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<document id="932BED5DD4D43F285B9E67934A6B2916" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7664731" ID-ISSN="2305-2562" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7664731" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1677069648306" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Golovatch, Sergei I." docDate="2003" docId="CB10DA05FFA1FFFBA7CBFCF519A4747A" docLanguage="en" docName="AfrInvertebr.44.1.39–60.pdf" docOrigin="African Invertebrates 44 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C20B10C002986E51083406A4EACF003A.3:AfrInvertebr.2001-2007.journal_article" docStyleId="C20B10C002986E51083406A4EACF003A" docStyleName="AfrInvertebr.2001-2007.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Doratodesmidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="47" masterDocId="3729A27DFFA7FFF3A761FF9B1876763D" masterDocTitle="A review of the volvatory Polydesmida, with special reference to the patterns of volvation (Diplopoda)" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1747739701511" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="E2092227E8C51E4A45DEFDC32BB5F0CD">A review of the volvatory Polydesmida, with special reference to the patterns of volvation (Diplopoda)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="78BA9D8E1CAE46333CA98FEA56FE77CA">Golovatch, Sergei I.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="99EDCC540A7D960C16EF5413988BDD5E">Institute for Problems of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071 (V – 71), Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="77E377CF1D3918129CE97DAF4F054F15">African Invertebrates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CB10DA05FFA1FFFBA7CBFCF519A4747A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CB10DA05FFA1FFFBA7CBFCF519A4747A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB10DA05FFA1FFFBA7CBFCF519A4747A" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
<subSubSection id="0BA33898FFA1FFF5A7CBFCF519D575BA" box="[170,419,878,903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA1FFF5A7CBFCF519D575BA" blockId="6.[144,1105,206,1671]" box="[170,419,878,903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
The
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA1FFF5A7BEFCF519D575BA" box="[223,419,878,903]" class="Diplopoda" family="Doratodesmidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA1FFF5A7BEFCF519D575BA" bold="true" box="[223,419,878,903]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Doratodesmidae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="0BA33898FFA1FFFBA6CDFCF519A4747A" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" type="description">
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA1FFF5A6CDFCF51BF1731A" blockId="6.[144,1105,206,1671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
is a relatively small family currently comprising 13 largely monobasic genera (
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA1FFF5A603FC151A3C759A" author="ZHANG C. &amp; WANG D." box="[354,586,910,935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" pagination="205 - 220" refId="ref10839" refString="ZHANG C. &amp; WANG D. 1993. Diplopoda from Yunnan caves. I. A study of new genera and species of the millipede family Doratodesmidae (Diplopoda: Polydesmida). In: Song Linhua &amp; Ting Huaiyuan, eds, Karst landscape and cave tourism. China Environmental Science Press pp. 205 - 220." type="book chapter" year="1993">Zhang &amp; Wang 1993</bibRefCitation>
). The volvation pattern is much more advanced, and this is apparently related to the particularly enlarged paraterga 2. A narrow flange or ledge (= hyposchism, as accepted in
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA1FFF5A529FC551A8675DA" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1887" box="[584,752,974,999]" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Oniscomorpha">Oniscomorpha</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA1FFF5A59AFC551B4A75DA" box="[763,828,974,999]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="4.[144,183,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[124,1142,203,1292]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[85,1161,203,1310]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 1–11. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Diplopoda. 1: Glomeroides sp. (Glomeridae, Glomerida), lateral view (S = schism, or suture; H = hyposchism, or field below schism; Pg = pygidium). 2 &amp; 3. Sphaeriodesmus sp. (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion (III and IV = segment numbers) and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 4–6: Proeilodesmus mecistonyx Hoffman, 1990 (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), cross-section of a midbody segment, right half of male body segment 7, and right gonopod, caudal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively. 7. Dorsoporus barroensis Loomis, 1958 (Dorsoporidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, lateral view (OZ = ozopore). 8–11. Campodesmus dilobatus (Schiøtz, 1966) (Campodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, cross-section of a midbody segment, gonopods in situ, and left gonopod, lateral, front, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. [1 &amp; 2 after Hoffman et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Pensoft Publishers); 3–6 after Hoffman (1990) (reprinted courtesy of the Swiss Zoological Society); 7 after Loomis (1958) (reprinted courtesy of the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences); 8–11 after Schiøtz (1966) (reprinted courtesy of the Danish Natural History Society). Scale bars 0.5 mm (10 &amp; 11) and 2.0 mm (8 &amp; 9), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664735/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
, H) near the rear margin of the broadest paratergum 2, beneath and behind a series of more or less tuberculiform lobules (= suture, = schism,
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA1FFF5A6BAFB951A56721A" box="[475,544,1038,1063]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="4.[144,183,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[124,1142,203,1292]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[85,1161,203,1310]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 1–11. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Diplopoda. 1: Glomeroides sp. (Glomeridae, Glomerida), lateral view (S = schism, or suture; H = hyposchism, or field below schism; Pg = pygidium). 2 &amp; 3. Sphaeriodesmus sp. (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion (III and IV = segment numbers) and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 4–6: Proeilodesmus mecistonyx Hoffman, 1990 (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), cross-section of a midbody segment, right half of male body segment 7, and right gonopod, caudal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively. 7. Dorsoporus barroensis Loomis, 1958 (Dorsoporidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, lateral view (OZ = ozopore). 8–11. Campodesmus dilobatus (Schiøtz, 1966) (Campodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, cross-section of a midbody segment, gonopods in situ, and left gonopod, lateral, front, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. [1 &amp; 2 after Hoffman et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Pensoft Publishers); 3–6 after Hoffman (1990) (reprinted courtesy of the Swiss Zoological Society); 7 after Loomis (1958) (reprinted courtesy of the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences); 8–11 after Schiøtz (1966) (reprinted courtesy of the Danish Natural History Society). Scale bars 0.5 mm (10 &amp; 11) and 2.0 mm (8 &amp; 9), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664735/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
, S), appears specially designed to accommodate paratergum 3. The latter, in turn, shows a similar but even narrower flange for the anterolateral part of paratergum 4 to hinge into. The same concerns paratergum 4 and its hyposchism, which is specially designed for the receipt of the anterolateral portion of paratergum 5. Then the pattern changes so that the anterolateral portion of each paratergum subsequent to the fifth is placed beneath the caudal margin of the previous paratergum (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA1FFF5A67EFB5519D572DA" box="[287,419,1230,1255]" captionStart="Figs 12–21" captionStartId="7.[182,221,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[265,1031,203,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[236,1065,203,1316]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16. Ascetophacus macclurei Hoffman, 1977 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. Crypturodesmus sp. (Oniscodesmidae), anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21: Cyrtodesmus sp. (Cyrtodesmidae), anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after Zhang &amp; Wang (1993); 15 &amp; 16 after Hoffman (1977) (reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, ca 65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664737/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Figs 12, 15</figureCitation>
). In other words, there is no hyposchism on the paraterga of body segments 5–18(19), hence the overlap is switched to typical, starting from body segment 5. Conglobation is tight and the coil is definitely complete.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA1FFF5A7CBFAB51A9173FA" blockId="6.[144,1105,206,1671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
The telson is normal but is usually tuberculate, ‘polydesmoid’, and with a fully exposed and conspicuous epiproct. During complete volvation of the animal the telson is tightly oppressed to the dorsal side of body segment 4 (when the following metaterga are provided with larger mid-dorsal protuberances,
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA1FFF5A5F0FA151B7D739A" box="[657,779,1422,1447]" captionStart="Figs 12–21" captionStartId="7.[182,221,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[265,1031,203,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[236,1065,203,1316]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16. Ascetophacus macclurei Hoffman, 1977 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. Crypturodesmus sp. (Oniscodesmidae), anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21: Cyrtodesmus sp. (Cyrtodesmidae), anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after Zhang &amp; Wang (1993); 15 &amp; 16 after Hoffman (1977) (reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, ca 65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664737/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Figs 15, 16</figureCitation>
), or 5 or 6 (when all metaterga are devoid of stronger mid-dorsal processes,
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA1FFF5A5E6FA351AAF73FA" box="[647,729,1454,1479]" captionStart="Figs 12–21" captionStartId="7.[182,221,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[265,1031,203,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[236,1065,203,1316]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16. Ascetophacus macclurei Hoffman, 1977 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. Crypturodesmus sp. (Oniscodesmidae), anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21: Cyrtodesmus sp. (Cyrtodesmidae), anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after Zhang &amp; Wang (1993); 15 &amp; 16 after Hoffman (1977) (reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, ca 65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664737/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA1FFFBA7CBFA551B9877FA" blockId="6.[144,1105,206,1671]" lastBlockId="8.[144,1104,206,1671]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
This family is characterised, amongst other things, by the prominent and relatively complex paraterga. The latter are always more or less strongly lobulated to incised at the lateral margin (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA1FFF5A609F995199B701A" box="[360,493,1550,1575]" captionStart="Figs 12–21" captionStartId="7.[182,221,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[265,1031,203,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[236,1065,203,1316]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16. Ascetophacus macclurei Hoffman, 1977 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. Crypturodesmus sp. (Oniscodesmidae), anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21: Cyrtodesmus sp. (Cyrtodesmidae), anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after Zhang &amp; Wang (1993); 15 &amp; 16 after Hoffman (1977) (reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, ca 65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664737/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Figs 12, 15</figureCitation>
); the dorsum is more or less roughly tuberculate, and certain metaterga in some species have particularly prominent mid-dorsal tubercles or crests (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA1FFF5A7BEF9D51915705A" box="[223,355,1614,1639]" captionStart="Figs 12–21" captionStartId="7.[182,221,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[265,1031,203,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[236,1065,203,1316]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16. Ascetophacus macclurei Hoffman, 1977 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. Crypturodesmus sp. (Oniscodesmidae), anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21: Cyrtodesmus sp. (Cyrtodesmidae), anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after Zhang &amp; Wang (1993); 15 &amp; 16 after Hoffman (1977) (reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, ca 65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664737/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Figs 15, 16</figureCitation>
). The ozopores are very small to missing; the gonopod aperture is transversely oval and large (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA1FFF5A6AFF9F51A5770BA" box="[462,545,1646,1671]" captionStart="Figs 12–21" captionStartId="7.[182,221,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[265,1031,203,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[236,1065,203,1316]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16. Ascetophacus macclurei Hoffman, 1977 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. Crypturodesmus sp. (Oniscodesmidae), anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21: Cyrtodesmus sp. (Cyrtodesmidae), anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after Zhang &amp; Wang (1993); 15 &amp; 16 after Hoffman (1977) (reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, ca 65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664737/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
); the gonopods (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA1FFF5A5BEF9F51B1670BA" box="[735,864,1646,1671]" captionStart="Figs 12–21" captionStartId="7.[182,221,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[265,1031,203,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[236,1065,203,1316]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16. Ascetophacus macclurei Hoffman, 1977 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. Crypturodesmus sp. (Oniscodesmidae), anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21: Cyrtodesmus sp. (Cyrtodesmidae), anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after Zhang &amp; Wang (1993); 15 &amp; 16 after Hoffman (1977) (reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, ca 65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664737/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Figs 13, 14</figureCitation>
) vary from simple to relatively complex, the telopodite is invariably elongate, the prefemoral portion is small, the coxae are subtriangular and fully fused along the midline, and each has a normal cannula; antennomere 6 is longer and larger than antennomere 5; the body is usually relatively small,
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long and the limbus is present and dentate-spatulate. Further structural details can be found in
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFAFFFFBA571FED51AC9775A" author="HOFFMAN, R. L." box="[528,703,334,359]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" pagination="247 - 255" refId="ref10021" refString="HOFFMAN, R. L. 1977. The systematic position of the diplopod family Doratodesmidae, and description of a new genus from Malaya (Polydesmida). Pacific Insects 17 (2 - 3): 247 - 255." type="journal article" year="1977">Hoffman (1977</bibRefCitation>
1982
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1982
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA42EFED51B2B775B" box="[847,861,334,358]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">b</emphasis>
1990) and
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFAFFFFBA480FED518AB77BA" author="SIMONSEN, A." pageId="8" pageNumber="47" refId="ref10701" refString="SIMONSEN, A. 1990. Phylogeny and biogeography of the millipede order Polydesmida, with special emphasis on the suborder Polydesmidea. PhD Thesis, Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen." type="book" year="1990">Simonsen (1990)</bibRefCitation>
. Certain observations of the volvation pattern are provided by
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFAFFFFBA4F2FEF51C3D77BA" author="HOFFMAN, R. L." box="[915,1099,366,391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" pagination="247 - 255" refId="ref10021" refString="HOFFMAN, R. L. 1977. The systematic position of the diplopod family Doratodesmidae, and description of a new genus from Malaya (Polydesmida). Pacific Insects 17 (2 - 3): 247 - 255." type="journal article" year="1977">Hoffman (1977)</bibRefCitation>
. The family is endemic to south-east Asia (with
<collectingRegion id="817DA5F1FFAFFFFBA5F0FE151A9F779A" box="[657,745,398,423]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
,
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and southern
<collectingCountry id="3BAE2B83FFAFFFFBA4ACFE151C7B779A" box="[973,1037,398,423]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Japan</collectingCountry>
being the northernmost records), the Indo-Australian archipelago and New
<collectingCountry id="3BAE2B83FFAFFFFBA4F4FE351B9C77FA" box="[917,1002,430,455]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Guinea</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
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Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA0FFF4A542FA841AED730E" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[547,667,1311,1331]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Polydesmida</taxonomicName>
. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA0FFF4A489FA8419357376" author="ZHANG C. &amp; WANG D." pageId="7" pageNumber="46" pagination="205 - 220" refId="ref10839" refString="ZHANG C. &amp; WANG D. 1993. Diplopoda from Yunnan caves. I. A study of new genera and species of the millipede family Doratodesmidae (Diplopoda: Polydesmida). In: Song Linhua &amp; Ting Huaiyuan, eds, Karst landscape and cave tourism. China Environmental Science Press pp. 205 - 220." type="book chapter" year="1993">Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993</bibRefCitation>
(
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), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16.
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA0FFF4A46DFAD419CA7346" authority="Hoffman, 1977" authorityName="Hoffman" authorityYear="1977" class="Diplopoda" family="Haplodesmidae" genus="Ascetophacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macclurei">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA0FFF4A46DFAD41B91735E" box="[780,999,1359,1379]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Ascetophacus macclurei</emphasis>
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(Doratodesmidae)
</taxonomicName>
, anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19.
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<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA0FFF4A52DFAE41A9773AE" box="[588,737,1407,1427]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Crypturodesmus</emphasis>
sp. (Oniscodesmidae)
</taxonomicName>
, anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21:
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA0FFF4A60EFA341AD173FE" box="[367,679,1455,1475]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" genus="Cyrtodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA0FFF4A60EFA34199373FE" box="[367,485,1455,1475]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Cyrtodesmus</emphasis>
sp. (Cyrtodesmidae)
</taxonomicName>
, anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA0FFF4A5E0FA441B2273CE" author="ZHANG C. &amp; WANG D." box="[641,852,1503,1523]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" pagination="205 - 220" refId="ref10839" refString="ZHANG C. &amp; WANG D. 1993. Diplopoda from Yunnan caves. I. A study of new genera and species of the millipede family Doratodesmidae (Diplopoda: Polydesmida). In: Song Linhua &amp; Ting Huaiyuan, eds, Karst landscape and cave tourism. China Environmental Science Press pp. 205 - 220." type="book chapter" year="1993">Zhang &amp; Wang (1993)</bibRefCitation>
; 15 &amp; 16 after
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA0FFF4A480FA441C0073CE" author="HOFFMAN, R. L." box="[993,1142,1503,1523]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" pagination="247 - 255" refId="ref10021" refString="HOFFMAN, R. L. 1977. The systematic position of the diplopod family Doratodesmidae, and description of a new genus from Malaya (Polydesmida). Pacific Insects 17 (2 - 3): 247 - 255." type="journal article" year="1977">Hoffman (1977)</bibRefCitation>
(reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River,
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA0FFF4A632F9A4191E706E" box="[339,360,1599,1619]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">ca</emphasis>
65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFAFFFFBA7CBFE5519A4747A" blockId="8.[144,1104,206,1671]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
Following both Hoffman (1980 1982
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) and
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFAFFFFBA5F0FE551B2477DA" author="SIMONSEN, A." box="[657,850,462,487]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" refId="ref10701" refString="SIMONSEN, A. 1990. Phylogeny and biogeography of the millipede order Polydesmida, with special emphasis on the suborder Polydesmidea. PhD Thesis, Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen." type="book" year="1990">Simonsen (1990)</bibRefCitation>
, based on the gonopod structure, the relationships of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAFFFFBA6B3FE751AFE743A" box="[466,648,494,519]" class="Diplopoda" family="Doratodesmidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Doratodesmidae</taxonomicName>
are deemed particularly close to the Indo-Australian family
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAFFFFBA638FD951A7C741A" baseAuthorityName="Mesibov" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[345,522,526,551]" class="Diplopoda" family="Haplodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Haplodesmidae</taxonomicName>
, a small group often displaying enlarged paraterga 2, but not capable of volvation.
