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<mods:title id="6A81999B872F0EEF561C61C271FDFB4B">Biomechanics of venom delivery in South America’s first toxungen-spraying scorpion</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="6F7C485189B5ED308A524BF7A0A95AD8">Biomechanics of venom delivery in South America’s first toxungen-spraying scorpion</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EAFFF6B294B5D072BE0674ACFBD06E00">Laborieux, Léo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0A477F71B2F639659EC1C6E21040B59C">Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA & Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Science, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands & Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Cra. 24 # 63 c 69, Bogotá, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2453CA84A36539E8F277C40A282EFEFD" type="email">leo.laborieux@evobio.eu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="4BE41CC9CBDA2F7E66E27EB433E8AD40">Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA & Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Science, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands & Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Cra. 24 # 63 c 69, Bogotá, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="C72B37F4BBED64FBC8FB25F9FA1573D1">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="038AD9389A5AFC2826FF01BEFE49F9C5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AD9389A5AFC2826FF01BEFE49F9C5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AD9389A5AFC2826FF01BEFE49F9C5" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<treatment id="038AD9389A5AFC2826FF01BEFE49F9C5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825464" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14825464" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AD9389A5AFC2826FF01BEFE49F9C5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AD9389A5AFC2826FF01BEFE49F9C5" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection id="C3393BA59A5AFC2A26FF01BEFAFBFE39" box="[959,1311,446,473]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9C682E9A5AFC2A26FF01BEFAFBFE39" blockId="5.[810,1461,446,1011]" box="[959,1311,446,473]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="B957B43C9A5AFC2A26FF01BEFAFBFE39" bold="true" box="[959,1311,446,473]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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@ -222,13 +225,13 @@ female
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). Basal middle lamellae dilated. Basal pectinal piece without a glandular region. All metasomal carinae feebly raised and subcrenulate. Metasomal segment II with 2 vestigial lateral carinae occupying its distal fifh. Metasomal segment IV with 1 prominent spinoid posterior granule on dorsal carina, and 1–2 smaller ones on dorsolateral carina. Aculeus curvature low. Chela fingers black with yellow tips. Inner face of movable finger with 15 oblique rows of denticles. Tis species can also be distinguished by particularly low UV-induced fluorescence in live specimens. Telotarsi of leg pairs I–IV with two discrete ventro-submedian rows of setae (type II).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF5C38A69A5AFC2A25310799FE2CF82C" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[113,178,1944,1968]" targetBox="[149,1422,1348,1915]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
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<caption id="DF5C38A69A5AFC2A25310799FE2CF82C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825472" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14825472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825472/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[113,178,1944,1968]" targetBox="[149,1422,1348,1915]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8B9C682E9A5AFC2A25310799FE2CF82C" blockId="5.[113,1377,1944,1996]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="B957B43C9A5AFC2A25310799FF2DF850" bold="true" box="[113,201,1944,1968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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Venom pulse trajectories for flicks and sprays as calculated from Equation (1) (two vertical venom pulses not represented for readability). Adult scorpion to scale.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF5C38A69A59FC2925C003F2FED6FBBF" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[128,193,1011,1035]" targetBox="[149,757,144,978]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
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<caption id="DF5C38A69A59FC2925C003F2FED6FBBF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825476" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14825476" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825476/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[128,193,1011,1035]" targetBox="[149,757,144,978]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8B9C682E9A59FC2925C003F2FED6FBBF" blockId="6.[128,750,1011,1119]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B957B43C9A59FC2925C003F2FF3CFBEB" bold="true" box="[128,216,1011,1035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 4.</emphasis>
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Expelled volume estimates for venom flicks and venom sprays. Data ploted as log
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@ -244,7 +247,7 @@ Based on the adult male
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and subadult female
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<typeStatus id="5498D68C9A59FC2925F70696FEF4F94F" box="[183,272,1687,1711]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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(
