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The volvation pattern is much more advanced, and this is apparently related to the particularly enlarged paraterga 2. A narrow flange or ledge (= hyposchism, as accepted in +Oniscomorpha +, +Fig. 1 +, H) near the rear margin of the broadest paratergum 2, beneath and behind a series of more or less tuberculiform lobules (= suture, = schism, +Fig. 1 +, S), appears specially designed to accommodate paratergum 3. The latter, in turn, shows a similar but even narrower flange for the anterolateral part of paratergum 4 to hinge into. The same concerns paratergum 4 and its hyposchism, which is specially designed for the receipt of the anterolateral portion of paratergum 5. Then the pattern changes so that the anterolateral portion of each paratergum subsequent to the fifth is placed beneath the caudal margin of the previous paratergum ( +Figs 12, 15 +). In other words, there is no hyposchism on the paraterga of body segments 5–18(19), hence the overlap is switched to typical, starting from body segment 5. Conglobation is tight and the coil is definitely complete. + + +The telson is normal but is usually tuberculate, ‘polydesmoid’, and with a fully exposed and conspicuous epiproct. During complete volvation of the animal the telson is tightly oppressed to the dorsal side of body segment 4 (when the following metaterga are provided with larger mid-dorsal protuberances, +Figs 15, 16 +), or 5 or 6 (when all metaterga are devoid of stronger mid-dorsal processes, +Fig. 12 +). + + +This family is characterised, amongst other things, by the prominent and relatively complex paraterga. The latter are always more or less strongly lobulated to incised at the lateral margin ( +Figs 12, 15 +); the dorsum is more or less roughly tuberculate, and certain metaterga in some species have particularly prominent mid-dorsal tubercles or crests ( +Figs 15, 16 +). The ozopores are very small to missing; the gonopod aperture is transversely oval and large ( +Fig. 13 +); the gonopods ( +Figs 13, 14 +) vary from simple to relatively complex, the telopodite is invariably elongate, the prefemoral portion is small, the coxae are subtriangular and fully fused along the midline, and each has a normal cannula; antennomere 6 is longer and larger than antennomere 5; the body is usually relatively small, +6–15 mm +long and the limbus is present and dentate-spatulate. Further structural details can be found in +Hoffman (1977 +1982 +a +1982 +b +1990) and +Simonsen (1990) +. Certain observations of the volvation pattern are provided by +Hoffman (1977) +. The family is endemic to south-east Asia (with +Yunnan +, +China +and southern +Japan +being the northernmost records), the Indo-Australian archipelago and New +Guinea +. + + + +Figs 12–21. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ +Polydesmida +. 12–14. Crenatidorsus grandifoliatus +Zhang & Wang, 1993 +( +Doratodesmidae +), anterior body portion, left half of body segment 7, and left gonopod, lateral, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. 15 & 16. + +Ascetophacus macclurei +Hoffman, 1977 +(Doratodesmidae) + +, anterior body portion and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 17–19. + +Crypturodesmus +sp. (Oniscodesmidae) + +, anterior body portion, right half of body segment 7, and caudal body end, lateral, ventral, and ventral views, respectively. 20 & 21: + +Cyrtodesmus +sp. (Cyrtodesmidae) + +, anterior and posterior body portions, lateral view. [12 & 13, original, male from China,Yunnan, Mengzi County, Cave Chi Be Yi Dong, 07.01.1989, leg. P. Beron (Sofia Museum); 14 after +Zhang & Wang (1993) +; 15 & 16 after +Hoffman (1977) +(reprinted courtesy of Bishop Museum Press); 17–19, original, male from Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Gruto da Carneiro, 6–8.04.1998, leg. R. Pinto-da-Rocha & G. Sessegolo (São Paulo Museum); 20 & 21, original, male from Peru, Prov. Loreto, island at mouth of Yanayacu River, +ca +65 km downstream Rio Amazonas from Iquitos, whitewater inundation forest, rotton wood, 22.03.1998, leg. J. Adis, S. Golovatch & A. Mármol (Moscow Museum). Scale bar 1.0 mm (12 & 13) and 2.0 mm (17–21), others reproduced not to scale.] + + + +Following both Hoffman (1980 1982 +b +) and +Simonsen (1990) +, based on the gonopod structure, the relationships of +Doratodesmidae +are deemed particularly close to the Indo-Australian family +Haplodesmidae +, a small group often displaying enlarged paraterga 2, but not capable of volvation. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFA2FFF5A7B1FB151905755A.xml b/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFA2FFF5A7B1FB151905755A.