</paragraph>
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The
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is monogeneric, with all 7–8 species of the single accepted genus
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, from tropical West Africa.These species are mediumsized (
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long), dark, with more or less strongly tuberculate metaterga and modestly deflexed paraterga, so that the usually dentate lateral edge of paraterga is nearly at the same level as the sterna (
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA2FFF6A52FFA951A93731A" author="SCHIOTZ, V." box="[590,741,1294,1319]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" pagination="81 - 104" refId="ref10457" refString="SCHIOTZ, V. 1966. Notes on West African diplopods I. The family Campodesmidae (Polydesmida). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk natuhistorike Forening i Kjobenhavn 129: 81 - 104." type="journal article" year="1966">Schiøtz 1966</bibRefCitation>
). The modestly enlarged paratergum 2 is devoid of any special structures except a rather shallow caudolateral emargination for the accomodation of the anterolateral parts of the moderately deflexed subsequent paraterga. This structure suggests incomplete or imperfect volvation (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA2FFF6A4AFFAF51C4073BA" box="[974,1078,1390,1415]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="4.[144,183,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[124,1142,203,1292]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[85,1161,203,1310]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 1–11. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Diplopoda. 1: Glomeroides sp. (Glomeridae, Glomerida), lateral view (S = schism, or suture; H = hyposchism, or field below schism; Pg = pygidium). 2 &amp; 3. Sphaeriodesmus sp. (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion (III and IV = segment numbers) and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 4–6: Proeilodesmus mecistonyx Hoffman, 1990 (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), cross-section of a midbody segment, right half of male body segment 7, and right gonopod, caudal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively. 7. Dorsoporus barroensis Loomis, 1958 (Dorsoporidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, lateral view (OZ = ozopore). 8–11. Campodesmus dilobatus (Schiøtz, 1966) (Campodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, cross-section of a midbody segment, gonopods in situ, and left gonopod, lateral, front, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. [1 &amp; 2 after Hoffman et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Pensoft Publishers); 3–6 after Hoffman (1990) (reprinted courtesy of the Swiss Zoological Society); 7 after Loomis (1958) (reprinted courtesy of the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences); 8–11 after Schiøtz (1966) (reprinted courtesy of the Danish Natural History Society). Scale bars 0.5 mm (10 &amp; 11) and 2.0 mm (8 &amp; 9), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664735/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figs 8, 9</figureCitation>
), and also implies a typical pattern of overlap. Direct observations confirm enrolment into a partial coil, a flattened oblate spheroid, rather than a true ball (Hoffman 1982
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA2FFF6A374FA351C5573FB" box="[1045,1059,1454,1478]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">b</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA2FFF5A7B1FA551A41771A" blockId="5.[181,1142,206,1671]" lastBlockId="6.[144,1105,206,1671]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
The telson is ‘polydesmoid’ in the sense that it is typical of non-volvatory
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA2FFF6A489FA551C0073DA" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[1000,1142,1486,1511]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Polydesmida</taxonomicName>
(cf. Hoffman 1982
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA2FFF6A6E9FA7519E0703B" box="[392,406,1518,1542]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">b</emphasis>
), i.e. fully exposed from above, with normal, large paraprocts (= anal valves) and a considerable hypoproct (= subanal scale), though the epiproct is strongly flattened and somewhat tuberculate. Nothing can be gained from available literature, as to opposite which body segment the telson of a completely coiled animal might rest. Yet, during the volvation, which can certainly be regarded as imperfect, especially when the collum and subsequent terga are armed with conspicuous tubercles, the flattened epiproct may be assumed to reach only as far as the collum or at most another of the few anteriormost terga.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA1FFF5A7CBFEB519A577DA" blockId="6.[144,1105,206,1671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
Among the characters of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA1FFF5A6A4FEB51AF6777A" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[453,640,302,327]" class="Diplopoda" family="Campodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Campodesmidae</taxonomicName>
that attest to the group’s chelodesmidean stock, the gonopod structure is the most basic (Hoffman 1980 1982
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA1FFF5A4E1FED51BF8775B" box="[896,910,334,358]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">b</emphasis>
). This involves a large, transversely oval gonopod aperture containing elongate, subcylindrical coxae, loosely connected by a membrane, each coxa with a normal cannula; an elongate telopodite coiled distally, with a more or less strong protuberance medially at the base of the femorite (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA1FFF5A624FE5519B377DA" box="[325,453,462,487]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="4.[144,183,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[124,1142,203,1292]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[85,1161,203,1310]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 1–11. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Diplopoda. 1: Glomeroides sp. (Glomeridae, Glomerida), lateral view (S = schism, or suture; H = hyposchism, or field below schism; Pg = pygidium). 2 &amp; 3. Sphaeriodesmus sp. (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion (III and IV = segment numbers) and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 4–6: Proeilodesmus mecistonyx Hoffman, 1990 (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), cross-section of a midbody segment, right half of male body segment 7, and right gonopod, caudal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively. 7. Dorsoporus barroensis Loomis, 1958 (Dorsoporidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, lateral view (OZ = ozopore). 8–11. Campodesmus dilobatus (Schiøtz, 1966) (Campodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, cross-section of a midbody segment, gonopods in situ, and left gonopod, lateral, front, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. [1 &amp; 2 after Hoffman et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Pensoft Publishers); 3–6 after Hoffman (1990) (reprinted courtesy of the Swiss Zoological Society); 7 after Loomis (1958) (reprinted courtesy of the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences); 8–11 after Schiøtz (1966) (reprinted courtesy of the Danish Natural History Society). Scale bars 0.5 mm (10 &amp; 11) and 2.0 mm (8 &amp; 9), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664735/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Figs 10, 11</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA1FFF5A7CBFE751A41749A" blockId="6.[144,1105,206,1671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
The pore formula is incomplete, with ozopores only present on paraterga 5 and 7. The rough metaterga are often covered with a soil crust, and the cuticle is finely granular. Antennomere 5 is longer than antennomere 6. The male coxa 2 bears a considerable distomedian process carrying the gonopore orifice; this trait is generally characteristic of the suborder
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA1FFF5A65FFDF5199874BA" box="[318,494,622,647]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Chelodesmidea">Chelodesmidea</taxonomicName>
. Further structural details of the family can be found in
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA1FFF5A7F1FD151943749A" author="SCHIOTZ, V." box="[144,309,654,679]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" pagination="81 - 104" refId="ref10457" refString="SCHIOTZ, V. 1966. Notes on West African diplopods I. The family Campodesmidae (Polydesmida). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk natuhistorike Forening i Kjobenhavn 129: 81 - 104." type="journal article" year="1966">Schiøtz (1966)</bibRefCitation>
and Hoffman (1982
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA1FFF5A578FD151A51749B" box="[537,551,654,678]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">b</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA1FFF5A7CBFD351B4F74DA" blockId="6.[144,1105,206,1671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
Interestingly, tergum
<quantity id="8441C6F6FFA1FFF5A6FBFD3519B074FA" box="[410,454,686,711]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
some congeners seems somewhat more incrassate than in others, e.g.
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA1FFF5A673FD551AAE74DA" authority="(Schiotz, 1966)" baseAuthorityName="Schiotz" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[274,728,718,743]" class="Diplopoda" family="Campodesmidae" genus="Campodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dilobatus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA1FFF5A673FD551A5274DB" box="[274,548,718,742]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Campodesmus dilobatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA1FFF5A552FD551AB974DA" author="SCHIOTZ, V." box="[563,719,718,743]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" pagination="81 - 104" refId="ref10457" refString="SCHIOTZ, V. 1966. Notes on West African diplopods I. The family Campodesmidae (Polydesmida). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk natuhistorike Forening i Kjobenhavn 129: 81 - 104." type="journal article" year="1966">Schiøtz, 1966</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA1FFF5A586FD551B5D74DA" box="[743,811,718,743]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="4.[144,183,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[124,1142,203,1292]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[85,1161,203,1310]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 1–11. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Diplopoda. 1: Glomeroides sp. (Glomeridae, Glomerida), lateral view (S = schism, or suture; H = hyposchism, or field below schism; Pg = pygidium). 2 &amp; 3. Sphaeriodesmus sp. (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion (III and IV = segment numbers) and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 4–6: Proeilodesmus mecistonyx Hoffman, 1990 (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), cross-section of a midbody segment, right half of male body segment 7, and right gonopod, caudal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively. 7. Dorsoporus barroensis Loomis, 1958 (Dorsoporidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, lateral view (OZ = ozopore). 8–11. Campodesmus dilobatus (Schiøtz, 1966) (Campodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, cross-section of a midbody segment, gonopods in situ, and left gonopod, lateral, front, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. [1 &amp; 2 after Hoffman et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Pensoft Publishers); 3–6 after Hoffman (1990) (reprinted courtesy of the Swiss Zoological Society); 7 after Loomis (1958) (reprinted courtesy of the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences); 8–11 after Schiøtz (1966) (reprinted courtesy of the Danish Natural History Society). Scale bars 0.5 mm (10 &amp; 11) and 2.0 mm (8 &amp; 9), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664735/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA1FFF5A7CBFD751905755A" blockId="6.[144,1105,206,1671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
The affinities of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA1FFF5A60BFD751A53753A" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[362,549,750,775]" class="Diplopoda" family="Campodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Campodesmidae</taxonomicName>
within the
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA1FFF5A5C8FD751B20753A" box="[681,854,750,775]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Chelodesmidea">Chelodesmidea</taxonomicName>
are not entirely clear. According to Hoffman (1982
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA1FFF5A6B8FC951991751B" box="[473,487,782,806]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">b</emphasis>
), not only
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA1FFF5A502FC951B46751A" authorityName="Humbert &amp; De Saussure" authorityYear="1869" box="[611,816,782,807]" class="Diplopoda" family="Sphaeriodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphaeriodesmidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA1FFF5A408FC951C54751A" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1909" box="[873,1058,782,807]" class="Diplopoda" family="Holistophallidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Holistophallidae</taxonomicName>
(cf. Hoffman 1980), but also
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA1FFF5A6ACFCB51AE4757A" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[461,658,814,839]" class="Diplopoda" family="Campodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Campodesmidae</taxonomicName>
can be assigned to the superfamily
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA1FFF5A7F1FCD51919755A" authorityName="Humbert &amp; De Saussure" authorityYear="1869" box="[144,367,846,871]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Sphaeriodesmoidea">Sphaeriodesmoidea</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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The
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<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA4FFF0A662FA9319A8731C" bold="true" box="[259,478,1288,1313]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Sphaeriodesmidae</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="0BA33898FFA4FFF6A687FA921AFD72BA" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" type="description">
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA4FFF0A687FA92188B701F" blockId="3.[181,1142,1129,1666]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
is the only family in which either tergum 3 or both terga 3 and 4 can be enlarged (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA4FFF0A6A5FAB21A7A737F" box="[452,524,1321,1346]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="4.[144,183,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[124,1142,203,1292]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[85,1161,203,1310]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 1–11. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Diplopoda. 1: Glomeroides sp. (Glomeridae, Glomerida), lateral view (S = schism, or suture; H = hyposchism, or field below schism; Pg = pygidium). 2 &amp; 3. Sphaeriodesmus sp. (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion (III and IV = segment numbers) and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 4–6: Proeilodesmus mecistonyx Hoffman, 1990 (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), cross-section of a midbody segment, right half of male body segment 7, and right gonopod, caudal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively. 7. Dorsoporus barroensis Loomis, 1958 (Dorsoporidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, lateral view (OZ = ozopore). 8–11. Campodesmus dilobatus (Schiøtz, 1966) (Campodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, cross-section of a midbody segment, gonopods in situ, and left gonopod, lateral, front, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. [1 &amp; 2 after Hoffman et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Pensoft Publishers); 3–6 after Hoffman (1990) (reprinted courtesy of the Swiss Zoological Society); 7 after Loomis (1958) (reprinted courtesy of the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences); 8–11 after Schiøtz (1966) (reprinted courtesy of the Danish Natural History Society). Scale bars 0.5 mm (10 &amp; 11) and 2.0 mm (8 &amp; 9), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664735/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Conglobation implies that the lateralmost, narrowed parts of the paraterga of several segments both subsequent to and in front of the broadest segment (3 or 4) are hidden under the latter. Starting from body segment 4 or 5, the lateral, subacuminate end of each subsequent paratergum is hidden under and behind the previous one, thus displaying an overlap pattern which can be termed typical. The telson usually is flattened, with a fully exposed, broad, plate-like epiproct; during complete volvation of the animal it is tightly oppressed to the dorsal side of body segment 5 or 6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA4FFF6A7B1F9B21C43779A" blockId="3.[181,1142,1129,1666]" lastBlockId="5.[181,1142,206,1671]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
This family is characterised, among other things, by long and slender antennae and legs (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA4FFF0A794F9D21917705F" box="[245,353,1609,1634]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="4.[144,183,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[124,1142,203,1292]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[85,1161,203,1310]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 1–11. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Diplopoda. 1: Glomeroides sp. (Glomeridae, Glomerida), lateral view (S = schism, or suture; H = hyposchism, or field below schism; Pg = pygidium). 2 &amp; 3. Sphaeriodesmus sp. (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion (III and IV = segment numbers) and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 4–6: Proeilodesmus mecistonyx Hoffman, 1990 (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), cross-section of a midbody segment, right half of male body segment 7, and right gonopod, caudal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively. 7. Dorsoporus barroensis Loomis, 1958 (Dorsoporidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, lateral view (OZ = ozopore). 8–11. Campodesmus dilobatus (Schiøtz, 1966) (Campodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, cross-section of a midbody segment, gonopods in situ, and left gonopod, lateral, front, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. [1 &amp; 2 after Hoffman et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Pensoft Publishers); 3–6 after Hoffman (1990) (reprinted courtesy of the Swiss Zoological Society); 7 after Loomis (1958) (reprinted courtesy of the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences); 8–11 after Schiøtz (1966) (reprinted courtesy of the Danish Natural History Society). Scale bars 0.5 mm (10 &amp; 11) and 2.0 mm (8 &amp; 9), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664735/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Figs 3, 4</figureCitation>
); antennomere 5 is longer and often larger than antennomere 6; the paraterga are very prominent and relatively simple (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA4FFF0A467F9F21B3C70BF" box="[774,842,1641,1666]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="4.[144,183,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[124,1142,203,1292]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[85,1161,203,1310]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 1–11. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Diplopoda. 1: Glomeroides sp. (Glomeridae, Glomerida), lateral view (S = schism, or suture; H = hyposchism, or field below schism; Pg = pygidium). 2 &amp; 3. Sphaeriodesmus sp. (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion (III and IV = segment numbers) and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 4–6: Proeilodesmus mecistonyx Hoffman, 1990 (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), cross-section of a midbody segment, right half of male body segment 7, and right gonopod, caudal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively. 7. Dorsoporus barroensis Loomis, 1958 (Dorsoporidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, lateral view (OZ = ozopore). 8–11. Campodesmus dilobatus (Schiøtz, 1966) (Campodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, cross-section of a midbody segment, gonopods in situ, and left gonopod, lateral, front, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. [1 &amp; 2 after Hoffman et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Pensoft Publishers); 3–6 after Hoffman (1990) (reprinted courtesy of the Swiss Zoological Society); 7 after Loomis (1958) (reprinted courtesy of the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences); 8–11 after Schiøtz (1966) (reprinted courtesy of the Danish Natural History Society). Scale bars 0.5 mm (10 &amp; 11) and 2.0 mm (8 &amp; 9), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664735/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), the dorsum is smooth to roughly tuberculate, the ozopores are very small to missing; the tergal limbus is evident but nearly smooth; the gonopod aperture is transversely oval and modest in size; the gonopods are simple to relatively complex (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA2FFF6A5F3FE951A84771A" box="[658,754,270,295]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="4.[144,183,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[124,1142,203,1292]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[85,1161,203,1310]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 1–11. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Diplopoda. 1: Glomeroides sp. (Glomeridae, Glomerida), lateral view (S = schism, or suture; H = hyposchism, or field below schism; Pg = pygidium). 2 &amp; 3. Sphaeriodesmus sp. (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion (III and IV = segment numbers) and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 4–6: Proeilodesmus mecistonyx Hoffman, 1990 (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), cross-section of a midbody segment, right half of male body segment 7, and right gonopod, caudal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively. 7. Dorsoporus barroensis Loomis, 1958 (Dorsoporidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, lateral view (OZ = ozopore). 8–11. Campodesmus dilobatus (Schiøtz, 1966) (Campodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, cross-section of a midbody segment, gonopods in situ, and left gonopod, lateral, front, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. [1 &amp; 2 after Hoffman et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Pensoft Publishers); 3–6 after Hoffman (1990) (reprinted courtesy of the Swiss Zoological Society); 7 after Loomis (1958) (reprinted courtesy of the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences); 8–11 after Schiøtz (1966) (reprinted courtesy of the Danish Natural History Society). Scale bars 0.5 mm (10 &amp; 11) and 2.0 mm (8 &amp; 9), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664735/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figs 5, 6</figureCitation>
), highly variable but subcylindrical coxae nearly always have a sternal rudiment, the cannula is normal to hypertrophied basally. The body is usually medium-sized and
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long. Further structural details can be found in Hoffman (1982
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA2FFF6A54FFEF51A4A77BB" box="[558,572,366,390]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">b</emphasis>
1990) and
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA2FFF6A5A6FEF51BE777BA" author="SIMONSEN, A." box="[711,913,366,391]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refId="ref10701" refString="SIMONSEN, A. 1990. Phylogeny and biogeography of the millipede order Polydesmida, with special emphasis on the suborder Polydesmidea. PhD Thesis, Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen." type="book" year="1990">Simonsen (1990)</bibRefCitation>
. Nearly completely volvated members of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA2FFF6A528FE151AA3779A" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1898" box="[585,725,398,423]" class="Diplopoda" family="Sphaeriodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Desmoninae">Desmoninae</taxonomicName>
are depicted in Shelley (2000).
