,586,1151,1177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="67A332E1FFE5FFB04E5DFB6B28B1A0C3" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE5FFB74E5DFB6B2954A3B6" blockId="2.[334,573,1198,1224]" box="[334,573,1198,1224]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74E5DFB6B2954A3B6" bold="true" box="[334,573,1198,1224]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
(
<figureCitation id="B7827DEFFFE5FFB74E4BFB6B2ADBA3B6" box="[344,434,1198,1224]" captionStart-0="Figure 2" captionStart-1="Figure 3" captionStart-2="Figure 4" captionStart-3="Figure 5" captionStart-4="Figure 6" captionStartId-0="3.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionStartId-1="3.[113,178,1906,1930]" captionStartId-2="4.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionStartId-3="5.[113,178,1728,1752]" captionStartId-4="6.[129,194,1272,1296]" captionTargetBox-0="[118,1455,147,1185]" captionTargetBox-1="[119,1455,1319,1875]" captionTargetBox-2="[131,1471,146,1041]" captionTargetBox-4="[131,1471,151,1242]" captionTargetId-0="figure-6@3.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetId-1="figure-33@3.[114,1458,1316,1878]" captionTargetId-2="figure-526@4.[129,1473,144,1079]" captionTargetId-4="figure-382@6.[129,1473,144,1244]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-4="6" captionText-0="Figure 2. Photographs and sketches of the skull of Prosantorhinus yei sp* nov*, holotype %IVPP V 23530) A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view*" captionText-1="Figure 3. Photograph and sketch of the skull of Prosantorhinus yei sp* nov*, holotype %IVPP V 23530)*" captionText-2="Figure 4. Photograph and sketch of upper teeth %IVPP V 23530) of Prosantorhinus yei sp* nov* in occlusal view, holotype %IVPP V 23530)*" captionText-3="Figure 5. Ŋe reconstruction of Prosantorhinus yei sp* nov**" captionText-4="Figure 6. Strict consensus of two most parsimonious trees, with 1450 steps in PAUP %consistency index = 0*2669; retention index = 0*5157), showing systematic position of Prosantorhinus yei sp* nov* For convenience, capital leưers %A–F) below the branches are used to denote monophyletic groups discussed in the text*" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548573" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548575" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548577" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548579" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14548573/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14548575/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14548577/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/14548579/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 2–6</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="623B54D1FFE5FFB74EADFB6B295BA3B6" box="[446,562,1198,1224]" captionStart-0="Table 1" captionStart-1="Table 2" captionStart-2="Table 3" captionStartId-0="7.[113,168,143,167]" captionStartId-1="8.[129,184,143,167]" captionStartId-2="8.[129,184,1062,1086]" captionText-0="Table 1. Measurements of the skull %IVPP V 23530) of Prosantorhinus yei sp* nov* from ºongxin, Ningxia, measurements in milimetres*" captionText-1="Table 2. Measurements of the upper teeth %IVPP V 23530) of Prosantorhinus yei sp* nov* from ºongxin, Ningxia compared with other Prosantorhinus, measurements in milimetres*" captionText-2="Table 3. Cranial characters of different species of Prosantorhinus, compared with Diaceratherium and Brachypotherium*" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tables 1–3</tableCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE5FFB74F92FB202A93A263" blockId="2.[129,777,1253,1309]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74F92FB202A0EA383" box="[129,359,1253,1277]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Zoobank registration:</emphasis>
urn:lsid:zoobank*org:pub:
<uuid id="5B1F5BBFFFE5FFB74D9EFB202A99A263" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">A307A235- FB07-41FF-AD68-3DA0FF60BA94</uuid>
*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE5FFB74F92FAF02860A212" blockId="2.[129,778,1333,1388]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<materialsCitation id="9FD16B37FFE5FFB74F92FAF02860A212" collectionCode="IVPP" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="V 23530" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74F92FAF02B88A233" box="[129,225,1333,1357]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<typeStatus id="F002DFC8FFE5FFB74F92FAF02BB5A233" box="[129,220,1333,1357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="49A8F9AFFFE5FFB74FE3FAF02A41A232" box="[240,296,1333,1356]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">IVPP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="7F1FC911FFE5FFB74E3CFAF02AE2A233" box="[303,395,1333,1357]" collectionCode="IVPP" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V 23530</specimenCode>
, a well-preserved and complete skull with both cheek tooth rows %less and right DP1–M3) %