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d3d297fbae4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFA2FFF5A7B1FB151905755A.xml @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ + + + +A review of the volvatory Polydesmida, with special reference to the patterns of volvation (Diplopoda) + + + +Author + +Golovatch, Sergei I. +Institute for Problems of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071 (V – 71), Russia +sgol@orc.ru + +text + + +African Invertebrates + + +2003 + +2003-08-31 + + +44 + + +1 + + +39 +60 + + + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.7664731 +2305-2562 +7664731 + + + + +The + +Campodesmidae + + + + + +is monogeneric, with all 7–8 species of the single accepted genus + +Campodesmus +Cook, 1896 + +, from tropical West Africa.These species are mediumsized ( +28–38 mm +long), dark, with more or less strongly tuberculate metaterga and modestly deflexed paraterga, so that the usually dentate lateral edge of paraterga is nearly at the same level as the sterna ( +Schiøtz 1966 +). The modestly enlarged paratergum 2 is devoid of any special structures except a rather shallow caudolateral emargination for the accomodation of the anterolateral parts of the moderately deflexed subsequent paraterga. This structure suggests incomplete or imperfect volvation ( +Figs 8, 9 +), and also implies a typical pattern of overlap. Direct observations confirm enrolment into a partial coil, a flattened oblate spheroid, rather than a true ball (Hoffman 1982 +b +). + + +The telson is ‘polydesmoid’ in the sense that it is typical of non-volvatory +Polydesmida +(cf. Hoffman 1982 +b +), i.e. fully exposed from above, with normal, large paraprocts (= anal valves) and a considerable hypoproct (= subanal scale), though the epiproct is strongly flattened and somewhat tuberculate. Nothing can be gained from available literature, as to opposite which body segment the telson of a completely coiled animal might rest. Yet, during the volvation, which can certainly be regarded as imperfect, especially when the collum and subsequent terga are armed with conspicuous tubercles, the flattened epiproct may be assumed to reach only as far as the collum or at most another of the few anteriormost terga. + + +Among the characters of +Campodesmidae +that attest to the group’s chelodesmidean stock, the gonopod structure is the most basic (Hoffman 1980 1982 +b +). This involves a large, transversely oval gonopod aperture containing elongate, subcylindrical coxae, loosely connected by a membrane, each coxa with a normal cannula; an elongate telopodite coiled distally, with a more or less strong protuberance medially at the base of the femorite ( +Figs 10, 11 +). + + +The pore formula is incomplete, with ozopores only present on paraterga 5 and 7. The rough metaterga are often covered with a soil crust, and the cuticle is finely granular. Antennomere 5 is longer than antennomere 6. The male coxa 2 bears a considerable distomedian process carrying the gonopore orifice; this trait is generally characteristic of the suborder +Chelodesmidea +. Further structural details of the family can be found in +Schiøtz (1966) +and Hoffman (1982 +b +). + + +Interestingly, tergum +2 in +some congeners seems somewhat more incrassate than in others, e.g. + +Campodesmus dilobatus +( +Schiøtz, 1966 +) + +( +Fig. 8 +). + + +The affinities of +Campodesmidae +within the +Chelodesmidea +are not entirely clear. According to Hoffman (1982 +b +), not only +Sphaeriodesmidae +and +Holistophallidae +(cf. Hoffman 1980), but also +Campodesmidae +can be assigned to the superfamily +Sphaeriodesmoidea +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFA4FFF6A7B1FA921AFD72BA.xml b/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFA4FFF6A7B1FA921AFD72BA.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ef032a6ca57 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFA4FFF6A7B1FA921AFD72BA.xml @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ + + + +A review of the volvatory Polydesmida, with special reference to the patterns of volvation (Diplopoda) + + + +Author + +Golovatch, Sergei I. +Institute for Problems of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071 (V – 71), Russia +sgol@orc.ru + +text + + +African Invertebrates + + +2003 + +2003-08-31 + + +44 + + +1 + + +39 +60 + + + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.7664731 +2305-2562 +7664731 + + + + +The + +Sphaeriodesmidae + + + + + +is the only family in which either tergum 3 or both terga 3 and 4 can be enlarged ( +Fig. 2 +). Conglobation implies that the lateralmost, narrowed parts of the paraterga of several segments both subsequent to and in front of the broadest segment (3 or 4) are hidden under the latter. Starting from body segment 4 or 5, the lateral, subacuminate end of each subsequent paratergum is hidden under and