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<document id="F11E15125E9A10F5CE2B6C2C582F52A6" ID-ISSN="0031-0298" checkinTime="1730914315859" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Brian, Larry, L. Beatty, Martin, D., Ny &amp; Ks" docDate="2009" docId="3E2DDB79915EDA4389C67A4A16335E24" docLanguage="en" docName="PaleoBios.29.1.29-35.pdf" docOrigin="PaleoBios 29 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:B33154B3886B59070E38D2B65872D2F8:PaleoBios.2009-2017.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="B33154B3886B59070E38D2B65872D2F8" docStyleName="PaleoBios.2009-2017.journal_article.1cover" docTitle="Antilocapridae Gray 1866" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="C214A301915CDA478A467B2A17215872" masterDocTitle="The earliest North American record of the Antilocapridae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)" masterLastPageNumber="35" masterPageNumber="29" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1730914316844" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FB57AA0AFA61539FAB0B634BF9FD724E">
<mods:title id="46C05CFD954BF19F9B7DDD20D26950E1">The earliest North American record of the Antilocapridae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="2741AD7C6C02D6D49BC48EADA92A00E0" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1D6A734F2126EF72985AAE5A2B398CB9">Brian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8418429603408918D53F0B2717FCB4A0">Larry, L. Beatty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A2E125741FF3D14AD490CF0ECEC70F25">Martin, D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5D4CFC051B68F36E40BD2E3CD7405D90">Ny</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DC101F7E6E2421BF102208C3964D42AF">Ks</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A69D077904F235A9D2A1BC25D4966922">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="FFFC983DA90E7966A2953EB17A3C9E2D">
<mods:title id="1FD92AC32A9DE07A41E962D49ACCD6A1">PaleoBios</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="18AE04E4CBBF6506C85DA8830F27ED15">
<mods:date id="69D86D690BFBF9C95BE62DDDFF2DC49C">2009</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="1C4BDC72127C4BBE7DF5D0C136BA5201" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="1D0A1800F3CE2E06B3EC81F42B40E79D">2009-06-22</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="3C3B69B3F2E29B6E066649D6D0073D11" type="volume">
<mods:number id="7FB93D9F9928920EB45331FCC00F1403">29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="E07D3349A4C4081B91982F3C948567BD">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="02E7F82DA8EC4C0623320876F76F592E">29</mods:start>
<mods:end id="9894ED15576C7B57359BC8021B291685">35</mods:end>
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<mods:identifier id="79AE408E325855C4D6B8512D2C057A4C" type="ISSN">0031-0298</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="3E2DDB79915EDA4389C67A4A16335E24" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3E2DDB79915EDA4389C67A4A16335E24" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3E2DDB79915EDA4389C67A4A16335E24" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">
<subSubSection id="FE9E39E4915EDA4589C67A4A13A859E7" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915EDA4589C67A4A13A859E7" blockId="2.[800,1275,242,405]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">
<heading id="ED73DD03915EDA4589C67A4A13A859E7" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" reason="5">
FAMILY
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915EDA4589887A4A13DA5900" ID-CoL="6HR" authority="Gray, 1866" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[974,1275,346,370]" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
ANTILOCAPRIDAE
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915EDA458EC67A7013DA5900" author="Gray, J. E." box="[1152,1275,346,370]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" pagination="323 - 326" refId="ref4373" refString="Gray, J. E. 1866. Notes on the pronghorn buck (Antilocapra) and its position in the system. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3: 323 - 326, 468 - 469." type="journal article" year="1866">Gray, 1866</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
GENUS: indeterminate
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="E2FB3AE7915EDA458A367C5B157F5FD6" pageId="2" pageNumber="30" startId="2.[112,180,1905,1927]" targetBox="[112,1456,477,1891]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915EDA458A367C5B157F5FD6" blockId="2.[112,1438,1905,1957]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915EDA458A367C5B17EE5FF4" bold="true" box="[112,207,1905,1927]" pageId="2" pageNumber="30">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Stratigraphy of the Harrison Formation of the Niobrara Valley (drawn by D. A. Yatkola, previously unpublished). Note location of Ellicott Ranch Local fauna in Section 2.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="FE9E39E4915FDA448A967BEB146358A8" box="[208,834,193,218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448A967BEB146358A8" blockId="3.[176,834,193,503]" box="[208,834,193,218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448A967BEB16B958AB" bold="true" box="[208,408,193,217]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Referred material</emphasis>
—
<collectionCode id="D095F2AA915FDA448BF47BE816D658AB" box="[434,503,194,217]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">KUVP</collectionCode>
48020, a partial left mandible.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FE9E39E4915FDA448A967BCB15BA59EA" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448A967BCB15BA59EA" blockId="3.[176,834,193,503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448A967BCB1663588B" bold="true" box="[208,322,225,249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Diagnosis</emphasis>
