Add updates up until 2025-04-30 13:02:39
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@ -160,7 +162,7 @@ are unknown. Since the females of different species are very similar, it is high
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posterior to apex of R
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<subScript id="17C434EA1E6FFFD55CFFCA0FFB1AB32A" attach="left" box="[1167,1176,1842,1859]" fontSize="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">3</subScript>
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(
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E6FFFD55CD8CA1AFB7EB329" box="[1192,1276,1831,1856]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." pageId="16" pageNumber="199">Figs 1E</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E6FFFD55CD8CA1AFB7EB329" box="[1192,1276,1831,1856]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15310364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15310364/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">Figs 1E</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E6FFFD55D7ACA15FAAFB329" box="[1290,1325,1832,1856]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[133,144,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[132,1401,216,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-27@6.[717,1304,784,1354]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli, n. sp., female: A, head; B, palpus; C, wing; D, abdomen; E, tip of abdomen. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15308697" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15308697/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="199">2C</figureCitation>
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;
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@ -253,7 +255,7 @@ Clastrier, 1968
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<paragraph id="8BFF36AF1E6EFFD458A0CC8EFAE3B5A2" blockId="17.[208,1378,435,489]" box="[208,1377,435,459]" pageId="17" pageNumber="200">
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<keyLead id="30B1959A1E6EFFD458A0CC8EFAE3B5A2" box="[208,1377,435,459]" pageId="17" pageNumber="200">
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5. Gonostylus tapering flattened and curved, apex spatulate or with flange (
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E6EFFD45B97CC8EFBB9B5A2" box="[999,1083,435,459]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." pageId="17" pageNumber="200">Figs 1G</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E6EFFD45B97CC8EFBB9B5A2" box="[999,1083,435,459]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15310364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15310364/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="200">Figs 1G</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E6EFFD45C37CC8EFBE4B5A2" box="[1095,1126,435,459]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,1479,1497]" captionTargetBox="[231,1353,200,1449]" captionTargetId="figure-183@15.[717,1196,677,1140]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 8. — Atrichopogon Kieffer, 1906 male genitalia, ventral view; A, Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli, n. sp.; B, Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) trochantispina Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp.; C, Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) soriai Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp.; D, Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) delecollei Rossi, Marino & Spinelli, n. sp. Scale bars: 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15308715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15308715/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="200">8A</figureCitation>
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) ............................... 6
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@ -277,9 +279,9 @@ Clastrier, 1968
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<paragraph id="8BFF36AF1E6EFFD458A0CF3EFAE0B65E" blockId="17.[208,1378,515,625]" pageId="17" pageNumber="200">
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<keyLead id="30B1959A1E6EFFD458A0CF3EFAE0B65E" pageId="17" pageNumber="200">
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6. Antenna without sexual secondary dimorphism (
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E6EFFD45A82CF3EFCC3B672" box="[754,833,515,539]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." pageId="17" pageNumber="200">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E6EFFD45A82CF3EFCC3B672" box="[754,833,515,539]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15310364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15310364/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="200">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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); scutum without lateral suture (
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E6EFFD45CE1CF3EFB60B672" box="[1169,1250,515,539]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." pageId="17" pageNumber="200">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E6EFFD45CE1CF3EFB60B672" box="[1169,1250,515,539]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15310364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15310364/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="200">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
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) ................ .............................................................................................
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D2C1E6EFFD45B0ACF1DFA9DB651" authority="Rossi, Marino & Spinelli" authorityName="Rossi, Marino & Spinelli" authorityYear="2025" box="[890,1311,544,568]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Atrichopogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricuspis" status="n. sp." subGenus="Atrichopogon">
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<emphasis id="B934EABD1E6EFFD45B0ACF1DFC08B65E" box="[890,906,544,567]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="200">A</emphasis>
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|
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@ -749,7 +751,7 @@ Rossi, Marino & Spinelli
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<paragraph id="8BFF36AF1E6DFFD758A0CFCFFAE0B763" blockId="18.[208,1378,754,807]" box="[208,1378,754,778]" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">
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<keyLead id="30B1959A1E6DFFD758A0CFCFFAE0B763" box="[208,1378,754,778]" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">
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27. Posterior margin of scutum with pair of bunches of short setae, each on stout rounded base (
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E6DFFD75CC3CFCFFA86B763" box="[1203,1284,754,778]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E6DFFD75CC3CFCFFA86B763" box="[1203,1284,754,778]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15310364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15310364/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="201">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
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) ....... 28
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||||
</keyLead>
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</paragraph>
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@ -1,72 +1,74 @@
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<treatment id="03E987B91E7BFFC2588BCC4BFE2EB067" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E987B91E7BFFC2588BCC4BFE2EB067" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E987B91E7BFFC2588BCC4BFE2EB067" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="190" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
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<treatment id="03E987B91E7BFFC2588BCC4BFE2EB067" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15310366" ID-Zenodo-Dep="15310366" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E987B91E7BFFC2588BCC4BFE2EB067" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E987B91E7BFFC2588BCC4BFE2EB067" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="190" pageId="4" pageNumber="187" scope_family="Ceratopogonidae" scope_order="Diptera">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="C35A65241E7BFFC1588BCC4BFDF1B5D8" pageId="4" pageNumber="187" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="8BFF36AF1E7BFFC1588BCC4BFDF1B5D8" blockId="4.[251,660,374,465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
|
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<heading id="D0B781C31E7BFFC1588BCC4BFDF1B5D8" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="187" reason="3">
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|
|
@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ Rossi, Marino & Spinelli
|
|||
<subSubSection id="C35A65241E7BFFC15913CC8BFD6DB66C" pageId="4" pageNumber="187" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="8BFF36AF1E7BFFC15913CC8BFDAEB5B8" blockId="4.[251,660,374,465]" box="[355,556,438,465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC1591ACC8BFE2EB5B8" box="[362,428,438,465]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC1591ACC8BFE2EB5B8" box="[362,428,438,465]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15310364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15310364/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC159CACC8AFE48B5B8" box="[442,458,439,465]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[133,144,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[132,1401,216,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-27@6.[717,1304,784,1354]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 2. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli, n. sp., female: A, head; B, palpus; C, wing; D, abdomen; E, tip of abdomen. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15308697" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15308697/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">2</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
