From 1a281d45d1d417cad9724c98ec5991f88dc040e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Wed, 30 Apr 2025 13:08:26 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-04-30 13:02:39 --- .../87/03E987B91E6FFFD75A79CB77FAE3B78D.xml | 114 ++-- .../87/03E987B91E7BFFC2588BCC4BFE2EB067.xml | 126 ++--- .../3C/E2043C517064944FFFF81937F2B81DF8.xml | 515 ++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 637 insertions(+), 118 deletions(-) create mode 100644 data/E2/04/3C/E2043C517064944FFFF81937F2B81DF8.xml diff --git a/data/03/E9/87/03E987B91E6FFFD75A79CB77FAE3B78D.xml b/data/03/E9/87/03E987B91E6FFFD75A79CB77FAE3B78D.xml index ba00ddeb262..18a8126dcdf 100644 --- a/data/03/E9/87/03E987B91E6FFFD75A79CB77FAE3B78D.xml +++ b/data/03/E9/87/03E987B91E6FFFD75A79CB77FAE3B78D.xml @@ -1,72 +1,74 @@ - - - -Four new species of Atrichopogon Kieffer, 1906 (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Peruvian Amazonia and a key of Neotropical species of this genus with pigmented wings + + + +Four new species of Atrichopogon Kieffer, 1906 (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Peruvian Amazonia and a key of Neotropical species of this genus with pigmented wings - - -Author + + +Author -Rossi, Juan Francisco -División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque s / n, La Plata, Buenos Aires (Argentina) -jfrossi@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar +Rossi, Juan Francisco +División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque s / n, La Plata, Buenos Aires (Argentina) +jfrossi@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar - - -Author + + +Author -Spinelli, Gustavo Ricardo -Instituto de Limnología “ Dr Raúl A. Ringuelet ” (ILPLA) CONICET-UNLP, Avenida 122 y 60 s / n, La Plata (Argentina) -spinelli@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar +Spinelli, Gustavo Ricardo +Instituto de Limnología “ Dr Raúl A. Ringuelet ” (ILPLA) CONICET-UNLP, Avenida 122 y 60 s / n, La Plata (Argentina) +spinelli@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar - - -Author + + +Author -Hochman, Sabrina Ivanne -División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque s / n, La Plata, Buenos Aires (Argentina) -sabbhoch@gmail.com +Hochman, Sabrina Ivanne +División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque s / n, La Plata, Buenos Aires (Argentina) +sabbhoch@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Marino, Pablo Ignacio -División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque s / n, La Plata, Buenos Aires (Argentina) -pmarino@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar +Marino, Pablo Ignacio +División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque s / n, La Plata, Buenos Aires (Argentina) +pmarino@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar -text - - -Zoosystema +text + + +Zoosystema - -2025 - -2025-04-29 + +2025 + +2025-04-29 - -47 + +47 - -13 + +13 - -185 -202 + +185 +202 - -https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a13.pdf + +https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a13.pdf -journal article -10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a13 -1638-9387 -15308695 -3C03912C-6A32-49F7-A7D7-0C3A5A6E6610 +journal article +309560 +10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a13 +c8844406-c315-4ed4-b01f-9ddcc36332b3 +1638-9387 +15308695 +3C03912C-6A32-49F7-A7D7-0C3A5A6E6610 - + KEY @@ -160,7 +162,7 @@ are unknown. Since the females of different species are very similar, it is high posterior to apex of R 3 ( -Figs 1E +Figs 1E ; 2C ; @@ -253,7 +255,7 @@ Clastrier, 1968 5. Gonostylus tapering flattened and curved, apex spatulate or with flange ( -Figs 1G +Figs 1G , 8A ) ............................... 6 @@ -277,9 +279,9 @@ Clastrier, 1968 6. Antenna without sexual secondary dimorphism ( -Fig. 1A +Fig. 1A ); scutum without lateral suture ( -Fig. 1D +Fig. 1D ) ................ ............................................................................................. A @@ -749,7 +751,7 @@ Rossi, Marino & Spinelli 27. Posterior margin of scutum with pair of bunches of short setae, each on stout rounded base ( -Fig. 1D +Fig. 1D ) ....... 