—Moderately hypsodont selenodont lower molars with small ectostylids, but lacking other accessory features (such as metastylids found in later
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA4488707A0B1594594A" baseAuthorityName="Janis and Manning" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[566,693,289,312]" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" genus="Paracosoryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA4488707A0B1594594A" bold="true" box="[566,693,289,312]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Paracosoryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Length of m2 =
<quantity id="717CC78A915FDA448AB57A6A166E592A" box="[243,335,320,344]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="6.8">6.8 mm</quantity>
, width =
<quantity id="717CC78A915FDA448BFA7A6A1503592A" box="[444,546,320,344]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.73" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="5.73">5.73 mm</quantity>
(N=1). The hypoconulid of the m3 has a sulcus on the posterolabial aspect, extending dorsoventrally for the entire exposed length.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FE9E39E4915FDA438A967AB516335E24" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448A967AB515355985" blockId="3.[176,834,193,503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448A967AB5166E59C5" bold="true" box="[208,335,415,439]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Comments</emphasis>
—The only antilocaprid yet known from the Arikareean. Taxonomic assignment is provisional pending revision of the
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA448B117AF515305985" box="[343,529,479,503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Merycodontinae">Merycodontinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448BDC793514615AF4" blockId="3.[176,598,545,605]" lastBlockId="3.[176,833,623,1798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
DESCRIPTION
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448AF6796C16E75A2C" bold="true" box="[176,454,582,607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Mandible and dentition</emphasis>
KUVP 48020 (
<figureCitation id="2EBF76EA915FDA448B38794416CA5AF5" box="[382,491,622,647]" captionStart="Figures 2–4" captionStartId="3.[864,941,1169,1191]" captionTargetBox="[864,1520,193,1144]" captionTargetId="figure-709@3.[864,1520,192,1145]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 2–4. KUVP 48020. 2. left labial view. 3. occlusal (dorsal) view. 4. right lingual view." pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Figs. 2–4</figureCitation>
) is a partial mandible with all
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448AF679A416535C14" blockId="3.[176,833,623,1798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
three molars intact and fully erupted. Except for the broken distal root of the p4, the mandible anterior to the first molar is missing. The body of the mandible immediately below the teeth is complete and the inferior beginning of the ramus is preserved. Nothing remains of the angle of the mandible, the coronoid process or the mandibular condyle posteriorly, though the mandibular foramen is preserved. The depth of the mandible below the m2 =
<quantity id="717CC78A915FDA44884E7844157C5BF7" box="[520,605,878,902]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
. It steadily increases to
<quantity id="717CC78A915FDA448A8978A416375BD4" box="[207,278,910,934]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="19.0">19mm</quantity>
at the level of the m3 hypoconulid, most likely to accommodate a more hypsodont m3. Other merycodontines, such as
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA448B4278E416A25B97" baseAuthorityName="Janis and Manning" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[260,387,974,997]" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" genus="Paracosoryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448B4278E416A25B97" bold="true" box="[260,387,974,997]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Paracosoryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, maintain a roughly uniform mandibular depth along these teeth, suggesting that this Arikareean merycodontine had slightly more hypsodont m3s or an enlarged site of attachment for the masseter and/or medial pterygoid muscles, or both.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448A967F44140E5D54" blockId="3.[176,833,623,1798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">The dentition is in an advanced, but not senescent stage of wear, with all dentine lakes connected, including that of the hypoconulid. The infundibulum of the m1 is nearly worn away, and if there was an infundibulum of the m3 hypoconulid, it is now missing. All that remains of the p4 is part of the distal root in the broken end of the mandibular body.</paragraph>
<caption id="E2FB3AE7915FDA4489267FBB13B05CB7" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" startId="3.[864,941,1169,1191]" targetBox="[864,1520,193,1144]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA4489267FBB13B05CB7" blockId="3.[864,1502,1169,1221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA4489267FBB14C55CD4" bold="true" box="[864,996,1169,1191]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Figures 2–4.</emphasis>
KUVP 48020.
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448EC57FBB13B85CD4" bold="true" box="[1155,1177,1169,1190]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">2.</emphasis>
left labial view.