|
|
@ -248,7 +250,7 @@ in the New World with pigmented wings and without secondary sexual dimorphism, w
|
|||
<emphasis id="B934EABD1E7BFFC158F6C989FF7AB0A7" box="[134,248,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Male adult</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<emphasis id="B934EABD1E7BFFC15979C988FEF1B0A7" box="[265,371,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC15979C988FEC7B0A7" box="[265,325,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC15979C988FEC7B0A7" box="[265,325,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15310364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15310364/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC15924C989FEF1B0A7" box="[340,371,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,1479,1497]" captionTargetBox="[231,1353,200,1449]" captionTargetId="figure-183@15.[717,1196,677,1140]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 8. — Atrichopogon Kieffer, 1906 male genitalia, ventral view; A, Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli, n. sp.; B, Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) trochantispina Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp.; C, Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) soriai Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp.; D, Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) delecollei Rossi, Marino & Spinelli, n. sp. Scale bars: 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15308715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15308715/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">8A</figureCitation>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
|
|
@ -257,13 +259,13 @@ in the New World with pigmented wings and without secondary sexual dimorphism, w
|
|||
<paragraph id="8BFF36AF1E7BFFC158F6C9E9FE54B244" blockId="4.[134,779,1172,1581]" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B934EABD1E7BFFC158F6C9E9FF46B087" bold="true" box="[134,196,1236,1262]" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Head</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC158A5C9E9FEAEB087" box="[213,300,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC158A5C9E9FEAEB087" box="[213,300,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15310364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15310364/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||||
). Dark brown. Ommatidia (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC15A00C9E9FD46B087" box="[624,708,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC15A00C9E9FD46B087" box="[624,708,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15310364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15310364/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||||
) with interfacet spicules, broadly abutting medially for length of seven ommatidia. Antenna light brown with plume setae not developed; flagellomeres separate, 1-8 vasiform, 9-13 elongated, proportions as shown in
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC15A3BC86EFD38B104" box="[587,698,1363,1389]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Figure 1A</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC15A3BC86EFD38B104" box="[587,698,1363,1389]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15310364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15310364/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Figure 1A</figureCitation>
|
||||
; flagellomere 13 with apical nipple, not basally constricted; AR 1.02-1.16 (1.07, n=5). Maxillary palpus (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC15A1EC8AEFD45B1C4" box="[622,711,1427,1453]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC15A1EC8AEFD45B1C4" box="[622,711,1427,1453]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15310364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15310364/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||||
) pale brown; third segment slender, with well developed pit just beyond midlength; segments 4, 5 separate; segment 5 conical;
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="4984F84D1E7BFFC158C6C8CEFF5BB264" box="[182,217,1523,1549]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">PR</collectingRegion>
|
||||
2.00-2.20 (2.10, n=5). Head width/mouthparts length 3.13-3.53 (3.33, n=5).
|
||||
|
|
@ -271,9 +273,9 @@ in the New World with pigmented wings and without secondary sexual dimorphism, w
|
|||
<paragraph id="8BFF36AF1E7BFFC158F6CB6FFBC2B518" blockId="4.[133,779,1618,2031]" lastBlockId="4.[811,1456,215,370]" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B934EABD1E7BFFC158F6CB6FFF62B205" bold="true" box="[134,224,1618,1644]" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Thorax.</emphasis>
|
||||
Dark brown except scutellum yellowish brown. Scutum (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC1589CCB4FFEC0B2E5" box="[236,322,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC1589CCB4FFEC0B2E5" box="[236,322,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15310364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15310364/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||||
) with all setae in dark pits; without lateral suture. Posterior margin of scutum with pair of bunches of 22-24 short setae, each on stout rounded base. Paratergite with one stout seta. Anepisternum narrow, slightly bilobed posteriorly. Legs light brown. Hind tibia expanded only at apex. Hind tibial spur length less than width of hind tibia at midlength; hind tibial comb with 8-11 spines; prothoracic TR 3.33-4.00 (3.66, n=5), mesothoracic TR 3.14-3.67 (3.32, n=5), metathoracic TR 2.66-3.14 (3.01, n=5); claws curved, moderately stout, bifid at tip; empodia present. Wing (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC15943CA8CFE07B3A2" box="[307,389,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC15943CA8CFE07B3A2" box="[307,389,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15310364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15310364/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||||
) with two slight dark spots in area of r-m and in r
|
||||
<subScript id="17C434EA1E7BFFC15956CAE3FEB2B386" attach="left" box="[294,304,2014,2031]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">3</subScript>
|
||||
posterior to apex of R
|
||||
|
|
@ -287,9 +289,9 @@ posterior to apex of R
|
|||
<paragraph id="8BFF36AF1E7BFFC15B5DCCABFC2BB706" blockId="4.[811,1457,406,879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B934EABD1E7BFFC15B5DCCABFC1AB5D9" bold="true" box="[813,920,406,432]" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC15BD5CCABFC70B5D8" box="[933,1010,406,433]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC15BD5CCABFC70B5D8" box="[933,1010,406,433]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15310364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15310364/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
|
||||
).Tergites 1-3 dark brown, 4-7 successively lighter, 8 entirely dark brown. Genitalia (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC15C91CC8BFABBB5B8" box="[1249,1337,438,465]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Figs 1G</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC15C91CC8BFABBB5B8" box="[1249,1337,438,465]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[131,1454,189,1893]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[511,890,1030,1304]" captionText="FIG. 1. — Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp. male: A, head;B, ommatidia; C, palpus; D, scutum, lateral view; E, wing;F, abdo- men; G, genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15310364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15310364/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">Figs 1G</figureCitation>
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;
|
||||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2A1E7BFFC15D34CC8AFAE7B5B8" box="[1348,1381,439,465]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,1479,1497]" captionTargetBox="[231,1353,200,1449]" captionTargetId="figure-183@15.[717,1196,677,1140]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 8. — Atrichopogon Kieffer, 1906 male genitalia, ventral view; A, Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) tricuspis Rossi, Marino & Spinelli, n. sp.; B, Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) trochantispina Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp.; C, Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) soriai Rossi, Marino & Spinelli,n. sp.; D, Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) delecollei Rossi, Marino & Spinelli, n. sp. Scale bars: 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15308715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15308715/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">8A</figureCitation>
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||||
) large, segment 9 about equal in width to segment 8; tergite 9 moderately elongate, extending to about level of apex of gonocoxites; posterior margin rounded. Sternite 9 with posterior margin broadly concave, with row of setae separated medially. Gonocoxite without medial lobe, twice as long as greatest breadth. Gonostylus tapering from base, 0.80 length of gonocoxite, anterolaterally flattened, gently curved, apex pointed with large subapical flange. Aedeagal-parameral complex elongate, broad; dorsal portion forming a posteriorly-directed trident, its mesal point truncate, lateral ones pointed; ventral portion somewhat rounded posteriorly, with lateral arms directed laterally. Cercus slender, elongate, extending beyond margin of tergite 9.