</paragraph>
<caption id="17C63B9BFFA3FFF7A7F1FA841A5D70BE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664735" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7664735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664735/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" startId="4.[144,183,1311,1331]" targetBox="[124,1142,203,1292]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA3FFF7A7F1FA841A5D70BE" blockId="4.[144,1105,1311,1667]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
Figs 1–11. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA3FFF7A563FA841A13730E" authorityName="de Blainville in Gervais" authorityYear="1844" box="[514,613,1311,1331]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">Diplopoda</taxonomicName>
. 1:
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA3FFF7A5E6FA841B6B730E" box="[647,797,1311,1331]" class="Diplopoda" family="Protoglomeridae" genus="Glomeroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Glomerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA3FFF7A5E6FA841A8D730E" box="[647,763,1311,1331]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Glomeroides</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA3FFF7A448FA841BEE730E" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[809,920,1311,1331]" class="Diplopoda" family="Glomeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Glomerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Glomeridae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA3FFF7A4C3FA841C71730E" box="[930,1031,1311,1331]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Glomerida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Glomerida</taxonomicName>
), lateral view (S = schism, or suture; H = hyposchism, or field below schism; Pg = pygidium). 2 &amp; 3.
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA3FFF7A791FAD419E9735E" box="[240,415,1359,1379]" class="Diplopoda" family="Sphaeriodesmidae" genus="Sphaeriodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA3FFF7A791FAD419F7735E" box="[240,385,1359,1379]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Sphaeriodesmus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA3FFF7A6C9FAD41A38735E" authorityName="Humbert &amp; De Saussure" authorityYear="1869" box="[424,590,1359,1379]" class="Diplopoda" family="Sphaeriodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphaeriodesmidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA3FFF7A534FAD41ABD735E" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[597,715,1359,1379]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Polydesmida</taxonomicName>
), anterior body portion (III and IV = segment numbers) and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 4–6:
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA3FFF7A791FAE41A1B73AE" authority="Hoffman, 1990" authorityName="Hoffman" authorityYear="1990" box="[240,621,1407,1427]" class="Diplopoda" family="Sphaeriodesmidae" genus="Proeilodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mecistonyx">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA3FFF7A791FAE4199673AE" box="[240,480,1407,1427]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Proeilodesmus mecistonyx</emphasis>
Hoffman, 1990
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA3FFF7A518FAE41B5573AE" authorityName="Humbert &amp; De Saussure" authorityYear="1869" box="[633,803,1407,1427]" class="Diplopoda" family="Sphaeriodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphaeriodesmidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA3FFF7A44AFAE41BD273AE" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[811,932,1407,1427]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Polydesmida</taxonomicName>
), cross-section of a midbody segment, right half of male body segment 7, and right gonopod, caudal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively. 7.
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA3FFF7A692FA341B3673FE" authority="Loomis, 1958" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1958" box="[499,832,1455,1475]" class="Diplopoda" family="Dorsoporidae" genus="Dorsoporus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barroensis">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA3FFF7A692FA341AB773FE" box="[499,705,1455,1475]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Dorsoporus barroensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA3FFF7A5A4FA341B3673FE" author="LOOMIS, H. F." box="[709,832,1455,1475]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" pagination="235 - 237" refId="ref10347" refString="LOOMIS, H. F. 1958. A new family of millipeds on Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 48: 235 - 237." type="journal article" year="1958">Loomis, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA3FFF7A42BFA341BBE73FE" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1958" box="[842,968,1455,1475]" class="Diplopoda" family="Dorsoporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dorsoporidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA3FFF7A4AEFA341C3173FE" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[975,1095,1455,1475]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Polydesmida</taxonomicName>
), anterior body portion, lateral view (OZ = ozopore). 8–11.
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA3FFF7A474FA5C195573CE" authority="(Schiotz, 1966)" baseAuthorityName="Schiotz" baseAuthorityYear="1966" class="Diplopoda" family="Campodesmidae" genus="Campodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dilobatus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA3FFF7A474FA5C1B8073E6" box="[789,1014,1479,1499]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Campodesmus dilobatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA3FFF7A364FA5C196873CE" author="SCHIOTZ, V." pageId="4" pageNumber="43" pagination="81 - 104" refId="ref10457" refString="SCHIOTZ, V. 1966. Notes on West African diplopods I. The family Campodesmidae (Polydesmida). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk natuhistorike Forening i Kjobenhavn 129: 81 - 104." type="journal article" year="1966">Schiøtz, 1966</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA3FFF7A64CFA4419B373CE" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[301,453,1503,1523]" class="Diplopoda" family="Campodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Campodesmidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA3FFF7A6ADFA441A3473CE" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[460,578,1503,1523]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Polydesmida</taxonomicName>
), anterior body portion, cross-section of a midbody segment, gonopods
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA3FFF7A62CFA6C19F07036" box="[333,390,1527,1547]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">in situ</emphasis>
, and left gonopod, lateral, front, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. [1 &amp; 2 after
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA3FFF7A67FF9941994701E" author="HOFFMAN, R. L. &amp; GOLOVATCH, S. I. &amp; ADIS, J. &amp; DE MORAIS J. W." box="[286,482,1551,1571]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" pagination="505 - 533" refId="ref10221" refString="HOFFMAN, R. L., GOLOVATCH, S. I., ADIS, J. &amp; DE MORAIS J. W. 2002. Diplopoda. In: Adis, J., ed., Amazonian Arachnida and Myriapoda. Sofia &amp; Moscow: Pensoft pp. 505 - 533." type="book chapter" year="2002">
Hoffman
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA3FFF7A615F99419D4701E" box="[372,418,1551,1571]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
(reprinted courtesy of Pensoft Publishers); 3–6 after Hoffman (1990) (reprinted courtesy of the Swiss Zoological Society); 7 after
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA3FFF7A476F9BC1BE87006" author="LOOMIS, H. F." box="[791,926,1575,1595]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" pagination="235 - 237" refId="ref10347" refString="LOOMIS, H. F. 1958. A new family of millipeds on Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 48: 235 - 237." type="journal article" year="1958">Loomis (1958)</bibRefCitation>
(reprinted courtesy of the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences); 8–11 after
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA3FFF7A406F9A41B86706E" author="SCHIOTZ, V." box="[871,1008,1599,1619]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" pagination="81 - 104" refId="ref10457" refString="SCHIOTZ, V. 1966. Notes on West African diplopods I. The family Campodesmidae (Polydesmida). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk natuhistorike Forening i Kjobenhavn 129: 81 - 104." type="journal article" year="1966">Schiøtz (1966)</bibRefCitation>
(reprinted courtesy of the Danish Natural History Society). Scale bars 0.5 mm (10 &amp; 11) and 2.0 mm (8 &amp; 9), others reproduced not to scale.]
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA2FFF6A7B1FE351B50741A" blockId="5.[181,1142,206,1671]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
Sphaeriodesmids currently comprise 14–15 genera and about 90 described species, but the actual diversity exceeds 200 species (Hoffman 1990;
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA2FFF6A434FE551C4F77DA" author="HOFFMAN, R. L. &amp; GOLOVATCH, S. I. &amp; ADIS, J. &amp; DE MORAIS J. W." box="[853,1081,462,487]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" pagination="505 - 533" refId="ref10221" refString="HOFFMAN, R. L., GOLOVATCH, S. I., ADIS, J. &amp; DE MORAIS J. W. 2002. Diplopoda. In: Adis, J., ed., Amazonian Arachnida and Myriapoda. Sofia &amp; Moscow: Pensoft pp. 505 - 533." type="book chapter" year="2002">
Hoffman
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA2FFF6A4A1FE551B8177DB" box="[960,1015,462,486]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
). The family is endemic to Central America and the Greater Antilles, ranging from between north of
<collectingCountry id="3BAE2B83FFA2FFF6A677FD951919741A" box="[278,367,526,551]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Panama</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingRegion id="817DA5F1FFA2FFF6A6F3FD951980741A" box="[402,502,526,551]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Missouri</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="817DA5F1FFA2FFF6A54DFD951AEF741A" box="[556,665,526,551]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
in the
<collectingCountry id="3BAE2B83FFA2FFF6A587FD951B54741A" box="[742,802,526,551]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA2FFF6A7B1FDB519B574DA" blockId="5.[181,1142,206,1671]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
What seems particularly remarkable is that this family still comprises at least one genus and species, the cave-dwelling Mexican
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA2FFF6A5B5FDD5188674BA" authority="Hoffman, 1990" authorityName="Hoffman" authorityYear="1990" class="Diplopoda" family="Sphaeriodesmidae" genus="Proeilodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mecistonyx">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA2FFF6A5B5FDD51C76745B" box="[724,1024,590,614]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Proeilodesmus mecistonyx</emphasis>
Hoffman, 1990
</taxonomicName>
, that is apparently not capable of volvation (cp.
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA2FFF6A59AFDF51B1974BA" box="[763,879,622,647]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="4.[144,183,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[124,1142,203,1292]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[85,1161,203,1310]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 1–11. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Diplopoda. 1: Glomeroides sp. (Glomeridae, Glomerida), lateral view (S = schism, or suture; H = hyposchism, or field below schism; Pg = pygidium). 2 &amp; 3. Sphaeriodesmus sp. (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion (III and IV = segment numbers) and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 4–6: Proeilodesmus mecistonyx Hoffman, 1990 (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), cross-section of a midbody segment, right half of male body segment 7, and right gonopod, caudal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively. 7. Dorsoporus barroensis Loomis, 1958 (Dorsoporidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, lateral view (OZ = ozopore). 8–11. Campodesmus dilobatus (Schiøtz, 1966) (Campodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, cross-section of a midbody segment, gonopods in situ, and left gonopod, lateral, front, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. [1 &amp; 2 after Hoffman et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Pensoft Publishers); 3–6 after Hoffman (1990) (reprinted courtesy of the Swiss Zoological Society); 7 after Loomis (1958) (reprinted courtesy of the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences); 8–11 after Schiøtz (1966) (reprinted courtesy of the Danish Natural History Society). Scale bars 0.5 mm (10 &amp; 11) and 2.0 mm (8 &amp; 9), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664735/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figs 3 &amp; 4</figureCitation>
). Most of the characters of this creature seem plesiomorphic and suggest a link between a presumed flat-bodied chelodesmidean ancestor and the remaining, convex, truly volvatory members of the family (Hoffman 1990).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA2FFF6A7B1FD751BF0759A" blockId="5.[181,1142,206,1671]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
In Sphaeriodesminae, the prozona are reduced to virtually absent ventrally, paralleling the situation in
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA2FFF6A604FC951A7B751A" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1887" box="[357,525,782,807]" pageId="5" pageNumber="39" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Oniscomorpha">Oniscomorpha</taxonomicName>
, but in
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA2FFF6A500FC951A86751A" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1898" box="[609,752,782,807]" class="Diplopoda" family="Sphaeriodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Desmoninae">Desmoninae</taxonomicName>
, a group of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA2FFF6A416FC951C31751A" authorityName="Humbert &amp; De Saussure" authorityYear="1869" box="[887,1095,782,807]" class="Diplopoda" family="Sphaeriodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphaeriodesmidae</taxonomicName>
, the prozona are about the same length all the way around. Desmonines thus resemble a flattened oblate spheroid (= disc) rather than a true sphere as in species of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA2FFF6A4A3FCD5193675BA" authority="Peters, 1864" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1864" class="Diplopoda" family="Sphaeriodesmidae" genus="Sphaeriodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA2FFF6A4A3FCD51C03755B" box="[962,1141,846,870]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Sphaeriodesmus</emphasis>
Peters, 1864
</taxonomicName>
. Being about
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wide,
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA2FFF6A502FCF51BA075BA" authority="(De Saussure, 1859)" baseAuthorityName="De Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[611,982,878,903]" class="Diplopoda" family="Sphaeriodesmidae" genus="Sphaeriodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA2FFF6A502FCF51A8475BB" box="[611,754,878,902]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">S. mexicanus</emphasis>
(De Saussure, 1859)
</taxonomicName>
, from
<collectingCountry id="3BAE2B83FFA2FFF6A37BFCF51C0775BA" box="[1050,1137,878,903]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, is probably the largest polydesmidan currently known to roll up.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA2FFF6A7B1FC351AC4723A" blockId="5.[181,1142,206,1671]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
The phylogenetic relations of the
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA2FFF6A530FC351B6875FA" authorityName="Humbert &amp; De Saussure" authorityYear="1869" box="[593,798,942,967]" class="Diplopoda" family="Sphaeriodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphaeriodesmidae</taxonomicName>
seem particularly close to the
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA2FFF6A7D4FC55190775DA" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1909" box="[181,369,974,999]" class="Diplopoda" family="Holistophallidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Holistophallidae</taxonomicName>
, a small group endemic to Central America and incapable of volvation (Hoffman 1980 1982
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA2FFF6A6C0FC7519D9723B" box="[417,431,1006,1030]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">b</emphasis>
;
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA2FFF6A6DFFC751AD0723A" author="HOFFMAN, R. L. &amp; GOLOVATCH, S. I. &amp; ADIS, J. &amp; DE MORAIS J. W." box="[446,678,1006,1031]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" pagination="505 - 533" refId="ref10221" refString="HOFFMAN, R. L., GOLOVATCH, S. I., ADIS, J. &amp; DE MORAIS J. W. 2002. Diplopoda. In: Adis, J., ed., Amazonian Arachnida and Myriapoda. Sofia &amp; Moscow: Pensoft pp. 505 - 533." type="book chapter" year="2002">
Hoffman
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA2FFF6A54BFC751A2D723B" box="[554,603,1006,1030]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA2FFF6A7B1FB951AFD72BA" blockId="5.[181,1142,206,1671]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
In all other ‘oniscoid’ polydesmidan families, it is only the second tergum that is more or less enlarged and adapted for volvation. In addition, the antennae, and usually the legs, are relatively short; the latter are sometimes separated to a varying degree, even on the same body segment (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA2FFF6A54BFBF51A0872BA" box="[554,638,1134,1159]" captionStart="Figs 37–44" captionStartId="15.[182,220,1176,1196]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,177,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-8@15.[165,1149,177,1157]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 37–44.Agnurodesmus siolii Golovatch, 2001 (Cyrtodesmidae).37–39.Anterior body end, body segments 9 and 10, and caudal body end, lateral view. 40: Left side of metatergum 10, dorsal view. 41: Head, subfrontal view. 42: Midbody legs, ventral view. 43 &amp; 44. Right gonopod, submesal and sublateral views, respectively. [All after Golovatch (2001) (reprinted courtesy of Amazoniana). Scale bars 0.4 mm (37–42) and 0.1 mm (43 &amp; 44).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664749" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664749/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

149
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<paragraph id="43066B13FFAAFFFEA7B1FA541AC27035" blockId="13.[181,1142,1263,1672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
Direct field observations (
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFAAFFFEA540FA541AAE73D5" author="MESIBOV, R." box="[545,728,1487,1512]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" pagination="531 - 540" refId="ref10404" refString="MESIBOV, R. 2002. Redescriptions of Asphalidesmus leae Silvestri, 1910 and A. parvus (Chamberlin, 1920) comb. nov. from Tasmania, Australia (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Haplodesmidae). Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 59 (2): 531 - 540." type="journal article" year="2002">Mesibov 2002</bibRefCitation>
) confirmed very poor volvatory capacities in still another enigmatic genus,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0BA33898FFAAFFFEA5DFFA741C427035" box="[702,1076,1519,1544]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="43066B13FFAAFFFEA5DFFA741C427035" blockId="13.[181,1142,1263,1672]" box="[702,1076,1519,1544]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAAFFFEA5DFFA741C597035" ID-CoL="7NRF6" authority="Silvestri, 1910" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1910" box="[702,1071,1519,1544]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Asphalidesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAAFFFEA5DFFA741B027035" bold="true" box="[702,884,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Asphalidesmus</emphasis>
Silvestri, 1910
</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0BA33898FFAAFFFDA35CFA74197970BA" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" type="description">
<paragraph id="43066B13FFAAFFFDA35CFA7418AA77DA" blockId="13.[181,1142,1263,1672]" lastBlockId="14.[144,1104,206,1671]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
from
<collectingRegion id="817DA5F1FFAAFFFEA7D4F99419537015" box="[181,293,1551,1576]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAAFFFEA657F99419B67015" box="[310,448,1551,1576]" captionStart="Figs 45 &amp; 46" captionStartId="17.[182,221,752,772]" captionTargetBox="[174,1139,200,733]" captionTargetId="figure-8@17.[168,1142,194,738]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 45 &amp; 46. Asphalidesmus leae Silvestri, 1910 (Dalodesmoidea). 45. Entire male body, lateral view. 46. Anterior male body end, ventral view. [Both after Mesibov (2002) (reprinted courtesy of the Museum of Victoria). Scale bars 1.0 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664751/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Figs 45, 46</figureCitation>
). Both known species are small (
<quantity id="8441C6F6FFAAFFFEA426F9941BDE7015" box="[839,936,1551,1576]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 mm</quantity>
long), showing a roughened vertex, an enlarged, cap-shaped, anteriorly non-lobulated collum which largely conceals the head from above (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAAFFFEA5E8F9D41A927055" box="[649,740,1615,1640]" captionStart="Figs 45 &amp; 46" captionStartId="17.[182,221,752,772]" captionTargetBox="[174,1139,200,733]" captionTargetId="figure-8@17.[168,1142,194,738]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 45 &amp; 46. Asphalidesmus leae Silvestri, 1910 (Dalodesmoidea). 45. Entire male body, lateral view. 46. Anterior male body end, ventral view. [Both after Mesibov (2002) (reprinted courtesy of the Museum of Victoria). Scale bars 1.0 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664751/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
); metatergum 2 is rather strongly enlarged and is devoid of a schism but, as usual, it supports the anterolateral part of tergum 3; each metatergum subsequent to the second has numerous (5–6) transverse rows of uniform, low, setigerous tubercles; the ozopore formula is (nearly) normal, and each ozopore opens flush on the surface dorsal to a lobulated edge of the paratergum; the paraterga are strongly declined ventrad, yet they fail to reach the level of the sterna; antennomere 6 is the longest and largest (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA9FFFDA341FED518C777BA" captionStart="Figs 45 &amp; 46" captionStartId="17.[182,221,752,772]" captionTargetBox="[174,1139,200,733]" captionTargetId="figure-8@17.[168,1142,194,738]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 45 &amp; 46. Asphalidesmus leae Silvestri, 1910 (Dalodesmoidea). 45. Entire male body, lateral view. 46. Anterior male body end, ventral view. [Both after Mesibov (2002) (reprinted courtesy of the Museum of Victoria). Scale bars 1.0 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664751/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
); the limbus is bacillary, upright, and prominent; the telson is ‘polydesmoid’, and the epiproct is conical, and readily visible from above (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA9FFFDA436FE151BC7779A" box="[855,945,398,423]" captionStart="Figs 45 &amp; 46" captionStartId="17.[182,221,752,772]" captionTargetBox="[174,1139,200,733]" captionTargetId="figure-8@17.[168,1142,194,738]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 45 &amp; 46. Asphalidesmus leae Silvestri, 1910 (Dalodesmoidea). 45. Entire male body, lateral view. 46. Anterior male body end, ventral view. [Both after Mesibov (2002) (reprinted courtesy of the Museum of Victoria). Scale bars 1.0 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664751/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