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<figureCitation id="131874AB9A59FC2924600697FE60F94E" box="[288,388,1686,1710]" captionStart-0="Figure 6" captionStart-1="Figure 7" captionStart-2="Figure 8" captionStart-3="Figure 9" captionStart-4="Figure 10" captionStartId-0="8.[129,194,1719,1743]" captionStartId-1="9.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionStartId-2="10.[129,194,1695,1719]" captionStartId-3="11.[114,179,1036,1060]" captionStartId-4="12.[129,194,1094,1118]" captionTargetBox-0="[240,1361,149,1676]" captionTargetBox-1="[146,1426,144,1744]" captionTargetBox-2="[161,1441,144,1657]" captionTargetBox-3="[146,1426,144,998]" captionTargetBox-4="[149,757,144,1056]" captionTargetId-0="figure-89@8.[236,1366,144,1681]" captionTargetId-1="figure-4@9.[146,1426,144,1744]" captionTargetId-2="figure-96@10.[161,1441,144,1657]" captionTargetId-3="figure-536@11.[146,1426,144,998]" captionTargetId-4="figure-351@12.[149,757,144,1056]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="11" captionTargetPageId-4="12" captionText-0="Figure 6. Tityus (Tityus) achilles, habitus. A–B, adult ♂ holotype.A, Dorsal. B, Ventral.C–D: subadult ♀ paratype.C, Ventral.D, Dorsal. Scale bar = 1 cm." captionText-1="Figure 7. Tityus (Tityus) achilles, metasoma.A–B, Metasoma, ventral and lateral aspect, ♂ holotype. C–D, Metasoma, ventral and lateral aspect, ♀ paratype. E–F, Telson, lateral and ventral aspect, ♂ holotype. G–H, Telson, lateral and ventral aspect, ♀ paratype. Scale bars = 5 mm (A–D) and 2 mm (E–H)." captionText-2="Figure 8. Tityus (Tityus) achilles, pedipalps. A, ♂ holotype. B, ♀ paratype. C–D, Patella, lateral and dorsal aspect, ♂ holotype. E–F, Patella, lateral and dorsal aspect, ♀ paratype.G–H, Femur, dorsal aspect. G, ♂ holotype. H, ♀ paratype.Circles mark the insertion points of the trichobothria.Scale bars = 2 mm." captionText-3="Figure 9. Tityus (Tityus) achilles, chelae. A–C, Dorsal, lateral, ventral aspects, ♂ holotype. D–F, Dorsal, lateral, ventral aspects, ♀ paratype. Circles mark the insertion points of the trichobothria. Scale bars = 5 mm." captionText-4="Figure 10. Tityus (Tityus) achilles, carapace.A, ♂ holotype.B, ♀ paratype. Scale bar = 2 mm." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 6–10</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="131874AB9A59FC2924600697FE60F94E" box="[288,388,1686,1710]" captionStart-0="Figure 6" captionStart-1="Figure 7" captionStart-2="Figure 8" captionStart-3="Figure 9" captionStart-4="Figure 10" captionStartId-0="8.[129,194,1719,1743]" captionStartId-1="9.[113,178,1782,1806]" captionStartId-2="10.[129,194,1695,1719]" captionStartId-3="11.[114,179,1036,1060]" captionStartId-4="12.[129,194,1094,1118]" captionTargetBox-0="[240,1361,149,1676]" captionTargetBox-1="[146,1426,144,1744]" captionTargetBox-2="[161,1441,144,1657]" captionTargetBox-3="[146,1426,144,998]" captionTargetBox-4="[149,757,144,1056]" captionTargetId-0="figure-89@8.[236,1366,144,1681]" captionTargetId-1="figure-4@9.[146,1426,144,1744]" captionTargetId-2="figure-96@10.[161,1441,144,1657]" captionTargetId-3="figure-536@11.[146,1426,144,998]" captionTargetId-4="figure-351@12.[149,757,144,1056]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="11" captionTargetPageId-4="12" captionText-0="Figure 6. Tityus (Tityus) achilles, habitus. A–B, adult ♂ holotype.A, Dorsal. B, Ventral.C–D: subadult ♀ paratype.C, Ventral.D, Dorsal. Scale bar = 1 cm." captionText-1="Figure 7. Tityus (Tityus) achilles, metasoma.A–B, Metasoma, ventral and lateral aspect, ♂ holotype. C–D, Metasoma, ventral and lateral aspect, ♀ paratype. E–F, Telson, lateral and ventral aspect, ♂ holotype. G–H, Telson, lateral and ventral aspect, ♀ paratype. Scale bars = 5 mm (A–D) and 2 mm (E–H)." captionText-2="Figure 8. Tityus (Tityus) achilles, pedipalps. A, ♂ holotype. B, ♀ paratype. C–D, Patella, lateral and dorsal aspect, ♂ holotype. E–F, Patella, lateral and dorsal aspect, ♀ paratype.G–H, Femur, dorsal aspect. G, ♂ holotype. H, ♀ paratype.Circles mark the insertion points of the trichobothria.Scale bars = 2 mm." captionText-3="Figure 9. Tityus (Tityus) achilles, chelae. A–C, Dorsal, lateral, ventral aspects, ♂ holotype. D–F, Dorsal, lateral, ventral aspects, ♀ paratype. Circles mark the insertion points of the trichobothria. Scale bars = 5 mm." captionText-4="Figure 10. Tityus (Tityus) achilles, carapace.A, ♂ holotype.B, ♀ paratype. Scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825482" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825486" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825488" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825490" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825492" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14825482/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14825486/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14825488/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/14825490/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/14825492/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 6–10</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C682E9A59FC2925C106CEFBF4FEC5" blockId="6.[129,778,1743,1987]" lastBlockId="6.[825,1474,144,293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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@ -252,7 +255,7 @@ and subadult female
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Overall dark and reddish. Prosoma: anterior margin of carapace and carinae around the ocular median tubercle black. Intercarinal spaces dark with a red sheen.Mesosoma: darker than carapace, with two lighter paraxial lines. Metasomal segments progressively darkening from I to V, from the same dark reddish hue to black. Dorsal side of metasoma segments lighter than ventral sides. Telson lighter than V. Venter and pectines yellowish, lighter than the rest of the body. Pedipalps: uniformly reddish with the exception of black fingers.