<figureCitation id="B7827DEFFFE5FFB74DB0FA912990A212" box="[675,761,1364,1388]" captionStart-0="Figure 2" captionStart-1="Figure 3" captionStart-2="Figure 4" captionStartId-0="3.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionStartId-1="3.[113,178,1906,1930]" captionStartId-2="4.[130,195,1107,1131]" captionTargetBox-0="[118,1455,147,1185]" captionTargetBox-1="[119,1455,1319,1875]" captionTargetBox-2="[131,1471,146,1041]" captionTargetId-0="figure-6@3.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetId-1="figure-33@3.[114,1458,1316,1878]" captionTargetId-2="figure-526@4.[129,1473,144,1079]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="Figure 2. Photographs and sketches of the skull of Prosantorhinus yei sp* nov*, holotype %IVPP V 23530) A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view*" captionText-1="Figure 3. Photograph and sketch of the skull of Prosantorhinus yei sp* nov*, holotype %IVPP V 23530)*" captionText-2="Figure 4. Photograph and sketch of upper teeth %IVPP V 23530) of Prosantorhinus yei sp* nov* in occlusal view, holotype %IVPP V 23530)*" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548573" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548575" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14548577" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14548573/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14548575/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14548577/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 2–4</figureCitation>
)*
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE5FFB74F92FA4029B9A1A8" blockId="2.[129,778,1412,1750]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74F92FA402B8DA2E2" box="[129,228,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Ŋe V-shaped nasal notch with its posterior edge at the level of the middle part of P3 and anterior margin of the orbit located at the level of the anterior edge of M1 differs from
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74DB3FA012BC1A285" authority="* Ne" authorityName="Ne" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douvillei">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74DB3FA01286DA2A5" box="[672,772,1475,1499]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P.douvillei</emphasis>
* Ŋe
</taxonomicName>
upper premolars are semi-molarized with a lingual bridge between the protocone and hypocone different from
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74D91F9C7286AA167" authorityName="% Wang" authorityYear="1929" box="[642,771,1538,1561]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="germanicus">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74D91F9C7286AA167" box="[642,771,1538,1561]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. germanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74F92F9E72BA7A147" authorityName="Heissig and Fejfar" authorityYear="2007" box="[129,206,1569,1593]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laubei">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74F92F9E72BA7A147" box="[129,206,1569,1593]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. laubei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74E13F9E72AFDA147" authority="* Ne" authorityName="Ne" box="[256,404,1569,1593]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douvillei">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74E13F9E72A0DA147" box="[256,356,1569,1593]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P.douvillei</emphasis>
* Ŋe
</taxonomicName>
strong constrictions of the protocone, as well as stout antecrochet and crochet on molars, differ from
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74F92F9A52BB8A106" authorityName="Heissig and Fejfar" authorityYear="2007" box="[129,209,1632,1656]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laubei">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74F92F9A52BB8A106" box="[129,209,1632,1656]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. laubei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74E17F9A52ACAA106" authority="* Ne" authorityName="Ne" box="[260,419,1632,1656]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shahbazi">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74E17F9A52A19A106" box="[260,368,1632,1656]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. shahbazi</emphasis>
* Ŋe
</taxonomicName>
multiple crochet on the upper premolars and the present crista on P3 differ from
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74D6CF945286AA1E9" authorityName="% Wang" authorityYear="1929" box="[639,771,1664,1687]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="germanicus">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74D6CF945286AA1E9" box="[639,771,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. germanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74F92F95A2BB9A1C8" authorityName="Heissig and Fejfar" authorityYear="2007" box="[129,208,1694,1718]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laubei">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74F92F95A2BB9A1C8" box="[129,208,1694,1718]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. laubei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74E14F95A2AC9A1C9" authority="* Ne" authorityName="Ne" box="[263,416,1694,1719]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douvillei">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74E14F95A2A07A1C8" box="[263,366,1694,1718]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. douvillei</emphasis>
* Ŋe
</taxonomicName>