); the legs are rather stout, especially so in males, but otherwise unmodified (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA9FFFDA418FE351BA677FA" box="[889,976,430,455]" captionStart="Figs 45 &amp; 46" captionStartId="17.[182,221,752,772]" captionTargetBox="[174,1139,200,733]" captionTargetId="figure-8@17.[168,1142,194,738]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 45 &amp; 46. Asphalidesmus leae Silvestri, 1910 (Dalodesmoidea). 45. Entire male body, lateral view. 46. Anterior male body end, ventral view. [Both after Mesibov (2002) (reprinted courtesy of the Museum of Victoria). Scale bars 1.0 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664751/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA9FFFDA489FE3518A677DA" author="MESIBOV, R." pageId="14" pageNumber="53" pagination="531 - 540" refId="ref10404" refString="MESIBOV, R. 2002. Redescriptions of Asphalidesmus leae Silvestri, 1910 and A. parvus (Chamberlin, 1920) comb. nov. from Tasmania, Australia (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Haplodesmidae). Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 59 (2): 531 - 540." type="journal article" year="2002">Mesibov 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA9FFFDA7CBFE75199E749A" blockId="14.[144,1104,206,1671]" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">
The volvation is remarkable in being devoid of any switch to a typical pattern. Instead it remains the same from tergum 3 onwards, whence the anterior part of the paratergum rests on top of, not beneath, the caudolateral part of the previous paratergum. The overlap is thus simple, apparently plesiomorphic (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA9FFFDA4D4FDD51C78745A" box="[949,1038,590,615]" captionStart="Figs 45 &amp; 46" captionStartId="17.[182,221,752,772]" captionTargetBox="[174,1139,200,733]" captionTargetId="figure-8@17.[168,1142,194,738]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 45 &amp; 46. Asphalidesmus leae Silvestri, 1910 (Dalodesmoidea). 45. Entire male body, lateral view. 46. Anterior male body end, ventral view. [Both after Mesibov (2002) (reprinted courtesy of the Museum of Victoria). Scale bars 1.0 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664751/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
), and totally different from the more specialised patterns observed in more readily or truly volvatory
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA9FFFDA628FD151993749A" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[329,485,654,679]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Polydesmida</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA9FFFDA7CBFD35198D703A" blockId="14.[144,1104,206,1671]" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA9FFFDA652FD35199574FB" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1910" box="[307,483,686,710]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Asphalidesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA9FFFDA652FD35199574FB" box="[307,483,686,710]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Asphalidesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has provisionally been referred to
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA9FFFDA4F8FD35193D74DA" authority="(Mesibov 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Mesibov" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Diplopoda" family="Haplodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Haplodesmidae (
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA9FFFDA7F6FD55193574DA" author="MESIBOV, R." box="[151,323,718,743]" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" pagination="531 - 540" refId="ref10404" refString="MESIBOV, R. 2002. Redescriptions of Asphalidesmus leae Silvestri, 1910 and A. parvus (Chamberlin, 1920) comb. nov. from Tasmania, Australia (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Haplodesmidae). Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 59 (2): 531 - 540." type="journal article" year="2002">Mesibov 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Indeed, superficially these animals look very much like true haploor pyrgodesmids, or
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA9FFFDA61BFD751A70753B" authorityName="Attems" authorityYear="1900" box="[378,518,750,774]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Hyperothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA9FFFDA61BFD751A70753B" box="[378,518,750,774]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Hyperothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the genitalic structure of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA9FFFDA4C2FD751C26753B" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1910" box="[931,1104,750,774]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Asphalidesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA9FFFDA4C2FD751C26753B" box="[931,1104,750,774]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Asphalidesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is quite characteristic of that of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA9FFFDA56BFC951AC3751A" authorityName="Hoffman" authorityYear="1980" box="[522,693,782,807]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Dalodesmidea">Dalodesmidea</taxonomicName>
, Dalodesmoidea, but maybe not of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA9FFFDA7F1FCB5194D757A" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[144,315,814,839]" class="Diplopoda" family="Dalodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dalodesmidae</taxonomicName>
, because the sphaeriotrichomes typical of dalodesmids are missing. As in all other Dalodesmoidea so exemplary of the Southern Hemisphere, the gonopod aperture is ovoid, relatively small, and fully containing and concealing the small, medially fused, contiguous gonocoxae crowned with suberect, distally 2-branched, simple, medially contiguous but not fused telopodites, with hypertrophied prefemoral parts (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFA9FFFDA546FC551AF075DA" box="[551,646,974,999]" captionStart="Figs 45 &amp; 46" captionStartId="17.[182,221,752,772]" captionTargetBox="[174,1139,200,733]" captionTargetId="figure-8@17.[168,1142,194,738]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 45 &amp; 46. Asphalidesmus leae Silvestri, 1910 (Dalodesmoidea). 45. Entire male body, lateral view. 46. Anterior male body end, ventral view. [Both after Mesibov (2002) (reprinted courtesy of the Museum of Victoria). Scale bars 1.0 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664751/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
). An allocation of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA9FFFDA419FC551C5A75DB" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1910" box="[888,1068,974,998]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Asphalidesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA9FFFDA419FC551C5A75DB" box="[888,1068,974,998]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Asphalidesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA9FFFDA7F1FC751918723A" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1940" box="[144,366,1006,1031]" class="Diplopoda" family="Vaalogonopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vaalogonopodidae</taxonomicName>
, a small Southern African dalodesmoid group comprising four genera (of which only three are described, cf. Hoffman 1982
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA9FFFDA436FB951B13721B" box="[855,869,1038,1062]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">b</emphasis>
) likewise devoid of sphaerotrichomes, is not likely. Indeed, in contrast to
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA9FFFDA4EDFBB51C30727A" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[908,1094,1070,1095]" class="Diplopoda" family="Dalodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dalodesmidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA9FFFDA7F1FBD5191C725A" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1940" box="[144,362,1102,1127]" class="Diplopoda" family="Vaalogonopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vaalogonopodidae</taxonomicName>
are rather pyrgodesmid-like in appearance, and all are mediumsized (
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long). Their hypertrophied, anteriorly lobed or scalloped collum conceals the head from above; the metatergal tuberculation is regular and somewhat differentiated; some ozopores are borne on porosteles placed at the lateral edge; the paraterga are relatively small and modestly declined ventrad and lobed laterally; the telson is strongly flattened dorsoventrally; and the gonopod coxae are somewhat better separated etc. (
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA9FFFDA455FA951BA8731A" author="VERHOEFF, K. W." box="[820,990,1294,1319]" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" pagination="104 - 119" refId="ref10758" refString="VERHOEFF, K. W. 1940. Aliquid novi ex Africa. I. Zoologischer Anzeiger 130 (5 / 6): 104 - 119." type="journal article" year="1940">Verhoeff 1940</bibRefCitation>
; Schubart 1956).
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA9FFFDA783FAB519E4737B" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1910" box="[226,402,1326,1350]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Asphalidesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA9FFFDA783FAB519E4737B" box="[226,402,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Asphalidesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished by the collum and tergum 2 being relatively modestly developed; the paraterga are very strong and prominently declined ventrad; the ozopores open inside flat craters located far off the paratergal lateral edge, and are never borne on porosteles; the telson is rather ‘polydesmoid’, the epiproct is subcylindrical, not flattened; the metatergal tuberculation is dense, uniform, setigerous; and the gonopod coxae as well as the telopodites are virtually contiguous medially, etc. (
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA9FFFDA65FFA751999703A" author="MESIBOV, R." box="[318,495,1518,1543]" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" pagination="531 - 540" refId="ref10404" refString="MESIBOV, R. 2002. Redescriptions of Asphalidesmus leae Silvestri, 1910 and A. parvus (Chamberlin, 1920) comb. nov. from Tasmania, Australia (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Haplodesmidae). Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 59 (2): 531 - 540." type="journal article" year="2002">Mesibov 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFA9FFFDA7CBF995197970BA" blockId="14.[144,1104,206,1671]" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">
In general, as the classification of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA9FFFDA54FF9951AA5701A" authorityName="Hoffman" authorityYear="1980" box="[558,723,1550,1575]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Dalodesmidea">Dalodesmidea</taxonomicName>
is perhaps the most controversial within the entire order
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA9FFFDA6F7F9B51A5A707A" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[406,556,1582,1607]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Polydesmida</taxonomicName>
(cf. Hoffman 1980;
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFA9FFFDA476F9B51BBB707A" author="SIMONSEN, A." box="[791,973,1582,1607]" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" refId="ref10701" refString="SIMONSEN, A. 1990. Phylogeny and biogeography of the millipede order Polydesmida, with special emphasis on the suborder Polydesmidea. PhD Thesis, Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen." type="book" year="1990">Simonsen 1990</bibRefCitation>
), no family placement of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFA9FFFDA621F9D5198E705B" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1910" box="[320,504,1614,1638]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Asphalidesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFA9FFFDA621F9D5198E705B" box="[320,504,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Asphalidesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is attempted here as this would apparently be premature.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

142
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<paragraph id="43066B13FFABFFFFA7CBFC5519DC75DA" blockId="12.[144,1104,206,1671]" box="[170,426,974,999]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">The monobasic genus</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA6D2FC551A9975DA" ID-CoL="7PL5P" authority="Attems, 1900" authorityName="Attems" authorityYear="1900" box="[435,751,974,999]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Hyperothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFABFFFFA6D2FC551A3175DA" bold="true" box="[435,583,974,999]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Hyperothrix</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFABFFFFA52FFC551A9975DA" author="ATTEMS, C." box="[590,751,974,999]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" pagination="133 - 177" refId="ref9771" refString="ATTEMS, C. 1900. Dr Brauer's Myriopoden-Ausbeute auf den Seychellen im Jahre 1895. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik 13 (3): 133 - 177." type="journal article" year="1900">Attems, 1900</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="43066B13FFABFFFEA59DFC551B617355" blockId="12.[144,1104,206,1671]" lastBlockId="13.[181,1142,1263,1672]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
with the single small species
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA7F1FC7519B7723A" authority="Attems, 1900" authorityName="Attems" authorityYear="1900" box="[144,449,1006,1031]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Hyperothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orophura">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFABFFFFA7F1FC751968723B" box="[144,286,1006,1030]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">H. orophura</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFABFFFFA642FC7519B7723A" author="ATTEMS, C." box="[291,449,1006,1031]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" pagination="133 - 177" refId="ref9771" refString="ATTEMS, C. 1900. Dr Brauer's Myriopoden-Ausbeute auf den Seychellen im Jahre 1895. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik 13 (3): 133 - 177." type="journal article" year="1900">Attems, 1900</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, from a few of the larger granitic islands of the Seychelle Archipelago, has long attracted attention as another superficially ‘oniscoid’ polydesmidan still without clear family placement (Hoffman 1982
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFABFFFFA4FBFBB51BDE727B" box="[922,936,1070,1094]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">a</emphasis>
;
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFABFFFFA4D9FBB51952725A" author="GOLOVATCH, S. I. &amp; KORSOS, Z." pageId="12" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref9980" refString="GOLOVATCH, S. I. &amp; KORSOS, Z. 1992. Diplopoda collected by the Soviet Zoological Expedition to the Seychelles Islands in 1984. Acta Zoologica Hungarica 38 (1 - 2): 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1992">Golovatch &amp; Korsós 1992</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFABFFFFA64FFBD5199C725A" author="GOLOVATCH, S. I." box="[302,490,1102,1127]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" pagination="325 - 336" refId="ref9867" refString="GOLOVATCH, S. I. 2001. Agnurodesmus siolii n. sp., the first Cyrtodesmidae to be reported from Brazil, with remarks on the genus and family (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). Amazoniana 16 (3 - 4): 325 - 336." type="journal article" year="2001">Golovatch 2001</bibRefCitation>
). This genus and species has repeatedly been assigned to or compared with such different families as
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA5A0FBF51BF072BA" authorityName="De Saussure" authorityYear="1860" box="[705,902,1134,1159]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oniscodesmidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA4F5FBF51C3D72BA" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1896" box="[916,1099,1134,1159]" class="Diplopoda" family="Pyrgodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyrgodesmidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA7F1FB151934729A" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[144,322,1166,1191]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cyrtodesmidae</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA609FB151A5A729A" box="[360,556,1166,1191]" class="Diplopoda" family="Doratodesmidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Doratodesmidae</taxonomicName>
, with the latest return to
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA42CFB151C77729A" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1896" box="[845,1025,1166,1191]" class="Diplopoda" family="Pyrgodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyrgodesmidae</taxonomicName>
on the basis of a typically pyrgodesmid-like tergal lobulation pattern and, above all, the gonopod conformation (
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFABFFFFA6CAFB551A1B72DA" author="GOLOVATCH, S. I." box="[427,621,1230,1255]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" pagination="325 - 336" refId="ref9867" refString="GOLOVATCH, S. I. 2001. Agnurodesmus siolii n. sp., the first Cyrtodesmidae to be reported from Brazil, with remarks on the genus and family (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). Amazoniana 16 (3 - 4): 325 - 336." type="journal article" year="2001">Golovatch 2001</bibRefCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA5C0FB551B4772DB" authorityName="Attems" authorityYear="1900" box="[673,817,1230,1254]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Hyperothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orophura">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFABFFFFA5C0FB551B4772DB" box="[673,817,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">H. orophura</emphasis>
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, in addition to the fairly detailed descriptions by
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFABFFFFA6D7FB751A2F733A" author="ATTEMS, C." box="[438,601,1262,1287]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" pagination="133 - 177" refId="ref9771" refString="ATTEMS, C. 1900. Dr Brauer's Myriopoden-Ausbeute auf den Seychellen im Jahre 1895. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik 13 (3): 133 - 177." type="journal article" year="1900">Attems (1900</bibRefCitation>
1940), the vertigial region of the head is granulorugose but not elevated; the collum is rather convex, somewhat enlarged, yet failing to cover the head from above (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFABFFFFA5F3FAB51A9B737A" box="[658,749,1326,1351]" captionStart="Figs 32–36" captionStartId="13.[182,222,1043,1063]" captionTargetBox="[283,1024,195,1026]" captionTargetId="figure-8@13.[245,1066,182,1052]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 32–36. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 32. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), left gonopod, caudal view. 33 &amp; 34. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), entire animal and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and ventral views respectively. 35 &amp; 36. Hyperothrix orophura Attems, 1900 (?Pyrgodesmidae), anterior body portion and left gonopod, lateral and caudal views, respectively. [32 after Golovatch et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta); 33 &amp; 34 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Nadine Van Noppen del.); 35 &amp; 36 after Attems (1900). Scale bar 0.1 mm (32), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664747/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
), and with a clearly elevated anterior rim showing an indistinct pattern of 6+6 lobulations. Tergum 2 is evidently, but not too dramatically, hypertrophied, with each of its paraterga deeply trilobate, andenlarged laterad (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFABFFFFA6E9FA151997739A" box="[392,481,1422,1447]" captionStart="Figs 32–36" captionStartId="13.[182,222,1043,1063]" captionTargetBox="[283,1024,195,1026]" captionTargetId="figure-8@13.[245,1066,182,1052]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 32–36. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 32. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), left gonopod, caudal view. 33 &amp; 34. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), entire animal and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and ventral views respectively. 35 &amp; 36. Hyperothrix orophura Attems, 1900 (?Pyrgodesmidae), anterior body portion and left gonopod, lateral and caudal views, respectively. [32 after Golovatch et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta); 33 &amp; 34 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Nadine Van Noppen del.); 35 &amp; 36 after Attems (1900). Scale bar 0.1 mm (32), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664747/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
). The paraterga of body segments 3 and 4 are deeply bilobed, subsequent quadri- (pore-bearing segments) or trilobulate (poreless segments) laterally. The terga are generally very strongly convex but the paraterga are modestly broad, ending a little above the level of the sterna. The limbus is bacilliferous; the ozopores are normally located on low knobs and the pore formula is normal; the metatergal surface is rough, granular, very finely pilose, with the tuberculation rather poorly differentiated but the pattern typically pyrgodesmid, and this is especially evident toward the telson, which is fully concealed in dorsal view; the gonopods
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAAFFFEA6CCFB6B198E7335" box="[429,504,1264,1288]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">in situ</emphasis>
are strongly sunken, flattened dorsoventrally, rather poorly exposed in lateral view, and the coxae are rather strongly hypertrophied (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAAFFFEA7DFFAB419607375" box="[190,278,1327,1352]" captionStart="Figs 32–36" captionStartId="13.[182,222,1043,1063]" captionTargetBox="[283,1024,195,1026]" captionTargetId="figure-8@13.[245,1066,182,1052]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 32–36. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 32. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), left gonopod, caudal view. 33 &amp; 34. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), entire animal and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and ventral views respectively. 35 &amp; 36. Hyperothrix orophura Attems, 1900 (?Pyrgodesmidae), anterior body portion and left gonopod, lateral and caudal views, respectively. [32 after Golovatch et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta); 33 &amp; 34 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Nadine Van Noppen del.); 35 &amp; 36 after Attems (1900). Scale bar 0.1 mm (32), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664747/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
), completely hiding the relatively stout and complex telopodites inside a gonocoel; a solenomere branch is evident (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAAFFFEA5D0FAD41B7C7355" box="[689,778,1359,1384]" captionStart="Figs 32–36" captionStartId="13.[182,222,1043,1063]" captionTargetBox="[283,1024,195,1026]" captionTargetId="figure-8@13.[245,1066,182,1052]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 32–36. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 32. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), left gonopod, caudal view. 33 &amp; 34. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), entire animal and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and ventral views respectively. 35 &amp; 36. Hyperothrix orophura Attems, 1900 (?Pyrgodesmidae), anterior body portion and left gonopod, lateral and caudal views, respectively. [32 after Golovatch et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta); 33 &amp; 34 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Nadine Van Noppen del.); 35 &amp; 36 after Attems (1900). Scale bar 0.1 mm (32), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664747/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="17C63B9BFFAAFFFEA7D7FB881B7F72F2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664747" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7664747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664747/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" startId="13.[182,222,1043,1063]" targetBox="[283,1024,195,1026]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="43066B13FFAAFFFEA7D7FB881B7F72F2" blockId="13.[182,1143,1043,1231]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
Figs 32–36. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAAFFFEA52EFB881ABA721A" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[591,716,1043,1063]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Polydesmida</taxonomicName>
. 32.
