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<document id="661DEE6B1ACE8441F927AC70234C7047" ID-ISSN="0031-0298" checkinTime="1730914238564" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Christopher, Jass, N., Usa, J. J. &amp; Usa" docDate="2009" docId="038FE5135520FFBCFCDEFB8CFACBF9F6" docLanguage="en" docName="PaleoBios.29.1.1-12.pdf" docOrigin="PaleoBios 29 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:B33154B3886B59070E38D2B65872D2F8:PaleoBios.2009-2017.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="B33154B3886B59070E38D2B65872D2F8" docStyleName="PaleoBios.2009-2017.journal_article.1cover" docTitle="Brachylagus coloradoensis Ramos 1999" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="FFB69D6B5524FFB8FFFEFF93FFAFFFF6" masterDocTitle="Pleistocene lagomorphs from Cathedral Cave, Nevada" masterLastPageNumber="12" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1730914569090" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="44A8B56F6FC32BFB9BCA62F036B40687">Pleistocene lagomorphs from Cathedral Cave, Nevada</mods:title>
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<treatment id="038FE5135520FFBCFCDEFB8CFACBF9F6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14047115" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14047115" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038FE5135520FFBCFCDEFB8CFACBF9F6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038FE5135520FFBCFCDEFB8CFACBF9F6" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFCDEFB8CFB6AFBCE" authority="Ramos 1999" authorityName="Ramos" authorityYear="1999" box="[800,1221,1055,1080]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coloradoensis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFCDEFB8CFB9FFBC1" bold="true" box="[800,1072,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Brachylagus coloradoensis</emphasis>
Ramos 1999
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<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFCBEFBDBFB89FB96" bold="true" box="[832,1062,1096,1120]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Referred Specimens</emphasis>
—See Appendix 1.
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<paragraph id="8B9954055520FFBCFCBEFBFBFB7EFAB6" blockId="4.[800,1459,1096,1536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFCBEFBFBFC69FB76" bold="true" box="[832,966,1128,1152]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Description</emphasis>
—The
<specimenCount id="9D209F8C5520FFBCFBF5FBFBFB08FB76" box="[1035,1191,1128,1152]" count="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFACCFBF4FC08FB69" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coloradoensis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFACCFBF4FC08FB69" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Brachylagus coloradoensis</emphasis>
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are similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFBABFB1BFB4CFB69" baseAuthorityName="Ramos" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1109,1251,1159,1183]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="idahoensis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFBABFB1BFB4CFB69" bold="true" box="[1109,1251,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">B. idahoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but both have a weakly developed posterointernal reentrant and a posteroexternal reentrant that extends only between one-third and two-thirds across the tooth (
<figureCitation id="131D48805520FFBCFBA0FB7BFB1AFAF6" box="[1118,1205,1256,1280]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[112,180,546,568]" captionTargetBox="[114,765,193,525]" captionTargetId="figure-799@4.[114,765,192,526]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Leporid teeth from Cathedral Cave. A. Enamel pattern and terminology for the p3; B. Right p3 of Aztlanolagus agilis (TMM 43693-1750) from Cathedral Cave; C. Left p3 of Brachylagus idahoensis (TMM 43693-1777) from Cathedral Cave; D. Right p3 of Brachylagus coloradoensis (TMM 43693- 1774) from Cathedral Cave. Scale bars equal 1 mm." pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Fig. 4d</figureCitation>
). As such, these specimens are consistent with those identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFAF4FA9BFA1FFAE9" box="[1290,1456,1287,1311]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coloradoensis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFAF4FA9BFA1FFAE9" bold="true" box="[1290,1456,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">B. coloradoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Porcupine Cave (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFBE4FABBFB6BFAB6" author="Ramos, C. N." box="[1050,1220,1320,1344]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="151 - 159" refId="ref6969" refString="Ramos, C. N. 1999 b. An Irvingtonian species of Brachylagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) from Porcupine Cave, Park County, Colorado. Great Basin Naturalist 59: 151 - 159." type="journal article" year="1999">Ramos, 1999b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33C078E5520FFBCFCBEFADBFACBF9F6" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9954055520FFBCFCBEFADBFACBF9F6" blockId="4.[800,1459,1096,1536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFCBEFADBFC10FA96" bold="true" box="[832,959,1352,1376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Discussion</emphasis>
—Prior to this report,
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFB30FADBFAD4FAA9" box="[1230,1403,1351,1375]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coloradoensis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFB30FADBFAD4FAA9" bold="true" box="[1230,1403,1351,1375]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">B. coloradoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was known only from several localities of Irvingtonian or unknown age within Porcupine Cave (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFBABFA1BFB59FA56" author="Ramos, C. N." box="[1109,1270,1416,1440]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="151 - 159" refId="ref6969" refString="Ramos, C. N. 1999 b. An Irvingtonian species of Brachylagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) from Porcupine Cave, Park County, Colorado. Great Basin Naturalist 59: 151 - 159." type="journal article" year="1999">Ramos 1999b</bibRefCitation>
, Barnosky 2004,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFCDEFA3BFBF2FA36" author="Barnosky, A. D. &amp; S. B. Hopkins" box="[800,1117,1448,1472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref5503" refString="Barnosky, A. D., and S. B. Hopkins. 2004. Identification of miscellaneous mammals from the Pit locality: Including Soricidae, Leporidae, Geomyidae. Pp. 169 - 171 in A. D. Barnosky (ed.). Biodiversity Response to Climate Change in the Middle Pleistocene-The Porcupine Cave fauna from Colorado. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA." type="book" year="2004">Barnosky and Hopkins 2004</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFB99FA3BFB58FA36" author="Baxter, C. N." box="[1127,1271,1448,1472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref5575" refString="Baxter, C. N. 2004. Leporidae of the DMNH Velvet Room excavations and Mark's Sink. Pp. 164 - 168 in A. D. Barnosky (ed.). Biodiversity Response to Climate Change in the Middle Pleistocene: The Porcupine Cave Fauna from Colorado. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA." type="book" year="2004">Baxter, 2004</bibRefCitation>
; age assignments from Barnosky et al. 2004). Its occurrence in Cathedral Cave extends both its geographic and chronologic ranges.
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<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFF8EF9AEFD89F9A3" ID-CoL="MWT3" authority="(Merriam, 1891)" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[112,550,1597,1621]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="idahoensis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFF8EF9AEFECBF9A3" bold="true" box="[112,356,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Brachylagus idahoensis</emphasis>
(Merriam, 1891)
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<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFF6EF9F6FED9F98B" bold="true" box="[144,374,1637,1661]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Referred Specimens</emphasis>
—See Appendix 1.