behind the previous one, thus displaying an overlap pattern which can be termed typical. The telson usually is flattened, with a fully exposed, broad, plate-like epiproct; during complete volvation of the animal it is tightly oppressed to the dorsal side of body segment 5 or 6. + + +This family is characterised, among other things, by long and slender antennae and legs ( +Figs 3, 4 +); antennomere 5 is longer and often larger than antennomere 6; the paraterga are very prominent and relatively simple ( +Fig. 3 +), the dorsum is smooth to roughly tuberculate, the ozopores are very small to missing; the tergal limbus is evident but nearly smooth; the gonopod aperture is transversely oval and modest in size; the gonopods are simple to relatively complex ( +Figs 5, 6 +), highly variable but subcylindrical coxae nearly always have a sternal rudiment, the cannula is normal to hypertrophied basally. The body is usually medium-sized and +15–35 mm +long. Further structural details can be found in Hoffman (1982 +b +1990) and +Simonsen (1990) +. Nearly completely volvated members of the subfamily +Desmoninae +are depicted in Shelley (2000). + + + +Figs 1–11. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ +Diplopoda +. 1: + +Glomeroides +sp. + +( +Glomeridae +, +Glomerida +), lateral view (S = schism, or suture; H = hyposchism, or field below schism; Pg = pygidium). 2 & 3. + +Sphaeriodesmus +sp. + +( +Sphaeriodesmidae +, +Polydesmida +), anterior body portion (III and IV = segment numbers) and cross-section of a midbody segment, lateral and caudal views, respectively. 4–6: + +Proeilodesmus mecistonyx +Hoffman, 1990 + +( +Sphaeriodesmidae +, +Polydesmida +), cross-section of a midbody segment, right half of male body segment 7, and right gonopod, caudal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively. 7. + +Dorsoporus barroensis +Loomis, 1958 + +( +Dorsoporidae +, +Polydesmida +), anterior body portion, lateral view (OZ = ozopore). 8–11. + +Campodesmus dilobatus +( +Schiøtz, 1966 +) + +( +Campodesmidae +, +Polydesmida +), anterior body portion, cross-section of a midbody segment, gonopods +in situ +, and left gonopod, lateral, front, ventral, and mesal views, respectively. [1 & 2 after + +Hoffman +et al. +(2002) + +(reprinted courtesy of Pensoft Publishers); 3–6 after Hoffman (1990) (reprinted courtesy of the Swiss Zoological Society); 7 after +Loomis (1958) +(reprinted courtesy of the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences); 8–11 after +Schiøtz (1966) +(reprinted courtesy of the Danish Natural History Society). Scale bars 0.5 mm (10 & 11) and 2.0 mm (8 & 9), others reproduced not to scale.] + + + +Sphaeriodesmids currently comprise 14–15 genera and about 90 described species, but the actual diversity exceeds 200 species (Hoffman 1990; + +Hoffman +et al. +2002 + +). The family is endemic to Central America and the Greater Antilles, ranging from between north of +Panama +to +Missouri +and +Kentucky +in the +USA +. + + +What seems particularly remarkable is that this family still comprises at least one genus and species, the cave-dwelling Mexican + +Proeilodesmus mecistonyx +Hoffman, 1990 + +, that is apparently not capable of volvation (cp. +Figs 3 & 4 +). Most of the characters of this creature seem plesiomorphic and suggest a link between a presumed flat-bodied chelodesmidean ancestor and the remaining, convex, truly volvatory members of the family (Hoffman 1990). + + +In Sphaeriodesminae, the prozona are reduced to virtually absent ventrally, paralleling the situation in +Oniscomorpha +, but in +Desmoninae +, a group of +Sphaeriodesmidae +, the prozona are about the same length all the way around. Desmonines thus resemble a flattened oblate spheroid (= disc) rather than a true sphere as in species of + +Sphaeriodesmus +Peters, 1864 + +. Being about +15 mm +wide, + +S. mexicanus +(De Saussure, 1859) + +, from +Mexico +, is probably the largest polydesmidan currently known to roll up. + + +The phylogenetic relations of the +Sphaeriodesmidae +seem particularly close to the +Holistophallidae +, a small group endemic to Central America and incapable of volvation (Hoffman 1980 1982 +b +; + +Hoffman +et al +. 2002 + +). + + +In all other ‘oniscoid’ polydesmidan families, it is only the second tergum that is more or less enlarged and adapted for volvation. In addition, the antennae, and usually the legs, are relatively short; the latter are sometimes separated to a varying degree, even on the same body segment ( +Fig. 42 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFAAFFFDA7B1FA54197970BA.xml b/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFAAFFFDA7B1FA54197970BA.