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAAFFFEA59FFB8819CB7202" authority="(Schubart, 1934)" baseAuthorityName="Schubart" baseAuthorityYear="1934" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Amphitomeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attemsi">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAAFFFEA59FFB881BBD721A" box="[766,971,1043,1063]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Amphitomeus attemsi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFAAFFFEA4BAFB881C19721A" author="SCHUBART, O." box="[987,1135,1043,1063]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 318" refId="ref10491" refString="SCHUBART, O. 1934. Tausendfussler oder Myriapoda. 1: Diplopoda. In: Dahl, F., ed., Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise 28: i - viii, 1 - 318." type="journal article" year="1934">Schubart, 1934</bibRefCitation>
) (Oniscodesmidae)
</taxonomicName>
, left gonopod, caudal view. 33 &amp; 34.
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAAFFFEA47DFBB01C047202" box="[796,1138,1067,1087]" class="Diplopoda" family="Ammodesmidae" genus="Elassystremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAAFFFEA47DFBB01BD27202" box="[796,932,1067,1087]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Elassystremma</emphasis>
sp. (Ammodesmidae)
</taxonomicName>
, entire animal and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and ventral views respectively. 35 &amp; 36.
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAAFFFEA635FBC01AD27252" authority="Attems, 1900" authorityName="Attems" authorityYear="1900" box="[340,676,1115,1135]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Hyperothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orophura">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAAFFFEA635FBC01A567252" box="[340,544,1115,1135]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Hyperothrix orophura</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFAAFFFEA546FBC01AD27252" author="ATTEMS, C." box="[551,676,1115,1135]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" pagination="133 - 177" refId="ref9771" refString="ATTEMS, C. 1900. Dr Brauer's Myriopoden-Ausbeute auf den Seychellen im Jahre 1895. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik 13 (3): 133 - 177." type="journal article" year="1900">Attems, 1900</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(?
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAAFFFEA5DAFBC01B3B7252" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1896" box="[699,845,1115,1135]" class="Diplopoda" family="Pyrgodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyrgodesmidae</taxonomicName>
), anterior body portion and left gonopod, lateral and caudal views, respectively. [32 after
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFAAFFFEA459FBE81C6572BA" author="GOLOVATCH, S. I &amp; KNAPINSKI, S. &amp; ADIS, J." box="[824,1043,1139,1159]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" pagination="137 - 146" refId="ref9916" refString="GOLOVATCH, S. I, KNAPINSKI, S. &amp; ADIS, J. 2002. On the identity of the European hothouse millipede Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934), with first biological observations of this parthenogenetic species (Dipopoda: Polydesmida: Oniscodesmidae). Arthropoda Selecta 10 (2): 137 - 146 (for 2001)." type="journal article" year="2002">
Golovatch
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAAFFFEA4FEFBE81BA672BA" box="[927,976,1139,1159]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
(reprinted courtesy of
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAAFFFEA6E1FB101A5972A2" box="[384,559,1163,1183]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Arthropoda Selecta</emphasis>
); 33 &amp; 34 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Nadine Van Noppen del.); 35 &amp; 36 after
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFAAFFFEA48DFB381C05728A" author="ATTEMS, C." box="[1004,1139,1187,1207]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" pagination="133 - 177" refId="ref9771" refString="ATTEMS, C. 1900. Dr Brauer's Myriopoden-Ausbeute auf den Seychellen im Jahre 1895. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik 13 (3): 133 - 177." type="journal article" year="1900">Attems (1900)</bibRefCitation>
. Scale bar 0.1 mm (32), others reproduced not to scale.]
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFAAFFFEA7B1FAF41A4D73F5" blockId="13.[181,1142,1263,1672]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
Volvation can definitely be postulated as incomplete. The overlap is typical, starting from paraterga 4 onwards, i.e. as in
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAAFFFEA533FA0B1A8C7395" authorityName="Hoffman &amp; Howell" authorityYear="1981" box="[594,762,1424,1448]" class="Diplopoda" family="Ammodesmidae" genus="Elassystremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAAFFFEA533FA0B1A8C7395" box="[594,762,1424,1448]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Elassystremma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except for the enlarged tergum 2 lacking any schism-like structures.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<treatment id="CB10DA05FFADFFF9A7CBFD551BD173FA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CB10DA05FFADFFF9A7CBFD551BD173FA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB10DA05FFADFFF9A7CBFD551BD173FA" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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<paragraph id="43066B13FFADFFF9A7CBFD5519EA74DA" blockId="10.[144,1104,206,1671]" box="[170,412,718,743]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
The
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<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A7BAFD5519EA74DA" bold="true" box="[219,412,718,743]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Ammodesmidae</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0BA33898FFADFFF9A6C0FD551BD173FA" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="description">
<paragraph id="43066B13FFADFFF9A6C0FD551BC375BA" blockId="10.[144,1104,206,1671]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
is an oligotypic family with three genera and several species in tropical Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFADFFF9A623FD751A13753A" author="HOFFMAN, R. L. &amp; HOWELL, K. M." box="[322,613,750,775]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" pagination="227 - 233" refId="ref10276" refString="HOFFMAN, R. L. &amp; HOWELL, K. M. 1981. An ammodesmid milliped from Tanzania (Polydesmida). Revue de Zoologie Africaine 95 (1): 227 - 233." type="journal article" year="1981">Hoffman &amp; Howell 1981</bibRefCitation>
; Van den Spiegel, in prep.). They are all so minute (
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long) that, when coiled and dusted with earth, these animals resemble a grain of sand (
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFADFFF9A658FCB519C1757A" author="COOK, O. F." box="[313,439,814,839]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" pagination="413 - 420" refId="ref9843" refString="COOK, O. F. 1896. A new diplopod fauna in Liberia. The American Naturalist 30: 413 - 420." type="journal article" year="1896">Cook 1896</bibRefCitation>
). The conglobation pattern in the East African
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A4CBFCB519CE755A" authority="Hoffman &amp; Howell, 1981" authorityName="Hoffman &amp; Howell" authorityYear="1981" class="Diplopoda" family="Ammodesmidae" genus="Elassystremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A4CBFCB51C26757B" box="[938,1104,814,838]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Elassystremma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFADFFF9A7F1FCD519CE755A" author="HOFFMAN, R. L. &amp; HOWELL, K. M." box="[144,440,846,871]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" pagination="227 - 233" refId="ref10276" refString="HOFFMAN, R. L. &amp; HOWELL, K. M. 1981. An ammodesmid milliped from Tanzania (Polydesmida). Revue de Zoologie Africaine 95 (1): 227 - 233." type="journal article" year="1981">Hoffman &amp; Howell, 1981</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be very much like in
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A459FCD51B84755A" box="[824,1010,846,871]" class="Diplopoda" family="Doratodesmidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Doratodesmidae</taxonomicName>
, but the overlap only becomes typical from paratergum 4 onwards (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFADFFF9A447FCF51B0B75BA" box="[806,893,878,903]" captionStart="Figs 22–27" captionStartId="9.[182,221,1253,1273]" captionTargetBox="[174,1147,197,1234]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[155,1163,163,1272]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 22–27. Scanning electron micrographs of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 22 &amp; 23. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), anterior body portion and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and subcaudal views, respectively. 24–27. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), entire animal, paraterga 2–7, and anterior body end, lateral, lateral, subdorsal, and lateral views, respectively. [22 &amp; 23 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa); 24–27 after Golovatch et al.(2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664741/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Figs 22</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFADFFF9A4E9FCF51BD175BA" box="[904,935,878,903]" captionStart="Figs 32–36" captionStartId="13.[182,222,1043,1063]" captionTargetBox="[283,1024,195,1026]" captionTargetId="figure-8@13.[245,1066,182,1052]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 32–36. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 32. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), left gonopod, caudal view. 33 &amp; 34. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), entire animal and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and ventral views respectively. 35 &amp; 36. Hyperothrix orophura Attems, 1900 (?Pyrgodesmidae), anterior body portion and left gonopod, lateral and caudal views, respectively. [32 after Golovatch et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta); 33 &amp; 34 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Nadine Van Noppen del.); 35 &amp; 36 after Attems (1900). Scale bar 0.1 mm (32), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664747/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">33</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFADFFF9A7CBFC151B8775DA" blockId="10.[144,1104,206,1671]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
The telson is likewise normal, ‘polydesmoid’, and evident from above. The epiproct is flattened, conspicuous, sometimes tuberculate (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFADFFF9A5C4FC351A8275FA" box="[677,756,942,967]" captionStart="Figs 32–36" captionStartId="13.[182,222,1043,1063]" captionTargetBox="[283,1024,195,1026]" captionTargetId="figure-8@13.[245,1066,182,1052]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 32–36. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 32. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), left gonopod, caudal view. 33 &amp; 34. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), entire animal and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and ventral views respectively. 35 &amp; 36. Hyperothrix orophura Attems, 1900 (?Pyrgodesmidae), anterior body portion and left gonopod, lateral and caudal views, respectively. [32 after Golovatch et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta); 33 &amp; 34 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Nadine Van Noppen del.); 35 &amp; 36 after Attems (1900). Scale bar 0.1 mm (32), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664747/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
), and during complete volvation of the animal it is tightly oppressed to the dorsal side of body segment 5 or 6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFADFFF9A7CBFC751C6F735A" blockId="10.[144,1104,206,1671]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
The body teguments are usually rough; the metaterga are more or less strongly tuberculate, and the paraterga are rounded laterally, usually somewhat incised or sinuate anteriorly and caudally at their base (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFADFFF9A540FBB51A03727A" box="[545,629,1070,1095]" captionStart="Figs 22–27" captionStartId="9.[182,221,1253,1273]" captionTargetBox="[174,1147,197,1234]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[155,1163,163,1272]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 22–27. Scanning electron micrographs of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 22 &amp; 23. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), anterior body portion and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and subcaudal views, respectively. 24–27. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), entire animal, paraterga 2–7, and anterior body end, lateral, lateral, subdorsal, and lateral views, respectively. [22 &amp; 23 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa); 24–27 after Golovatch et al.(2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664741/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Figs 22</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFADFFF9A51EFBB51AE8727A" box="[639,670,1070,1095]" captionStart="Figs 32–36" captionStartId="13.[182,222,1043,1063]" captionTargetBox="[283,1024,195,1026]" captionTargetId="figure-8@13.[245,1066,182,1052]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 32–36. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 32. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), left gonopod, caudal view. 33 &amp; 34. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), entire animal and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and ventral views respectively. 35 &amp; 36. Hyperothrix orophura Attems, 1900 (?Pyrgodesmidae), anterior body portion and left gonopod, lateral and caudal views, respectively. [32 after Golovatch et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta); 33 &amp; 34 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Nadine Van Noppen del.); 35 &amp; 36 after Attems (1900). Scale bar 0.1 mm (32), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664747/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">33</figureCitation>
); the ozopores are small, poorly visible, and they open flush on the surface of the paraterga below the caudobasal incision; the ozopore formula seems to be somewhat abbreviated: 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 17–18(19) (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFADFFF9A343FBF518D9729A" captionStart="Figs 32–36" captionStartId="13.[182,222,1043,1063]" captionTargetBox="[283,1024,195,1026]" captionTargetId="figure-8@13.[245,1066,182,1052]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 32–36. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 32. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), left gonopod, caudal view. 33 &amp; 34. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), entire animal and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and ventral views respectively. 35 &amp; 36. Hyperothrix orophura Attems, 1900 (?Pyrgodesmidae), anterior body portion and left gonopod, lateral and caudal views, respectively. [32 after Golovatch et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta); 33 &amp; 34 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Nadine Van Noppen del.); 35 &amp; 36 after Attems (1900). Scale bar 0.1 mm (32), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664747/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
), and sometimes ozopores seem to be missing; the tergal limbus is evident and is dentate; antennomere 5 is longer and larger than antennomere 6 (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFADFFF9A409FB351BCA72FA" box="[872,956,1198,1223]" captionStart="Figs 22–27" captionStartId="9.[182,221,1253,1273]" captionTargetBox="[174,1147,197,1234]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[155,1163,163,1272]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 22–27. Scanning electron micrographs of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 22 &amp; 23. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), anterior body portion and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and subcaudal views, respectively. 24–27. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), entire animal, paraterga 2–7, and anterior body end, lateral, lateral, subdorsal, and lateral views, respectively. [22 &amp; 23 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa); 24–27 after Golovatch et al.(2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664741/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
); the legs are rather slender but short (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFADFFF9A6C2FB55198072DA" box="[419,502,1230,1255]" captionStart="Figs 22–27" captionStartId="9.[182,221,1253,1273]" captionTargetBox="[174,1147,197,1234]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[155,1163,163,1272]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 22–27. Scanning electron micrographs of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 22 &amp; 23. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), anterior body portion and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and subcaudal views, respectively. 24–27. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), entire animal, paraterga 2–7, and anterior body end, lateral, lateral, subdorsal, and lateral views, respectively. [22 &amp; 23 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa); 24–27 after Golovatch et al.(2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664741/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
); the gonopod aperture is transversely oval and large; the gonocoxae are extremely large and subtriangular, with normal cannulae which are strongly exposed; the gonocoxae are fused and hollow medially and often enlarged laterally so that the more or less slender telopodites are nearly fully concealed inside the gonocoel (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFADFFF9A64FFAD519F3735A" box="[302,389,1358,1383]" captionStart="Figs 22–27" captionStartId="9.[182,221,1253,1273]" captionTargetBox="[174,1147,197,1234]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[155,1163,163,1272]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 22–27. Scanning electron micrographs of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 22 &amp; 23. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), anterior body portion and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and subcaudal views, respectively. 24–27. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), entire animal, paraterga 2–7, and anterior body end, lateral, lateral, subdorsal, and lateral views, respectively. [22 &amp; 23 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa); 24–27 after Golovatch et al.(2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664741/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Figs 23</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFADFFF9A6F0FAD519D8735A" box="[401,430,1358,1383]" captionStart="Figs 32–36" captionStartId="13.[182,222,1043,1063]" captionTargetBox="[283,1024,195,1026]" captionTargetId="figure-8@13.[245,1066,182,1052]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 32–36. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 32. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), left gonopod, caudal view. 33 &amp; 34. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), entire animal and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and ventral views respectively. 35 &amp; 36. Hyperothrix orophura Attems, 1900 (?Pyrgodesmidae), anterior body portion and left gonopod, lateral and caudal views, respectively. [32 after Golovatch et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta); 33 &amp; 34 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Nadine Van Noppen del.); 35 &amp; 36 after Attems (1900). Scale bar 0.1 mm (32), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664747/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">34</figureCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFADFFF9A6A4FAD51A95735A" author="HOFFMAN, R. L. &amp; HOWELL, K. M." box="[453,739,1358,1383]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" pagination="227 - 233" refId="ref10276" refString="HOFFMAN, R. L. &amp; HOWELL, K. M. 1981. An ammodesmid milliped from Tanzania (Polydesmida). Revue de Zoologie Africaine 95 (1): 227 - 233." type="journal article" year="1981">Hoffman &amp; Howell 1981</bibRefCitation>
; Van den Spiegel, in prep.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFADFFF9A7CBFAF51BD173FA" blockId="10.[144,1104,206,1671]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
The only qualification to be noted here is that it still remains to be proven if both West African genera,
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A6E5FA151ADF739A" authority="Cook, 1896" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[388,681,1422,1447]" class="Diplopoda" family="Ammodesmidae" genus="Ammodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A6E5FA151A68739B" box="[388,542,1422,1446]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Ammodesmus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFADFFF9A547FA151ADF739A" author="COOK, O. F." box="[550,681,1422,1447]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" pagination="413 - 420" refId="ref9843" refString="COOK, O. F. 1896. A new diplopod fauna in Liberia. The American Naturalist 30: 413 - 420." type="journal article" year="1896">Cook, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A583FA151C54739A" authority="Cook, 1896" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[738,1058,1422,1447]" class="Diplopoda" family="Ammodesmidae" genus="Cenchrodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A583FA151BE2739B" box="[738,916,1422,1446]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Cenchrodesmus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFADFFF9A4FAFA151C54739A" author="COOK, O. F." box="[923,1058,1422,1447]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" pagination="413 - 420" refId="ref9843" refString="COOK, O. F. 1896. A new diplopod fauna in Liberia. The American Naturalist 30: 413 - 420." type="journal article" year="1896">Cook, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, are indeed confamilial with
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A6C1FA351A3F73FB" authorityName="Hoffman &amp; Howell" authorityYear="1981" box="[416,585,1454,1478]" class="Diplopoda" family="Ammodesmidae" genus="Elassystremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A6C1FA351A3F73FB" box="[416,585,1454,1478]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Elassystremma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf.