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<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFF6EF915FEB7F968" bold="true" box="[144,280,1670,1694]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Description</emphasis>
—
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of
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<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFDF2F916FCAFF96B" bold="true" box="[524,768,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Brachylagus idahoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were identified from Cathedral Cave (
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). Two of the specimens retain simple anteroexternal reentrants and the trigonid and talonid are either completely (TMM 43693-1777), or nearly (TMM 43693-1776), separated by cementum. The extension of the anteroexternal folds across the tooth is characteristic of
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<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFED9F8DBFE1CF8A9" bold="true" box="[295,435,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">B. idahoensis</emphasis>
(
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)
</taxonomicName>
. Length and width of the p3s were: (TMM 43693-1777) -
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=
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,
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=
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; (43693-1776) -
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=
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,
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=
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9954055520FFBCFCBEFF51FA1EFE0F" blockId="4.[800,1459,193,1024]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
A third p
<specimenCount id="9D209F8C5520FFBCFC55FF51FB87FF2F" box="[939,1064,193,218]" count="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" type="generic">3 specimen</specimenCount>
(TMM 43693-1775) with a damaged occlusal surface that was also identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFAD1FF72FC24FEEF" baseAuthorityName="Ramos" baseAuthorityYear="1999" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="idahoensis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFAD1FF72FC24FEEF" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Brachylagus idahoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique. In ventral view, it has a posteroexternal reentrant that extends across two-thirds of the tooth, but exhibits an enamel lake in the position of a posterointernal reentrant. Because the joining of the posteroexternal reentrant with the enamel lake would result in a morphology more similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFC68FE31FB8AFE4F" baseAuthorityName="Ramos" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[918,1061,417,441]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="idahoensis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFC68FE31FC09FE4F" bold="true" box="[918,934,418,441]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFC44FE32FB8AFE4F" bold="true" box="[954,1061,417,441]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">idahoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFB91FE31FAB6FE4F" box="[1135,1305,417,441]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coloradoensis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFB91FE31FBD0FE4F" bold="true" box="[1135,1151,418,441]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFB6CFE32FAB6FE4F" bold="true" box="[1170,1305,417,441]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">coloradoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below), the specimen is identified as the former. Further review of variation in the p3 enamel patterns of
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFB49FE71FA90FE0F" baseAuthorityName="Ramos" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1207,1343,481,505]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="idahoensis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFB49FE71FA90FE0F" bold="true" box="[1207,1343,481,505]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">B. idahoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is needed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33C078E5520FFBCFCBEFD92FBEEFBF6" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9954055520FFBCFCBEFD92FCD6FCEF" blockId="4.[800,1459,193,1024]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFCBEFD92FBC8FDEF" bold="true" box="[832,1127,513,537]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
Discussion—
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFC1CFD92FBC8FDEF" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1900" box="[994,1127,513,537]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFC1CFD92FBC8FDEF" bold="true" box="[994,1127,513,537]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Brachylagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is distinguished from most extant and fossil North American leporids by the lack of an anterior reentrant on the p3 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFB8EFDD1FA04FDAC" author="Kurten, B. &amp; E. Anderson" box="[1136,1451,577,602]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref6547" refString="Kurten, B., and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York, NY. 442 pp." type="book" year="1980">Kurtén and Anderson 1980</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFCDEFDF1FC6EFD8C" author="Ramos, C. N." box="[800,961,610,634]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref6926" refString="Ramos, C. N. 1999 a. Morphometric variation among some leporids (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) of North America. Proceedings of the Denver Museum of Natural History, Series 3, no. 16: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1999">Ramos 1999a</bibRefCitation>
). The extinct genus
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFB4FFDF2FA8EFD8F" authorityName="Dice" authorityYear="1917" box="[1201,1313,609,633]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Hypolagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFB4FFDF2FA8EFD8F" bold="true" box="[1201,1313,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Hypolagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar in some qualitative aspects to an extinct form of
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFAD1FD12FA1FFD6F" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1900" box="[1327,1456,641,665]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFAD1FD12FA1FFD6F" bold="true" box="[1327,1456,641,665]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Brachylagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFCD4FD31FC7FFD4F" box="[810,976,673,697]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coloradoensis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFCD4FD31FC95FD4F" bold="true" box="[810,826,674,697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFCB7FD32FC7FFD4F" bold="true" box="[841,976,673,697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">coloradoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) but is larger in size (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFB3EFD31FACCFD4F" author="Ramos, C. N." box="[1216,1379,673,698]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="151 - 159" refId="ref6969" refString="Ramos, C. N. 1999 b. An Irvingtonian species of Brachylagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) from Porcupine Cave, Park County, Colorado. Great Basin Naturalist 59: 151 - 159." type="journal article" year="1999">Ramos 1999b</bibRefCitation>
). Until recently, the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFC04FD52FBD4FD2F" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1900" box="[1018,1147,705,729]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFC04FD52FBD4FD2F" bold="true" box="[1018,1147,705,729]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Brachylagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was considered monotypic, with
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFCA2FD71FC45FD0F" baseAuthorityName="Ramos" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[860,1002,737,761]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="idahoensis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFCA2FD71FCC3FD0F" bold="true" box="[860,876,738,761]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFC81FD72FC45FD0F" bold="true" box="[895,1002,737,761]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">idahoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the only recognized species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFA9FFD71FCC3FCEF" author="Ramos, C. N." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="151 - 159" refId="ref6969" refString="Ramos, C. N. 1999 b. An Irvingtonian species of Brachylagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) from Porcupine Cave, Park County, Colorado. Great Basin Naturalist 59: 151 - 159." type="journal article" year="1999">Ramos 1999b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9954055520FFBCFCBEFCB2FBEEFBF6" blockId="4.[800,1459,193,1024]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
Fossils of
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFC49FCB2FB1FFCCF" baseAuthorityName="Ramos" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[951,1200,801,825]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="idahoensis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFC49FCB2FB1FFCCF" bold="true" box="[951,1200,801,825]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Brachylagus idahoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known only from the western