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="49E7A6CC9A59FC2921F00091FB3AFF48" box="[1200,1246,144,168]" country="Algeria" name="Tipaza" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tips</collectingRegion>
|
||||
of fixed and movable fingers yellow. Chelicerae black with deep red teeth. Litle ontogenic change in coloration. Interestingly, this species shows only a low level of UV-induced fluorescence (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131874AB9A59FC29219C00EFFAC7FEE6" box="[1244,1315,238,262]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox="[321,1281,1258,1898]" captionTargetId="figure-371@12.[321,1281,1258,1898]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 11. Comparison of UV fluorescence between the male holotype of T.(Tityus) achilles (lef) and a female belonging to T. (Atreus) icarus (right).Te specimens were photographed under homogeneous UV lighting, and had received equivalent total UV exposure since collection." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="131874AB9A59FC29219C00EFFAC7FEE6" box="[1244,1315,238,262]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox="[321,1281,1258,1898]" captionTargetId="figure-371@12.[321,1281,1258,1898]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 11. Comparison of UV fluorescence between the male holotype of T.(Tityus) achilles (lef) and a female belonging to T. (Atreus) icarus (right).Te specimens were photographed under homogeneous UV lighting, and had received equivalent total UV exposure since collection." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825494" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825494/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||||
), making night searches challenging.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C682E9A59FC2921030144FB5DFEBF" blockId="6.[825,1476,325,1985]" box="[1091,1209,325,351]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
|
|
@ -286,7 +289,7 @@ female
|
|||
<emphasis id="B957B43C9A59FC29201406CFFA8AF906" box="[1364,1390,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">d2</emphasis>
|
||||
present on the internal face of the femur (emigrated from dorsal face). Pedipalps with moderate overall setation, but fingers with strong setation. Femur setation concentrated on ventral side; patella with some short macrosetae scatered all over. Ventral side of manus almost devoid of setation; external and dorsal sides with a higher density of macrosetae than in patella. Fingers hairy, especially on internal sides with long macrosetae. External sides of fingers with increased setation distally. Femur with five crenulate and raised carinae, as well as an additional keel-like row of granules along the proximal third of its ventral side. Patella with 7 raised keels, all subcrenulate to smooth except for the 2 internal carinae, composed of spinoid granules. Intercarinal spaces moderately and feebly granular on femur and patella, respectively. Movable fingers with 15–15 oblique rows of denticles and strong, spinoid accessory and internal granules. First two proximal rows of denticles almost fused, but distinguishable based on their accessory and internal granules. Telotarsi of leg pairs I–IV with 2 discrete ventro-submedian rows of setae (type II).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="DF5C38A69A58FC2825330397FBDCFC4F" box="[115,1080,918,943]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[115,180,918,942]" targetBox="[226,1346,144,891]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<caption id="DF5C38A69A58FC2825330397FBDCFC4F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14825478" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14825478" box="[115,1080,918,943]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14825478/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[115,180,918,942]" targetBox="[226,1346,144,891]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="8B9C682E9A58FC2825330397FBDCFC4F" blockId="7.[115,1080,918,943]" box="[115,1080,918,943]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B957B43C9A58FC2825330397FF2FFC4F" bold="true" box="[115,203,918,943]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||||
Secretions employed for venom pulses. A, Clear, prevenom-like secretion. B, Venom (white).
|
||||
|
|
|
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