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3a0395dd4e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFAAFFFDA7B1FA54197970BA.xml @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ + + + +A review of the volvatory Polydesmida, with special reference to the patterns of volvation (Diplopoda) + + + +Author + +Golovatch, Sergei I. +Institute for Problems of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071 (V – 71), Russia +sgol@orc.ru + +text + + +African Invertebrates + + +2003 + +2003-08-31 + + +44 + + +1 + + +39 +60 + + + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.7664731 +2305-2562 +7664731 + + + + +Direct field observations ( +Mesibov 2002 +) confirmed very poor volvatory capacities in still another enigmatic genus, + + + + + +Asphalidesmus +Silvestri, 1910 + +, + + + + +from +Tasmania +( +Figs 45, 46 +). Both known species are small ( +5–6 mm +long), showing a roughened vertex, an enlarged, cap-shaped, anteriorly non-lobulated collum which largely conceals the head from above ( +Fig. 46 +); metatergum 2 is rather strongly enlarged and is devoid of a schism but, as usual, it supports the anterolateral part of tergum 3; each metatergum subsequent to the second has numerous (5–6) transverse rows of uniform, low, setigerous tubercles; the ozopore formula is (nearly) normal, and each ozopore opens flush on the surface dorsal to a lobulated edge of the paratergum; the paraterga are strongly declined ventrad, yet they fail to reach the level of the sterna; antennomere 6 is the longest and largest ( +Fig. 46 +); the limbus is bacillary, upright, and prominent; the telson is ‘polydesmoid’, and the epiproct is conical, and readily visible from above ( +Fig. 45 +); the legs are rather stout, especially so in males, but otherwise unmodified ( +Fig. 46 +) ( +Mesibov 2002 +). + + +The volvation is remarkable in being devoid of any switch to a typical pattern. Instead it remains the same from tergum 3 onwards, whence the anterior part of the paratergum rests on top of, not beneath, the caudolateral part of the previous paratergum. The overlap is thus simple, apparently plesiomorphic ( +Fig. 45 +), and totally different from the more specialised patterns observed in more readily or truly volvatory +Polydesmida +. + + +The genus + +Asphalidesmus + +has provisionally been referred to + +Haplodesmidae ( +Mesibov 2002 +) + +. Indeed, superficially these animals look very much like true haploor pyrgodesmids, or + +Hyperothrix + +. However, the genitalic structure of + +Asphalidesmus + +is quite characteristic of that of +Dalodesmidea +, Dalodesmoidea, but maybe not of +Dalodesmidae +, because the sphaeriotrichomes typical of dalodesmids are missing. As in all other Dalodesmoidea so exemplary of the Southern Hemisphere, the gonopod aperture is ovoid, relatively small, and fully containing and concealing the small, medially fused, contiguous gonocoxae crowned with suberect, distally 2-branched, simple, medially contiguous but not fused telopodites, with hypertrophied prefemoral parts ( +Fig. 46 +). An allocation of + +Asphalidesmus + +to +Vaalogonopodidae +, a small Southern African dalodesmoid group comprising four genera (of which only three are described, cf. Hoffman 1982 +b +) likewise devoid of sphaerotrichomes, is not likely. Indeed, in contrast to +Dalodesmidae +, +Vaalogonopodidae +are rather pyrgodesmid-like in appearance, and all are mediumsized ( +10–20 mm +long). Their hypertrophied, anteriorly lobed or scalloped collum conceals the head from above; the metatergal tuberculation is regular and somewhat differentiated; some ozopores are borne on porosteles placed at the lateral edge; the paraterga are relatively small and modestly declined ventrad and lobed laterally; the telson is strongly flattened dorsoventrally; and the gonopod coxae are somewhat better separated etc. ( +Verhoeff 1940 +; Schubart 1956). + +Asphalidesmus + +is distinguished by the collum and tergum 2 being relatively modestly developed; the paraterga are very strong and prominently declined ventrad; the ozopores open inside flat craters located far off the paratergal lateral edge, and are never borne on porosteles; the telson is rather ‘polydesmoid’, the epiproct is subcylindrical, not flattened; the metatergal tuberculation is dense, uniform, setigerous; and the gonopod coxae as well as the telopodites are virtually contiguous medially, etc. ( +Mesibov 2002 +). + + +In general, as the classification of +Dalodesmidea +is perhaps the most controversial within the entire order +Polydesmida +(cf. Hoffman 1980; +Simonsen 1990 +), no family placement of + +Asphalidesmus + +is attempted here as this would apparently be premature. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFABFFFEA7CBFC551A4D73F5.xml b/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFABFFFEA7CBFC551A4D73F5.