<collectingCountry id="F33114955520FFBCFC54FCD2FB90FCAC" box="[938,1087,833,858]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">United States</collectingCountry>
and most fall within or near the present distribution of the species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFB49FCF1FCF1FC6C" author="Kurten, B. &amp; E. Anderson" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref6547" refString="Kurten, B., and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York, NY. 442 pp." type="book" year="1980">Kurtén and Anderson 1980</bibRefCitation>
). Exceptions are the records from Isleta Cave No. 2 and Sheep Camp Shelter in
<collectingRegion id="49E29AE75520FFBCFBB5FC31FB78FC4F" box="[1099,1239,929,953]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFB1BFC32FADDFC4C" author="Harris, A. H." box="[1253,1394,929,954]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="179 - 197" refId="ref6368" refString="Harris, A. H. 1993. Quaternary vertebrates of New Mexico. In S. G. Lucas and J. Zidek (eds.). Vertebrate Paleontology in New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 2: 179 - 197." type="journal article" year="1993">Harris 1993</bibRefCitation>
). The occurrence of
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFC42FC51FBEAFC2F" baseAuthorityName="Ramos" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[956,1093,961,985]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="idahoensis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFC42FC51FC63FC2F" bold="true" box="[956,972,962,985]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">B</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFC24FC52FBEAFC2F" bold="true" box="[986,1093,961,985]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">idahoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Cathedral Cave was previously noted by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFC77FC7BFB92FBF6" author="Ramos, C. N." box="[905,1085,1000,1024]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="151 - 159" refId="ref6969" refString="Ramos, C. N. 1999 b. An Irvingtonian species of Brachylagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) from Porcupine Cave, Park County, Colorado. Great Basin Naturalist 59: 151 - 159." type="journal article" year="1999">Ramos (1999b)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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269
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<paragraph id="8B9954055527FFBBFC9EFBCCFAE6FB8E" blockId="3.[864,1520,991,1144]" box="[864,1353,1119,1144]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0D1E3695527FFBBFC9EFBCCFAE6FB8E" box="[864,1353,1119,1144]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" reason="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865527FFBBFC9EFBCCFAE6FB8E" authority="Russell and Harris, 1986" authorityName="Russell and Harris" authorityYear="1986" box="[864,1353,1119,1144]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Aztlanolagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFC9EFBCCFB82FB81" bold="true" box="[864,1069,1119,1143]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Aztlanolagus agilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45527FFBBFBCBFBF3FAE6FB8E" author="Russell, B. D. &amp; A. H. Harris" box="[1077,1353,1120,1144]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="632 - 639" refId="ref7006" refString="Russell, B. D., and A. H. Harris. 1986. A new leporine (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) from Wisconsinan deposits of the Chihuahuan Desert. Journal of Mammalogy 67: 632 - 639." type="journal article" year="1986">Russell and Harris, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9954055527FFBBFC7EFB1BFA81FB56" blockId="3.[864,1522,1160,1954]" box="[896,1326,1160,1184]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFC7EFB1BFBC9FB56" bold="true" box="[896,1126,1160,1184]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Referred Specimens</emphasis>
—See Appendix 1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33C078E5527FFBBFC7EFB3BFA5DF8B6" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9954055527FFBBFC7EFB3BFA5DF8B6" blockId="3.[864,1522,1160,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFC7EFB3BFBA7FB36" bold="true" box="[896,1032,1192,1216]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Description</emphasis>
—The p3s of
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865527FFBBFB5FFB34FAC0FB49" box="[1185,1391,1191,1215]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Aztlanolagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFB5FFB34FAC0FB49" bold="true" box="[1185,1391,1191,1215]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Aztlanolagus agilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are characterized by the presence of five reentrant folds (
<figureCitation id="131D48805527FFBBFAA1FB5BFA00FB16" box="[1375,1455,1224,1248]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[112,180,546,568]" captionTargetBox="[114,765,193,525]" captionTargetId="figure-799@4.[114,765,192,526]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Leporid teeth from Cathedral Cave. A. Enamel pattern and terminology for the p3; B. Right p3 of Aztlanolagus agilis (TMM 43693-1750) from Cathedral Cave; C. Left p3 of Brachylagus idahoensis (TMM 43693-1777) from Cathedral Cave; D. Right p3 of Brachylagus coloradoensis (TMM 43693- 1774) from Cathedral Cave. Scale bars equal 1 mm." pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Fig. 4a</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45527FFBBFA42FB5BFBE2FAF6" author="Russell, B. D. &amp; A. H. Harris" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="632 - 639" refId="ref7006" refString="Russell, B. D., and A. H. Harris. 1986. A new leporine (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) from Wisconsinan deposits of the Chihuahuan Desert. Journal of Mammalogy 67: 632 - 639." type="journal article" year="1986">Russell and Harris 1986</bibRefCitation>
). No extant North American leporid retains this pattern, and among fossil taxa only
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865527FFBBFA86FA94FA5FFAE9" authorityName="Hibbard" authorityYear="1939" box="[1400,1520,1287,1311]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Nekrolagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFA86FA94FA5FFAE9" bold="true" box="[1400,1520,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Nekrolagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45527FFBBFC2AFABBFB40FAB6" author="Russell, B. D. &amp; A. H. Harris" box="[980,1263,1320,1344]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="632 - 639" refId="ref7006" refString="Russell, B. D., and A. H. Harris. 1986. A new leporine (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) from Wisconsinan deposits of the Chihuahuan Desert. Journal of Mammalogy 67: 632 - 639." type="journal article" year="1986">Russell and Harris 1986</bibRefCitation>
). All specimens identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865527FFBBFC4EFADBFBA4FAA9" box="[944,1035,1351,1376]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Aztlanolagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFC4EFADBFBA4FAA9" bold="true" box="[944,1035,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">A. agilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibit a strongly developed anterointernal fold and a well-developed posterointernal fold (
<figureCitation id="131D48805527FFBBFA8CFAFBFA69FA76" box="[1394,1478,1384,1408]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[112,180,546,568]" captionTargetBox="[114,765,193,525]" captionTargetId="figure-799@4.[114,765,192,526]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Leporid teeth from Cathedral Cave. A. Enamel pattern and terminology for the p3; B. Right p3 of Aztlanolagus agilis (TMM 43693-1750) from Cathedral Cave; C. Left p3 of Brachylagus idahoensis (TMM 43693-1777) from Cathedral Cave; D. Right p3 of Brachylagus coloradoensis (TMM 43693- 1774) from Cathedral Cave. Scale bars equal 1 mm." pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Fig. 4b</figureCitation>
) or lake. The presence of a strongly developed anterointernal fold on the p3 distinguishes
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865527FFBBFB57FA3BFAA8FA49" box="[1193,1287,1447,1472]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Aztlanolagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFB57FA3BFB12FA36" bold="true" box="[1193,1213,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFB2EFA34FAA8FA49" bold="true" box="[1232,1287,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">agilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865527FFBBFAAFFA34FA66FA49" authorityName="Hibbard" authorityYear="1939" box="[1361,1481,1447,1471]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Nekrolagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFAAFFA34FA66FA49" bold="true" box="[1361,1481,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Nekrolagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the fold is less developed or absent (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45527FFBBFACBFA5BFC6FF9F6" author="Russell, B. D. &amp; A. H. Harris" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="632 - 639" refId="ref7006" refString="Russell, B. D., and A. H. Harris. 1986. A new leporine (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) from Wisconsinan deposits of the Chihuahuan Desert. Journal of Mammalogy 67: 632 - 639." type="journal article" year="1986">Russell and Harris 1986</bibRefCitation>
). The degree of crenulation within individual folds varies among individual specimens from Cathedral Cave.