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448F7C7FBB126E5CD4" bold="true" box="[1338,1359,1169,1190]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">3.</emphasis>
occlusal (dorsal) view.
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA4489847F8514F65CB6" bold="true" box="[962,983,1199,1220]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">4.</emphasis>
right lingual view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448A967E0416F75F74" blockId="3.[176,833,623,1798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
Unlike
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA448B597E0716CB5D37" authority=", KUVP" authorityName="KUVP" box="[287,490,1325,1349]" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" genus="Merycodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448B597E0716B15D37" bold="true" box="[287,400,1325,1349]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Merycodus</emphasis>
, KUVP
</taxonomicName>
48020 possesses ectostylids on the lower m1 and m2 (this region in the m3 is covered in calculus). Unlike
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA448B177E4416F15DF7" baseAuthorityName="Janis and Manning" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[337,464,1390,1413]" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" genus="Paracosoryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448B177E4416F15DF7" bold="true" box="[337,464,1390,1413]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Paracosoryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it does not have any metastylids. An apomorphic feature of KUVP 48020 is the hypoconulid of the m3. A shallow vertical groove on its postero-labial edge makes the hypoconulid C-shaped in cross section (visible in occlusal view). Due to the advanced stage of wear, it is uncertain whether this hypoconulid was one solid cusp or a double posterior lobe. Because this shallow vertical groove is on the labial aspect, it differs from both conditions (open and closed) of the posterior lobe
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA4488267D4415B95EF7" bold="true" box="[608,664,1646,1669]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915FDA4488D87D4416215ED4" author="Janis, C. M. &amp; K. M. Scott" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref4532" refString="Janis, C. M., and K. M. Scott. 1987. The interrelationships of higher ruminant families with special emphasis on the members of the Cervoidea. American Museum Novitates 2893: 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1987">Janis and Scott (1987)</bibRefCitation>
. This posterolabial groove of the m3 hypoconulid is not reported in
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA448B1E7D8416F45EB7" baseAuthorityName="Janis and Manning" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[344,469,1710,1733]" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" genus="Paracosoryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448B1E7D8416F45EB7" bold="true" box="[344,469,1710,1733]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Paracosoryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA448BBE7D8717D75E94" authority="(Janis and Manning 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Janis and Manning" baseAuthorityYear="1998" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" genus="Merycodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448BBE7D8715465EB7" bold="true" box="[504,615,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Merycodus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915FDA4488327D8417CC5E94" author="Janis, C. M. &amp; E. Manning" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" refId="ref4573" refString="Janis, C. M., and E. Manning. 1998. Antilocapridae. Pp. 491 - 507 in C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." type="book" year="1998">Janis and Manning 1998</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and is not present in any specimens identified as such in the AMNH collections.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448AF67C0F166B5F4F" blockId="3.[176,330,1829,1853]" box="[176,330,1829,1853]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448AF67C0F166B5F4F" bold="true" box="[176,330,1829,1853]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Comparisons</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA448A967C6412D05D97" blockId="3.[176,832,1870,1958]" lastBlockId="3.[864,1523,1293,1958]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Differentiating this mandible from other Late Arikareean artiodactyls of similar size is difficult, particularly because many taxa within this size range lack both cranial appendages and well-diagnosed dental characteristics. Future studies of intraspecific variation from large samples of these relatively smaller artiodactyls may better clarify their range of variation. The combination of dental characteristics and mandibular depth preserved in KUVP 48020 is not found in other contemporaneous selenodont artiodactyl groups, including gelocids, leptomerycids, hypertragulids, moschids and camelids.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA4489C67EC713185F14" blockId="3.[864,1523,1293,1958]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
The Family
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA448E427EC713505E77" box="[1028,1137,1517,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Gelocidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gelocidae</taxonomicName>
is typically characterized by an anterior cingulum on the lower molars (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915FDA448EB97D2712C95E54" author="Janis, C. M. &amp; K. M. Scott" box="[1279,1512,1549,1574]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref4532" refString="Janis, C. M., and K. M. Scott. 1987. The interrelationships of higher ruminant families with special emphasis on the members of the Cervoidea. American Museum Novitates 2893: 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1987">Janis and Scott 1987</bibRefCitation>