|
||||
|
|
@ -426,7 +428,7 @@ bears a posteriorly-directed prong, while in
|
|||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
the dorsal portion tapers somewhat rounded. The apex of the gonostylus of both species is bifid.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
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||||
. 1. —
|
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|
|
|
|||
515
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4.1 | Anatomical-Hydraulic Traits of the
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<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FD071937F3B7184B" ID-CoL="7S9V" box="[646,751,1286,1310]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FD071937F3B7184B" bold="true" box="[646,751,1286,1310]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tamarix</emphasis>
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Species Compared to Phylogeny and Distribution
|
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Despite their shared morphology and commonality in their occurrence at dry and salt-influenced sites, the investigated
|
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<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FFF81993F07E18ED" box="[121,294,1442,1464]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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species
|
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|
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exhibited striking differences in their anatomical and hydraulic features. However, the phylogenetically most distant species
|
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<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FED319D1F0E018A1" box="[338,440,1503,1525]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
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<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FED319D1F0E018A1" box="[338,440,1503,1525]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">T. aphylla</emphasis>
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|
||||
and
|
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<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FE6F19D1F30C18A1" box="[494,596,1503,1525]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hispida">
|
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<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FE6F19D1F30C18A1" box="[494,596,1503,1525]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">T. hispida</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||||
did not differ in these traits from most of the other species and the phylogenetic distances among the species were not correlated with their distances among traits. This prompts us to reject our first general hypothesis as well as Subhypothesis 1.1. Under the assumption that the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FF511A48F06C1BD8" box="[208,308,1656,1678]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hispida">
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<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FF511A48F06C1BD8" box="[208,308,1656,1678]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">T. hispida</emphasis>
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|
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specimens investigated in our study are representative of the species,
|
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<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FE0C1AA9F0AB1BF9" box="[397,499,1687,1709]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hispida">
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<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FE0C1AA9F0AB1BF9" box="[397,499,1687,1709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">T. hispida</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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's intermediate position in most of the studied features can be explained by its wide distributional range, which reaches from N
|
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<collectingCountry id="12BACDD770649449FDB51AE5F32B1BBF" box="[564,627,1748,1770]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">China</collectingCountry>
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across entire Central Asia to
|
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<collectingCountry id="12BACDD770649449FE9C1AC5F0131A5C" box="[285,331,1780,1801]" name="Iran" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Iran</collectingCountry>
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, covering approximately 90° of geographical longitude, and, thus, requires adaptation to a relatively broad range of habitat and climatic conditions. In principle, plant functional traits can adopt similar values across a wide range of environmental conditions (Anderegg 2023). Accordingly, 19 species of western North-American oaks exhibited a relatively high embolism resistance along an aridity gradient from mesic to xeric sites (Skelton et al. 2021). In a comparison of deciduous ring-porous oak species,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FBAC1EB4F5E61FCC" box="[1069,1214,644,666]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robur">
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<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FBAC1EB4F5E61FCC" box="[1069,1214,644,666]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Quercus robur</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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L., which has the widest distribution of the Eurasian oaks extending from north-western
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="12BACDD770649449FCB11EF3F2321F8D" box="[816,874,706,728]" name="Spain" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||||
to the Ural (Meusel, Jaeger, and Weinert 1965) with a strong climatic gradient, exhibits a
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FB271ED0F5EC1FA3" box="[1190,1204,737,758]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P</emphasis>
|
||||
<subScript id="F6298F0270649449FB351EDFF59D1FA9" attach="left" box="[1204,1221,750,764]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">50</subScript>
|
||||
value of −2.7 MPa that is between that of the North-American
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FB4A1ECEF47B1E41" box="[1227,1315,767,788]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FB4A1ECEF47B1E41" box="[1227,1315,767,788]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Q. rubra</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
L. (−2.3 MPa), which has been successfully cultivated in Central Europe, and the indigenous
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FC5D1F0CF5131E07" box="[988,1099,829,850]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="petraea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FC5D1F0CF5131E07" box="[988,1099,829,850]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Q. petraea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
([Matt.] Liebl.) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FAB21F0CF2281E24" authority="Willd." authorityName="Willd." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FAB21F0CF4E31E04" box="[1331,1467,828,850]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Q. pubescens</emphasis>
|
||||
Willd.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(both −3.3 MPa; Tyree and Cochard 1996). Likewise,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FA261F6DF2231EDA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hispida">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FA261F6DF2231EDA" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">T. hispida</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
's anatomical-hydraulic traits took a position between the other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FC191FA8F51A1EFB" box="[920,1090,920,942]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FC191FA8F2A81EFB" box="[920,1008,921,942]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tamarix</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
along the regressions with climatic variables except for wood density, which was the lowest of all the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FCB11FE7F2801EB9" box="[816,984,982,1004]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FCB11FE7F2D01EBE" box="[816,904,982,1003]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tamarix</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
studied here. However, its low wood density of 0.62 ±
|
||||
<quantity id="AD5520A270649449FCF31FC5F2F3195F" box="[882,939,1012,1034]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="g" value="0.02">0.02 g</quantity>
|
||||
<superScript id="9DD8200F70649449FC2F1FC4F2B81955" attach="left" box="[942,992,1010,1034]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">cm−3</superScript>
|
||||
is in the range of
|
||||
<quantity id="AD5520A270649449FB101FC5F455195F" box="[1169,1293,1012,1034]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.8" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="5.1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="g" value="0.58" valueMax="0.65" valueMin="0.51">0.51—0.65 g</quantity>
|
||||
<superScript id="9DD8200F70649449FA8E1FC4F4191955" attach="left" box="[1295,1345,1010,1034]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">cm−3</superScript>
|
||||