<tableCitation id="C6A461BE5527FFBBFC9EF9BBFC19F9B6" box="[864,950,1576,1600]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[112,169,225,246]" captionText="Table 1. Variation in the number of major crenulations on the anteroexternal reentrant (AER), posterior wall of the posterointernal reentrant (PW-PIR), and posterior wall of the posteroexternal reentrant (PW-PER) in the p3 of Aztlanolagus agilis from Cathedral Cave, Nevada, by excavated level. (?) = minimum number of major crenulations. Dash (-) = data could not be evaluated. Specimen No. = unique specimen number for locality TMM 43693 (i.e., TMM 43693-1748 is the full number for the first specimen listed below)." pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Table 1</tableCitation>
summarizes the number of major crenulations in the anteroexternal reentrant, along the posterior wall of the posterointernal reentrant, and along the posterior wall of the posteroexternal reentrant. For specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865527FFBBFAADF91BFA1FF969" box="[1363,1456,1671,1696]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Aztlanolagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFAADF91BFAC8F956" bold="true" box="[1363,1383,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFA87F914FA1FF969" bold="true" box="[1401,1456,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">agilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Cathedral Cave, the p3 average length is
<quantity id="4CDEF9E05527FFBBFAD2F93BFA3DF949" box="[1324,1426,1704,1728]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.40 mm</quantity>
(n = 25; SD = 0.23; range = 1.7–2.8) and average width is
<quantity id="4CDEF9E05527FFBBFA77F95BFA5FF929" box="[1417,1520,1736,1760]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.29" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="2.29">2.29 mm</quantity>
(n = 25; SD = 0.34; range = 1.2–2.8). These are slightly larger than average measurements recorded by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45527FFBBFAEDF89BFC03F8B6" author="Winkler, A. J. &amp; Y. Tomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="391 - 396" refId="ref7445" refString="Winkler, A. J., and Y. Tomida. 1988. New records of the small leporid Aztlanolagus agilis Russell and Harris (Leporidae: Leporinae). Southwestern Naturalist 33: 391 - 396." type="journal article" year="1988">Winkler and Tomida (1988)</bibRefCitation>
for other localities in the southwestern
<collectingCountry id="F33114955527FFBBFAA6F8BBFA42F8B6" box="[1368,1517,1832,1856]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">United States</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF59048D5527FFBBFF4EF885FE70F857" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" startId="3.[176,244,1814,1836]" targetBox="[179,830,1435,1793]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9954055527FFBBFF4EF885FE70F857" blockId="3.[176,826,1814,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFF4EF885FEBEF8DD" bold="true" box="[176,273,1814,1836]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Figure 3.</emphasis>
The p3 of
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865527FFBBFE7DF885FE70F8DA" authorityName="Link" authorityYear="1795" box="[387,479,1814,1836]" class="Mammalia" family="Ochotonidae" genus="Ochotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFE7DF885FE70F8DA" bold="true" box="[387,479,1814,1836]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Ochotona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Cathedral Cave.
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFD3DF885FD7BF8DD" bold="true" box="[707,724,1814,1835]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">A</emphasis>
. Occlusal pattern and terminology discussed in text;
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFDA4F8A7FDC5F8BF" bold="true" box="[602,618,1844,1865]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">B</emphasis>
. Left p3 (TMM 43693-1814) of
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865527FFBBFEAAF8C2FE7BF891" box="[340,468,1873,1895]" class="Mammalia" family="Ochotonidae" genus="Ochotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFEAAF8C2FE1FF891" bold="true" box="[340,432,1873,1895]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Ochotona</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
from Cathedral Cave;
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFD46F8C2FD65F891" bold="true" box="[696,714,1873,1895]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">C</emphasis>
. Right p3 of
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865527FFBBFF32F8FDFEE3F872" box="[204,332,1902,1924]" class="Mammalia" family="Ochotonidae" genus="Ochotona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFF32F8FDFE87F872" bold="true" box="[204,296,1902,1924]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Ochotona</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
exhibiting a fourth reentrant fold (TMM 43693- 1856). Scale bar equals 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C33C078E5527FFBCFC7EF8DAFEF6FA2B" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9954055527FFBCFC7EF8DAFEFBFBEE" blockId="3.[864,1522,1160,1954]" lastBlockId="4.[112,771,799,1501]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFC7EF8DAFB30F896" bold="true" box="[896,1183,1864,1889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
Discussion—
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865527FFBBFBEFF8DBFB30F896" authorityName="Russell and Harris" authorityYear="1986" box="[1041,1183,1864,1888]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Aztlanolagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95288175527FFBBFBEFF8DBFB30F896" bold="true" box="[1041,1183,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Aztlanolagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is known from Blancan to late Rancholabrean deposits in the western
<collectingCountry id="F33114955527FFBBFADBF8FAFA13F874" box="[1317,1468,1897,1922]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">United States</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F33114955527FFBBFC9EF819FC17F854" box="[864,952,1930,1954]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. Records other than Cathedral Cave come from localities within Porcupine Cave, CO (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFDDEFC8CFF4FFCA1" author="Barnosky, A. D. &amp; S. B. Hopkins" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref5503" refString="Barnosky, A. D., and S. B. Hopkins. 2004. Identification of miscellaneous mammals from the Pit locality: Including Soricidae, Leporidae, Geomyidae. Pp. 169 - 171 in A. D. Barnosky (ed.). Biodiversity Response to Climate Change in the Middle Pleistocene-The Porcupine Cave fauna from Colorado. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA." type="book" year="2004">Barnosky and Hopkins 2004</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFF15FCD3FED7FCA1" author="Baxter, C. N." box="[235,376,831,855]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref5575" refString="Baxter, C. N. 2004. Leporidae of the DMNH Velvet Room excavations and Mark's Sink. Pp. 164 - 168 in A. D. Barnosky (ed.). Biodiversity Response to Climate Change in the Middle Pleistocene: The Porcupine Cave Fauna from Colorado. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA." type="book" year="2004">Baxter 2004</bibRefCitation>
), and localities in northern
<collectingCountry id="F33114955520FFBCFD58FCACFD53FCA1" box="[678,764,831,855]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, New
<collectingRegion id="49E29AE75520FFBCFF55FCCCFEAEFC81" box="[171,257,863,887]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Mexico</collectingRegion>
, Arizona, and Texas (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFE12FCCCFD54FC81" author="Russell, B. D. &amp; A. H. Harris" box="[492,763,863,887]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="632 - 639" refId="ref7006" refString="Russell, B. D., and A. H. Harris. 1986. A new leporine (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) from Wisconsinan deposits of the Chihuahuan Desert. Journal of Mammalogy 67: 632 - 639." type="journal article" year="1986">Russell and Harris 1986</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFF8EFC13FE36FC6E" author="Winkler, A. J. &amp; Y. Tomida" box="[112,409,896,920]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="391 - 396" refId="ref7445" refString="Winkler, A. J., and Y. Tomida. 1988. New records of the small leporid Aztlanolagus agilis Russell and Harris (Leporidae: Leporinae). Southwestern Naturalist 33: 391 - 396." type="journal article" year="1988">Winkler and Tomida 1988</bibRefCitation>
). Although
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFDE3FC13FF14FC4E" author="Winkler, A. J. &amp; Y. Tomida" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="391 - 396" refId="ref7445" refString="Winkler, A. J., and Y. Tomida. 1988. New records of the small leporid Aztlanolagus agilis Russell and Harris (Leporidae: Leporinae). Southwestern Naturalist 33: 391 - 396." type="journal article" year="1988">Winkler and Tomida (1988)</bibRefCitation>