) and brachydont lower molars (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915FDA448EE47D0712C65E34" author="Metais, G. &amp; I. A. Vislobokova" box="[1186,1511,1581,1606]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" refId="ref4803" refString="Metais, G., and I. A. Vislobokova. 2007. Basal ruminants. Pp. 227 - 240 in D. R. Prothero and S. E. Foss (eds.). The Evolution of Artiodactyls. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore." type="book" year="2007">Métais and Vislobokova 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Like KUVP 48020, gelocids lack metastylids, although this is where the similarities end. Gelocids have only a remnant of a paraconid present, crowded metaconids and entoconids and a trace of the
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA448E687D8713E65EB7" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1833" box="[1070,1223,1709,1733]" class="Mammalia" family="Tragulidae" genus="Dorcatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA448E687D8713E65EB7" bold="true" box="[1070,1223,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Dorcatherium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fold (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915FDA448F4A7D8714F85E94" author="Metais, G. &amp; I. A. Vislobokova" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" refId="ref4803" refString="Metais, G., and I. A. Vislobokova. 2007. Basal ruminants. Pp. 227 - 240 in D. R. Prothero and S. E. Foss (eds.). The Evolution of Artiodactyls. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore." type="book" year="2007">Métais and Vislobokova 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="718411EC915FDA4489A97DE7134C5E97" authorityName="Frick" authorityYear="1937" box="[1007,1133,1741,1765]" class="Mammalia" family="Gelocidae" genus="Pseudoceras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D915FDA4489A97DE7134C5E97" bold="true" box="[1007,1133,1741,1765]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">Pseudoceras</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only known North American gelocid (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915FDA4489F97DC7131B5F74" author="Frick, C." box="[959,1082,1773,1798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" pagination="1 - 669" refId="ref4300" refString="Frick, C. 1937. Horned ruminants of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History LXIX: 1 - 669." type="book chapter" year="1937">Frick 1937</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915FDA448E0E7DC712795F74" author="Webb, S. D. &amp; S. C. Perrigo" box="[1096,1368,1773,1798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" pagination="237 - 254" refId="ref5391" refString="Webb, S. D., and S. C. Perrigo. 1984. Late Cenozoic vertebrates from Honduras and El Salvador. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4: 237 - 254." type="journal article" year="1984">Webb and Perrigo 1984</bibRefCitation>
), differs from KUVP
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having a posteriorly directed metaconid and a hypoconid enclosing a narrow fossettid (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E915FDA448F347C07130C5F14" author="Metais, G. &amp; I. A. Vislobokova" pageId="3" pageNumber="31" refId="ref4803" refString="Metais, G., and I. A. Vislobokova. 2007. Basal ruminants. Pp. 227 - 240 in D. R. Prothero and S. E. Foss (eds.). The Evolution of Artiodactyls. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore." type="book" year="2007">Métais and Vislobokova 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F915FDA4389C67C4716EA592B" blockId="3.[864,1523,1293,1958]" lastBlockId="4.[112,770,193,1622]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="31">
Leptomerycids are perhaps the best candidate outside of merycodontines for the placement of KUVP 48020 based primarily on size and the lack of distinctive lower molar characters, although their mandibular ramus depth is much less.
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438A367A2A17FF596A" authorityName="Koerner" authorityYear="1940" box="[112,222,256,280]" class="Mammalia" family="Leptomerycidae" genus="Pronodens" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438A367A2A17FF596A" bold="true" box="[112,222,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Pronodens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is larger than KUVP 48020 with broader lower molars (molar width
<typeStatus id="693FD4CD9158DA438B157A0B1692594B" box="[339,435,289,313]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
m2 =
<quantity id="717CC78A9158DA438BB07A0B156A594B" box="[502,587,289,313]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="7.2">7.2 mm</quantity>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA4388197A0B15DD594B" author="Koerner, H. E." box="[607,764,289,313]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" pagination="837 - 862" refId="ref4632" refString="Koerner, H. E. 1940. The geology and vertebrate paleontology of the Fort Logan and Deep River Formation of Montana. American Journal of Science 238: 837 - 862." type="journal article" year="1940">Koerner 1940</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA438A367A6A169E592B" author="Metais, G. &amp; I. A. Vislobokova" box="[112,447,320,345]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" refId="ref4803" refString="Metais, G., and I. A. Vislobokova. 2007. Basal ruminants. Pp. 227 - 240 in D. R. Prothero and S. E. Foss (eds.). The Evolution of Artiodactyls. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore." type="book" year="2007">Métais and Vislobokova 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F9158DA438AD67A4A15825B64" blockId="4.[112,770,193,1622]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">
The hypertragulids, including