that, across a broad range of angiosperm and gymnosperm families from all continents, has been assessed to be most efficient in water transport (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3CF0B670649449FCE91861F5151930" author="Kallarackal" box="[872,1101,1104,1126]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kallarackal" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="787 - 799" refId="ref15536" refString="Kallarackal, J., D. O. Otieno, B. Reineking, et al. 2013. " Functional Convergence in Water Use of Trees From Different Geographical Regions: A Meta-Analysis. " Trees 27, no. 3: 787-799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-012-0834-0." type="journal article" year="2013">Kallarackal et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). This may enhance the species' capability to conquer additional habitats. Wood density also was the only anatomical-hydraulic trait, in which
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FA8018BFF43C19F6" box="[1281,1380,1166,1187]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hispida">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FA8018BFF43C19F6" box="[1281,1380,1166,1187]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">T. hispida</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
differed significantly from
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FC75189CF5031994" box="[1012,1115,1196,1218]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FC75189CF5031994" box="[1012,1115,1196,1218]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">T. aphylla</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
that also has a wide distribution (across approximately 90° of longitude) but is more confined to warmer climates (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="272FB8FC70649449FC6918DBF56A19AA" box="[1000,1074,1258,1280]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[119,194,650,673]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1 | Geographical distribution, morphology and special features of the studied Tamarix speciesa, arranged from the East to the West of their distribution areas." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="6A128D477064944EFCB11916F3F91CD1" blockId="11.[816,1468,1319,1954]" lastBlockId="12.[121,771,90,388]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
In conformity with our Subhypothesis 1.2, the traits of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FA261919F2DC180E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boveana">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FA261919F2DC180E" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">T. boveana</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FC381977F54D180E" box="[953,1045,1350,1371]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gallica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FC381977F54D180E" box="[953,1045,1350,1371]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">T. gallica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which are proximate in phylogeny, geographic distribution and exposure to site and climate conditions, are similar to each other. This is in parallel to the findings by Skelton et al. (2021) of closely related North-American oak species varying only little in their resistance to xylem embolism. It seems that in all these species, genetic relatedness, distribution range and adaptation to similar environmental conditions have resulted in similar trait expression. In the case of the Spanish
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FCB11A0DF28E1B04" box="[816,982,1595,1617]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FCB11A0DF2D01B04" box="[816,904,1596,1617]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tamarix</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
investigated here, this similarity in trait expression may have evolved during the genus' spread from the east to the west of the Mediterranean region and adjacent areas. In that direction, the species number of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C470649449FB0D1AA9F5BC1BF8" box="[1164,1252,1688,1709]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D9515570649449FB0D1AA9F5BC1BF8" box="[1164,1252,1688,1709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tamarix</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
decreases (Terrones and Juan 2023) and this trend may have been accompanied by a specialisation during the evolution of these two taxa that are the youngest in our species set (≤ 1 million years [Myr] old) (Terrones and Juan 2023). This specialisation may have been a response to the transition from a temperate to a cooler and drier climate, especially during the glacials, at the end of the Early Pleistocene (Middle–Late Calabrian), which was also accompanied by a spread of steppe taxa at lower elevations of the Mediterranean region (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3CF0B67063944EFEE71C6BF3F01D25" author="Combourieu-Nebout" box="[358,680,90,112]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Combourieu-Nebout" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="127 - 147" refId="ref14321" refString="Combourieu-Nebout, N., A. Bertini, E. Russo-Ermolli, et al. 2015. " Climate Changes in the Central Mediterranean and Italian Vegetation Dynamics Since the Pliocene. " Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 218: 127-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.03.001." type="journal article" year="2015">Combourieu-Nebout et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). On the other hand, larger phylogenetic distances among co-occurring woody species of the same genus with convergent traits have also been found and related to competition avoidance or niche partitioning within the same habitat in oak communities of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFFF81CC2F0A91C5C" authority="(Cavender-Bares et al. 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Cavender-Bares" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[121,497,243,265]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="florida">
|
||||
Florida (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3CF0B67063944EFF501CC2F0BF1C5C" author="Cavender-Bares" box="[209,487,243,265]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Cavender-Bares" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="823 - 843" refId="ref14134" refString="Cavender-Bares, J., D. D. Ackerly, D. A. Baum, and F. A. Bazzaz. 2004. " Phylogenetic Overdispersion in Floridian Oak Communities. " American Naturalist 163, no. 6: 823-843." type="journal article" year="2004">Cavender-Bares et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. At the habitat scale, such niche partitioning between the two Spanish
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFDC31D22F3B11C7D" box="[578,745,274,296]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFDC31D22F3C21C7D" box="[578,666,275,296]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Tamarix</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
of our study may have been effective at sites with severe drought (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFF011D61F1831C31" box="[128,219,335,357]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gallica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFF011D61F1831C31" box="[128,219,335,357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. gallica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) or salt stress (
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFEF21D61F0871C31" box="[371,479,335,357]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boveana">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFEF21D61F0871C31" box="[371,479,335,357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. boveana</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; cf.
|
||||
<tableCitation id="272FB8FC7063944EFD881D7EF30A1C30" box="[521,594,335,357]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[119,194,650,673]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1 | Geographical distribution, morphology and special features of the studied Tamarix speciesa, arranged from the East to the West of their distribution areas." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
) but could not be explored within the scope of the present investigation.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="6A128D477063944EFFF81D9DF197186F" blockId="12.[121,772,427,1338]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFFF81D9DF0031C94" ID-CoL="7BJ36" baseAuthorityName="Rzepecki, Zeng, and Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[121,347,428,449]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosissima">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFFF81D9DF0031C94" box="[121,347,428,449]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Tamarix ramosissima</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
displays a similarly wide or even wider longitudinal distribution than
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFE381DFAF3781C8A" ID-CoL="54MCC" box="[441,544,458,480]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hispida">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFE381DFAF3781C8A" box="[441,544,458,480]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. hispida</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(from N
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="12BACDD77063944EFD041DFAF39A1CB5" box="[645,706,459,480]" name="South Korea" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||||
to SE
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="12BACDD77063944EFFF81DD8F19E1CAA" box="[121,198,489,511]" name="Turkey" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||||
). Maybe even more importantly, it can grow under very harsh environmental conditions in an extremely continental climate, characterised by very cold winters and hot-dry summers with extremely low amounts of annual precipitation (down to approximately
|
||||
<quantity id="AD5520A27063944EFE961E55F0051F2C" box="[279,349,612,633]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="33.0">33 mm</quantity>
|
||||