28 diff --git a/data/03/E9/87/03E987B91E7BFFC2588BCC4BFE2EB067.xml b/data/03/E9/87/03E987B91E7BFFC2588BCC4BFE2EB067.xml index b31285d570b..0d2a54c3e18 100644 --- a/data/03/E9/87/03E987B91E7BFFC2588BCC4BFE2EB067.xml +++ b/data/03/E9/87/03E987B91E7BFFC2588BCC4BFE2EB067.xml @@ -1,72 +1,74 @@ - - - -Four new species of Atrichopogon Kieffer, 1906 (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Peruvian Amazonia and a key of Neotropical species of this genus with pigmented wings + + + +Four new species of Atrichopogon Kieffer, 1906 (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Peruvian Amazonia and a key of Neotropical species of this genus with pigmented wings - - -Author + + +Author -Rossi, Juan Francisco -División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque s / n, La Plata, Buenos Aires (Argentina) -jfrossi@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar +Rossi, Juan Francisco +División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque s / n, La Plata, Buenos Aires (Argentina) +jfrossi@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar - - -Author + + +Author -Spinelli, Gustavo Ricardo -Instituto de Limnología “ Dr Raúl A. Ringuelet ” (ILPLA) CONICET-UNLP, Avenida 122 y 60 s / n, La Plata (Argentina) -spinelli@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar +Spinelli, Gustavo Ricardo +Instituto de Limnología “ Dr Raúl A. Ringuelet ” (ILPLA) CONICET-UNLP, Avenida 122 y 60 s / n, La Plata (Argentina) +spinelli@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar - - -Author + + +Author -Hochman, Sabrina Ivanne -División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque s / n, La Plata, Buenos Aires (Argentina) -sabbhoch@gmail.com +Hochman, Sabrina Ivanne +División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque s / n, La Plata, Buenos Aires (Argentina) +sabbhoch@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Marino, Pablo Ignacio -División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque s / n, La Plata, Buenos Aires (Argentina) -pmarino@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar +Marino, Pablo Ignacio +División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque s / n, La Plata, Buenos Aires (Argentina) +pmarino@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar -text - - -Zoosystema +text + + +Zoosystema - -2025 - -2025-04-29 + +2025 + +2025-04-29 - -47 + +47 - -13 + +13 - -185 -202 + +185 +202 - -https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a13.pdf + +https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a13.pdf -journal article -10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a13 -1638-9387 -15308695 -3C03912C-6A32-49F7-A7D7-0C3A5A6E6610 +journal article +309560 +10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a13 +c8844406-c315-4ed4-b01f-9ddcc36332b3 +1638-9387 +15308695 +3C03912C-6A32-49F7-A7D7-0C3A5A6E6610 - + @@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ Rossi, Marino & Spinelli ( -Figs 1 +Figs 1 ; 2 ; @@ -248,7 +250,7 @@ in the New World with pigmented wings and without secondary sexual dimorphism, w Male adult ( -Figs 1 +Figs 1 ; 8A @@ -257,13 +259,13 @@ in the New World with pigmented wings and without secondary sexual dimorphism, w Head ( -Fig. 1A +Fig. 1A ). Dark brown. Ommatidia ( -Fig. 1B +Fig. 1B ) with interfacet spicules, broadly abutting medially for length of seven ommatidia. Antenna light brown with plume setae not developed; flagellomeres separate, 1-8 vasiform, 9-13 elongated, proportions as shown in -Figure 1A +Figure 1A ; flagellomere 13 with apical nipple, not basally constricted; AR 1.02-1.16 (1.07, n=5). Maxillary palpus ( -Fig. 1C +Fig. 1C ) pale brown; third segment slender, with well developed pit just beyond midlength; segments 4, 5 separate; segment 5 conical; PR 2.00-2.20 (2.10, n=5). Head width/mouthparts length 3.13-3.53 (3.33, n=5). @@ -271,9 +273,9 @@ in the New World with pigmented wings and without secondary sexual dimorphism, w Thorax. Dark brown except scutellum yellowish brown. Scutum ( -Fig. 1D +Fig. 1D ) with all setae in dark pits; without lateral suture. Posterior margin of scutum with pair of bunches of 22-24 short setae, each on stout rounded base. Paratergite with one stout seta. Anepisternum narrow, slightly bilobed posteriorly. Legs light brown. Hind tibia expanded only at apex. Hind tibial spur length less than width of hind tibia at midlength; hind tibial comb with 8-11 spines; prothoracic TR 3.33-4.00 (3.66, n=5), mesothoracic TR 3.14-3.67 (3.32, n=5), metathoracic TR 2.66-3.14 (3.01, n=5); claws curved, moderately stout, bifid at tip; empodia present. Wing ( -Fig. 1E +Fig. 1E ) with two slight dark spots in area of r-m and in r 3 posterior to apex of R @@ -287,9 +289,9 @@ posterior to apex of R Abdomen ( -Fig. 1F +Fig. 1F ).Tergites 1-3 dark brown, 4-7 successively lighter, 8 entirely dark brown. Genitalia ( -Figs 1G +Figs 1G ; 8A ) large, segment 9 about equal in width to segment 8; tergite 9 moderately elongate, extending to about level of apex of gonocoxites; posterior margin rounded. Sternite 9 with posterior margin broadly concave, with row of setae separated medially. Gonocoxite without medial lobe, twice as long as greatest breadth. Gonostylus tapering from base, 0.80 length of gonocoxite, anterolaterally flattened, gently curved, apex pointed with large subapical flange. Aedeagal-parameral complex elongate, broad; dorsal portion forming a posteriorly-directed trident, its mesal point truncate, lateral ones pointed; ventral portion somewhat rounded posteriorly, with lateral arms directed laterally. Cercus slender, elongate, extending beyond margin of tergite 9. @@ -426,7 +428,7 @@ bears a posteriorly-directed prong, while in the dorsal portion tapers somewhat rounded. The apex of the gonostylus of both species is bifid. - + FIG . 1. — diff --git a/data/E2/04/3C/E2043C517064944FFFF81937F2B81DF8.xml b/data/E2/04/3C/E2043C517064944FFFF81937F2B81DF8.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..442d1244a1a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/E2/04/3C/E2043C517064944FFFF81937F2B81DF8.xml @@ -0,0 +1,515 @@ + + + +Wood Anatomical and Hydraulic Traits of Tamarix Species Across a Large Eurasian Gradient Show a Stronger Climatic Than Phylogenetic Signal + + + +Author + +Akhmedov, Akbar +Department of Botany, Samarkand State University, University Boulevard, Samarkand, Uzbekistan | + + + +Author + +Bobokandov, Nodirjon +Samarkand Agroinnovations and Research + + + +Author + +Krehenwinkel, Henrik +Biogeography, Faculty of Spatial and Environmental Sciences, Trier University, Universitätsring, Trier, + + + +Author + +Rzepecki, Andreas +Geobotany, Faculty of Spatial and Environmental Sciences, Trier University, Trier, Germany | + + + +Author + +Klein, Tamir +Weizmann Tree Lab, Department of Plant & + + + +Author + +Villar, Jose L. +Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of + + + +Author + +Thomas, Frank M. +Geobotany, Faculty of Spatial and Environmental Sciences, Trier University, Trier, Germany | + +text + + +Journal of Biogeography + + +2025 + +e 15096 + + +2025-02-03 + + +52 + + +5 + + +1 +18 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.15096 + +journal article +10.1111/jbi.15096 +1365-2699 +15304522 + + + + + + +4.1 | Anatomical-Hydraulic Traits of the + +Tamarix + +Species Compared to Phylogeny and Distribution + + + + + + +Despite their shared morphology and commonality in their occurrence at dry and salt-influenced sites, the investigated + +Tamarix +species + +exhibited striking differences in their anatomical and hydraulic features. However, the phylogenetically most distant species + +T. aphylla + +and + +T. hispida + +did not differ in these traits from most of the other species and the phylogenetic distances among the species were not correlated with their distances among traits. This prompts us to reject our first general hypothesis as well as Subhypothesis 1.1. Under the assumption that the + +T. hispida + +specimens investigated in our study are representative of the species, + +T. hispida + +'s intermediate position in most of the studied features can be explained by its wide distributional range, which reaches from N +China +across entire Central Asia to +Iran +, covering approximately 90° of geographical longitude, and, thus, requires adaptation to a relatively broad range of habitat and climatic conditions. In principle, plant functional traits can adopt similar values across a wide range of environmental conditions (Anderegg 2023). Accordingly, 19 species of western North-American oaks exhibited a relatively high embolism resistance along an aridity gradient from mesic to xeric sites (Skelton et al. 2021). In a comparison of deciduous ring-porous oak species, + +Quercus robur + +L., which has the widest distribution of the Eurasian oaks extending from north-western +Spain +to the Ural (Meusel, Jaeger, and Weinert 1965) with a strong climatic gradient, exhibits a +P +50 +value of −2.7 MPa that is between that of the North-American + +Q. rubra + +L. (−2.3 MPa), which has been successfully cultivated in Central Europe, and the indigenous + +Q. petraea + +([Matt.] Liebl.) and + +Q. pubescens +Willd. + +(both −3.3 MPa; Tyree and Cochard 1996). Likewise, + +T. hispida + +'s