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFADFFF9A51CFA351BED73FA" author="HOFFMAN, R. L. &amp; HOWELL, K. M." box="[637,923,1454,1479]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" pagination="227 - 233" refId="ref10276" refString="HOFFMAN, R. L. &amp; HOWELL, K. M. 1981. An ammodesmid milliped from Tanzania (Polydesmida). Revue de Zoologie Africaine 95 (1): 227 - 233." type="journal article" year="1981">Hoffman &amp; Howell 1981</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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97
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<treatment id="CB10DA05FFADFFF9A7CBFE951C5674FA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CB10DA05FFADFFF9A7CBFE951C5674FA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB10DA05FFADFFF9A7CBFE951C5674FA" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
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<paragraph id="43066B13FFADFFF9A7CBFE9519FC771A" blockId="10.[144,1104,206,1671]" box="[170,394,270,295]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
The
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A7BEFE9519FC771A" ID-CoL="7NHCS" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1958" box="[223,394,270,295]" class="Diplopoda" family="Dorsoporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A7BEFE9519FC771A" bold="true" box="[223,394,270,295]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Dorsoporidae</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="0BA33898FFADFFF9A6F2FE951C5674FA" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="description">
<paragraph id="43066B13FFADFFF9A6F2FE951C5674FA" blockId="10.[144,1104,206,1671]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
is a monotypic taxon, with
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A5B4FE9518BB777A" authority="Loomis, 1958" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1958" class="Diplopoda" family="Dorsoporidae" genus="Dorsoporus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barroensis">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A5B4FE951B91771B" box="[725,999,270,294]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Dorsoporus barroensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFADFFF9A48EFE9518BB777A" author="LOOMIS, H. F." pageId="10" pageNumber="49" pagination="235 - 237" refId="ref10347" refString="LOOMIS, H. F. 1958. A new family of millipeds on Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 48: 235 - 237." type="journal article" year="1958">Loomis, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, from
<collectingCountry id="3BAE2B83FFADFFF9A67AFEB5190C777A" box="[283,378,302,327]" name="Panama" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Panama</collectingCountry>
, characterised by the ozopores located on small knobs above the base of the paraterga (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFADFFF9A6ABFED51A65775A" box="[458,531,334,359]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="4.[144,183,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[124,1142,203,1292]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[85,1161,203,1310]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 1–11. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Diplopoda. 1: Glomeroides sp. (Glomeridae, Glomerida), lateral view (S = schism, or suture; H = hyposchism, or field below schism; Pg = pygidium). 2 &amp; 3. Sphaeriodesmus sp. (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion (III and IV = segment numbers) and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 4–6: Proeilodesmus mecistonyx Hoffman, 1990 (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), cross-section of a midbody segment, right half of male body segment 7, and right gonopod, caudal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively. 7. Dorsoporus barroensis Loomis, 1958 (Dorsoporidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, lateral view (OZ = ozopore). 8–11. Campodesmus dilobatus (Schiøtz, 1966) (Campodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, cross-section of a midbody segment, gonopods in situ, and left gonopod, lateral, front, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. [1 &amp; 2 after Hoffman et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Pensoft Publishers); 3–6 after Hoffman (1990) (reprinted courtesy of the Swiss Zoological Society); 7 after Loomis (1958) (reprinted courtesy of the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences); 8–11 after Schiøtz (1966) (reprinted courtesy of the Danish Natural History Society). Scale bars 0.5 mm (10 &amp; 11) and 2.0 mm (8 &amp; 9), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664735/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
, OZ) and, somewhat like in
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A40FFED51C7B775B" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1942" box="[878,1037,334,358]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Amphitomeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A40FFED51C7B775B" box="[878,1037,334,358]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Amphitomeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFADFFF9A341FED518C677BA" captionStart="Figs 22–27" captionStartId="9.[182,221,1253,1273]" captionTargetBox="[174,1147,197,1234]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[155,1163,163,1272]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 22–27. Scanning electron micrographs of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 22 &amp; 23. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), anterior body portion and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and subcaudal views, respectively. 24–27. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), entire animal, paraterga 2–7, and anterior body end, lateral, lateral, subdorsal, and lateral views, respectively. [22 &amp; 23 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa); 24–27 after Golovatch et al.(2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664741/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
), by a longitudinal sulcus setting off the posterior half of the paraterga from the rest of the metaterga. The body segments are smooth, polished, the telson is somewhat reduced, the epiproct is flat, rounded at the caudal edge, yet quite visible in dorsal view, while the legs are rather long and slender (
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFADFFF9A431FE551B8277DA" author="LOOMIS, H. F." box="[848,1012,462,487]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" pagination="235 - 237" refId="ref10347" refString="LOOMIS, H. F. 1958. A new family of millipeds on Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 48: 235 - 237." type="journal article" year="1958">Loomis 1958</bibRefCitation>
). As no male material of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A636FE751995743B" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1958" box="[343,483,494,518]" class="Diplopoda" family="Dorsoporidae" genus="Dorsoporus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A636FE751995743B" box="[343,483,494,518]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Dorsoporus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has hitherto become available, it appears impossible to add anything to
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFADFFF9A60FFD951A04741A" author="HOFFMAN, R. L. &amp; GOLOVATCH, S. I. &amp; ADIS, J. &amp; DE MORAIS J. W." box="[366,626,526,551]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" pagination="505 - 533" refId="ref10221" refString="HOFFMAN, R. L., GOLOVATCH, S. I., ADIS, J. &amp; DE MORAIS J. W. 2002. Diplopoda. In: Adis, J., ed., Amazonian Arachnida and Myriapoda. Sofia &amp; Moscow: Pensoft pp. 505 - 533." type="book chapter" year="2002">
Hoffman
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A6BFFD951A6F741B" box="[478,537,526,550]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
, who still provisionally keep this family separate. The volvation pattern distinctly implies one of a typical oniscodesmid like
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A7A3FDD51916745B" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1942" box="[194,352,590,614]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Amphitomeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A7A3FDD51916745B" box="[194,352,590,614]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Amphitomeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with a narrow hyposchism of paratergum 2 apparently receiving the lateral ends of several following paraterga which apparently show a typical overlap (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFADFFF9A670FD151910749A" box="[273,358,654,679]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="4.[144,183,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[124,1142,203,1292]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[85,1161,203,1310]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 1–11. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Diplopoda. 1: Glomeroides sp. (Glomeridae, Glomerida), lateral view (S = schism, or suture; H = hyposchism, or field below schism; Pg = pygidium). 2 &amp; 3. Sphaeriodesmus sp. (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion (III and IV = segment numbers) and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 4–6: Proeilodesmus mecistonyx Hoffman, 1990 (Sphaeriodesmidae, Polydesmida), cross-section of a midbody segment, right half of male body segment 7, and right gonopod, caudal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively. 7. Dorsoporus barroensis Loomis, 1958 (Dorsoporidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, lateral view (OZ = ozopore). 8–11. Campodesmus dilobatus (Schiøtz, 1966) (Campodesmidae, Polydesmida), anterior body portion, cross-section of a midbody segment, gonopods in situ, and left gonopod, lateral, front, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. [1 &amp; 2 after Hoffman et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Pensoft Publishers); 3–6 after Hoffman (1990) (reprinted courtesy of the Swiss Zoological Society); 7 after Loomis (1958) (reprinted courtesy of the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences); 8–11 after Schiøtz (1966) (reprinted courtesy of the Danish Natural History Society). Scale bars 0.5 mm (10 &amp; 11) and 2.0 mm (8 &amp; 9), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664735/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). A possible reallocation of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A472FD151BD8749B" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1958" box="[787,942,654,678]" class="Diplopoda" family="Dorsoporidae" genus="Dorsoporus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A472FD151BD8749B" box="[787,942,654,678]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Dorsoporus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within the
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A7F1FD35190C74FA" authorityName="Humbert &amp; De Saussure" authorityYear="1869" box="[144,378,686,711]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Sphaeriodesmoidea">Sphaeriodesmoidea</taxonomicName>
, as once suggested by Hoffman (1982
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A45DFD351B3C74FB" box="[828,842,686,710]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">b</emphasis>
), is thus unlikely.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<mods:title id="2DD035B9B6611FA10D7397832ACED359">A review of the volvatory Polydesmida, with special reference to the patterns of volvation (Diplopoda)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="0BA33898FFADFFF9A7CBFA5519FB73DA" box="[170,397,1486,1511]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="43066B13FFADFFF9A7CBFA5519FB73DA" blockId="10.[144,1104,206,1671]" box="[170,397,1486,1511]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
The
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A7BBFA5519FB73DA" ID-CoL="7NH4L" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[218,397,1486,1511]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A7BBFA5519FB73DA" bold="true" box="[218,397,1486,1511]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Cyrtodesmidae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="0BA33898FFADFFFFA6F0FA55193A75FA" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="description">
<paragraph id="43066B13FFADFFF9A6F0FA55195070BA" blockId="10.[144,1104,206,1671]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
is yet another small family containing only three accepted genera, two of which are oligotypic (
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A6B1FA751B77703A" authority="Kraus, 1960" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1960" box="[464,769,1518,1543]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" genus="Oncodesmella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A6B1FA751A06703B" box="[464,624,1518,1542]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Oncodesmella</emphasis>
Kraus, 1960
</taxonomicName>
, 2 species, and
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A4CBFA751940701A" authority="Silvestri, 1910" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1910" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" genus="Agnurodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A4CBFA751C39703B" box="[938,1103,1518,1542]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Agnurodesmus</emphasis>
Silvestri, 1910
</taxonomicName>
, 4 species), and one which is rather more prolific (
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A413F99518BD707A" authority="Cook, 1896" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" genus="Cyrtodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A413F9951C72701B" box="[882,1028,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Cyrtodesmus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFADFFF9A36DF99518BD707A" author="COOK, O. F." pageId="10" pageNumber="49" pagination="413 - 420" refId="ref9843" refString="COOK, O. F. 1896. A new diplopod fauna in Liberia. The American Naturalist 30: 413 - 420." type="journal article" year="1896">Cook, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, about 25 species) (
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFADFFF9A6C4F9B51A28707A" author="GOLOVATCH, S. I." box="[421,606,1582,1607]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" pagination="325 - 336" refId="ref9867" refString="GOLOVATCH, S. I. 2001. Agnurodesmus siolii n. sp., the first Cyrtodesmidae to be reported from Brazil, with remarks on the genus and family (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). Amazoniana 16 (3 - 4): 325 - 336." type="journal article" year="2001">Golovatch 2001</bibRefCitation>
). The family occurs on the island of
<collectingCountry id="3BAE2B83FFADFFF9A494F9B51C3D707A" box="[1013,1099,1582,1607]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Tobago</collectingCountry>
, Central America from
<collectingCountry id="3BAE2B83FFADFFF9A6E9F9D51A76705A" box="[392,512,1614,1639]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
southwards, and northern South America southwards to Amazonia.
</paragraph>
<caption id="17C63B9BFFACFFF8A7D7FCE31C387581" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664743" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7664743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664743/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" startId="11.[182,221,888,908]" targetBox="[171,1146,223,867]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="43066B13FFACFFF8A7D7FCE31C387581" blockId="11.[182,1142,888,956]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
Figs 28–31. Scanning electron micrographs of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFACFFF8A503FCE31C0475B1" authority="(Schubart, 1934)" baseAuthorityName="Schubart" baseAuthorityYear="1934" box="[610,1138,888,908]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Amphitomeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attemsi">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFACFFF8A503FCE31B5075B1" box="[610,806,888,908]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Amphitomeus attemsi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFACFFF8A453FCE31BC875B1" author="SCHUBART, O." box="[818,958,888,908]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 318" refId="ref10491" refString="SCHUBART, O. 1934. Tausendfussler oder Myriapoda. 1: Diplopoda. In: Dahl, F., ed., Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise 28: i - viii, 1 - 318." type="journal article" year="1934">Schubart, 1934</bibRefCitation>
) (Oniscodesmidae)
</taxonomicName>
, cross-section of a midbody segment and caudal body end, front, lateral, ventral, and dorsal views, respectively. [All after
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFACFFF8A687FC331ACF7581" author="GOLOVATCH, S. I &amp; KNAPINSKI, S. &amp; ADIS, J." box="[486,697,936,956]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" pagination="137 - 146" refId="ref9916" refString="GOLOVATCH, S. I, KNAPINSKI, S. &amp; ADIS, J. 2002. On the identity of the European hothouse millipede Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934), with first biological observations of this parthenogenetic species (Dipopoda: Polydesmida: Oniscodesmidae). Arthropoda Selecta 10 (2): 137 - 146 (for 2001)." type="journal article" year="2002">
Golovatch
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFACFFF8A52BFC331A0F7581" box="[586,633,936,956]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
(reprinted courtesy of
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFACFFF8A4E8FC331C4F7581" box="[905,1081,936,956]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Arthropoda Selecta</emphasis>
).]