; Thomas et al. 2000). In such regions,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFFF81EB2F04F1FCD" ID-CoL="7BJ36" baseAuthorityName="Rzepecki, Zeng, and Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[121,279,643,664]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosissima">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFFF81EB2F04F1FCD" box="[121,279,643,664]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. ramosissima</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can penetrate far into the desert (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3CF0B67063944EFD131EB3F1BD1FE3" author="Bruelheide" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bruelheide" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="56 - 71" refId="ref13859" refString="Bruelheide, H., B. Vonlanthen, U. Jandt, et al. 2010. " Life on the Edge - To Which Degree Does Phreatic Water Sustain Vegetation in the Periphery of the Taklamakan Desert? " Applied Vegetation Science 13, no. 1: 56-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2009.01050.x." type="journal article" year="2010">Bruelheide et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) by forming cone-shaped dunes (Qong, Takamura, and Hudaberdi 2002), provided that the plants have access to groundwater (Thomas et al. 2006). Under conditions of regular severe winter frost and high transpirational demand in summer, a high resistance against xylem dysfunction due to embolism of the conduits is necessary. In accordance with our Hypothesis 2.1, this is accomplished in
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFE231F6BF3661E3A" ID-CoL="7BJ36" baseAuthorityName="Rzepecki, Zeng, and Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[418,574,858,879]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosissima">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFE231F6BF3661E3A" box="[418,574,858,879]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. ramosissima</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by the most negative
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFF261F49F1ED1ED8" box="[167,181,888,909]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P</emphasis>
|
||||
<subScript id="F6298F027063944EFF341FB4F19E1EC6" attach="left" box="[181,198,901,915]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">50</subScript>
|
||||
values found in our study. Likewise, in a comparison of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFF181FA7F03A1EF9" box="[153,354,918,940]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFF181FA7F0541EFE" box="[153,268,918,939]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nothofagus</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in South-Central
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="12BACDD77063944EFDAF1FA7F3301EF9" box="[558,616,918,940]" name="Chile" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFDF91FA6F07E1E9F" ID-CoL="47SYY" authority="(G. Forst.) Oerst." authorityName="Oerst." baseAuthorityName="G. Forst." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antarctica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFDF91FA6F25B1EF9" box="[632,771,919,940]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">N. antarctica</emphasis>
|
||||
(G.Forst.) Oerst.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, whose distribution centre is located at the highest elevations (>
|
||||
<quantity id="AD5520A27063944EFED61FE2F0C71EBC" box="[343,415,979,1001]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
|
||||
a.s.l.), exhibited the smallest conduit areas and the most negative
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFE571FC2F0BC195D" box="[470,484,1011,1032]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P</emphasis>
|
||||
<subScript id="F6298F027063944EFE621FCEF0AC1958" attach="left" box="[483,500,1023,1037]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">50</subScript>
|
||||
values (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3CF0B67063944EFDCD1FC3F06A1973" author="Dettmann, Perez, and Thomas" firstAuthor="Dettmann" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="685 - 696" refId="ref14477" refString="Dettmann, S., C. A. Perez, and F. M. Thomas. 2013. " Xylem Anatomy and Calculated Hydraulic Conductance of Four Nothofagus Species With Contrasting Distribution in South-Central Chile. " Trees 27, no. 3: 685-696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-012-0824-2." type="journal article" year="2013">Dettmann, Pérez, and Thomas 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Nevertheless,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFE581820F32C1973" ID-CoL="7BJ36" baseAuthorityName="Rzepecki, Zeng, and Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[473,628,1041,1062]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosissima">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFE581820F32C1973" box="[473,628,1041,1062]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. ramosissima</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
also disposes of a certain fraction of large conduits and exhibits the largest maximum conduit area, which facilitates high rates of water transport from the roots to the leaves (i.e., high
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFDDA185CF33F19D7" box="[603,615,1133,1154]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">k</emphasis>
|
||||
<subScript id="F6298F027063944EFDE6184AF33419DC" attach="left" box="[615,620,1147,1161]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">t</subScript>
|
||||
values) during the period of rapid growth after the onset of continental spring (Thomas et al. 2008). Thus, the possession of large fractions of both small and wide conduits—'vessel dimorphism’ (cf.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3CF0B67063944EFFF818D6F05219A8" author="Dickison" box="[121,266,1255,1277]" firstAuthor="Dickison" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref14587" refString="Dickison, W. C. 2000. Integrative Plant Anatomy San Diego. San Diego, CA: USA Harcourt Academic Press." type="book" year="2000">Dickison 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)—facilitates the expansion of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFDBE18D9F38019A8" ID-CoL="7BJ36" baseAuthorityName="Rzepecki, Zeng, and Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[575,728,1256,1277]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosissima">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFDBE18D9F38019A8" box="[575,728,1256,1277]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. ramosissima</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFFF81936F186184E" ID-CoL="54MCC" box="[121,222,1286,1308]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hispida">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFFF81936F186184E" box="[121,222,1286,1308]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. hispida</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
into regions characterised by hot-dry as well as cold seasons.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="6A128D477063944EFFF81953F5DB1CF7" blockId="12.[121,772,1378,1952]" lastBlockId="12.[816,1467,90,419]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
As they display (semi-)ring porous wood with its broad vessels as well as simple perforation plates,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFE6719B0F3D418C2" box="[486,652,1409,1431]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFE6719B0F36618C3" box="[486,574,1409,1430]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Tamarix</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are already at the pinnacle of water-conducting efficiency (cf. Sperry 2003). Nevertheless, the differences in anatomical and hydraulic traits among the species investigated in the present study might to some extent be related to their evolutionary history, although we found no significant correlations between the distances in phylogeny and the investigated traits.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFD881A0BF3ED1B1B" ID-CoL="54M9Z" box="[521,693,1593,1615]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFD881A0BF3ED1B1B" box="[521,693,1593,1615]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Tamarix aphylla</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which has a broad longitudinal distribution from north-western
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="12BACDD77063944EFD4C1A69F25B1B3B" box="[717,771,1624,1646]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">India</collectingCountry>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="12BACDD77063944EFF151A46F1B61BD9" box="[148,238,1655,1676]" name="Morocco" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(approx. 83°), is similar to most other
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFDFB1A46F1C71BFE" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFDFB1A46F38A1BD9" box="[634,722,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Tamarix</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
of the present study in its anatomical-hydraulic traits and belongs to the basal group of the genus, which has a crown age of 16.65 Myr (Terrones and Juan 2023) that extends to the climatic optimum of the Miocene. Speciation then progressed to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFFF81B21F1B81A70" ID-CoL="54MCC" box="[121,224,1808,1829]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hispida">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFFF81B21F1B81A70" box="[121,224,1808,1829]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. hispida</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with an age of 4.47 Myr (Terrones and Juan 2023) and a similarly wide distribution, also requiring adaption of the wood's anatomical-hydraulic traits to a broad range of environmental conditions (see above).