cement on the cheek teeth is developed differently from
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74E4AF97B2AB1A1AB" authorityName="% Wang" authorityYear="1929" box="[345,472,1726,1749]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="germanicus">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74E4AF97B2AB1A1AB" box="[345,472,1726,1749]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. germanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74EF0F97B2958A1A8" authorityName="Heissig and Fejfar" authorityYear="2007" box="[483,561,1726,1750]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laubei">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74EF0F97B2958A1A8" box="[483,561,1726,1750]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. laubei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74D76F97B29A3A1A8" box="[613,714,1726,1750]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douvillei">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74D76F97B29A3A1A8" box="[613,714,1726,1750]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. douvillei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE5FFB74F92F9322A9CA030" blockId="2.[129,778,1783,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74F92F9322B99A071" box="[129,240,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Etymology:</emphasis>
Ŋe species’ name is in honour of Professor Jie Ye, who has made great contributions to Neogene palaeontology and stratigraphy in the ºongxin area*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE5FFB74F92F8B52FDDA7D4" blockId="2.[129,778,1903,1990]" lastBlockId="2.[825,1475,145,1992]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74F92F8B52AE2A0F9" box="[129,395,1903,1927]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type locality and horizon:</emphasis>
Zhang’enbao Formation exposed in Lijiazhuang in Shishi ºownship, ºongxin County, Wuzhong City,
<collectingRegion id="ED7DAF88FFE5FFB74F92F86B2B96A0B8" box="[129,255,1966,1990]" country="China" name="Ningxia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ningxia Hui</collectingRegion>
Autonomous Region,
<collectingCountry id="57AE21FAFFE5FFB74EF6F86B294EA0B8" box="[485,551,1966,1990]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">China</collectingCountry>
; Middle Miocene*
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74B5BFF542FDDA7D4" box="[1096,1204,145,170]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE5FFB74C2AFF722E7EA0B6" blockId="2.[825,1475,145,1992]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74C2AFF7228FEA7B0" box="[825,919,183,206]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Cranium:</emphasis>
IVPP V 23530 is a well-preserved and complete adult skull with moderately worn cheek teeth %Fig* 2)* In the dorsal view %Fig* 2A), the nasal suture between both nasals is observable, and the rostral end of the nasal bone is very rugose, indicating the presence of a nasal horn* Ŋe nasal bone becomes narrow gradually before the orbits %i*e* the nasal base does not have a constriction)* Ŋe skull roof has the widest distance at the level of the supraorbital processes, at 154*
<quantity id="E841CC8FFFE5FFB74B79FE542FC6A6D4" box="[1130,1199,401,426]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="96.0">96 mm</quantity>
* Ŋe parietal crests are not fused to a sagiưal crest, and the minimal separation is 46*
<quantity id="E841CC8FFFE5FFB74A64FE742ED3A6B7" box="[1399,1466,433,457]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
* Ŋe width of the occipital crest is 137*
<quantity id="E841CC8FFFE5FFB74BAFFE152E69A696" box="[1212,1280,464,488]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 mm</quantity>
* In the lateral view %Fig* 2B), the dorsal skull profile is concave* Ŋe nasal bone has a slightly upturning anterior part, and the occipital part is raised* Ŋe premaxillae are not preserved* Ŋe nasal bone is short and stout* Ŋe nasal notch has a V-shaped outline, and its posterior edge is at the level of the middle part of P3* Ŋe distance between the posterior edge of the nasal notch and the orbit is 71*
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* Ŋe infraorbital foramen is located dorsal to the level of P3 and behind the nasal notch* Ŋe position of the dorsal margin of the orbit is high, and the anterior margin of the orbit is located at the level of the anterior edge of M1* Ŋe supraorbital edge of the frontal bone has a coarse area, but lacks any process or tubercle* Ŋe posterior orbital border is formed by the zygomatic bone, and presents a coarse area, without any tubercle* Ŋe zygomatic arch is thin %particularly the posterior part), the anterior end of which is located at the level of M1 and close to the cheek tooth row, and the posterior end of the dorsal edge has a short process* Ŋe temporal articulation for the mandible protrudes from the ventral edge of the zygomatic arch* Ŋe postglenoid process is laterally flaưened* Ŋe occipital part is raised, with the occipital face slightly inclined anteriorly in lateral view* Ŋe post-tympanic process is short and fused with the paraoccipital process, and contacts anteriorly with the postglenoid process* Ŋe upper edge of the external auditory pseudomeatus is short and located in the lower half of the occipital crest* Ŋe area between