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<mods:url id="F99C8BF8B82AC2CE5BE4EE4BA9B07B79">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="062C7B1E0EADFECD2048002C8001ECEE">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="8EBFFD6FA46B16C2A2F8C528C913BE0B" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="417C070DBEF95256A17D23E7B2AD374C" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-240-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5595CE8825472D57D98339F50618AB42" type="Pensoft-UUID">B699D9DE2B435B1093DE3C38C703D430</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="91F80120F557E99B961E03356FCA251D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:91F80120F557E99B961E03356FCA251D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/91F80120F557E99B961E03356FCA251D" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="5DCA0A430049A565A7D6B2A84D9FA4E0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="E6D7E9B275A5F469BE282211A30F628C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="A372D2D3899EC654A2ED75DA0911304F" ID-CoL="9CKTN" authority="Harms, Bot. Jahrb. 26: 258. 1899." authorityName="Harms, Bot. Jahrb. 26: 258. 1899." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Fillaeopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fillaeopsis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fillaeopsis Harms, Bot. Jahrb. 26: 258. 1899.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="896FD8EC4AD1F8EDF66090012F205084" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="CB8A44174F114FA555C713F457FF20E4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation id="DC856CBC696A7977D029B24E9F240DE8" captionStart="Figure 127" captionStartId="F134" captionText="Figure 127. Habit, habitats, inflorescences, and fruits of Newtonia and allies A small tree of Anonychium africanum (Guill. &amp; Perr.) C. E. Hughes &amp; G. P. Lewis in Senegal, West Africa B small twisted treelet of Plathymenia reticulata Benth. in savanna grasslands (Cerrado) in eastern Bolivia C large, buttressed tree base of Fillaeopsis discophora Harms in tropical wet forest, Ebo, Cameroon D large buttressed tree base of Newtonia buchananii (Baker f.) G. C. C. Gilbert &amp; Boutique in semi-evergreen forest in Mozambique E spicate inflorescence of Anonychium africanum F spicate inflorescences of Plathymenia reticulata, eastern Bolivia G spicate inflorescences of Fillaeopsis discophora, Gabon H spicate inflorescences of Newtonia buchananii in Malawi I indehiscent pods of Anonychium africanum collected as livestock feed in Burkina Faso, West Africa J tardily dehiscent pods with chartaceous or weakly coriaceous valves of Plathymenia reticulata, eastern Bolivia K pod valves and papery endocarp packets surrounding seeds of Plathymenia reticulata, Bahia, Brazil L tardily dehiscent pods with chartaceous valves of Fillaeopsis discophora in tropical wet forest in Mayombe, Congo (Brazzaville) M large winged seeds of Fillaeopsis discophora in tropical wet forest in Ambam, Cameroon N fruits and winged seeds of Newtonia buchananii in cultivation in South Africa. Photo credits A S Christensen www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de B, F, J, K, N CE Hughes C, L, M X van der Burgt D Stefaan Dondeyne E M Arbonnier https: // agritrop. cirad. fr / G E Bidault, Missouri Botanical Garden, http: // legacy. tropicos. org / Image / 100618759 H G Baumann www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de I M Schmidt www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure127" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014799" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 127</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="0EF948064ADA80368A6B70E95A651A69" captionStart="Figure 130" captionStartId="F137" captionText="Figure 130. Distribution of Fillaeopsis based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure130" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014802" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 130</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E07DCCBC4FBB81E01F4FAA4EEE711046" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5152E1001E6B891C08E800F7A5F1A8E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus id="0858BF22E8D7E31B4A84DB6793929708">Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7EA6F783CF3EB473D44DF72BA9138478" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="B1BA8B0C333EA30E40D97B2F7625C7B4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Fillaeopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fillaeopsis discophora" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="discophora">
<emphasis id="E2F2DA2ADC4AC732CC718958A2AF186B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fillaeopsis discophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Harms