anatomical-hydraulic traits took a position between the other + +Tamarix +species + +along the regressions with climatic variables except for wood density, which was the lowest of all the + +Tamarix +species + +studied here. However, its low wood density of 0.62 ± +0.02 g +cm−3 +is in the range of +0.51—0.65 g +cm−3 +that, across a broad range of angiosperm and gymnosperm families from all continents, has been assessed to be most efficient in water transport ( +Kallarackal et al. 2013 +). This may enhance the species' capability to conquer additional habitats. Wood density also was the only anatomical-hydraulic trait, in which + +T. hispida + +differed significantly from + +T. aphylla + +that also has a wide distribution (across approximately 90° of longitude) but is more confined to warmer climates ( +Table 1 +). + + +In conformity with our Subhypothesis 1.2, the traits of + +T. boveana + +and + +T. gallica + +, which are proximate in phylogeny, geographic distribution and exposure to site and climate conditions, are similar to each other. This is in parallel to the findings by Skelton et al. (2021) of closely related North-American oak species varying only little in their resistance to xylem embolism. It seems that in all these species, genetic relatedness, distribution range and adaptation to similar environmental conditions have resulted in similar trait expression. In the case of the Spanish + +Tamarix +species + +investigated here, this similarity in trait expression may have evolved during the genus' spread from the east to the west of the Mediterranean region and adjacent areas. In that direction, the species number of + +Tamarix + +decreases (Terrones and Juan 2023) and this trend may have been accompanied by a specialisation during the evolution of these two taxa that are the youngest in our species set (≤ 1 million years [Myr] old) (Terrones and Juan 2023). This specialisation may have been a response to the transition from a temperate to a cooler and drier climate, especially during the glacials, at the end of the Early Pleistocene (Middle–Late Calabrian), which was also accompanied by a spread of steppe taxa at lower elevations of the Mediterranean region ( +Combourieu-Nebout et al. 2015 +). On the other hand, larger phylogenetic distances among co-occurring woody species of the same genus with convergent traits have also been found and related to competition avoidance or niche partitioning within the same habitat in oak communities of + +Florida ( +Cavender-Bares et al. 2004 +) + +. At the habitat scale, such niche partitioning between the two Spanish + +Tamarix +species + +of our study may have been effective at sites with severe drought ( + +T. gallica + +) or salt stress ( + +T. boveana + +; cf. +Table 1 +) but could not be explored within the scope of the present investigation. + + + +Tamarix ramosissima + +displays a similarly wide or even wider longitudinal distribution than + +T. hispida + +(from N +Korea +to SE +Turkey +). Maybe even more importantly, it can grow under very harsh environmental conditions in an extremely continental climate, characterised by very cold winters and hot-dry summers with extremely low amounts of annual precipitation (down to approximately +33 mm +; Thomas et al. 2000). In such regions, + +T. ramosissima + +can penetrate far into the desert ( +Bruelheide et al. 2010 +) by forming cone-shaped dunes (Qong, Takamura, and Hudaberdi 2002), provided that the plants have access to groundwater (Thomas et al. 2006). Under conditions of regular severe winter frost and high transpirational demand in summer, a high resistance against xylem dysfunction due to embolism of the conduits is necessary. In accordance with our Hypothesis 2.1, this is accomplished in + +T. ramosissima + +by the most negative +P +50 +values found in our study. Likewise, in a comparison of + +Nothofagus +species + +in South-Central +Chile +, + +N. antarctica +(G.Forst.) Oerst. + +, whose distribution centre is located at the highest elevations (> +1500 m +a.s.l.), exhibited the smallest conduit areas and the most negative +P +50 +values ( +Dettmann, Pérez, and Thomas 2013 +). Nevertheless, + +T. ramosissima + +also disposes of a certain fraction of large conduits and exhibits the largest maximum conduit area, which facilitates high rates of water transport from the roots to the leaves (i.e., high +k +t +values) during the period of rapid growth after the onset of continental spring (Thomas et al. 2008). Thus, the