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..087c3d2495a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFABFFFEA7CBFC551A4D73F5.xml @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ + + + +A review of the volvatory Polydesmida, with special reference to the patterns of volvation (Diplopoda) + + + +Author + +Golovatch, Sergei I. +Institute for Problems of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071 (V – 71), Russia +sgol@orc.ru + +text + + +African Invertebrates + + +2003 + +2003-08-31 + + +44 + + +1 + + +39 +60 + + + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.7664731 +2305-2562 +7664731 + + + +The monobasic genus + + + + +Hyperothrix +Attems, 1900 + +, + + + + +with the single small species + +H. orophura +Attems, 1900 + +, from a few of the larger granitic islands of the Seychelle Archipelago, has long attracted attention as another superficially ‘oniscoid’ polydesmidan still without clear family placement (Hoffman 1982 +a +; +Golovatch & Korsós 1992 +; +Golovatch 2001 +). This genus and species has repeatedly been assigned to or compared with such different families as +Oniscodesmidae +, +Pyrgodesmidae +, +Cyrtodesmidae +or +Doratodesmidae +, with the latest return to +Pyrgodesmidae +on the basis of a typically pyrgodesmid-like tergal lobulation pattern and, above all, the gonopod conformation ( +Golovatch 2001 +). In + +H. orophura + +, in addition to the fairly detailed descriptions by +Attems (1900 +1940), the vertigial region of the head is granulorugose but not elevated; the collum is rather convex, somewhat enlarged, yet failing to cover the head from above ( +Fig. 35 +), and with a clearly elevated anterior rim showing an indistinct pattern of 6+6 lobulations. Tergum 2 is evidently, but not too dramatically, hypertrophied, with each of its paraterga deeply trilobate, andenlarged laterad ( +Fig. 35 +). The paraterga of body segments 3 and 4 are deeply bilobed, subsequent quadri- (pore-bearing segments) or trilobulate (poreless segments) laterally. The terga are generally very strongly convex but the paraterga are modestly broad, ending a little above the level of the sterna. The limbus is bacilliferous; the ozopores are normally located on low knobs and the pore formula is normal; the metatergal surface is rough, granular, very finely pilose, with the tuberculation rather poorly differentiated but the pattern typically pyrgodesmid, and this is especially evident toward the telson, which is fully concealed in dorsal view; the gonopods +in situ +are strongly sunken, flattened dorsoventrally, rather poorly exposed in lateral view, and the coxae are rather strongly hypertrophied ( +Fig. 36 +), completely hiding the relatively stout and complex telopodites inside a gonocoel; a solenomere branch is evident ( +Fig. 36 +). + + + +Figs 32–36. Structure of some ‘oniscoid’ +Polydesmida +. 32. + +Amphitomeus attemsi +( +Schubart, 1934 +) (Oniscodesmidae) + +, left gonopod, caudal view. 33 & 34. + +Elassystremma +sp. (Ammodesmidae) + +, entire animal and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and ventral views respectively. 35 & 36. + +Hyperothrix orophura +Attems, 1900 + +(? +Pyrgodesmidae +), anterior body portion and left gonopod, lateral and caudal views, respectively. [32 after + +Golovatch +et al. +(2002) + +(reprinted courtesy of +Arthropoda Selecta +); 33 & 34 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Nadine Van Noppen del.); 35 & 36 after +Attems (1900) +. Scale bar 0.1 mm (32), others reproduced not to scale.] + + + +Volvation can definitely be postulated as incomplete. The overlap is typical, starting from paraterga 4 onwards, i.e. as in + +Elassystremma + +except for the enlarged tergum 2 lacking any schism-like structures. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFADFFF9A7CBFD551BD173FA.xml b/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFADFFF9A7CBFD551BD173FA.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..8556230c1f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFADFFF9A7CBFD551BD173FA.xml @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ + + + +A review of the volvatory Polydesmida, with special reference to the patterns of volvation (Diplopoda) + + + +Author + +Golovatch, Sergei I. +Institute for Problems of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071 (V – 71), Russia +sgol@orc.ru + +text + + +African Invertebrates + + +2003 + +2003-08-31 + + +44 + + +1 + + +39 +60 + + + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.7664731 +2305-2562 +7664731 + + + + +The + +Ammodesmidae + + + + + +is an oligotypic family with three genera and several species in tropical Africa ( +Hoffman & Howell 1981 +; Van den Spiegel, in prep.). They are all so minute ( +2–5 mm +long) that, when coiled and dusted with earth, these