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AA8C6461C892061A15AC04E982DF700D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="E119800BBA8761CB71E24ED7AA5A3E70" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="948BE1AED0B41CFF70667F4F6C2F6129" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Large, often buttressed, trees 24-40 m, 40-80 (100) cm diameter (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1C67E63453EA25188DDFE4AF75AF86E3" captionStart="Figure 127" captionStartId="F134" captionText="Figure 127. Habit, habitats, inflorescences, and fruits of Newtonia and allies A small tree of Anonychium africanum (Guill. &amp; Perr.) C. E. Hughes &amp; G. P. Lewis in Senegal, West Africa B small twisted treelet of Plathymenia reticulata Benth. in savanna grasslands (Cerrado) in eastern Bolivia C large, buttressed tree base of Fillaeopsis discophora Harms in tropical wet forest, Ebo, Cameroon D large buttressed tree base of Newtonia buchananii (Baker f.) G. C. C. Gilbert &amp; Boutique in semi-evergreen forest in Mozambique E spicate inflorescence of Anonychium africanum F spicate inflorescences of Plathymenia reticulata, eastern Bolivia G spicate inflorescences of Fillaeopsis discophora, Gabon H spicate inflorescences of Newtonia buchananii in Malawi I indehiscent pods of Anonychium africanum collected as livestock feed in Burkina Faso, West Africa J tardily dehiscent pods with chartaceous or weakly coriaceous valves of Plathymenia reticulata, eastern Bolivia K pod valves and papery endocarp packets surrounding seeds of Plathymenia reticulata, Bahia, Brazil L tardily dehiscent pods with chartaceous valves of Fillaeopsis discophora in tropical wet forest in Mayombe, Congo (Brazzaville) M large winged seeds of Fillaeopsis discophora in tropical wet forest in Ambam, Cameroon N fruits and winged seeds of Newtonia buchananii in cultivation in South Africa. Photo credits A S Christensen www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de B, F, J, K, N CE Hughes C, L, M X van der Burgt D Stefaan Dondeyne E M Arbonnier https: // agritrop. cirad. fr / G E Bidault, Missouri Botanical Garden, http: // legacy. tropicos. org / Image / 100618759 H G Baumann www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de I M Schmidt www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure127" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014799" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">127C</figureCitation>
), unarmed, bark smooth with vertical fissures, slash exuding pale yellow sticky latex, brachyblasts absent.
<emphasis id="C3B04FD005DB707A4ADF6499AA8CC15D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stipules</emphasis>
not observed.
<emphasis id="20AD4CCDD29EA2C9987E369BBA92095C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Leaves</emphasis>
bipinnate, extrafloral nectaries absent; pinnae 1-3 pairs, opposite; leaflets alternate, 4-6 (10) per pinna, venation brochidodromous.
<emphasis id="0D0DCF1CF2D006C97B65813C354E2368" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Inflorescence</emphasis>
a panicle of spiciform racemes, axillary or terminal (Fig.
<figureCitation id="9E554760F946D63619C5341F0C3BB2D9" captionStart="Figure 127" captionStartId="F134" captionText="Figure 127. Habit, habitats, inflorescences, and fruits of Newtonia and allies A small tree of Anonychium africanum (Guill. &amp; Perr.) C. E. Hughes &amp; G. P. Lewis in Senegal, West Africa B small twisted treelet of Plathymenia reticulata Benth. in savanna grasslands (Cerrado) in eastern Bolivia C large, buttressed tree base of Fillaeopsis discophora Harms in tropical wet forest, Ebo, Cameroon D large buttressed tree base of Newtonia buchananii (Baker f.) G. C. C. Gilbert &amp; Boutique in semi-evergreen forest in Mozambique E spicate inflorescence of Anonychium africanum F spicate inflorescences of Plathymenia reticulata, eastern Bolivia G spicate inflorescences of Fillaeopsis discophora, Gabon H spicate inflorescences of Newtonia buchananii in Malawi I indehiscent pods of Anonychium africanum collected as livestock feed in Burkina Faso, West Africa J tardily dehiscent pods with chartaceous or weakly coriaceous valves of Plathymenia reticulata, eastern Bolivia K pod valves and papery endocarp packets surrounding seeds of Plathymenia reticulata, Bahia, Brazil L tardily dehiscent pods with chartaceous valves of Fillaeopsis discophora in tropical wet forest in Mayombe, Congo (Brazzaville) M large winged seeds of Fillaeopsis discophora in tropical wet forest in Ambam, Cameroon N fruits and winged seeds of Newtonia buchananii in cultivation in South Africa. Photo credits A S Christensen www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de B, F, J, K, N CE Hughes C, L, M X van der Burgt D Stefaan Dondeyne E M Arbonnier https: // agritrop. cirad. fr / G E Bidault, Missouri Botanical Garden, http: // legacy. tropicos. org / Image / 100618759 H G Baumann www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de I M Schmidt www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure127" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014799" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">127G</figureCitation>
), flowers abscising to leave peg-like pedicels.