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFACFFF8A7B1FC6E1B6F7393" blockId="11.[181,1142,1013,1678]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
Volvation is either imperfect (
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFACFFF8A56FFC6E1AD87230" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1910" box="[526,686,1013,1037]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" genus="Agnurodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFACFFF8A56FFC6E1AD87230" box="[526,686,1013,1037]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Agnurodesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), this being testified by the relatively short paraterga being only slightly deflexed ventrad below the level of sterna, or complete (
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFACFFF8A7DFFBAE193D7270" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[190,331,1077,1101]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" genus="Cyrtodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFACFFF8A7DFFBAE193D7270" box="[190,331,1077,1101]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Cyrtodesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, probably also
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFACFFF8A68CFBAE1AFE7270" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1960" box="[493,648,1077,1101]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" genus="Oncodesmella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFACFFF8A68CFBAE1AFE7270" box="[493,648,1077,1101]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Oncodesmella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In the former case, the pattern is much like in
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFACFFF8A7D4FBCE191A7253" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[181,364,1109,1134]" class="Diplopoda" family="Campodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Campodesmidae</taxonomicName>
, with a strongly enlarged paratergum 2 which is emarginate caudolaterally for the accommodation of the anterolateral protuberance of paratergum 3. The latter is also strongly emarginate caudolaterally.There is neither a schism nor a hyposchism on paratergum 2, but starting from paratergum 3 the overlap is typical. The only peculiarity is that the broadened, dentate or crenulate paraterga show a lunular flange anteriorly and a caudal protuberance caudolaterally, with the latter fitting in the former of the next paratergum during volvation (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFACFFF8A6E8FA8E19947313" box="[393,482,1301,1326]" captionStart="Figs 37–44" captionStartId="15.[182,220,1176,1196]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,177,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-8@15.[165,1149,177,1157]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 37–44.Agnurodesmus siolii Golovatch, 2001 (Cyrtodesmidae).37–39.Anterior body end, body segments 9 and 10, and caudal body end, lateral view. 40: Left side of metatergum 10, dorsal view. 41: Head, subfrontal view. 42: Midbody legs, ventral view. 43 &amp; 44. Right gonopod, submesal and sublateral views, respectively. [All after Golovatch (2001) (reprinted courtesy of Amazoniana). Scale bars 0.4 mm (37–42) and 0.1 mm (43 &amp; 44).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664749" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664749/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
). In contrast, conglobation in
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFACFFF8A428FA8E1BAB7310" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[841,989,1301,1325]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" genus="Cyrtodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFACFFF8A428FA8E1BAB7310" box="[841,989,1301,1325]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Cyrtodesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
involves the development of a lobuliform schism and a narrow hyposchism in a typically roundly spatuliform paratergum 2, and of a subacuminate, not broadened, end of each subsequent paratergum (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFACFFF8A65EFAEE19E773B3" box="[319,401,1397,1422]" captionStart="Figs 12–21" captionStartId="7.[182,221,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[265,1031,203,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[236,1065,203,1316]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16. Ascetophacus macclurei Hoffman, 1977 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. Crypturodesmus sp. (Oniscodesmidae), anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21: Cyrtodesmus sp. (Cyrtodesmidae), anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after Zhang &amp; Wang (1993); 15 &amp; 16 after Hoffman (1977) (reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, ca 65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664737/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
). The overlap is retained in the typical form. This condition strongly resembles that of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFACFFF8A612FA0E1A717390" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1942" box="[371,519,1429,1453]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Amphitomeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFACFFF8A612FA0E1A717390" box="[371,519,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Amphitomeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFACFFF8A53FFA0E1B637393" authorityName="De Saussure" authorityYear="1860" box="[606,789,1429,1454]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oniscodesmidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFACFFF8A7B1FA2E188B70B3" blockId="11.[181,1142,1013,1678]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
Also as in
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFACFFF8A62CFA2E1A7F73F3" authorityName="De Saussure" authorityYear="1860" box="[333,521,1461,1486]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oniscodesmidae</taxonomicName>
, the telson in cyrtodesmids tends to be reduced, being fully concealed under the paraterga of the penultimate body segment in
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFACFFF8A4B1FA4E1C0073D0" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1910" box="[976,1142,1493,1517]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" genus="Agnurodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFACFFF8A4B1FA4E1C0073D0" box="[976,1142,1493,1517]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Agnurodesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFACFFF8A7DFFA6E19787033" box="[190,270,1525,1550]" captionStart="Figs 37–44" captionStartId="15.[182,220,1176,1196]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,177,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-8@15.[165,1149,177,1157]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 37–44.Agnurodesmus siolii Golovatch, 2001 (Cyrtodesmidae).37–39.Anterior body end, body segments 9 and 10, and caudal body end, lateral view. 40: Left side of metatergum 10, dorsal view. 41: Head, subfrontal view. 42: Midbody legs, ventral view. 43 &amp; 44. Right gonopod, submesal and sublateral views, respectively. [All after Golovatch (2001) (reprinted courtesy of Amazoniana). Scale bars 0.4 mm (37–42) and 0.1 mm (43 &amp; 44).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664749" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664749/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
). In a completely enrolled
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFACFFF8A54CFA6E1B637033" box="[557,789,1525,1550]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFACFFF8A54CFA6E1AC87030" box="[557,702,1525,1549]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Cyrtodesmus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, the small, somewhat pygidiumlike telson is fully exposed in dorsal view, the tip of the epiproct is nearly fully hidden underneath, and the entire caudal body end (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFACFFF8A5D7F9AE1B7C7073" box="[694,778,1589,1614]" captionStart="Figs 12–21" captionStartId="7.[182,221,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[265,1031,203,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[236,1065,203,1316]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16. Ascetophacus macclurei Hoffman, 1977 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. Crypturodesmus sp. (Oniscodesmidae), anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21: Cyrtodesmus sp. (Cyrtodesmidae), anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after Zhang &amp; Wang (1993); 15 &amp; 16 after Hoffman (1977) (reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, ca 65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664737/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
) appears to rest on top of body segment 4. In
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFACFFF8A632F9CE1A8D7053" authority="Golovatch, 2001" authorityName="Golovatch" authorityYear="2001" box="[339,763,1621,1646]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" genus="Agnurodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="siolii">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFACFFF8A632F9CE1A417050" box="[339,567,1621,1645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Agnurodesmus siolii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFACFFF8A55FF9CE1A8D7053" author="GOLOVATCH, S. I." box="[574,763,1621,1646]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" pagination="325 - 336" refId="ref9867" refString="GOLOVATCH, S. I. 2001. Agnurodesmus siolii n. sp., the first Cyrtodesmidae to be reported from Brazil, with remarks on the genus and family (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). Amazoniana 16 (3 - 4): 325 - 336." type="journal article" year="2001">Golovatch, 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, it is placed on top of metatergum 5 or 6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFABFFFFA7CBFF55195E77FA" blockId="12.[144,1104,206,1671]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
The above progression is more or less paralleled by a trend towards the complication of gonopod structure, from the relatively small gonocoxae and strongly exposed telopodites in
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA64EFE9519B9771B" authorityName="Kraus" authorityYear="1960" box="[303,463,270,294]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" genus="Oncodesmella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFABFFFFA64EFE9519B9771B" box="[303,463,270,294]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Oncodesmella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to the strongly enlarged coxae and shield-like structures protecting the remaining parts inside the gonocoel in
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA5AFFEB51B04777B" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1910" box="[718,882,302,326]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" genus="Agnurodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFABFFFFA5AFFEB51B04777B" box="[718,882,302,326]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Agnurodesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Based on structural details, the genus
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA635FED5198F775B" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1910" box="[340,505,334,358]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" genus="Agnurodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFABFFFFA635FED5198F775B" box="[340,505,334,358]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Agnurodesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can soundly be considered as especially disjunct. This opinion agrees with biogeographical evidence as well (
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFABFFFFA594FEF51BD977BA" author="GOLOVATCH, S. I." box="[757,943,366,391]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" pagination="325 - 336" refId="ref9867" refString="GOLOVATCH, S. I. 2001. Agnurodesmus siolii n. sp., the first Cyrtodesmidae to be reported from Brazil, with remarks on the genus and family (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). Amazoniana 16 (3 - 4): 325 - 336." type="journal article" year="2001">Golovatch 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Even though volvation in this genus appears incomplete, its pattern is unique among all ‘oniscoid’
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA7F1FE35195277FA" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[144,292,430,455]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Polydesmida</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFABFFFFA7CBFE551C30745A" blockId="12.[144,1104,206,1671]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
Even amongst
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA639FE55199C77DB" box="[344,490,462,486]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" genus="Cyrtodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFABFFFFA639FE55199C77DB" box="[344,490,462,486]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Cyrtodesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species there is one,
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA588FE551C7D77DA" authority="Loomis, 1964" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1964" box="[745,1035,462,487]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" genus="Cyrtodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFABFFFFA588FE551B2877DB" box="[745,862,462,486]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">C. bicolor</emphasis>
Loomis, 1964
</taxonomicName>
, from
<collectingCountry id="3BAE2B83FFABFFFFA7F1FE75189A743A" box="[144,236,494,519]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Panama</collectingCountry>
, in which, due to the much smaller paratergal lobes of the second segment, only incomplete volvation can be suggested (Loomis 1964), i.e. a kind of ‘plesiomorphic’ status like that of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA637FDB5198D747B" authorityName="Hoffman" authorityYear="1990" box="[342,507,558,582]" class="Diplopoda" family="Sphaeriodesmidae" genus="Proeilodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFABFFFFA637FDB5198D747B" box="[342,507,558,582]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Proeilodesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as opposed to
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA5C0FDB51B2F747B" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1864" box="[673,857,558,582]" class="Diplopoda" family="Sphaeriodesmidae" genus="Sphaeriodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFABFFFFA5C0FDB51B2F747B" box="[673,857,558,582]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Sphaeriodesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA41AFDB51C3A747A" authorityName="Humbert &amp; De Saussure" authorityYear="1869" box="[891,1100,558,583]" class="Diplopoda" family="Sphaeriodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphaeriodesmidae</taxonomicName>
. Hoffman (1999) lists
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA6E0FDD51985745B" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1964" box="[385,499,590,614]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" genus="Cyrtodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFABFFFFA6E0FDD51985745B" box="[385,499,590,614]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">C. bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA52CFDD51A81745A" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[589,759,590,615]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cyrtodesmidae</taxonomicName>
of uncertain generic position.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFABFFFFA7CBFDF5193A75FA" blockId="12.[144,1104,206,1671]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">
Among the other traits characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA5E5FDF51B4F74BA" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[644,825,622,647]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cyrtodesmidae</taxonomicName>
, the usually blackish to piceous teguments with contrastingly pinkish antennae deserve mention. The body is relatively small (
<quantity id="8441C6F6FFABFFFFA613FD35199774FA" box="[370,481,686,711]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="5.0">5–20 mm</quantity>
long), the teguments are rough (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFABFFFFA400FD351B9E74FA" box="[865,1000,686,711]" captionStart="Figs 12–21" captionStartId="7.[182,221,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[265,1031,203,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[236,1065,203,1316]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16. Ascetophacus macclurei Hoffman, 1977 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. Crypturodesmus sp. (Oniscodesmidae), anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21: Cyrtodesmus sp. (Cyrtodesmidae), anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after Zhang &amp; Wang (1993); 15 &amp; 16 after Hoffman (1977) (reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, ca 65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664737/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Figs 20, 21</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFABFFFFA494FD351C3574FA" box="[1013,1091,686,711]" captionStart="Figs 37–44" captionStartId="15.[182,220,1176,1196]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,177,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-8@15.[165,1149,177,1157]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 37–44.Agnurodesmus siolii Golovatch, 2001 (Cyrtodesmidae).37–39.Anterior body end, body segments 9 and 10, and caudal body end, lateral view. 40: Left side of metatergum 10, dorsal view. 41: Head, subfrontal view. 42: Midbody legs, ventral view. 43 &amp; 44. Right gonopod, submesal and sublateral views, respectively. [All after Golovatch (2001) (reprinted courtesy of Amazoniana). Scale bars 0.4 mm (37–42) and 0.1 mm (43 &amp; 44).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664749" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664749/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">37–40</figureCitation>
), the metaterga are always tuberculate and often setose; the epicranial region is granulorugose (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFABFFFFA629FD7519E9753A" box="[328,415,750,775]" captionStart="Figs 37–44" captionStartId="15.[182,220,1176,1196]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,177,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-8@15.[165,1149,177,1157]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 37–44.Agnurodesmus siolii Golovatch, 2001 (Cyrtodesmidae).37–39.Anterior body end, body segments 9 and 10, and caudal body end, lateral view. 40: Left side of metatergum 10, dorsal view. 41: Head, subfrontal view. 42: Midbody legs, ventral view. 43 &amp; 44. Right gonopod, submesal and sublateral views, respectively. [All after Golovatch (2001) (reprinted courtesy of Amazoniana). Scale bars 0.4 mm (37–42) and 0.1 mm (43 &amp; 44).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664749" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664749/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
), the limbus is crenulate/dentate; antennomere 5 is usually but not always longer and larger than antennomere 6 (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFABFFFFA464FC951B2B751A" box="[773,861,782,807]" captionStart="Figs 37–44" captionStartId="15.[182,220,1176,1196]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,177,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-8@15.[165,1149,177,1157]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 37–44.Agnurodesmus siolii Golovatch, 2001 (Cyrtodesmidae).37–39.Anterior body end, body segments 9 and 10, and caudal body end, lateral view. 40: Left side of metatergum 10, dorsal view. 41: Head, subfrontal view. 42: Midbody legs, ventral view. 43 &amp; 44. Right gonopod, submesal and sublateral views, respectively. [All after Golovatch (2001) (reprinted courtesy of Amazoniana). Scale bars 0.4 mm (37–42) and 0.1 mm (43 &amp; 44).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664749" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664749/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
); the pore formula is usually but not always normal; the legs are relatively short and stout (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFABFFFFA4DBFCB51C67757A" box="[954,1041,814,839]" captionStart="Figs 37–44" captionStartId="15.[182,220,1176,1196]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,177,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-8@15.[165,1149,177,1157]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 37–44.Agnurodesmus siolii Golovatch, 2001 (Cyrtodesmidae).37–39.Anterior body end, body segments 9 and 10, and caudal body end, lateral view. 40: Left side of metatergum 10, dorsal view. 41: Head, subfrontal view. 42: Midbody legs, ventral view. 43 &amp; 44. Right gonopod, submesal and sublateral views, respectively. [All after Golovatch (2001) (reprinted courtesy of Amazoniana). Scale bars 0.4 mm (37–42) and 0.1 mm (43 &amp; 44).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664749" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664749/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
); and the solenomere is always branched (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFABFFFFA526FCD51AA0755A" box="[583,726,846,871]" captionStart="Figs 37–44" captionStartId="15.[182,220,1176,1196]" captionTargetBox="[165,1149,177,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-8@15.[165,1149,177,1157]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 37–44.Agnurodesmus siolii Golovatch, 2001 (Cyrtodesmidae).37–39.Anterior body end, body segments 9 and 10, and caudal body end, lateral view. 40: Left side of metatergum 10, dorsal view. 41: Head, subfrontal view. 42: Midbody legs, ventral view. 43 &amp; 44. Right gonopod, submesal and sublateral views, respectively. [All after Golovatch (2001) (reprinted courtesy of Amazoniana). Scale bars 0.4 mm (37–42) and 0.1 mm (43 &amp; 44).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664749" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664749/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="51">Figs 43, 44</figureCitation>
). Further characteristics can be found in
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFABFFFFA798FCF519BB75BA" author="GOLOVATCH, S. I." box="[249,461,878,903]" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" pagination="325 - 336" refId="ref9867" refString="GOLOVATCH, S. I. 2001. Agnurodesmus siolii n. sp., the first Cyrtodesmidae to be reported from Brazil, with remarks on the genus and family (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). Amazoniana 16 (3 - 4): 325 - 336." type="journal article" year="2001">Golovatch (2001)</bibRefCitation>
. Many of the traits in
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA5AFFCF51BF575BA" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[718,899,878,903]" class="Diplopoda" family="Cyrtodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cyrtodesmidae</taxonomicName>
, however, appear to be shared with the definitely closely related but very large and diverse family
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFABFFFFA7F1FC35193E75FA" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1896" box="[144,328,942,967]" class="Diplopoda" family="Pyrgodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyrgodesmidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

210
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<mods:title id="9273037316F30EBDCED53864D442F1C2">African Invertebrates</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F14E411E619EBD90E44F6C53FB412DA8">
<mods:date id="4179F796A594B0D3AB7473A0BC609BB6">2003</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="817CDF06912F98FFAF8DF53508DF2DCA">2003-08-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7B8E1D25EB248899D6E36E7D7B3776F0">44</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="BEC5B8714CE793FCAFE49624D37AF305" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7664731</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="CB10DA05FFAFFFF9A7CBFDD51901773A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CB10DA05FFAFFFF9A7CBFDD51901773A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB10DA05FFAFFFF9A7CBFDD51901773A" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
<subSubSection id="0BA33898FFAFFFFBA7CBFDD519E9745A" box="[170,415,590,615]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="43066B13FFAFFFFBA7CBFDD519E9745A" blockId="8.[144,1104,206,1671]" box="[170,415,590,615]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
The
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAFFFFBA7BCFDD519E9745A" ID-CoL="7NK5N" authorityName="De Saussure" authorityYear="1860" box="[221,415,590,615]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA7BCFDD519E9745A" bold="true" box="[221,415,590,615]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Oniscodesmidae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0BA33898FFAFFFF9A6C6FDD51901773A" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" type="description">
<paragraph id="43066B13FFAFFFFBA6C6FDD519BB727A" blockId="8.[144,1104,206,1671]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
as currently defined (Hoffman 1980 1982
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA41AFDD51BFF745B" box="[891,905,590,614]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">b</emphasis>
;
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFAFFFFBA4F9FDD51C31745A" author="SIMONSEN, A." box="[920,1095,590,615]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" refId="ref10701" refString="SIMONSEN, A. 1990. Phylogeny and biogeography of the millipede order Polydesmida, with special emphasis on the suborder Polydesmidea. PhD Thesis, Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen." type="book" year="1990">Simonsen 1990</bibRefCitation>
) contains eight or nine nominal genera, all in South and/or Central America. Most genera are monobasic, only the southernmost
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAFFFFBA537FD151BB5749A" authority="Silvestri, 1897" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1897" box="[598,963,654,679]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Crypturodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA537FD151B66749B" box="[598,784,654,678]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Crypturodesmus</emphasis>
Silvestri, 1897
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="3BAE2B83FFAFFFFBA4B4FD151C6A749A" box="[981,1052,654,679]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="3BAE2B83FFAFFFFBA7F1FD35197774FA" box="[144,257,686,711]" name="Argentina" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Argentina</collectingCountry>
) is relatively species-rich. The conglobation pattern is similar to the previous case, but it varies even between genera.The spatulate, rounded, strongly enlarged lateral pieces of paraterga 2, sometimes (