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFE581B5DF3DC1AD4" ID-CoL="54MDV" box="[473,644,1900,1921]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nilotica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFE581B5DF3DC1AD4" box="[473,644,1900,1921]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Tamarix nilotica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
with an age of less than 3 Myr (Terrones and Juan 2023) and a distribution range restricted to the Levant and north-eastern Africa is more specialised, exhibiting anatomical traits that facilitate an efficient water transport at times of ample water supply. Its evolution may be related to the onset of the Mediterranean climate (3.2—2.8 Myr B.P.; Terrones and Juan 2023). At the other end of the spectrum, the Spanish species
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFB131CC5F5B61C5C" ID-CoL="54MBV" box="[1170,1262,244,265]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gallica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFB131CC5F5B61C5C" box="[1170,1262,244,265]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. gallica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFAA11CC5F4D51C5C" ID-CoL="7BJ89" box="[1312,1421,244,265]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boveana">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFAA11CC5F4D51C5C" box="[1312,1421,244,265]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. boveana</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the youngest taxa of our study (≤ 1 Myr; Terrones and Juan 2023), exhibit traits related to high embolism resistance, which is typical of species that need not only tolerate drought but also salt stress. Unfortunately, no robust data are available on the ages of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFCB11DBFF2921CF6" ID-CoL="7BJ36" baseAuthorityName="Rzepecki, Zeng, and Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[816,970,398,419]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramosissima">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFCB11DBFF2921CF6" box="[816,970,398,419]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. ramosissima</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFC7A1DBFF5251CF6" ID-CoL="7BJ97" box="[1019,1149,398,419]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="negevensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFC7A1DBFF5251CF6" box="[1019,1149,398,419]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. negevensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="6A128D477063944EFCB11DFBF5F11910" blockId="12.[816,1467,458,1093]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
Wood hydraulic properties, and hydraulic conductance and embolism resistance in particular, are also influenced by other anatomical traits, whose examination was beyond the scope of the present study. For instance, conduit conductivity scales with conduit length (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3CF0B67063944EFC531E74F4501F0F" author="Choat, Cobb, and Jansen" box="[978,1288,581,603]" firstAuthor="Choat" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="608 - 626" refId="ref14221" refString="Choat, B., A. R. Cobb, and S. Jansen. 2008. " Structure and Function of Bordered Pits: New Discoveries and Impacts on Whole-Plant Hydraulic Function. " New Phytologist 177, no. 3: 608-626." type="journal article" year="2008">Choat, Cobb, and Jansen 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and is positively related to the extent of conduit aggregation (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3CF0B67063944EFA8E1E55F2CD1FC2" author="Martinez-Vilalta" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Martinez-Vilalta" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1189 - 1196" refId="ref16701" refString="Martinez-Vilalta, J., M. Mencuccini, X. Alvarez, J. Camacho, L. Loepfe, and J. Pinol. 2012. " Spatial Distribution and Packing of Xylem Conduits. " American Journal of Botany 99, no. 7: 1189-1196. https: // doi." type="journal article" year="2012">Martínez-Vilalta et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Embolism resistance is not only positively correlated with (
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFCEA1E93F2DB1FE3" box="[875,899,673,695]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">t b</emphasis>
|
||||
<superScript id="9DD8200F7063944EFC021EAEF2CE1FF9" attach="left" box="[899,918,670,685]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">−1</superScript>
|
||||
)
|
||||
<subScript id="F6298F027063944EFC1F1E9FF2F01FE9" attach="left" box="[926,936,686,700]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">h</subScript>
|
||||
<superScript id="9DD8200F7063944EFC291EAFF2E81FF9" attach="right" box="[936,944,670,684]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</superScript>
|
||||
(see Section 2.4), but also with the proportion of the xylem's libriform fibre walls close to the conduits and negatively, with the fibres' lumen areas (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3CF0B67063944EFBDA1EEFF47F1FA1" author="Jacobsen" box="[1115,1319,734,756]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Jacobsen" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="546 - 556" refId="ref15478" refString="Jacobsen, A. L., F. W. Ewers, R. B. Pratt, W. A. Paddock 3 rd, and S. D. Davis. 2005. " Do Xylem Fibers Affect Vessel Cavitation Resistance? " Plant Physiology 139, no. 1: 546-556." type="journal article" year="2005">Jacobsen et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3CF0B67063944EFAB21EEFF55A1E47" author="Lachenbruch and McCulloh" firstAuthor="Lachenbruch" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="747 - 764" refId="ref15873" refString="Lachenbruch, B., and K. A. McCulloh. 2014. " Traits, Properties, and Performance: How Woody Plants Combine Hydraulic and Mechanical Functions in a Cell, Tissue, or Whole Plant. " New Phytologist 204, no. 4: 747-764. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13035." type="journal article" year="2014">Lachenbruch and McCulloh 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Regarding the conduits' ultrastructure, embolism resistance proved to be negatively related to the pit membrane area per conduit and the occurrence of large pores (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3CF0B67063944EFCB61F68F2A81E3A" author="Hacke" box="[823,1008,857,879]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hacke" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="689 - 701" refId="ref15038" refString="Hacke, U. G., J. S. Sperry, J. K. Wheeler, and L. Castro. 2006. " Scaling of Angiosperm Xylem Structure With Safety and Efficiency. " Tree Physiology 26, no. 6: 689-701." type="journal article" year="2006">Hacke et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; Wheeler et al. 2005). However, as the conduit's pit membrane area is connected to the conduit diameter, which, together with (
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFB971FA6F5681EFE" box="[1046,1072,918,940]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">t b</emphasis>
|
||||
<superScript id="9DD8200F7063944EFBB01FA5F51B1EF7" attach="right" box="[1073,1091,916,930]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">−1</superScript>
|
||||
)
|
||||
<subScript id="F6298F027063944EFBCA1F95F50D1EE7" attach="left" box="[1099,1109,932,946]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">h</subScript>
|
||||
<superScript id="9DD8200F7063944EFBD71FA5F5061EF7" attach="right" box="[1110,1118,916,930]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2</superScript>
|
||||
, has also been determined in the present study, we are confident that our anatomical investigations have captured the most relevant traits related to the hydraulic properties of the wood. Nevertheless, other anatomical traits that have not been investigated here might exhibit a stronger linkage to the species' phylogeny.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="6A128D477063944EFCB118B8F5FC1995" blockId="12.[816,1399,1161,1216]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<heading id="315A3A2B7063944EFCB118B8F5FC1995" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="2">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFCB118B8F5FC1995" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
4.2 | Anatomical-Hydraulic Traits of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFA8F18BBF42F19F7" box="[1294,1399,1162,1186]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFA8F18BBF42F19F7" bold="true" box="[1294,1399,1162,1186]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Tamarix</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Species in Relation to Climate
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="6A128D477063944FFCB118D9F0AF1C30" blockId="12.[816,1467,1255,1952]" lastBlockId="13.[121,771,90,357]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
Our results agree with former studies showing high correlation between the variation in anatomical-hydraulic traits and site climate. Across the
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFC7E1914F504186E" box="[1023,1116,1317,1339]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Oleaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
family with its cosmopolitan distribution from the tropics to cool-temperate latitudes, including 29 genera and more than 600 species, the vessel diameter decreases and the vessel frequency increases with increasing seasonality or lower cold-season temperatures, which can be interpreted as a strategy of higher safety from freeze-induced embolism in cold periods (Baas et al. 1988; Niu, Meinzer, and Hao 2017; Sperry and Sullivan 1992). Likewise, out of five endemic