<emphasis id="D1B9C851EC8DA45EB01450402D55A913" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowers</emphasis>
very waxy and shiny on herbarium sheets; calyx broadly open, 5-lobed, probably somewhat succulent; petals 5, fleshy, free; stamens 10, free, anthers ovate with a sessile, globose apical gland; pollen in tetrahedral tetrads with tricolporate grains, exine smooth (perforated), columellae present; large intra-staminal nectary disk surrounding the ovary; ovary sessile, stigma porate.
<emphasis id="19DC918D99B8E462D7912DA2812C66F7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fruits</emphasis>
very large, 60-80
<normalizedToken id="88CACB48A78996A97640027056B05FC8" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
15-20 cm, broadly oblong (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A00C034BC327F04F20D833CA20C3D6E8" captionStart="Figure 127" captionStartId="F134" captionText="Figure 127. Habit, habitats, inflorescences, and fruits of Newtonia and allies A small tree of Anonychium africanum (Guill. &amp; Perr.) C. E. Hughes &amp; G. P. Lewis in Senegal, West Africa B small twisted treelet of Plathymenia reticulata Benth. in savanna grasslands (Cerrado) in eastern Bolivia C large, buttressed tree base of Fillaeopsis discophora Harms in tropical wet forest, Ebo, Cameroon D large buttressed tree base of Newtonia buchananii (Baker f.) G. C. C. Gilbert &amp; Boutique in semi-evergreen forest in Mozambique E spicate inflorescence of Anonychium africanum F spicate inflorescences of Plathymenia reticulata, eastern Bolivia G spicate inflorescences of Fillaeopsis discophora, Gabon H spicate inflorescences of Newtonia buchananii in Malawi I indehiscent pods of Anonychium africanum collected as livestock feed in Burkina Faso, West Africa J tardily dehiscent pods with chartaceous or weakly coriaceous valves of Plathymenia reticulata, eastern Bolivia K pod valves and papery endocarp packets surrounding seeds of Plathymenia reticulata, Bahia, Brazil L tardily dehiscent pods with chartaceous valves of Fillaeopsis discophora in tropical wet forest in Mayombe, Congo (Brazzaville) M large winged seeds of Fillaeopsis discophora in tropical wet forest in Ambam, Cameroon N fruits and winged seeds of Newtonia buchananii in cultivation in South Africa. Photo credits A S Christensen www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de B, F, J, K, N CE Hughes C, L, M X van der Burgt D Stefaan Dondeyne E M Arbonnier https: // agritrop. cirad. fr / G E Bidault, Missouri Botanical Garden, http: // legacy. tropicos. org / Image / 100618759 H G Baumann www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de I M Schmidt www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure127" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014799" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">127L</figureCitation>
), flattened, dehiscent along both sutures, 8-10-seeded; valves papery to coriaceous, outer layer waxy, with raised reticulate venation, endocarp smooth, papery, brown with whitish fibrous layers between the seeds which are transverse in legume.