tentatively referred all specimens that they examined to
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFF8EFC53FEDDFC2E" authority=", Baxter (2004)" authorityName=", Baxter" authorityYear="2004" box="[112,370,960,984]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Aztlanolagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFF8EFC53FF7FFC2E" bold="true" box="[112,208,960,984]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">A. agilis,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFF29FC52FEDDFC2E" author="Baxter, C. N." box="[215,370,960,984]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref5575" refString="Baxter, C. N. 2004. Leporidae of the DMNH Velvet Room excavations and Mark's Sink. Pp. 164 - 168 in A. D. Barnosky (ed.). Biodiversity Response to Climate Change in the Middle Pleistocene: The Porcupine Cave Fauna from Colorado. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA." type="book" year="2004">Baxter (2004)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
reported Porcupine Cave specimens as
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFF70FC73FEFBFC0E" box="[142,340,992,1016]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Aztlanolagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFF70FC73FEB3FC0E" bold="true" box="[142,284,992,1016]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Aztlanolagus</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
because of variation in tooth size and crenulation patterns.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF59048D5520FFBCFF8EFDB1FDDAFD3C" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" startId="4.[112,180,546,568]" targetBox="[114,765,193,525]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9954055520FFBCFF8EFDB1FD65FD84" blockId="4.[112,736,546,715]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFF8EFDB1FF7EFDC1" bold="true" box="[112,209,546,568]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Leporid teeth from Cathedral Cave.
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFDBBFDB1FDF9FDC1" bold="true" box="[581,598,546,567]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">A</emphasis>
. Enamel pattern and terminology for the p3;
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFE43FDD3FE62FDA3" bold="true" box="[445,461,576,597]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">B</emphasis>
. Right p3 of
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFDA9FDACFF0DFD84" authorityName=", Baxter" authorityYear="2004" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Aztlanolagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFDA9FDACFF0DFD84" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Aztlanolagus agilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(TMM 43693-1750) from Cathedral Cave;
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFDA1FDCEFDDEFD85" bold="true" box="[607,625,605,627]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">C</emphasis>
. Left p3
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9954055520FFBCFF8EFDE9FDDAFD3C" blockId="4.[112,736,546,715]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
of
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFF72FDE9FEC7FD66" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[140,360,634,656]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="idahoensis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFF72FDE9FEC7FD66" bold="true" box="[140,360,634,656]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Brachylagus idahoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(TMM 43693-1777) from Cathedral Cave;
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFF50FD0BFF6DFD5B" bold="true" box="[174,194,664,685]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">D</emphasis>
. Right p3 of
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFEB5FD04FDEEFD5B" box="[331,577,663,685]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Brachylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coloradoensis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFEB5FD04FDEEFD5B" bold="true" box="[331,577,663,685]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Brachylagus coloradoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(TMM 43693- 1774) from Cathedral Cave. Scale bars equal 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9954055520FFBCFF6EFBB3FE0BFAED" blockId="4.[112,771,799,1501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFF6EFBB3FEB1FBCE" authorityName="Russell and Harris" authorityYear="1986" box="[144,286,1056,1080]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Aztlanolagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFF6EFBB3FEB1FBCE" bold="true" box="[144,286,1056,1080]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Aztlanolagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be synonymous with
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<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFDA2FBB3FD57FBCE" bold="true" box="[604,760,1056,1080]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Pliopentalagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, an extinct leporid known mostly from
<collectingCountry id="F33114955520FFBCFDD4FBD2FDC3FBAF" box="[554,620,1089,1113]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">China</collectingCountry>
that has five reentrant folds on the p3 (
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,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB729F45520FFBCFD4BFBF1FD5BFB8C" author="Tomida, Y. &amp; C. Jin" box="[693,756,1122,1146]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref7193" refString="Tomida, Y., and C. Jin. 2004. Aztlanolagus (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) revisited: Origin, migration, evolution, and taxonomy. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (3, Supplement): 121 A - 122 A." type="journal volume" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
). However, until the argument for synonymy is formalized,
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<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFF8EFB31FEAEFB4C" bold="true" box="[112,257,1186,1210]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Aztlanolagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be retained. Taxonomic issues notwithstanding, the disappearance of
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFDFAFB51FDCEFB2C" authorityName=", Baxter" authorityYear="2004" box="[516,609,1218,1242]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Aztlanolagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFDFAFB51FDCEFB2C" bold="true" box="[516,609,1218,1242]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">A. agilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the few known late Quaternary small mammal extinctions in continental North America.
</paragraph>
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<materialsCitation id="3B4E5E585520FFBCFF6EFAB0FEFBFA2B" location="Smith Creek Cave" municipality="Cathedral Cave" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nevada">
The records of
<taxonomicName id="4C262F865520FFBCFEC1FAB0FDA2FACD" authorityName=", Baxter" authorityYear="2004" box="[319,525,1315,1339]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Aztlanolagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFEC1FAB0FDA2FACD" bold="true" box="[319,525,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Aztlanolagus agilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
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presented here represent its first known occurrence in the Great Basin. The only other specimen known from the Great Basin is unnumbered in bulk material from
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,
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, housed at the
<collectingRegion id="49E29AE75520FFBCFE3AFA37FDF9FA4A" box="[452,598,1444,1468]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Nevada State</collectingRegion>
Museum (Jass
<emphasis id="B95288175520FFBCFF8EFA57FEE8FA2A" bold="true" box="[112,327,1476,1500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">personal observation</emphasis>
)
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.
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ORDER:
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SUBORDER: MYSTICETI
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FAMILY
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ANTILOCAPRIDAE
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GENUS: indeterminate
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<emphasis id="84F0B67D915EDA458A367C5B17EE5FF4" bold="true" box="[112,207,1905,1927]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Stratigraphy of the Harrison Formation of the Niobrara Valley (drawn by D. A. Yatkola, previously unpublished). Note location of Ellicott Ranch Local fauna in Section 2.
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<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448A967BEB16B958AB" bold="true" box="[208,408,193,217]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Referred material</emphasis>
—
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48020, a partial left mandible.