animals resemble a grain of sand ( +Cook 1896 +). The conglobation pattern in the East African + +Elassystremma +Hoffman & Howell, 1981 + +appears to be very much like in +Doratodesmidae +, but the overlap only becomes typical from paratergum 4 onwards ( +Figs 22 +, +33 +). + + +The telson is likewise normal, ‘polydesmoid’, and evident from above. The epiproct is flattened, conspicuous, sometimes tuberculate ( +Fig. 33 +), and during complete volvation of the animal it is tightly oppressed to the dorsal side of body segment 5 or 6. + + +The body teguments are usually rough; the metaterga are more or less strongly tuberculate, and the paraterga are rounded laterally, usually somewhat incised or sinuate anteriorly and caudally at their base ( +Figs 22 +, +33 +); the ozopores are small, poorly visible, and they open flush on the surface of the paraterga below the caudobasal incision; the ozopore formula seems to be somewhat abbreviated: 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 17–18(19) ( +Fig. 33 +), and sometimes ozopores seem to be missing; the tergal limbus is evident and is dentate; antennomere 5 is longer and larger than antennomere 6 ( +Fig. 22 +); the legs are rather slender but short ( +Fig. 23 +); the gonopod aperture is transversely oval and large; the gonocoxae are extremely large and subtriangular, with normal cannulae which are strongly exposed; the gonocoxae are fused and hollow medially and often enlarged laterally so that the more or less slender telopodites are nearly fully concealed inside the gonocoel ( +Figs 23 +, +34 +) ( +Hoffman & Howell 1981 +; Van den Spiegel, in prep.). + + +The only qualification to be noted here is that it still remains to be proven if both West African genera, + +Ammodesmus +Cook, 1896 + +and + +Cenchrodesmus +Cook, 1896 + +, are indeed confamilial with + +Elassystremma + +(cf. +Hoffman & Howell 1981 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFADFFF9A7CBFE951C5674FA.xml b/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFADFFF9A7CBFE951C5674FA.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f23d9f3d5dc --- /dev/null +++ b/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFADFFF9A7CBFE951C5674FA.xml @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ + + + +A review of the volvatory Polydesmida, with special reference to the patterns of volvation (Diplopoda) + + + +Author + +Golovatch, Sergei I. +Institute for Problems of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071 (V – 71), Russia +sgol@orc.ru + +text + + +African Invertebrates + + +2003 + +2003-08-31 + + +44 + + +1 + + +39 +60 + + + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.7664731 +2305-2562 +7664731 + + + + +The + +Dorsoporidae + + + + + +is a monotypic taxon, with + +Dorsoporus barroensis +Loomis, 1958 + +, from +Panama +, characterised by the ozopores located on small knobs above the base of the paraterga ( +Fig. 7 +, OZ) and, somewhat like in + +Amphitomeus + +( +Fig. 25 +), by a longitudinal sulcus setting off the posterior half of the paraterga from the rest of the metaterga. The body segments are smooth, polished, the telson is somewhat reduced, the epiproct is flat, rounded at the caudal edge, yet quite visible in dorsal view, while the legs are rather long and slender ( +Loomis 1958 +). As no male material of + +Dorsoporus + +has hitherto become available, it appears impossible to add anything to + +Hoffman +et al. +(2002) + +, who still provisionally keep this family separate. The volvation pattern distinctly implies one of a typical oniscodesmid like + +Amphitomeus + +, with a narrow hyposchism of paratergum 2 apparently receiving the lateral ends of several following paraterga which apparently show a typical overlap ( +Fig. 7 +). A possible reallocation of + +Dorsoporus + +within the +Sphaeriodesmoidea +, as once suggested by Hoffman (1982 +b +), is thus unlikely. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFADFFFFA7CBFA55193A75FA.xml b/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFADFFFFA7CBFA55193A75FA.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d46e8d77d13 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFADFFFFA7CBFA55193A75FA.xml @@ -0,0 +1,225 @@ + + + +A review of the volvatory Polydesmida, with special reference to the patterns of volvation (Diplopoda) + + + +Author + +Golovatch, Sergei I. +Institute for Problems of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071 (V – 71), Russia +sgol@orc.ru + +text + + +African Invertebrates + + +2003 + +2003-08-31 + + +44 + + +1 + + +39 +60 + + + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.7664731 +2305-2562 +7664731 + + + + +The + +Cyrtodesmidae + + + + + +is yet another small family containing only three accepted genera, two of which