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAFFFFBA56EFD751B55753A" authority="Cook, 1896" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[527,803,750,775]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Detodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA56EFD751AEE753B" box="[527,664,750,774]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Detodesmus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFAFFFFBA5FEFD751B55753A" author="COOK, O. F." box="[671,803,750,775]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" pagination="413 - 420" refId="ref9843" refString="COOK, O. F. 1896. A new diplopod fauna in Liberia. The American Naturalist 30: 413 - 420." type="journal article" year="1896">Cook, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) have a distinctly elevated anterior margin and a narrowed and flattened dorsum (the latter often angular at the bases of paraterga,
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAFFFFBA607FCB51990757A" box="[358,486,814,839]" captionStart="Figs 22–27" captionStartId="9.[182,221,1253,1273]" captionTargetBox="[174,1147,197,1234]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[155,1163,163,1272]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 22–27. Scanning electron micrographs of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 22 &amp; 23. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), anterior body portion and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and subcaudal views, respectively. 24–27. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), entire animal, paraterga 2–7, and anterior body end, lateral, lateral, subdorsal, and lateral views, respectively. [22 &amp; 23 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa); 24–27 after Golovatch et al.(2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664741/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Figs 26, 27</figureCitation>
), and they always possess a narrow hyposchism behind a lobuliform schism. This is small in
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAFFFFBA549FCD51B1A755A" authority="Verhoeff, 1942" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1942" box="[552,876,846,871]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Amphitomeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA549FCD51AB6755B" box="[552,704,846,870]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Amphitomeus</emphasis>
Verhoeff, 1942
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAFFFFBA418FCD51B8F755A" box="[889,1017,846,871]" captionStart="Figs 22–27" captionStartId="9.[182,221,1253,1273]" captionTargetBox="[174,1147,197,1234]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[155,1163,163,1272]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 22–27. Scanning electron micrographs of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 22 &amp; 23. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), anterior body portion and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and subcaudal views, respectively. 24–27. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), entire animal, paraterga 2–7, and anterior body end, lateral, lateral, subdorsal, and lateral views, respectively. [22 &amp; 23 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa); 24–27 after Golovatch et al.(2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664741/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Figs 24, 25</figureCitation>
), with a typical overlap of the subsequent paraterga. During complete volvation the lateral ends of several paraterga subsequent to the second, rest over a narrow rim of the latter (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFAFFFFBA7F1FC3519EF75FA" author="GOLOVATCH, S. I &amp; KNAPINSKI, S. &amp; ADIS, J." box="[144,409,942,967]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" pagination="137 - 146" refId="ref9916" refString="GOLOVATCH, S. I, KNAPINSKI, S. &amp; ADIS, J. 2002. On the identity of the European hothouse millipede Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934), with first biological observations of this parthenogenetic species (Dipopoda: Polydesmida: Oniscodesmidae). Arthropoda Selecta 10 (2): 137 - 146 (for 2001)." type="journal article" year="2002">
Golovatch
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA673FC35193E75FB" box="[274,328,942,966]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAFFFFBA6B2FC351AE675FB" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1897" box="[467,656,942,966]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Crypturodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA6B2FC351AE675FB" box="[467,656,942,966]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Crypturodesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAFFFFBA5C2FC351A8A75FA" box="[675,764,942,967]" captionStart="Figs 12–21" captionStartId="7.[182,221,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[265,1031,203,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[236,1065,203,1316]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16. Ascetophacus macclurei Hoffman, 1977 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. Crypturodesmus sp. (Oniscodesmidae), anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21: Cyrtodesmus sp. (Cyrtodesmidae), anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after Zhang &amp; Wang (1993); 15 &amp; 16 after Hoffman (1977) (reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, ca 65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664737/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
), the caudolateral margin of paratergum 3 is very strongly emarginate or sinuate for the accommodation of the anterolateral portion of paratergum 4, but posterior to this the overlap is typical, with the lateral ends of several paraterga subsequent to the fourth likewise resting over a narrow rim of paratergum 2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFAFFFFBA7CBFBD51995731A" blockId="8.[144,1104,206,1671]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
The telson tends to become reduced. In
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAFFFFBA5F6FBD51B43725B" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1942" box="[663,821,1102,1126]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Amphitomeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA5F6FBD51B43725B" box="[663,821,1102,1126]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Amphitomeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAFFFFBA428FBD51BA3725A" box="[841,981,1102,1127]" captionStart="Figs 28–31" captionStartId="11.[182,221,888,908]" captionTargetBox="[171,1146,223,867]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[160,1160,205,886]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 28–31. Scanning electron micrographs of Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), cross-section of a midbody segment and caudal body end, front, lateral, ventral, and dorsal views, respectively. [All after Golovatch et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664743/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Figs 28–30</figureCitation>
), the only 19-segmented oniscodesmid genus, the telson is still evidently exposed in dorsal view (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAFFFFBA7F6FB151964729A" box="[151,274,1166,1191]" captionStart="Figs 28–31" captionStartId="11.[182,221,888,908]" captionTargetBox="[171,1146,223,867]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[160,1160,205,886]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 28–31. Scanning electron micrographs of Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), cross-section of a midbody segment and caudal body end, front, lateral, ventral, and dorsal views, respectively. [All after Golovatch et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664743/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Figs 29, 31</figureCitation>
), although the epiproct is short and strongly flattened (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAFFFFBA438FB151BD1729A" box="[857,935,1166,1191]" captionStart="Figs 28–31" captionStartId="11.[182,221,888,908]" captionTargetBox="[171,1146,223,867]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[160,1160,205,886]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 28–31. Scanning electron micrographs of Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), cross-section of a midbody segment and caudal body end, front, lateral, ventral, and dorsal views, respectively. [All after Golovatch et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664743/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
) (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFAFFFFBA4BCFB15197C72FA" author="GOLOVATCH, S. I &amp; KNAPINSKI, S. &amp; ADIS, J." pageId="8" pageNumber="47" pagination="137 - 146" refId="ref9916" refString="GOLOVATCH, S. I, KNAPINSKI, S. &amp; ADIS, J. 2002. On the identity of the European hothouse millipede Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934), with first biological observations of this parthenogenetic species (Dipopoda: Polydesmida: Oniscodesmidae). Arthropoda Selecta 10 (2): 137 - 146 (for 2001)." type="journal article" year="2002">
Golovatch
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA7F1FB3518B672FB" box="[144,192,1198,1222]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAFFFFBA658FB35198772FB" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1897" box="[313,497,1198,1222]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Crypturodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA658FB35198772FB" box="[313,497,1198,1222]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Crypturodesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the telson in dorsal aspect is completely hidden under the medially fused paraterga of the penultimate body segment (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAFFFFBA431FB551BD572DA" box="[848,931,1230,1255]" captionStart="Figs 12–21" captionStartId="7.[182,221,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[265,1031,203,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[236,1065,203,1316]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16. Ascetophacus macclurei Hoffman, 1977 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. Crypturodesmus sp. (Oniscodesmidae), anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21: Cyrtodesmus sp. (Cyrtodesmidae), anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after Zhang &amp; Wang (1993); 15 &amp; 16 after Hoffman (1977) (reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, ca 65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664737/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
). In both cases, in a completely enrolled animal, a pygidium-like caudal body end rests tightly oppressed to the region of segments 2–5.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFAFFFFAA7CBFAB519BF707A" blockId="8.[144,1104,206,1671]" lastBlockId="9.[179,1139,1454,1671]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
The family is characterised by small to medium-sized species (
<quantity id="8441C6F6FFAFFFFBA408FAB51BA3737A" box="[873,981,1326,1351]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="3.0">3–22 mm</quantity>
long). The tergal surface is usually polished, but sometimes finely microgranular or scaly (
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAFFFFBA7F8FAF5194773BB" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1942" box="[153,305,1390,1414]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Amphitomeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA7F8FAF5194773BB" box="[153,305,1390,1414]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Amphitomeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAFFFFBA65FFAF519F973BA" box="[318,399,1390,1415]" captionStart="Figs 22–27" captionStartId="9.[182,221,1253,1273]" captionTargetBox="[174,1147,197,1234]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[155,1163,163,1272]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 22–27. Scanning electron micrographs of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 22 &amp; 23. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), anterior body portion and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and subcaudal views, respectively. 24–27. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), entire animal, paraterga 2–7, and anterior body end, lateral, lateral, subdorsal, and lateral views, respectively. [22 &amp; 23 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa); 24–27 after Golovatch et al.(2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664741/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
); the metaterga are often (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAFFFFBA5CDFAF51A8A73BA" box="[684,764,1390,1415]" captionStart="Figs 12–21" captionStartId="7.[182,221,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[265,1031,203,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[236,1065,203,1316]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16. Ascetophacus macclurei Hoffman, 1977 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. Crypturodesmus sp. (Oniscodesmidae), anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21: Cyrtodesmus sp. (Cyrtodesmidae), anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after Zhang &amp; Wang (1993); 15 &amp; 16 after Hoffman (1977) (reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, ca 65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664737/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
) but not always tuberculate, or infrequently areate along the rear tergal margin behind a transverse sulcus or depression (
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAFFFFBA7FBFA35193273FB" authorityName="Gervais &amp; Goudot" authorityYear="1844" box="[154,324,1454,1478]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Oniscodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA7FBFA35193273FB" box="[154,324,1454,1478]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Oniscodesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAFFFFBA636FA35199173FB" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[343,487,1454,1478]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Detodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA636FA35199173FB" box="[343,487,1454,1478]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Detodesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and some others), and only rarely almost smooth (
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAFFFFBA7F8FA55194773DB" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1942" box="[153,305,1486,1510]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Amphitomeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA7F8FA55194773DB" box="[153,305,1486,1510]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Amphitomeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The paraterga are sometimes lobulate or crenulate at the lateral edge (
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAFFFFBA7F8FA751927703B" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1897" box="[153,337,1518,1542]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Crypturodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA7F8FA751927703B" box="[153,337,1518,1542]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Crypturodesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAFFFFBA601FA751997703A" box="[352,481,1518,1543]" captionStart="Figs 12–21" captionStartId="7.[182,221,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[265,1031,203,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[236,1065,203,1316]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16. Ascetophacus macclurei Hoffman, 1977 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. Crypturodesmus sp. (Oniscodesmidae), anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21: Cyrtodesmus sp. (Cyrtodesmidae), anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after Zhang &amp; Wang (1993); 15 &amp; 16 after Hoffman (1977) (reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, ca 65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664737/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Figs 18, 19</figureCitation>
), and they are rarely incised at the base both anteriorly and, especially deeply, posteriorly (
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAFFFFBA547F9951AC8701B" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1942" box="[550,702,1550,1574]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Amphitomeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAFFFFBA547F9951AC8701B" box="[550,702,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Amphitomeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAFFFFBA5AEF9951B23701A" box="[719,853,1550,1575]" captionStart="Figs 22–27" captionStartId="9.[182,221,1253,1273]" captionTargetBox="[174,1147,197,1234]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[155,1163,163,1272]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 22–27. Scanning electron micrographs of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 22 &amp; 23. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), anterior body portion and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and subcaudal views, respectively. 24–27. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), entire animal, paraterga 2–7, and anterior body end, lateral, lateral, subdorsal, and lateral views, respectively. [22 &amp; 23 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa); 24–27 after Golovatch et al.(2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta).]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664741/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Figs 24, 25</figureCitation>
). The tergal limbus is (nearly) missing; antennomere 5 is longer and larger than antennomere 6; the pore formula is usually complete and normal, but the ozopores are small, and open flush on the surface near the base of the respective paraterga and more rarely the ozopores are absent altogether (
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAEFFFAA61BFA351A5973FB" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1897" box="[378,559,1454,1478]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Crypturodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAEFFFAA61BFA351A5973FB" box="[378,559,1454,1478]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Crypturodesmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); the legs are relatively slender; the gonopod aperture is transversely oval to subcordate (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAEFFFAA555FA551AF373DA" box="[564,645,1486,1511]" captionStart="Figs 12–21" captionStartId="7.[182,221,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[265,1031,203,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[236,1065,203,1316]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16. Ascetophacus macclurei Hoffman, 1977 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. Crypturodesmus sp. (Oniscodesmidae), anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21: Cyrtodesmus sp. (Cyrtodesmidae), anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after Zhang &amp; Wang (1993); 15 &amp; 16 after Hoffman (1977) (reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, ca 65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664737/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
) and relatively large; the gonopod coxae are relatively small, subglobose, fused medially, largely sunken inside the aperture, and with normal cannulae; the telopodite is suberect, and the setose prefemoral part is always substantial (
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAEFFFAA658F9B519E6707A" box="[313,400,1582,1607]" captionStart="Figs 12–21" captionStartId="7.[182,221,1311,1331]" captionTargetBox="[265,1031,203,1297]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[236,1065,203,1316]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus Zhang &amp; Wang, 1993 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 &amp; 16. Ascetophacus macclurei Hoffman, 1977 (Doratodesmidae), anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. Crypturodesmus sp. (Oniscodesmidae), anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 &amp; 21: Cyrtodesmus sp. (Cyrtodesmidae), anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 &amp; 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after Zhang &amp; Wang (1993); 15 &amp; 16 after Hoffman (1977) (reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha &amp; G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 &amp; 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, ca 65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch &amp; A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 &amp; 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664737" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664737/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Figs 19</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DB827796FFAEFFFAA6FDF9B519CA707A" box="[412,444,1582,1607]" captionStart="Figs 32–36" captionStartId="13.[182,222,1043,1063]" captionTargetBox="[283,1024,195,1026]" captionTargetId="figure-8@13.[245,1066,182,1052]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 32–36. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ Polydesmida. 32. Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) (Oniscodesmidae), left gonopod, caudal view. 33 &amp; 34. Elassystremma sp. (Ammodesmidae), entire animal and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and ventral views respectively. 35 &amp; 36. Hyperothrix orophura Attems, 1900 (?Pyrgodesmidae), anterior body portion and left gonopod, lateral and caudal views, respectively. [32 after Golovatch et al. (2002) (reprinted courtesy of Arthropoda Selecta); 33 &amp; 34 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Nadine Van Noppen del.); 35 &amp; 36 after Attems (1900). Scale bar 0.1 mm (32), others reproduced not to scale.]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664747/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">32</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="17C63B9BFFAEFFFAA7D7FB7E1C03734C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664741" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7664741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7664741/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" startId="9.[182,221,1253,1273]" targetBox="[174,1147,197,1234]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="43066B13FFAEFFFAA7D7FB7E1C03734C" blockId="9.[182,1143,1253,1394]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
Figs 22–27. Scanning electron micrographs of some ‘oniscoid’
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAEFFFAA597FB7E1B1872C4" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[758,878,1253,1273]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Polydesmida</taxonomicName>
. 22 &amp; 23.
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAEFFFAA4ACFB7D19CA732C" class="Diplopoda" family="Ammodesmidae" genus="Elassystremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAEFFFAA4ACFB7D1C2372C7" box="[973,1109,1254,1274]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Elassystremma</emphasis>
sp. (Ammodesmidae)
</taxonomicName>
, anterior body portion and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and subcaudal views, respectively. 24–27.
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAEFFFAA50AFA8D1C047314" authority="(Schubart, 1934)" baseAuthorityName="Schubart" baseAuthorityYear="1934" box="[619,1138,1301,1322]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" genus="Amphitomeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attemsi">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAEFFFAA50AFA8D1B5A7317" box="[619,812,1302,1322]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Amphitomeus attemsi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFAEFFFAA456FA8E1BB67314" author="SCHUBART, O." box="[823,960,1301,1321]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 318" refId="ref10491" refString="SCHUBART, O. 1934. Tausendfussler oder Myriapoda. 1: Diplopoda. In: Dahl, F., ed., Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise 28: i - viii, 1 - 318." type="journal article" year="1934">Schubart, 1934</bibRefCitation>
) (Oniscodesmidae)
</taxonomicName>
, entire animal, paraterga 2–7, and anterior body end, lateral, lateral, subdorsal, and lateral views, respectively. [22 &amp; 23 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa); 24–27 after
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFAEFFFAA548FAC61A85734C" author="GOLOVATCH, S. I &amp; KNAPINSKI, S. &amp; ADIS, J." box="[553,755,1373,1394]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" pagination="137 - 146" refId="ref9916" refString="GOLOVATCH, S. I, KNAPINSKI, S. &amp; ADIS, J. 2002. On the identity of the European hothouse millipede Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934), with first biological observations of this parthenogenetic species (Dipopoda: Polydesmida: Oniscodesmidae). Arthropoda Selecta 10 (2): 137 - 146 (for 2001)." type="journal article" year="2002">
Golovatch
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAEFFFAA5E8FAC51AC3734F" box="[649,693,1374,1394]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
(reprinted courtesy of
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAEFFFAA4D6FAC51C14734F" box="[951,1122,1374,1394]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Arthropoda Selecta</emphasis>
).]
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="43066B13FFAEFFF9A7ACF9D51901773A" blockId="9.[179,1139,1454,1671]" lastBlockId="10.[144,1104,206,1671]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
This family is deemed to be particularly closely related to the
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFAEFFFAA408F9D51C76705A" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1958" box="[873,1024,1614,1639]" class="Diplopoda" family="Dorsoporidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dorsoporidae</taxonomicName>
(Hoffman 1980 1982
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFAEFFFAA651F9F5194870BB" box="[304,318,1646,1670]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">b</emphasis>
), while
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFAEFFFAA6C4F9F51A1B70BA" author="SIMONSEN, A." box="[421,621,1646,1671]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" refId="ref10701" refString="SIMONSEN, A. 1990. Phylogeny and biogeography of the millipede order Polydesmida, with special emphasis on the suborder Polydesmidea. PhD Thesis, Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen." type="book" year="1990">Simonsen (1990)</bibRefCitation>
has even merged both into a single family
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A7F1FF55193E76DA" authorityName="De Saussure" authorityYear="1860" box="[144,328,206,231]" class="Diplopoda" family="Oniscodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oniscodesmidae</taxonomicName>
. For practical reasons, however,
<taxonomicName id="84B91090FFADFFF9A5C2FF551BB776DA" authority="Loomis, 1958" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1958" box="[675,961,206,231]" class="Diplopoda" family="Dorsoporidae" genus="Dorsoporus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="71CDB701FFADFFF9A5C2FF551B5076DB" box="[675,806,206,230]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Dorsoporus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="272816E2FFADFFF9A44BFF551BB776DA" author="LOOMIS, H. F." box="[810,961,206,231]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" pagination="235 - 237" refId="ref10347" refString="LOOMIS, H. F. 1958. A new family of millipeds on Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 48: 235 - 237." type="journal article" year="1958">Loomis, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
does deserve a separate treatment.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>