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFC3E1A2BF52C1B65" box="[959,1140,1562,1584]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFC3E1A2BF57A1B7A" box="[959,1058,1562,1583]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rhamnus</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFB051A2BF4551B65" box="[1156,1293,1562,1584]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhamnaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rhamnaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) growing in the Mediterranean region of southern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="12BACDD77063944EFB221A08F5B71B1A" box="[1187,1263,1593,1615]" name="Turkey" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, the species occurring close to the sea level in a milder climate exhibited a larger vessel area (calculated from the averaged radial and tangential vessel diameters) than the other species, which grew at elevations of
|
||||
<quantity id="AD5520A27063944EFC1F1A85F2821B9C" box="[926,986,1716,1737]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="700.0">700 m</quantity>
|
||||
a.s.l or above (Akkemik et al. 2007). The
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFA1A1A85F4F11B9C" box="[1435,1449,1716,1737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P</emphasis>
|
||||
<subScript id="F6298F027063944EFA281AF0F4E21B9A" attach="left" box="[1449,1466,1729,1743]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">50</subScript>
|
||||
values of the Asian
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFC7E1AE2F5F71BBD" box="[1023,1199,1746,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Pterophoridae" genus="Juniper" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undefined-J">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFC7E1AE2F5131BBD" box="[1023,1099,1747,1768]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Juniper</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFB231AE2F5F71BBD" box="[1186,1199,1747,1768]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">J</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFB2F1AE2F4401BB2" box="[1198,1304,1746,1768]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">. drupacea</emphasis>
|
||||
Labill.,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFAEE1AE2F5051A53" authority="Fisch. & C. A. Mey." authorityName="Fisch. & C. A. Mey." class="Insecta" family="Pterophoridae" genus="Juniper" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudosabina">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFAEE1AE2F2D61A53" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">J. pseudosabina</emphasis>
|
||||
Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFB171AC0F4D81A53" authority="Kom." authorityName="Kom." box="[1174,1408,1777,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Pterophoridae" genus="Juniper" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seravschanica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFB171AC0F4651A53" box="[1174,1341,1777,1798]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">J. seravschanica</emphasis>
|
||||
Kom.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were negatively related to the mean annual temperature and positively, to the precipitation sum of the driest quarter at their sites of growth (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3CF0B67063944EFC231B7CF50D1A37" author="Larter" box="[930,1109,1869,1891]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Larter" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="002" refId="ref15939" refString="Larter, M., A. Akhmedov, C. Payne, S. Delzon, and T. Klein. 2024. " High and Variable Hydraulic Resistance to Embolism Among Three Asian Juniper Species: Hydraulic Resistance to Embolism in Asian Junipers. " Journal of Plant Hydraulics 10, no. 1: e 002. https://doi.org/10.20870/jph.2024.2." type="journal article" year="2024">Larter et al. 2024</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). For
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFB121B7FF5861A36" box="[1171,1246,1870,1891]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557063944EFB121B7FF5861A36" box="[1171,1246,1870,1891]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Prunus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47063944EFB6A1B7CF4171A36" box="[1259,1359,1869,1891]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), evidence was provided for a co-evolution of wood anatomy-based embolism resistance in closely related species, driven by adaptation to environmental conditions (Scholz et al. 2013). Overall, these results suggest that not only forms of growth, life and leaves but also anatomical-hydraulic traits of the wood have been differentiated along phylogenetic paths during evolution, whereas their extant configuration is organised as a specific adaptation to the respective sites of growth, resulting in clear differences among related species. At the species level, the results of our comparison of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47062944FFE931D00F0E11C12" box="[274,441,305,327]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFE931D00F0331C13" box="[274,363,305,326]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Tamarix</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
across a wide geographic gradient is in line with these implications.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="6A128D477062944FFFF81DBCF1B71E9F" blockId="13.[121,771,397,971]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||||
At least five out of the seven
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47062944FFE261DBCF3081CF6" box="[423,592,397,419]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFE261DBCF3581CF7" box="[423,512,397,418]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Tamarix</emphasis>
|
||||
species
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
studied here can certainly be considered phreatophytes, that is, plants with a temporary or permanent access to the groundwater (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="272FB8FC7062944FFD2F1DFBF3A51C8A" box="[686,765,458,480]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[119,194,650,673]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1 | Geographical distribution, morphology and special features of the studied Tamarix speciesa, arranged from the East to the West of their distribution areas." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
; Thomas 2014). Probably, this is also true for
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47062944FFDF81DDBF25B1CAA" box="[633,771,490,511]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="negevensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFDF81DDBF25B1CAA" box="[633,771,490,511]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. negevensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47062944FFF281E39F0EA1F48" authority="(Zohary 1982)" baseAuthorityName="Zohary" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[169,434,520,542]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nilotica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFF281E39F04B1F48" box="[169,275,520,541]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. nilotica</emphasis>
|
||||
(Zohary 1982)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Accordingly, rooting depths of up to
|
||||
<quantity id="AD5520A27062944FFF361E17F1BE1F69" box="[183,230,550,572]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
|
||||
have been reported for Israeli species of this genus (Zohary 1982). This means that such plants are less dependent on precipitation and that the vapour pressure deficit of the air has a much larger effect on the plants' water relations than rainfall (Thomas et al. 2008). Correspondingly, conduits with a low density per unit shoot cross-section but with a large hydraulic diameter and maximum cross-sectional area—traits that lead to an increase in hydraulic conductivity—were found in species growing at sites with only minute amounts of precipitation in the year's driest quarter (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="F29691C27062944FFE671F0BF3671E1A" box="[486,575,826,848]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[121,208,1895,1914]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,92,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-14@10.[156,1431,91,1875]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3 | Legend on next page. FIGURE 3 | Correlations between wood and hydraulic traits of the shoots of the studied Tamarix species and climate variables. SPEI, Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index; PSDQ, precipitation sum of the driest quarter (the driest three subsequent months of the year; cf. Table 2). ‘mean’, annual average; ‘max-min’, differences between the annual maximum and minimum values of the 3 decades considered (1991–2020) or of the values in the growing season (April–September) of that period. Temperature amplitudes and SPEI are based on monthly values. Strongly negative slopes of the logarithmic plot of conduit frequency vs. conduit area (cf. Figure 2) are indicative of a small fraction of wide conduits. dh, hydraulic diameter of the conduits; k ttot, calculated hydraulic conductivity; P50, calculated water potential at the point of 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity. Model parameters of the linear regressions (straight black lines): (a), wood density = −0.708·SPEImean + 0.591, r = −0.763, F = 9.753, p= 0.017; (b), percent conduit area= 0.223·Amplitude temperaturemax-min + 3.249; r= 0.767, F = 9.996, p = 0.016; (c), conduit density = 8.641·PSDQ +37.691, r = 0.883, F = 24.766, p = 0.002; (d), maximum conduit area= −161.291·PSDQ +8273.197, r= −0.800, F = 12.429, p = 0.010; (e), dh= −1.095·PSDQ +78.134, r = −0.895, F = 28.061, p = 0.001; (f), slope log(conduit distribution) = −0.0139·PSDQ—0.167, r = −0.957, F = 75.723, p <0.001; (g), kttot = −12.949· PSDQ +403.783, r = −0.804, F = 12.776, p= 0.009; (h), P50 = −6.798 · ∆SPEImax-min(Apr—Sep) + 11.745, r = −0.761, F = 9.638, p= 0.017, T. ramosissima (NW China);, T. aphylla (Israel);, T. negevensis (Israel);, T. nilotica (Israel);, T. hispida (Uzbekistan);, T. boveana;, T. gallica (both from southern Spain)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15304528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/15304528/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||||
), where the plants most strongly depend on access to groundwater. Nevertheless, precipitation events can result in an increased water uptake by