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438BA47A4A155E590A" box="[482,639,352,376]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypertragulidae" genus="Hypertragulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438BA47A4A155E590A" bold="true" box="[482,639,352,376]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Hypertragulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA4388FF7A4A17EB59E5" authorityName="Lull" authorityYear="1922" class="Mammalia" family="Hypertragulidae" genus="Nanotragulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA4388FF7A4A17EB59E5" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Nanotragulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, share one feature with KUVP 48020: an enlarged masseteric fossa and mandibular angle (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA4388517A8A15B459CA" author="Frick, C." box="[535,661,416,440]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 669" refId="ref4300" refString="Frick, C. 1937. Horned ruminants of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History LXIX: 1 - 669." type="book chapter" year="1937">Frick 1937</bibRefCitation>
). Though the mandibular angle is not preserved in KUVP 48020, the posterior portion of the inferior rim of the mandibular ramus preserves the ventral projection of the most anterior part of an enlarged masseteric fossa. This ventral projection can be seen in
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438A867914167D5A24" box="[192,348,574,598]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypertragulidae" genus="Hypertragulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438A867914167D5A24" bold="true" box="[192,348,574,598]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Hypertragulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well, though it should be noted that hypertragulids (including the
<typeStatus id="693FD4CD9158DA438B8E7974150B5A04" box="[456,554,606,630]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA43881C797417E95AE4" authority=", AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" class="Mammalia" family="Hypertragulidae" genus="Hypertragulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA43881C797415D95A04" bold="true" box="[602,760,606,630]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Hypertragulus</emphasis>
, AMNH
</taxonomicName>
6815) otherwise differ from KUVP
<quantity id="717CC78A9158DA438817795415925AE4" box="[593,691,638,662]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.219708" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" unit="in" value="48020.0">48020 in</quantity>
having brachydont lower molars with a shallow mandibular ramus depth. Also,
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438ABC799716B45AA7" box="[250,405,701,725]" class="Mammalia" family="Hypertragulidae" genus="Hypertragulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438ABC799716B45AA7" bold="true" box="[250,405,701,725]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Hypertragulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has prominent anterior cingula as well as accessory cuspids, unlike KUVP 48020 (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA43883179F7178A5B64" author="Vislobokova, I. A." pageId="4" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref5232" refString="Vislobokova, I. A. 1998. A new representative of the Hypertraguloidea (Tragulina, Ruminantia) from the Khoer-Dzan locality in Mongolia, with remarks on the relationship of the Hypertragulidae. American Museum Novitates 3225: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1998">Vislobokova 1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA438AFE79D7161A5B64" author="Webb, S. D." box="[184,315,765,790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" refId="ref5337" refString="Webb, S. D. 1998. Hornless ruminants. Pp. 463 - 476 in C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." type="book" year="1998">Webb 1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA438B0E79D715B65B64" author="Metais, G. &amp; I. A. Vislobokova" box="[328,663,765,790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" refId="ref4803" refString="Metais, G., and I. A. Vislobokova. 2007. Basal ruminants. Pp. 227 - 240 in D. R. Prothero and S. E. Foss (eds.). The Evolution of Artiodactyls. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore." type="book" year="2007">Métais and Vislobokova 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F9158DA438AD6783715655B84" blockId="4.[112,770,193,1622]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">
The only members of the
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438BF6783715065B47" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[432,551,797,821]" class="Mammalia" family="Moschidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Moschidae</taxonomicName>
that immigrated to North America were the Blastomerycinae, which consist of six genera (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA438A80787716505B04" author="Prothero, D. R." box="[198,369,861,886]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" refId="ref4855" refString="Prothero, D. R. 2007. Family Moschidae. Pp. 221 - 226 in D. R. Prothero and S. E. Foss (eds.). The Evolution of Artiodactyls. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore." type="book" year="2007">Prothero 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Unlike gelocids and KUVP 48020, moschid lower molars have metastylids like
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438800785415E45BE7" baseAuthorityName="Janis and Manning" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[582,709,894,917]" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" genus="Paracosoryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438800785415E45BE7" bold="true" box="[582,709,894,917]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Paracosoryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Unlike moschids, antilocaprid metaconid crests (including that of
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438ACB7894162D5BA7" baseAuthorityName="Janis and Manning" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[141,268,958,981]" class="Mammalia" family="Antilocapridae" genus="Paracosoryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438ACB7894162D5BA7" bold="true" box="[141,268,958,981]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Paracosoryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and KUVP 48020) are not anteriorly directed to meet the paraconid crest (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA438BE978F715165B84" author="Webb, S. D." box="[431,567,989,1014]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" refId="ref5337" refString="Webb, S. D. 1998. Hornless ruminants. Pp. 463 - 476 in C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." type="book" year="1998">Webb 1998</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F9158DA438AD678D416C05D04" blockId="4.[112,770,193,1622]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">