possession of large fractions of both small and wide conduits—'vessel dimorphism’ (cf. +Dickison 2000 +)—facilitates the expansion of + +T. ramosissima + +and + +T. hispida + +into regions characterised by hot-dry as well as cold seasons. + + +As they display (semi-)ring porous wood with its broad vessels as well as simple perforation plates, + +Tamarix +species + +are already at the pinnacle of water-conducting efficiency (cf. Sperry 2003). Nevertheless, the differences in anatomical and hydraulic traits among the species investigated in the present study might to some extent be related to their evolutionary history, although we found no significant correlations between the distances in phylogeny and the investigated traits. + +Tamarix aphylla + +, which has a broad longitudinal distribution from north-western +India +to +Morocco +(approx. 83°), is similar to most other + +Tamarix +species + +of the present study in its anatomical-hydraulic traits and belongs to the basal group of the genus, which has a crown age of 16.65 Myr (Terrones and Juan 2023) that extends to the climatic optimum of the Miocene. Speciation then progressed to + +T. hispida + +with an age of 4.47 Myr (Terrones and Juan 2023) and a similarly wide distribution, also requiring adaption of the wood's anatomical-hydraulic traits to a broad range of environmental conditions (see above). + +Tamarix nilotica + +with an age of less than 3 Myr (Terrones and Juan 2023) and a distribution range restricted to the Levant and north-eastern Africa is more specialised, exhibiting anatomical traits that facilitate an efficient water transport at times of ample water supply. Its evolution may be related to the onset of the Mediterranean climate (3.2—2.8 Myr B.P.; Terrones and Juan 2023). At the other end of the spectrum, the Spanish species + +T. gallica + +and + +T. boveana + +, the youngest taxa of our study (≤ 1 Myr; Terrones and Juan 2023), exhibit traits related to high embolism resistance, which is typical of species that need not only tolerate drought but also salt stress. Unfortunately, no robust data are available on the ages of + +T. ramosissima + +and + +T. negevensis + +. + + +Wood hydraulic properties, and hydraulic conductance and embolism resistance in particular, are also influenced by other anatomical traits, whose examination was beyond the scope of the present study. For instance, conduit conductivity scales with conduit length ( +Choat, Cobb, and Jansen 2008 +) and is positively related to the extent of conduit aggregation ( +Martínez-Vilalta et al. 2012 +). Embolism resistance is not only positively correlated with ( +t b +−1 +) +h +2 +(see Section 2.4), but also with the proportion of the xylem's libriform fibre walls close to the conduits and negatively, with the fibres' lumen areas ( +Jacobsen et al. 2005 +; +Lachenbruch and McCulloh 2014 +). Regarding the conduits' ultrastructure, embolism resistance proved to be negatively related to the pit membrane area per conduit and the occurrence of large pores ( +Hacke et al. 2006 +; Wheeler et al. 2005). However, as the conduit's pit membrane area is connected to the conduit diameter, which, together with ( +t b +−1 +) +h +2 +, has also been determined in the present study, we are confident that our anatomical investigations have captured the most relevant traits related to the hydraulic properties of the wood. Nevertheless, other anatomical traits that have not been investigated here might exhibit a stronger linkage to the species' phylogeny. + + + + +4.2 | Anatomical-Hydraulic Traits of + +Tamarix + +Species in Relation to Climate + + + + +Our results agree with former studies showing high correlation between the variation in anatomical-hydraulic traits and site climate. Across the +Oleaceae +family with its cosmopolitan distribution from the tropics to cool-temperate latitudes, including 29 genera and more than 600 species, the vessel diameter decreases and the vessel frequency increases with increasing seasonality or lower cold-season temperatures, which can be interpreted as a strategy of higher safety from freeze-induced embolism in cold periods (Baas et al. 1988; Niu, Meinzer, and Hao 2017; Sperry and Sullivan 1992). Likewise, out of five endemic + +Rhamnus +species + +( +Rhamnaceae +) growing in the Mediterranean region of southern +Turkey +, the species occurring close to the sea level in a milder climate exhibited a larger vessel area (calculated from the averaged radial and