are oligotypic ( + +Oncodesmella +Kraus, 1960 + +, 2 species, and + +Agnurodesmus +Silvestri, 1910 + +, 4 species), and one which is rather more prolific ( + +Cyrtodesmus +Cook, 1896 + +, about 25 species) ( +Golovatch 2001 +). The family occurs on the island of +Tobago +, Central America from +Costa Rica +southwards, and northern South America southwards to Amazonia. + + + +Figs 28–31. Scanning electron micrographs of + +Amphitomeus attemsi +( +Schubart, 1934 +) (Oniscodesmidae) + +, cross-section of a midbody segment and caudal body end, front, lateral, ventral, and dorsal views, respectively. [All after + +Golovatch +et al. +(2002) + +(reprinted courtesy of +Arthropoda Selecta +).] + + + +Volvation is either imperfect ( + +Agnurodesmus + +), this being testified by the relatively short paraterga being only slightly deflexed ventrad below the level of sterna, or complete ( + +Cyrtodesmus + +, probably also + +Oncodesmella + +). In the former case, the pattern is much like in +Campodesmidae +, with a strongly enlarged paratergum 2 which is emarginate caudolaterally for the accommodation of the anterolateral protuberance of paratergum 3. The latter is also strongly emarginate caudolaterally.There is neither a schism nor a hyposchism on paratergum 2, but starting from paratergum 3 the overlap is typical. The only peculiarity is that the broadened, dentate or crenulate paraterga show a lunular flange anteriorly and a caudal protuberance caudolaterally, with the latter fitting in the former of the next paratergum during volvation ( +Fig. 37 +). In contrast, conglobation in + +Cyrtodesmus + +involves the development of a lobuliform schism and a narrow hyposchism in a typically roundly spatuliform paratergum 2, and of a subacuminate, not broadened, end of each subsequent paratergum ( +Fig. 20 +). The overlap is retained in the typical form. This condition strongly resembles that of + +Amphitomeus + +among +Oniscodesmidae +. + + +Also as in +Oniscodesmidae +, the telson in cyrtodesmids tends to be reduced, being fully concealed under the paraterga of the penultimate body segment in + +Agnurodesmus + +( +Fig. 39 +). In a completely enrolled + +Cyrtodesmus +species + +, the small, somewhat pygidiumlike telson is fully exposed in dorsal view, the tip of the epiproct is nearly fully hidden underneath, and the entire caudal body end ( +Fig. 21 +) appears to rest on top of body segment 4. In + +Agnurodesmus siolii +Golovatch, 2001 + +, it is placed on top of metatergum 5 or 6. + + +The above progression is more or less paralleled by a trend towards the complication of gonopod structure, from the relatively small gonocoxae and strongly exposed telopodites in + +Oncodesmella + +, to the strongly enlarged coxae and shield-like structures protecting the remaining parts inside the gonocoel in + +Agnurodesmus + +. Based on structural details, the genus + +Agnurodesmus + +can soundly be considered as especially disjunct. This opinion agrees with biogeographical evidence as well ( +Golovatch 2001 +). Even though volvation in this genus appears incomplete, its pattern is unique among all ‘oniscoid’ +Polydesmida +. + + +Even amongst + +Cyrtodesmus + +species there is one, + +C. bicolor +Loomis, 1964 + +, from +Panama +, in which, due to the much smaller paratergal lobes of the second segment, only incomplete volvation can be suggested (Loomis 1964), i.e. a kind of ‘plesiomorphic’ status like that of + +Proeilodesmus + +as opposed to + +Sphaeriodesmus + +in +Sphaeriodesmidae +. Hoffman (1999) lists + +C. bicolor + +among +Cyrtodesmidae +of uncertain generic position. + + +Among the other traits characteristic of +Cyrtodesmidae +, the usually blackish to piceous teguments with contrastingly pinkish antennae deserve mention. The body is relatively small ( +5–20 mm +long), the teguments are rough ( +Figs 20, 21 +, +37–40 +), the metaterga are always tuberculate and often setose; the epicranial region is granulorugose ( +Fig. 41 +), the limbus is crenulate/dentate; antennomere 5 is usually but not always longer and larger than antennomere 6 ( +Fig. 41 +); the pore formula is usually but not always normal; the legs are relatively short and stout ( +Fig. 42 +); and the solenomere is always branched ( +Figs 43, 44 +). Further characteristics can be found in +Golovatch (2001) +. Many of the traits in +Cyrtodesmidae +, however, appear to be shared with the definitely closely related but very large and diverse family +Pyrgodesmidae +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFAFFFF9A7CBFDD51901773A.xml b/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFAFFFF9A7CBFDD51901773A.