the temporal and occipital crests is depressed* In the ventral view %Fig* 2C), the medial edge of the cheek tooth row is nearly straight, and the lateral edge is arched* Ŋe anterior edge of the posterior nares is U-shaped in outline, at the level between M2 and M3* Ŋe posterior edge of the lateral wall of the posterior nares with a steep part is continuous, extending to the foramen lacerum anterius that is at the back of the level of the temporal condyle* Ŋe temporal condyle is high, and its transverse axis is concave posteriorly* Ŋe tympanic bulla has been crushed, exposing the inner bones* Ŋe alar foramen is opened on the lateral wall of the posterior nares, anteroposteriorly at the level of the temporal condyle* Ŋe post-tympanic process is wide, transversely extending to the level of the lateral half of the temporal condyle* Ŋe hypoglossal foramen is laterally positioned, at the base of the paraoccipital process* Ŋe ventral and occipital surfaces of the occipital condyle are rounded, without a median ridge* In the posterior view %Fig* 3), the occipital face is trapezoidal in outline, and the upper part is slightly narrower than the lower part* Ŋe nuchal tuberosity is strongly developed* Ŋere is a shallow notch between the base of the paraoccipital process and the post-tympanic process* Ŋe foramen magnum is small, triangular, and higher than wide* Ŋe upper margin of this foramen is narrow, inverted V-shaped, and higher than the upper margin of the occipital condyles* Ŋe occipital condyles are relatively small %ºable 1)*
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE4FFB64F62FB052B8EA38A" blockId="3.[113,1404,1216,1268]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE4FFB64F62FB052BA0A3A6" bold="true" box="[113,201,1216,1240]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Photographs and sketches of the skull of
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE4FFB64D5FFB05299CA3A6" authorityName="Sun &amp; Deng &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2024" box="[588,757,1216,1240]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yei">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE4FFB64D5FFB0529BDA3A6" box="[588,724,1216,1240]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Prosantorhinus</emphasis>
yei
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sp* nov*, holotype %IVPP V 23530) A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view*
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE4FFB64F62F8B72F4EA0F4" blockId="3.[113,1063,1906,1930]" box="[113,1063,1906,1930]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE4FFB64F62F8B72BA0A0F4" bold="true" box="[113,201,1906,1930]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Photograph and sketch of the skull of
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE4FFB64D23F8B729BEA0F7" authorityName="Sun &amp; Deng &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2024" box="[560,727,1906,1930]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yei">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE4FFB64D23F8B729BEA0F7" box="[560,727,1906,1930]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Prosantorhinus yei</emphasis>
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sp* nov*, holotype %IVPP V 23530)*
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE3FFB14F91FB962EE6A315" blockId="4.[130,1423,1107,1131]" box="[130,1423,1107,1131]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE3FFB14F91FB962BB3A315" bold="true" box="[130,218,1107,1131]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Photograph and sketch of upper teeth %IVPP V 23530) of
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<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE3FFB14C12FB9628CEA314" box="[769,935,1107,1131]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Prosantorhinus yei</emphasis>
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sp* nov* in occlusal view, holotype %IVPP V 23530)*
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE3FFB14F92FB5E2998A26E" blockId="4.[128,778,1179,1986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE3FFB14F92FB5E2B8CA3CC" box="[129,229,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dentition:</emphasis>
Ŋe cheek teeth have relatively low crowns, covered by abundant cement on the buccal walls and they are moderately worn %Fig* 4; ºable 2)* Ŋe ratio of the length of the upper premolars %P3–4) to the molars %M1–3) is high, more than 50%*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE3FFB14F8FFADD29C2A2D3" blockId="4.[128,778,1179,1986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">DP1 is fairly small and deeply worn to a flat surface with a triangular outline; the protoloph is weak and nearly worn off; the metaloph is developed; the hypocone has slight anterior and posterior constrictions; the postfosseưe is closed; the lingual cingulum is present, but the buccal cingulum is absent*</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE3FFB14F8FFA70293CA078" blockId="4.