KUVP 48020 can be differentiated from camelids in general because it lacks the labial ribs and entostylids of the postcanine dentition that are considered characteristic of the
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438ADA7F7716325C07" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[156,275,1117,1141]" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Camelidae</taxonomicName>
. Of the stenomylines,
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA4388487F7715A55C07" authorityName="Peterson" authorityYear="1906" box="[526,644,1117,1141]" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Stenomylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA4388487F7715A55C07" bold="true" box="[526,644,1117,1141]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Stenomylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only known Arikareean taxon, and although its molars are also hypsodont, the m3s of stenomyline camels are characteristically extremely elongated anteroposteriorly (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA43882C7F94178C5C84" author="Honey, J. G. &amp; J. A. Harrison &amp; D. R. Prothero &amp; M. S. Stevens" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" refId="ref4412" refString="Honey, J. G., J. A. Harrison, D. R. Prothero, and M. S. Stevens. 1998. Camelidae. Pp. 439 - 462 in C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Volume 1: Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals. Cambridge University Press, New York." type="book" year="1998">Honey et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
), which KUVP 48020 is not. The protolabine camelid
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438A367FD717F25D67" authorityName="Frick &amp; Taylor" authorityYear="1971" box="[112,211,1277,1301]" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Michenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438A367FD717F25D67" bold="true" box="[112,211,1277,1301]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Michenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from this time period, but is differentiated from KUVP 48020 by its more slender mandibular ramus and larger teeth (length of m2 =
<quantity id="717CC78A9158DA438BAF7E17155A5D24" box="[489,635,1341,1366]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.04" metricValueMax="2.48" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="20.4" valueMax="24.8" valueMin="16.0">16–24.8 mm</quantity>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA4388D27E1717D95D04" author="Frick, C. &amp; B. E. Taylor" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref4326" refString="Frick, C., and B. E. Taylor. 1971. Michenia, a new protolabine (Mammalia, Camelidae) and a brief review of the early taxonomic history of the genus Protolabis. American Museum Novitates 2444: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1971">Frick and Taylor 1971</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA438B437E7416F45D04" author="Honey, J. G. &amp; J. A. Harrison &amp; D. R. Prothero &amp; M. S. Stevens" box="[261,469,1373,1398]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" refId="ref4412" refString="Honey, J. G., J. A. Harrison, D. R. Prothero, and M. S. Stevens. 1998. Camelidae. Pp. 439 - 462 in C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America Volume 1: Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals. Cambridge University Press, New York." type="book" year="1998">Honey et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B63B6A6F9158DA438AD67E5716335E24" blockId="4.[112,770,193,1622]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">
Lastly, KUVP 48020 is differentiated from the contemporary ruminant,
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438B207EB716D35DC7" authorityName="Stevens" authorityYear="1969" box="[358,498,1437,1461]" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Delahomeryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438B207EB716D35DC7" bold="true" box="[358,498,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Delahomeryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, on the basis of molar morphology. The dentition of
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438B957E97157E5DA7" authorityName="Stevens" authorityYear="1969" box="[467,607,1469,1493]" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Delahomeryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438B957E97157E5DA7" bold="true" box="[467,607,1469,1493]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Delahomeryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is larger than KUVP 48020 (
<taxonomicName id="718411EC9158DA438B617EF716975D87" authorityName="Stevens" authorityYear="1969" box="[295,438,1501,1525]" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Delahomeryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84F0B67D9158DA438B617EF716975D87" bold="true" box="[295,438,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="32">Delahomeryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
m2 length
<quantity id="717CC78A9158DA43880E7EF415995D84" box="[584,696,1502,1526]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="14.4">14.4 mm</quantity>
). The entoconid overlaps the hypoconulid and the protocone has unusual intercolumnar tubercles (
<bibRefCitation id="D215179E9158DA438B9C7D34158A5E47" author="Stevens, M. S. &amp; J. B. Stevens &amp; M. R. Dawson" box="[474,683,1565,1590]" pageId="4" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 53" refId="ref5025" refString="Stevens, M. S., J. B. Stevens, and M. R. Dawson. 1969. New early Miocene formation and vertebrate local fauna, Big Bend National Park, Brewster County, Texas. Pearce-Sellards Series, Texas Memorial Museum 15: 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1969">Stevens et al. 1969</bibRefCitation>
), unlike KUVP 48020.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>