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d62414c36c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/CB/10/DA/CB10DA05FFAFFFF9A7CBFDD51901773A.xml @@ -0,0 +1,210 @@ + + + +A review of the volvatory Polydesmida, with special reference to the patterns of volvation (Diplopoda) + + + +Author + +Golovatch, Sergei I. +Institute for Problems of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071 (V – 71), Russia +sgol@orc.ru + +text + + +African Invertebrates + + +2003 + +2003-08-31 + + +44 + + +1 + + +39 +60 + + + +journal article +10.5281/zenodo.7664731 +2305-2562 +7664731 + + + + +The + +Oniscodesmidae + + + + + +as currently defined (Hoffman 1980 1982 +b +; +Simonsen 1990 +) contains eight or nine nominal genera, all in South and/or Central America. Most genera are monobasic, only the southernmost + +Crypturodesmus +Silvestri, 1897 + +( +Brazil +and +Argentina +) is relatively species-rich. The conglobation pattern is similar to the previous case, but it varies even between genera.The spatulate, rounded, strongly enlarged lateral pieces of paraterga 2, sometimes ( + +Detodesmus +Cook, 1896 + +) have a distinctly elevated anterior margin and a narrowed and flattened dorsum (the latter often angular at the bases of paraterga, +Figs 26, 27 +), and they always possess a narrow hyposchism behind a lobuliform schism. This is small in + +Amphitomeus +Verhoeff, 1942 + +( +Figs 24, 25 +), with a typical overlap of the subsequent paraterga. During complete volvation the lateral ends of several paraterga subsequent to the second, rest over a narrow rim of the latter (cf. + +Golovatch +et al +. 2002 + +). In + +Crypturodesmus + +( +Fig. 17 +), the caudolateral margin of paratergum 3 is very strongly emarginate or sinuate for the accommodation of the anterolateral portion of paratergum 4, but posterior to this the overlap is typical, with the lateral ends of several paraterga subsequent to the fourth likewise resting over a narrow rim of paratergum 2. + + +The telson tends to become reduced. In + +Amphitomeus + +( +Figs 28–30 +), the only 19-segmented oniscodesmid genus, the telson is still evidently exposed in dorsal view ( +Figs 29, 31 +), although the epiproct is short and strongly flattened ( +Fig. 30 +) (cf. + +Golovatch +et al +. 2002 + +). In + +Crypturodesmus + +, the telson in dorsal aspect is completely hidden under the medially fused paraterga of the penultimate body segment ( +Fig. 18 +). In both cases, in a completely enrolled animal, a pygidium-like caudal body end rests tightly oppressed to the region of segments 2–5. + + +The family is characterised by small to medium-sized species ( +3–22 mm +long). The tergal surface is usually polished, but sometimes finely microgranular or scaly ( + +Amphitomeus + +, +Fig. 25 +); the metaterga are often ( +Fig. 17 +) but not always tuberculate, or infrequently areate along the rear tergal margin behind a transverse sulcus or depression ( + +Oniscodesmus + +, + +Detodesmus + +and some others), and only rarely almost smooth ( + +Amphitomeus + +). The paraterga are sometimes lobulate or crenulate at the lateral edge ( + +Crypturodesmus + +, +Figs 18, 19 +), and they are rarely incised at the base both anteriorly and, especially deeply, posteriorly ( + +Amphitomeus + +, +Figs 24, 25 +). The tergal limbus is (nearly) missing; antennomere 5 is longer and larger than antennomere 6; the pore formula is usually complete and normal, but the ozopores are small, and open flush on the surface near the base of the respective paraterga and more rarely the ozopores are absent altogether ( + +Crypturodesmus + +); the legs are relatively slender; the gonopod aperture is transversely oval to subcordate ( +Fig. 19 +) and relatively large; the gonopod coxae are relatively small, subglobose, fused medially, largely sunken inside the aperture, and with normal cannulae; the telopodite is suberect, and the setose prefemoral part is always substantial ( +Figs 19 +, +32 +). + + + +Figs 22–27. Scanning electron micrographs of some ‘oniscoid’ +Polydesmida +. 22 & 23. + +Elassystremma +sp. (Ammodesmidae) + +, anterior body portion and ventral side of male body segment 7, lateral and subcaudal views, respectively. 24–27. + +Amphitomeus attemsi +( +Schubart, 1934 +) (Oniscodesmidae) + +, entire animal, paraterga 2–7, and anterior body end, lateral, lateral, subdorsal, and lateral views, respectively. [22 & 23 after Van den Spiegel (in prep.) (reprinted courtesy of the Royal Museum for Central Africa); 24–27 after + +Golovatch +et al. +(2002) + +(reprinted courtesy of +Arthropoda Selecta +).] + + + +This family is deemed to be particularly closely related to the +Dorsoporidae +(Hoffman 1980 1982 +b +), while +Simonsen (1990) +has even merged both into a single family +Oniscodesmidae +. For practical reasons, however, + +Dorsoporus +Loomis, 1958 + +does deserve a separate treatment. + + + + \ No newline at end of file