<emphasis id="D5F2068AAB54AA8C4417E8F208F27DE9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Seeds</emphasis>
large, flattened, membranous-winged, 10-15
<normalizedToken id="72754B311CB8285135E9E46327933D38" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.5-4 cm, wing to 2.5-3 cm wide (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E7DB0793C0CDCF440FA931D4EA0102AD" captionStart="Figure 127" captionStartId="F134" captionText="Figure 127. Habit, habitats, inflorescences, and fruits of Newtonia and allies A small tree of Anonychium africanum (Guill. &amp; Perr.) C. E. Hughes &amp; G. P. Lewis in Senegal, West Africa B small twisted treelet of Plathymenia reticulata Benth. in savanna grasslands (Cerrado) in eastern Bolivia C large, buttressed tree base of Fillaeopsis discophora Harms in tropical wet forest, Ebo, Cameroon D large buttressed tree base of Newtonia buchananii (Baker f.) G. C. C. Gilbert &amp; Boutique in semi-evergreen forest in Mozambique E spicate inflorescence of Anonychium africanum F spicate inflorescences of Plathymenia reticulata, eastern Bolivia G spicate inflorescences of Fillaeopsis discophora, Gabon H spicate inflorescences of Newtonia buchananii in Malawi I indehiscent pods of Anonychium africanum collected as livestock feed in Burkina Faso, West Africa J tardily dehiscent pods with chartaceous or weakly coriaceous valves of Plathymenia reticulata, eastern Bolivia K pod valves and papery endocarp packets surrounding seeds of Plathymenia reticulata, Bahia, Brazil L tardily dehiscent pods with chartaceous valves of Fillaeopsis discophora in tropical wet forest in Mayombe, Congo (Brazzaville) M large winged seeds of Fillaeopsis discophora in tropical wet forest in Ambam, Cameroon N fruits and winged seeds of Newtonia buchananii in cultivation in South Africa. Photo credits A S Christensen www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de B, F, J, K, N CE Hughes C, L, M X van der Burgt D Stefaan Dondeyne E M Arbonnier https: // agritrop. cirad. fr / G E Bidault, Missouri Botanical Garden, http: // legacy. tropicos. org / Image / 100618759 H G Baumann www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de I M Schmidt www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure127" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014799" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">127M</figureCitation>
), testa membranous, funicle attached near the middle of the seed, pleurogram absent, endosperm lacking.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BB07BB0BDDE84FC2CD1B1A68F3B8F1B1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="chromosome number">
<paragraph id="66A007D6A3D99DF10BF88604A722959F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chromosome number.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="814F9A8AF630A276A0D1B3B1C8B193A5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3092D94080F6340D2E5599A886949B7A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="A23928F280E04B1FBD83B941C855E335" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Included species and geographic distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7BBEB7BDBA59D8CEC14132D66628573C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Monospecific (
<taxonomicName id="9206D81B791191EE0C38EBB1816CD6B1" lsidName="F. discophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="discophora">
<emphasis id="D65A49B4A94F1CD160D98F5DB7705EEC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F. discophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), restricted to central Africa in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria, Republic of Congo (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C905C5B842BA9AAB90CBF971F51B16B3" captionStart="Figure 130" captionStartId="F137" captionText="Figure 130. Distribution of Fillaeopsis based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure130" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014802" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">130</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="7417647E6557AFF85F4A09BE861D8881" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure130" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014802" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 130" startId="F137">
<paragraph id="CF77E4241B55EC6572E1D5C8D759C27D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="35244F86D80C0001F4B496E1D9999306" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 130.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="A7AA51B99D97342850580EE8BEBA1E15" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Fillaeopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fillaeopsis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AE7360837F4643F784C152E46F6A9BDF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fillaeopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="73CE782DA98D7E424EF3FC2314C87764" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="BD245A248FD1AD40F120EA2BF0C2A814" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="705051BADBD051195F29DF75F793D0CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Large canopy-emergent trees growing in closed-canopy evergreen lowland tropical rainforests (Fig.
<figureCitation id="310FD54405777BA0A01BDCD90CE24274" captionStart="Figure 127" captionStartId="F134" captionText="Figure 127. Habit, habitats, inflorescences, and fruits of Newtonia and allies A small tree of Anonychium africanum (Guill. &amp; Perr.) C. E. Hughes &amp; G. P. Lewis in Senegal, West Africa B small twisted treelet of Plathymenia reticulata Benth. in savanna grasslands (Cerrado) in eastern Bolivia C large, buttressed tree base of Fillaeopsis discophora Harms in tropical wet forest, Ebo, Cameroon D large buttressed tree base of Newtonia buchananii (Baker f.) G. C. C. Gilbert &amp; Boutique in semi-evergreen forest in Mozambique E spicate inflorescence of Anonychium africanum F spicate inflorescences of Plathymenia reticulata, eastern Bolivia G spicate inflorescences of Fillaeopsis discophora, Gabon H spicate inflorescences of Newtonia buchananii in Malawi I indehiscent pods of Anonychium africanum collected as livestock feed in Burkina Faso, West Africa J tardily dehiscent pods with