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<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448A967BCB15BA59EA" blockId="3.[176,834,193,503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448A967BCB1663588B" bold="true" box="[208,322,225,249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Diagnosis</emphasis>
—Moderately hypsodont selenodont lower molars with small ectostylids, but lacking other accessory features (such as metastylids found in later
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA4488707A0B1594594A" baseAuthorityName="Janis and Manning" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[566,693,289,312]" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" genus="Paracosoryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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). Length of m2 =
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, width =
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(N=1). The hypoconulid of the m3 has a sulcus on the posterolabial aspect, extending dorsoventrally for the entire exposed length.
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FE9E39E4915FDA438A967AB516335E24" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448A967AB515355985" blockId="3.[176,834,193,503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448A967AB5166E59C5" bold="true" box="[208,335,415,439]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Comments</emphasis>
—The only antilocaprid yet known from the Arikareean. Taxonomic assignment is provisional pending revision of the
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA448B117AF515305985" box="[343,529,479,503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Merycodontinae">Merycodontinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448BDC793514615AF4" blockId="3.[176,598,545,605]" lastBlockId="3.[176,833,623,1798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
DESCRIPTION
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448AF6796C16E75A2C" bold="true" box="[176,454,582,607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Mandible and dentition</emphasis>
KUVP 48020 (
<figureCitation id="2EBF76EA915FDA448B38794416CA5AF5" box="[382,491,622,647]" captionStart="Figures 2–4" captionStartId="3.[864,941,1169,1191]" captionTargetBox="[864,1520,193,1144]" captionTargetId="figure-709@3.[864,1520,192,1145]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 2–4. KUVP 48020. 2. left labial view. 3. occlusal (dorsal) view. 4. right lingual view." pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Figs. 2–4</figureCitation>
) is a partial mandible with all
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448AF679A416535C14" blockId="3.[176,833,623,1798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
three molars intact and fully erupted. Except for the broken distal root of the p4, the mandible anterior to the first molar is missing. The body of the mandible immediately below the teeth is complete and the inferior beginning of the ramus is preserved. Nothing remains of the angle of the mandible, the coronoid process or the mandibular condyle posteriorly, though the mandibular foramen is preserved. The depth of the mandible below the m2 =
<quantity id="717CC78A915FDA44884E7844157C5BF7" box="[520,605,878,902]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
. It steadily increases to
<quantity id="717CC78A915FDA448A8978A416375BD4" box="[207,278,910,934]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="19.0">19mm</quantity>
at the level of the m3 hypoconulid, most likely to accommodate a more hypsodont m3. Other merycodontines, such as
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA448B4278E416A25B97" baseAuthorityName="Janis and Manning" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[260,387,974,997]" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" genus="Paracosoryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448B4278E416A25B97" bold="true" box="[260,387,974,997]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Paracosoryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, maintain a roughly uniform mandibular depth along these teeth, suggesting that this Arikareean merycodontine had slightly more hypsodont m3s or an enlarged site of attachment for the masseter and/or medial pterygoid muscles, or both.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448A967F44140E5D54" blockId="3.[176,833,623,1798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">The dentition is in an advanced, but not senescent stage of wear, with all dentine lakes connected, including that of the hypoconulid. The infundibulum of the m1 is nearly worn away, and if there was an infundibulum of the m3 hypoconulid, it is now missing. All that remains of the p4 is part of the distal root in the broken end of the mandibular body.</paragraph>
<caption id="E2FB3AE7915FDA4489267FBB13B05CB7" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" startId="3.[864,941,1169,1191]" targetBox="[864,1520,193,1144]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA4489267FBB13B05CB7" blockId="3.[864,1502,1169,1221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA4489267FBB14C55CD4" bold="true" box="[864,996,1169,1191]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Figures 2–4.</emphasis>
KUVP 48020.
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448EC57FBB13B85CD4" bold="true" box="[1155,1177,1169,1190]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">2.</emphasis>
left labial view.
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448F7C7FBB126E5CD4" bold="true" box="[1338,1359,1169,1190]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">3.</emphasis>
occlusal (dorsal) view.
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA4489847F8514F65CB6" bold="true" box="[962,983,1199,1220]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">4.</emphasis>
right lingual view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448A967E0416F75F74" blockId="3.[176,833,623,1798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
Unlike
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA448B597E0716CB5D37" authority=", KUVP" authorityName="KUVP" box="[287,490,1325,1349]" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" genus="Merycodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448B597E0716B15D37" bold="true" box="[287,400,1325,1349]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Merycodus</emphasis>
, KUVP
</taxonomicName>
48020 possesses ectostylids on the lower m1 and m2 (this region in the m3 is covered in calculus). Unlike
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA448B177E4416F15DF7" baseAuthorityName="Janis and Manning" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[337,464,1390,1413]" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" genus="Paracosoryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448B177E4416F15DF7" bold="true" box="[337,464,1390,1413]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Paracosoryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it does not have any metastylids. An apomorphic feature of KUVP 48020 is the hypoconulid of the m3. A shallow vertical groove on its postero-labial edge makes the hypoconulid C-shaped in cross section (visible in occlusal view). Due to the advanced stage of wear, it is uncertain whether this hypoconulid was one solid cusp or a double posterior lobe. Because this shallow vertical groove is on the labial aspect, it differs from both conditions (open and closed) of the posterior lobe
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA4488267D4415B95EF7" bold="true" box="[608,664,1646,1669]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915FDA4488D87D4416215ED4" author="Janis, C. M. &amp; K. M. Scott" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref4532" refString="Janis, C. M., and K. M. Scott. 1987. The interrelationships of higher ruminant families with special emphasis on the members of the Cervoidea. American Museum Novitates 2893: 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1987">Janis and Scott (1987)</bibRefCitation>
. This posterolabial groove of the m3 hypoconulid is not reported in
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA448B1E7D8416F45EB7" baseAuthorityName="Janis and Manning" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[344,469,1710,1733]" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" genus="Paracosoryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448B1E7D8416F45EB7" bold="true" box="[344,469,1710,1733]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Paracosoryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA448BBE7D8717D75E94" authority="(Janis and Manning 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Janis and Manning" baseAuthorityYear="1998" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" genus="Merycodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448BBE7D8715465EB7" bold="true" box="[504,615,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Merycodus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915FDA4488327D8417CC5E94" author="Janis, C. M. &amp; E. Manning" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" refId="ref4573" refString="Janis, C. M., and E. Manning. 1998. Antilocapridae. Pp. 491 - 507 in C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." type="book" year="1998">Janis and Manning 1998</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and is not present in any specimens identified as such in the AMNH collections.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448AF67C0F166B5F4F" blockId="3.[176,330,1829,1853]" box="[176,330,1829,1853]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448AF67C0F166B5F4F" bold="true" box="[176,330,1829,1853]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Comparisons</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448A967C6412D05D97" blockId="3.[176,832,1870,1958]" lastBlockId="3.[864,1523,1293,1958]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Differentiating this mandible from other Late Arikareean artiodactyls of similar size is difficult, particularly because many taxa within this size range lack both cranial appendages and well-diagnosed dental characteristics. Future studies of intraspecific variation from large samples of these relatively smaller artiodactyls may better clarify their range of variation. The combination of dental characteristics and mandibular depth preserved in KUVP 48020 is not found in other contemporaneous selenodont artiodactyl groups, including gelocids, leptomerycids, hypertragulids, moschids and camelids.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA4489C67EC713185F14" blockId="3.[864,1523,1293,1958]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