[128,778,1179,1986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P2 is nearly quadrangular in occlusal view with a parastyle and comparatively developed paracone rib* Ŋe protocone and hypocone, with slight constrictions, connect by a lingual bridge* Ŋe hypocone is marginally larger than the protocone* Ŋe hypocone is at the same level as the metacone* Ŋe protoloph is as buccally narrow as the metaloph and joins with the ectoloph* Ŋe crochet and crista are very weak* Both the median valley and the postfosseưe are closed* Ŋe anterior and the posterior cingula are developed* Ŋe lingual cingulum is reduced around the entrance of the median valley* Ŋe buccal cingulum is absent* Ŋe cement on the buccal surface is abundant*</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE3FFB14F8FF8C828CEA26E" blockId="4.[128,778,1179,1986]" lastBlockId="4.[825,1474,1178,1986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P3 has marked paracone and metacone ribs* Ŋe protocone has anterior and posterior constrictions, and the hypocone only has a slight anterior constriction* Ŋe protocone and hypocone connect by a lingual bridge* Ŋe protocone is slightly larger than the hypocone* Ŋe crochet and crista are weak, and the crochet is multiple* Ŋe median valley and postfosseưe are closed* Ŋe lingual margin of the protocone is convex* Ŋe anterior and posterior cingula are developed, but the lingual cingulum is reduced around the entrance of the median valley* Ŋe buccal cingulum is reduced*</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE3FFB14C46FADD2800A175" blockId="4.[825,1474,1178,1986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P4 is similar to P3, but much larger* Ŋe hypocone is not expanded, with slight anterior and posterior constrictions* Ŋe protocone is slightly smaller than the hypocone* Ŋe lingual margin of the protocone is convex* Ŋe protoloph is shorter than the metaloph* Ŋe anterior and posterior cingula are developed, but the lingual cingulum is reduced, forming a pillar around the entrance of the median valley* Ŋe buccal cingulum is almost absent*</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE3FFB14C46F9D72F5AA078" blockId="4.[825,1474,1178,1986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M1, with an undulating buccal wall, has a projecting parastyle, a marked parastyle groove, and a paracone rib* Ŋe strongly constricted protocone has a convex lingual margin, and the hypocone only has a slight anterior constriction* Ŋe crochet is short and stout* Ŋe antecrochet is strong and extends to the entrance of the median valley* Ŋe postfosseưe is round* Ŋe development of anterior and posterior, as well as lingual and buccal, cingula are similar to P4*</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE3FFB04C46F8C82964A000" blockId="4.[825,1474,1178,1986]" lastBlockId="5.[113,762,1800,1981]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M2 has a narrow and long parastyle, a developed parastyle groove, and a paracone rib* Ŋe protocone is expanded, with anterior and posterior constrictions* Ŋe hypocone only has a slight anterior constriction* Ŋe crochet is well-developed* Ŋe antcrochet is strongly developed and extends to the entrance of the median valley* Ŋe antecrochet and hypocone are separated* M2 has an open median valley, a V-shaped and closed postfosseưe, and a relatively narrow and long metastyle* Ŋe development of anterior and posterior, as well as lingual and buccal, cingula are similar to P4 and M1*</paragraph>
<caption id="7BC631E2FFE2FFB04F62F90529FDA1A6" box="[113,660,1728,1752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[113,178,1728,1752]" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE2FFB04F62F90529FDA1A6" blockId="5.[113,660,1728,1752]" box="[113,660,1728,1752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE2FFB04F62F9052BA0A1A6" bold="true" box="[113,201,1728,1752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Ŋe reconstruction of
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<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE2FFB04E8CF905292CA1A6" box="[415,581,1728,1752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Prosantorhinus yei</emphasis>
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sp* nov**
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE2FFB04F9EF84028B1A0C3" blockId="5.[113,762,1800,1981]" lastBlockId="5.[810,1459,1800,1981]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M3 has a triangular outline in occlusal view* It has a short and sharp parastyle* ºhe protocone has anterior and posterior constrictions* ºhe protoloph is anteriorly convex* ºhe crochet is well-developed but does not reach the protoloph* ºhere is a reduced antecrochet that enlarges to the base of the crown* ºhe anterior cingulum is well developed, and the posterior and lingual cingula are reduced, forming a pillar*</paragraph>
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Genus
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<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74E40FE612A85A6C1" bold="true" box="[339,492,420,447]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Prosantorhinus</emphasis>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74E14FE2029FFA683" authority="% Wang, 1929" authorityName="% Wang" authorityYear="1929" box="[263,662,485,509]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="germanicus">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74E14FE202965A682" box="[263,524,485,509]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Prosantorhinus germanicus</emphasis>