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47062944FFFF81FA6F18A1EF9" box="[121,210,919,940]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFFF81FA6F18A1EF9" box="[121,210,919,940]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Tamarix</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
due to a rise in the local groundwater level (Nippert et al. 2010).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="6A128D477062944FFFF81FC3F2B81DF8" blockId="13.[121,773,1010,1921]" lastBlockId="13.[816,1468,90,173]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||||
Contrary to our Hypothesis 2.2, however,
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47062944FFDC21FC2F3ED1952" box="[579,693,1010,1032]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boveana">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFDC21FC2F3ED1952" box="[579,693,1010,1032]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. boveana</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47062944FFD711FC2F1E51973" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gallica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFD711FC2F1E51973" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. gallica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which were sampled from regions with relatively mild temperatures throughout the year (and, accordingly, small annual temperature amplitudes) and moderate values of average SPEI, did not exhibit anatomical-hydraulic traits indicative of a low resistance to xylem embolism. Instead, their wood features, characterised by high wood density, numerous but small conduits, low
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFE8D18F8F040198B" box="[268,280,1225,1246]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">k</emphasis>
|
||||
<subScript id="F6298F027062944FFE9918E6F04519B0" attach="left" box="[280,285,1239,1253]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">t</subScript>
|
||||
and strongly negative
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFD8C18F8F343198B" box="[525,539,1225,1246]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
|
||||
<subScript id="F6298F027062944FFD9A18E7F37419B1" attach="left" box="[539,556,1238,1252]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">50</subScript>
|
||||
values, were typical of species growing under arid conditions. Although the sampling sites of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47062944FFE851936F02B184E" box="[260,371,1286,1308]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boveana">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFE851936F02B184E" box="[260,371,1286,1308]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. boveana</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47062944FFE261936F35D184E" box="[423,517,1286,1308]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gallica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFE261936F35D184E" box="[423,517,1286,1308]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. gallica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in our study are not the climatically most extreme ones across the range of our species, the species' capabilities of tolerating not only dry conditions but also high salt concentrations (
|
||||
<tableCitation id="272FB8FC7062944FFE301953F0A51822" box="[433,509,1378,1400]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[119,194,650,673]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1 | Geographical distribution, morphology and special features of the studied Tamarix speciesa, arranged from the East to the West of their distribution areas." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
) require the investigated traits of drought tolerance. Accordingly, their
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFDE019B3F33718C2" box="[609,623,1410,1431]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
|
||||
<subScript id="F6298F027062944FFDEF19BFF32718C9" attach="left" box="[622,639,1422,1436]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">50</subScript>
|
||||
values were even lower than the medians of measured
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFDA41991F36B18E0" box="[549,563,1440,1461]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
|
||||
<subScript id="F6298F027062944FFDB3199CF31B18EE" attach="left" box="[562,579,1453,1467]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">50</subScript>
|
||||
values from desert or Mediterranean biomes but within the range of measured
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFD65198EF3AA1881" box="[740,754,1471,1492]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
|
||||
<subScript id="F6298F027062944FFD7319FAF25B188C" attach="left" box="[754,771,1483,1497]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">50</subScript>
|
||||
values across taxa occurring in regions with low annual precipitation (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3CF0B67062944FFF4819CAF3021B44" author="Maherali, Pockman, and Jackson" box="[201,602,1531,1553]" firstAuthor="Maherali" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="2184 - 2199" refId="ref16545" refString="Maherali, H., W. T. Pockman, and R. B. Jackson. 2004. " Adaptive Variation in the Vulnerability of Woody Plants to Xylem Cavitation. " Ecology 85, no. 8: 2184-2199." type="journal article" year="2004">Maherali, Pockman, and Jackson 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). To our knowledge, the gymnosperm
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47062944FFEEA1A2AF36C1B7A" box="[363,564,1562,1584]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Juniperus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="drupacea">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFEEA1A2AF36C1B7A" box="[363,564,1562,1584]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Juniperus drupacea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, which occurs from southern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="12BACDD77062944FFF5B1A08F07A1B1B" box="[218,290,1593,1614]" name="Greece" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||||
to
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="12BACDD77062944FFEC01A08F0211B1A" box="[321,377,1593,1615]" name="Syria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, currently holds the record of the most negative
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFF541A69F1BB1B38" box="[213,227,1624,1645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
|
||||
<subScript id="F6298F027062944FFF621A54F1AC1B26" attach="left" box="[227,244,1637,1651]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">50</subScript>
|
||||
value determined so far in Eurasian woody species (−11.8 MPa;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3CF0B67062944FFF7B1A46F0E91BDE" author="Larter" box="[250,433,1654,1676]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Larter" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="002" refId="ref15939" refString="Larter, M., A. Akhmedov, C. Payne, S. Delzon, and T. Klein. 2024. " High and Variable Hydraulic Resistance to Embolism Among Three Asian Juniper Species: Hydraulic Resistance to Embolism in Asian Junipers. " Journal of Plant Hydraulics 10, no. 1: e 002. https://doi.org/10.20870/jph.2024.2." type="journal article" year="2024">Larter et al. 2024</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The anatomical-hydraulic features of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47062944FFF4C1AA4F0621BFF" box="[205,314,1685,1706]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boveana">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFF4C1AA4F0621BFF" box="[205,314,1685,1706]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. boveana</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="ADADF6C47062944FFEED1AA4F0911BFF" box="[364,457,1685,1706]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gallica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="58D951557062944FFEED1AA4F0911BFF" box="[364,457,1685,1706]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. gallica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
may have also facilitated their spread into more continental regions of the Iberian Peninsula. Overall, over evolutionary timescales, climate and phylogeny interact to determine physiological traits like embolism resistance within a genus (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3CF0B67062944FFEE51B21F3411A70" author="Larter" box="[356,537,1807,1829]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Larter" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="97 - 112" refId="ref16012" refString="Larter, M., S. Pfautsch, J. - C. Domec, S. Trueba, N. Nagalingum, and S. Delzon. 2017. " Aridity Drove the Evolution of Extreme Embolism Resistance and the Radiation of Conifer Genus Callitris. " New Phytologist 215, no. 1: 97-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14545." type="journal article" year="2017">Larter et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) but spatially, climate is the major driver of tree species distribution ranges at the global scale (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0E3CF0B67062944FFE821B7CF0991A37" author="Lerner" box="[259,449,1869,1891]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lerner" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="544 - 553" refId="ref16274" refString="Lerner, D., M. F. Martinez, S. Livne-Luzon, J. Belmaker, J. Penuelas, and T. Klein. 2023. " A Biome-Dependent Distribution Gradient of Tree Species Range Edges Is Strongly Dictated by Climate Spatial Heterogeneity. " Nature Plants 9, no. 4: 544-553. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-023-01369-1." type="journal article" year="2023">Lerner et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). It needs to be kept in mind, however, that it remains problematic to predict traits from the environment because in a given habitat, several plant species can coexist with quite different expressions of individual traits (Anderegg 2023).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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