The Family
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA448E427EC713505E77" box="[1028,1137,1517,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Gelocidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gelocidae</taxonomicName>
is typically characterized by an anterior cingulum on the lower molars (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915FDA448EB97D2712C95E54" author="Janis, C. M. &amp; K. M. Scott" box="[1279,1512,1549,1574]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref4532" refString="Janis, C. M., and K. M. Scott. 1987. The interrelationships of higher ruminant families with special emphasis on the members of the Cervoidea. American Museum Novitates 2893: 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1987">Janis and Scott 1987</bibRefCitation>
) and brachydont lower molars (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915FDA448EE47D0712C65E34" author="Metais, G. &amp; I. A. Vislobokova" box="[1186,1511,1581,1606]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" refId="ref4803" refString="Metais, G., and I. A. Vislobokova. 2007. Basal ruminants. Pp. 227 - 240 in D. R. Prothero and S. E. Foss (eds.). The Evolution of Artiodactyls. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore." type="book" year="2007">Métais and Vislobokova 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Like KUVP 48020, gelocids lack metastylids, although this is where the similarities end. Gelocids have only a remnant of a paraconid present, crowded metaconids and entoconids and a trace of the
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA448E687D8713E65EB7" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1833" box="[1070,1223,1709,1733]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Dorcatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448E687D8713E65EB7" bold="true" box="[1070,1223,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Dorcatherium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fold (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915FDA448F4A7D8714F85E94" author="Metais, G. &amp; I. A. Vislobokova" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" refId="ref4803" refString="Metais, G., and I. A. Vislobokova. 2007. Basal ruminants. Pp. 227 - 240 in D. R. Prothero and S. E. Foss (eds.). The Evolution of Artiodactyls. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore." type="book" year="2007">Métais and Vislobokova 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA4489A97DE7134C5E97" authorityName="Frick" authorityYear="1937" box="[1007,1133,1741,1765]" class="Mammalia" family="Gelocidae" genus="Pseudoceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA4489A97DE7134C5E97" bold="true" box="[1007,1133,1741,1765]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Pseudoceras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only known North American gelocid (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915FDA4489F97DC7131B5F74" author="Frick, C." box="[959,1082,1773,1798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 669" refId="ref4300" refString="Frick, C. 1937. Horned ruminants of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History LXIX: 1 - 669." type="book chapter" year="1937">Frick 1937</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915FDA448E0E7DC712795F74" author="Webb, S. D. &amp; S. C. Perrigo" box="[1096,1368,1773,1798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" pagination="237 - 254" refId="ref5391" refString="Webb, S. D., and S. C. Perrigo. 1984. Late Cenozoic vertebrates from Honduras and El Salvador. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4: 237 - 254." type="journal article" year="1984">Webb and Perrigo 1984</bibRefCitation>
), differs from KUVP
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having a posteriorly directed metaconid and a hypoconid enclosing a narrow fossettid (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915FDA448F347C07130C5F14" author="Metais, G. &amp; I. A. Vislobokova" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" refId="ref4803" refString="Metais, G., and I. A. Vislobokova. 2007. Basal ruminants. Pp. 227 - 240 in D. R. Prothero and S. E. Foss (eds.). The Evolution of Artiodactyls. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore." type="book" year="2007">Métais and Vislobokova 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA4389C67C4716EA592B" blockId="3.[864,1523,1293,1958]" lastBlockId="4.[112,770,193,1622]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
Leptomerycids are perhaps the best candidate outside of merycodontines for the placement of KUVP 48020 based primarily on size and the lack of distinctive lower molar characters, although their mandibular ramus depth is much less.
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438A367A2A17FF596A" authorityName="Koerner" authorityYear="1940" box="[112,222,256,280]" class="Mammalia" family="Leptomerycidae" genus="Pronodens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438A367A2A17FF596A" bold="true" box="[112,222,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Pronodens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is larger than KUVP 48020 with broader lower molars (molar width
<typeStatus id="693FD4CD9158DA438B157A0B1692594B" box="[339,435,289,313]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
m2 =
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) (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA4388197A0B15DD594B" author="Koerner, H. E." box="[607,764,289,313]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" pagination="837 - 862" refId="ref4632" refString="Koerner, H. E. 1940. The geology and vertebrate paleontology of the Fort Logan and Deep River Formation of Montana. American Journal of Science 238: 837 - 862." type="journal article" year="1940">Koerner 1940</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA438A367A6A169E592B" author="Metais, G. &amp; I. A. Vislobokova" box="[112,447,320,345]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" refId="ref4803" refString="Metais, G., and I. A. Vislobokova. 2007. Basal ruminants. Pp. 227 - 240 in D. R. Prothero and S. E. Foss (eds.). The Evolution of Artiodactyls. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore." type="book" year="2007">Métais and Vislobokova 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F9158DA438AD67A4A15825B64" blockId="4.[112,770,193,1622]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">
The hypertragulids, including
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438BA47A4A155E590A" box="[482,639,352,376]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypertragulidae" genus="Hypertragulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438BA47A4A155E590A" bold="true" box="[482,639,352,376]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Hypertragulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA4388FF7A4A17EB59E5" authorityName="Lull" authorityYear="1922" class="Mammalia" family="Hypertragulidae" genus="Nanotragulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA4388FF7A4A17EB59E5" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Nanotragulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, share one feature with KUVP 48020: an enlarged masseteric fossa and mandibular angle (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA4388517A8A15B459CA" author="Frick, C." box="[535,661,416,440]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 669" refId="ref4300" refString="Frick, C. 1937. Horned ruminants of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History LXIX: 1 - 669." type="book chapter" year="1937">Frick 1937</bibRefCitation>
). Though the mandibular angle is not preserved in KUVP 48020, the posterior portion of the inferior rim of the mandibular ramus preserves the ventral projection of the most anterior part of an enlarged masseteric fossa. This ventral projection can be seen in
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438A867914167D5A24" box="[192,348,574,598]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypertragulidae" genus="Hypertragulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438A867914167D5A24" bold="true" box="[192,348,574,598]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Hypertragulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well, though it should be noted that hypertragulids (including the
<typeStatus id="693FD4CD9158DA438B8E7974150B5A04" box="[456,554,606,630]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA43881C797417E95AE4" authority=", AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" class="Mammalia" family="Hypertragulidae" genus="Hypertragulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA43881C797415D95A04" bold="true" box="[602,760,606,630]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Hypertragulus</emphasis>
, AMNH
</taxonomicName>
6815) otherwise differ from KUVP
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having brachydont lower molars with a shallow mandibular ramus depth. Also,