%Wang, 1929
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)*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE5FFB74F92FDDB2BB8A50B" blockId="2.[128,778,542,629]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74F92FDDB2A6EA548" box="[129,263,542,566]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Other species:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74E06FDDB29CCA548" authority="% Osborn, 1900" authorityName="% Osborn" authorityYear="1900" box="[277,677,542,566]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="douvillei">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74E06FDDB2969A548" box="[277,512,542,566]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Prosantorhinus douvillei</emphasis>
%
<bibRefCitation id="4B281C9BFFE5FFB74D0AFDDB29CCA548" author="Osborn HF" box="[537,677,542,566]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="229 - 67" refId="ref8709" refString="Osborn HF * Phylogeny of the rhinoceroses of Europe * Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1900; 13: 229 - 67 *" type="journal article" year="1900">Osborn, 1900</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74DA4FDDA2A12A52B" authority="Heissig and Fejfar, 2007" authorityName="Heissig and Fejfar" authorityYear="2007" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laubei">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74DA4FDDA2863A548" box="[695,778,542,566]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. laubei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4B281C9BFFE5FFB74F92FDF82A12A52B" author="Heissig K &amp; Fejfar O" box="[129,379,573,597]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="19 - 64" refId="ref8518" refString="Heissig K, Fejfar O * Die Saugetiere aus dem Untermiozan von ºuchorice in Nordwestbohmen * - I * Die fossilen Nashorner % Mammalia, Rhinocerotidae) * Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae * Hist. Nat 2007; 63: 19 - 64 *" type="journal article" year="2007">Heissig and Fejfar, 2007</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74E95FDFB29F1A52B" authority="% Pilgrim, 1910" authorityName="% Pilgrim" authorityYear="1910" box="[390,664,573,597]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shahbazi">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74E95FDFB2A9DA52B" box="[390,500,573,597]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. shahbazi</emphasis>
%Pilgrim, 1910
</taxonomicName>
), and
<taxonomicName id="E8B91AE9FFE5FFB74DC4FDFB2860A52B" authorityName="Sun &amp; Deng &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2024" box="[727,777,574,597]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Prosantorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yei">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74DC4FDFB2860A52B" box="[727,777,574,597]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P. yei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp* nov**
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE5FFB74F93FD53294FA379" blockId="2.[128,778,662,1031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74F93FD532A5DA5D0" box="[128,308,662,686]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Revised diagnosis:</emphasis>
Small- to medium-sized teleoceratines with concave dorsal skull profile and elevated nasals* Ŋe nasal extremity is thickened, enlarged, and roughened, which would support a small horn* Ŋe nasal incision is high and short* Ŋe zygomatic arches are high* Compared with the upper molars, the upper premolars are shortened* Ŋe crochet on the upper premolars usually presents two or more folds* M3 has a triangular outline and short distal cingulum* Ŋe cement on the buccal tooth walls is developed, but incomplete* Ŋe postcranials are robust* Manus tetradactyl to tridactyl* Ŋe second metatarsal with proximal articular facet shortened from the rear by a foramen nutritium %
<bibRefCitation id="4B281C9BFFE5FFB74FE0FC2A2AEFA378" author="Cerdeno E" box="[243,390,1006,1031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="111 - 24" refId="ref7873" refString="Cerdeno E * Prosantorhinus, the small teleoceratine rhinocerotid from the Miocene of Western Europe * Geobios 1996; 29: 111 - 24 * hups: // doi * org / 10 * 1016 / s 0016 - 6995 % 96) 80077 - 5" type="journal article" year="1996">Cerdeño 1996</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4B281C9BFFE5FFB74E82FC2A297CA379" author="Heissig K" box="[401,533,1007,1031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="236 - 74" refId="ref8472" refString="Heissig K * Revision of the European species of Prosantorhinus HEISSIG, 1974 % Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) * Fossil Imprint 2017; 73: 236 - 74 * hups: // doi * org / 10 * 2478 / if- 2017 - 0014" type="journal article" year="2017">Heissig 2017</bibRefCitation>
)*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F06616AFFE5FFB74F93FBED29D2A321" blockId="2.[128,778,1064,1119]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="1DCDBD78FFE5FFB74F93FBED2B97A33E" box="[128,254,1064,1088]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Distribution:</emphasis>
Early to Middle Miocene %MN 2–7/8), western and central Europe, as well as southern and eastern Asia*
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>