tangential vessel diameters) than the other species, which grew at elevations of +700 m +a.s.l or above (Akkemik et al. 2007). The +P +50 +values of the Asian + +Juniper +species +J + +. drupacea +Labill., + +J. pseudosabina +Fisch. & C.A.Mey. + +and + +J. seravschanica +Kom. + +were negatively related to the mean annual temperature and positively, to the precipitation sum of the driest quarter at their sites of growth ( +Larter et al. 2024 +). For + +Prunus + +( +Rosaceae +), evidence was provided for a co-evolution of wood anatomy-based embolism resistance in closely related species, driven by adaptation to environmental conditions (Scholz et al. 2013). Overall, these results suggest that not only forms of growth, life and leaves but also anatomical-hydraulic traits of the wood have been differentiated along phylogenetic paths during evolution, whereas their extant configuration is organised as a specific adaptation to the respective sites of growth, resulting in clear differences among related species. At the species level, the results of our comparison of + +Tamarix +species + +across a wide geographic gradient is in line with these implications. + + +At least five out of the seven + +Tamarix +species + +studied here can certainly be considered phreatophytes, that is, plants with a temporary or permanent access to the groundwater ( +Table 1 +; Thomas 2014). Probably, this is also true for + +T. negevensis + +and + +T. nilotica +(Zohary 1982) + +. Accordingly, rooting depths of up to +30 m +have been reported for Israeli species of this genus (Zohary 1982). This means that such plants are less dependent on precipitation and that the vapour pressure deficit of the air has a much larger effect on the plants' water relations than rainfall (Thomas et al. 2008). Correspondingly, conduits with a low density per unit shoot cross-section but with a large hydraulic diameter and maximum cross-sectional area—traits that lead to an increase in hydraulic conductivity—were found in species growing at sites with only minute amounts of precipitation in the year's driest quarter ( +Figure 3 +), where the plants most strongly depend on access to groundwater. Nevertheless, precipitation events can result in an increased water uptake by + +Tamarix + +due to a rise in the local groundwater level (Nippert et al. 2010). + + +Contrary to our Hypothesis 2.2, however, + +T. boveana + +and + +T. gallica + +, which were sampled from regions with relatively mild temperatures throughout the year (and, accordingly, small annual temperature amplitudes) and moderate values of average SPEI, did not exhibit anatomical-hydraulic traits indicative of a low resistance to xylem embolism. Instead, their wood features, characterised by high wood density, numerous but small conduits, low +k +t +and strongly negative +P +50 +values, were typical of species growing under arid conditions. Although the sampling sites of + +T. boveana + +and + +T. gallica + +in our study are not the climatically most extreme ones across the range of our species, the species' capabilities of tolerating not only dry conditions but also high salt concentrations ( +Table 1 +) require the investigated traits of drought tolerance. Accordingly, their +P +50 +values were even lower than the medians of measured +P +50 +values from desert or Mediterranean biomes but within the range of measured +P +50 +values across taxa occurring in regions with low annual precipitation ( +Maherali, Pockman, and Jackson 2004 +). To our knowledge, the gymnosperm + +Juniperus drupacea + +, which occurs from southern +Greece +to +Syria +, currently holds the record of the most negative +P +50 +value determined so far in Eurasian woody species (−11.8 MPa; +Larter et al. 2024 +). The anatomical-hydraulic features of + +T. boveana + +and + +T. gallica + +may have also facilitated their spread into more continental regions of the Iberian Peninsula. Overall, over evolutionary timescales, climate and phylogeny interact to determine physiological traits like embolism resistance within a genus ( +Larter et al. 2017 +) but spatially, climate is the major driver of tree species distribution ranges at the global scale ( +Lerner et al. 2023 +). It needs to be kept in mind, however, that it remains problematic to predict traits from the environment because in a given habitat, several plant species can coexist with quite different expressions of individual traits (Anderegg 2023). + + + + \ No newline at end of file