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438ABC799716B45AA7" box="[250,405,701,725]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypertragulidae" genus="Hypertragulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438ABC799716B45AA7" bold="true" box="[250,405,701,725]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Hypertragulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has prominent anterior cingula as well as accessory cuspids, unlike KUVP 48020 (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA43883179F7178A5B64" author="Vislobokova, I. A." pageId="4" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref5232" refString="Vislobokova, I. A. 1998. A new representative of the Hypertraguloidea (Tragulina, Ruminantia) from the Khoer-Dzan locality in Mongolia, with remarks on the relationship of the Hypertragulidae. American Museum Novitates 3225: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1998">Vislobokova 1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA438AFE79D7161A5B64" author="Webb, S. D." box="[184,315,765,790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" refId="ref5337" refString="Webb, S. D. 1998. Hornless ruminants. Pp. 463 - 476 in C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." type="book" year="1998">Webb 1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA438B0E79D715B65B64" author="Metais, G. &amp; I. A. Vislobokova" box="[328,663,765,790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" refId="ref4803" refString="Metais, G., and I. A. Vislobokova. 2007. Basal ruminants. Pp. 227 - 240 in D. R. Prothero and S. E. Foss (eds.). The Evolution of Artiodactyls. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore." type="book" year="2007">Métais and Vislobokova 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F9158DA438AD6783715655B84" blockId="4.[112,770,193,1622]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">
The only members of the
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438BF6783715065B47" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[432,551,797,821]" class="Mammalia" family="Moschidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Moschidae</taxonomicName>
that immigrated to North America were the Blastomerycinae, which consist of six genera (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA438A80787716505B04" author="Prothero, D. R." box="[198,369,861,886]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" refId="ref4855" refString="Prothero, D. R. 2007. Family Moschidae. Pp. 221 - 226 in D. R. Prothero and S. E. Foss (eds.). The Evolution of Artiodactyls. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore." type="book" year="2007">Prothero 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Unlike gelocids and KUVP 48020, moschid lower molars have metastylids like
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438800785415E45BE7" baseAuthorityName="Janis and Manning" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[582,709,894,917]" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" genus="Paracosoryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438800785415E45BE7" bold="true" box="[582,709,894,917]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Paracosoryx</emphasis>
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. Unlike moschids, antilocaprid metaconid crests (including that of
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438ACB7894162D5BA7" baseAuthorityName="Janis and Manning" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[141,268,958,981]" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" genus="Paracosoryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438ACB7894162D5BA7" bold="true" box="[141,268,958,981]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Paracosoryx</emphasis>
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and KUVP 48020) are not anteriorly directed to meet the paraconid crest (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA438BE978F715165B84" author="Webb, S. D." box="[431,567,989,1014]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" refId="ref5337" refString="Webb, S. D. 1998. Hornless ruminants. Pp. 463 - 476 in C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." type="book" year="1998">Webb 1998</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F9158DA438AD678D416C05D04" blockId="4.[112,770,193,1622]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">
KUVP 48020 can be differentiated from camelids in general because it lacks the labial ribs and entostylids of the postcanine dentition that are considered characteristic of the
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438ADA7F7716325C07" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[156,275,1117,1141]" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Camelidae</taxonomicName>
. Of the stenomylines,
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA4388487F7715A55C07" authorityName="Peterson" authorityYear="1906" box="[526,644,1117,1141]" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Stenomylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA4388487F7715A55C07" bold="true" box="[526,644,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Stenomylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only known Arikareean taxon, and although its molars are also hypsodont, the m3s of stenomyline camels are characteristically extremely elongated anteroposteriorly (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA43882C7F94178C5C84" author="Honey, J. G. &amp; J. A. Harrison &amp; D. R. Prothero &amp; M. S. Stevens" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" refId="ref4412" refString="Honey, J. G., J. A. Harrison, D. R. Prothero, and M. S. Stevens. 1998. Camelidae. Pp. 439 - 462 in C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Volume 1: Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals. Cambridge University Press, New York." type="book" year="1998">Honey et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
), which KUVP 48020 is not. The protolabine camelid
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<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438A367FD717F25D67" bold="true" box="[112,211,1277,1301]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Michenia</emphasis>
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is known from this time period, but is differentiated from KUVP 48020 by its more slender mandibular ramus and larger teeth (length of m2 =
<quantity id="717CC78A9158DA438BAF7E17155A5D24" box="[489,635,1341,1366]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.04" metricValueMax="2.48" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="20.4" valueMax="24.8" valueMin="16.0">16–24.8 mm</quantity>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA4388D27E1717D95D04" author="Frick, C. &amp; B. E. Taylor" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref4326" refString="Frick, C., and B. E. Taylor. 1971. Michenia, a new protolabine (Mammalia, Camelidae) and a brief review of the early taxonomic history of the genus Protolabis. American Museum Novitates 2444: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1971">Frick and Taylor 1971</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA438B437E7416F45D04" author="Honey, J. G. &amp; J. A. Harrison &amp; D. R. Prothero &amp; M. S. Stevens" box="[261,469,1373,1398]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" refId="ref4412" refString="Honey, J. G., J. A. Harrison, D. R. Prothero, and M. S. Stevens. 1998. Camelidae. Pp. 439 - 462 in C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Volume 1: Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals. Cambridge University Press, New York." type="book" year="1998">Honey et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F9158DA438AD67E5716335E24" blockId="4.[112,770,193,1622]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">
Lastly, KUVP 48020 is differentiated from the contemporary ruminant,
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<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438B207EB716D35DC7" bold="true" box="[358,498,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Delahomeryx</emphasis>
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, on the basis of molar morphology. The dentition of
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<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438B957E97157E5DA7" bold="true" box="[467,607,1469,1493]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Delahomeryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is larger than KUVP 48020 (
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<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438B617EF716975D87" bold="true" box="[295,438,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Delahomeryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
m2 length
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). The entoconid overlaps the hypoconulid and the protocone has unusual intercolumnar tubercles (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA438B9C7D34158A5E47" author="Stevens, M. S. &amp; J. B. Stevens &amp; M. R. Dawson" box="[474,683,1565,1590]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref5025" refString="Stevens, M. S., J. B. Stevens, and M. R. Dawson. 1969. New early Miocene formation and vertebrate local fauna, Big Bend National Park, Brewster County, Texas. Pearce-Sellards Series, Texas Memorial Museum 15: 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1969">Stevens et al. 1969</bibRefCitation>
), unlike KUVP 48020.
</paragraph>
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MUSTELIDAE
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SUBFAMILY: MUSTELINAE
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