chartaceous or weakly coriaceous valves of Plathymenia reticulata, eastern Bolivia K pod valves and papery endocarp packets surrounding seeds of Plathymenia reticulata, Bahia, Brazil L tardily dehiscent pods with chartaceous valves of Fillaeopsis discophora in tropical wet forest in Mayombe, Congo (Brazzaville) M large winged seeds of Fillaeopsis discophora in tropical wet forest in Ambam, Cameroon N fruits and winged seeds of Newtonia buchananii in cultivation in South Africa. Photo credits A S Christensen www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de B, F, J, K, N CE Hughes C, L, M X van der Burgt D Stefaan Dondeyne E M Arbonnier https: // agritrop. cirad. fr / G E Bidault, Missouri Botanical Garden, http: // legacy. tropicos. org / Image / 100618759 H G Baumann www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de I M Schmidt www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure127" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014799" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">127C</figureCitation>
). Seeds wind-dispersed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0C9CBE00AA6EE1741B954896D656412F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="EA17C7AB73795E5930612E3CA407CD85" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE7112A9FF8B0D389B6FF27C30AC5221" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
From Greek
<taxonomicName id="03775790AE668E0F827000E2C7E48D54" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Fillaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fillaea" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2D4BB6DD64F413CAB52808FE17962347" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fillaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- (a legume genus name, now a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="27AE3B6C8FE31BC42417D649D65FED28" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Erythrophleum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erythrophleum" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2BD31ACC6C6A609204DDEFF401A482D2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Erythrophleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and -
<emphasis id="E5601400D83BE6DDAD846C2578999DB2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">opsis</emphasis>
(= appearance) and hence named for its resemblance to the genus
<taxonomicName id="BA6DCDB4FD92F6723E34F42BBD12257B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Fillaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fillaea" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="096B5B5171979E372DC66001FA1276F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fillaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="32C9C1EB90E3D89DC8D2EF7CDAE7140D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="human uses">
<paragraph id="4EC07C6E40440229172C5736459CB0F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Human uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="98B4826F8AC0F950A982FFFA9EE46F76" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The wood is light and mainly used for veneer and plywood (
<bibRefCitation id="E506743BDFA010D4BF36B060E22A7BEE" author="Yakovlev, GP" journalOrPublisher="Moscow &amp; Leningrad" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B924" refString="Yvon (1975) Le Nieuk.Bois et Forets des Tropiques159: 73-76." year="1975">Yvon 1975</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E1EE7EBB43379B38386DB7A12BDAF189" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes">
<paragraph id="7657E283A7212052D9C46BD865104DBA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E4EDFB56A4C07A161052077B0BF6871" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4CDCFAC64E01BE5CD3026E2B31AB937D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Fillaeopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fillaeopsis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75A95B0CFA6F279B1C208D8035A6F276" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fillaeopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forms its own monogeneric (and monospecific) lineage embedded in the grade that subtends the core mimosoid clade (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3C54FD58FAFAAEA9A20A8A4EC09F1538" captionStart="Figure 126" captionStartId="F133" captionText="Figure 126. Phylogenetic relationships across the grade Newtonia of four genera subtending the core mimosoid clade in tribe Mimoseae. For description of phylogeny and support values, see Fig. 6 caption (page 63)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure126" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014798" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">126</figureCitation>
). The fruits of
<taxonomicName id="5C21B1B504ABC22A69126C3CC32F53BE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Fillaeopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fillaeopsis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7C3C37368630602AFA87C944BB04C8C1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fillaeopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the winged seeds are amongst the largest known in
<taxonomicName id="62D27E4D022642D446746D9921ED605C" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Mimoseae">Mimoseae</taxonomicName>
, indeed across all
<taxonomicName id="EEF4005E0C73E4EA45B50C847EB73F6F" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caesalpinioideae">Caesalpinioideae</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="0774E306CB827DF30C03CC60CED42987" captionStart="Figure 127" captionStartId="F134" captionText="Figure 127. Habit, habitats, inflorescences, and fruits of Newtonia and allies A small tree of Anonychium africanum (Guill. &amp; Perr.) C. E. Hughes &amp; G. P. Lewis in Senegal, West Africa B small twisted treelet of Plathymenia reticulata Benth. in savanna grasslands (Cerrado) in eastern Bolivia C large, buttressed tree base of Fillaeopsis discophora Harms in tropical wet forest, Ebo, Cameroon D large buttressed tree base of Newtonia buchananii (Baker f.) G. C. C. Gilbert &amp; Boutique in semi-evergreen forest in Mozambique E spicate inflorescence of Anonychium africanum F spicate inflorescences of Plathymenia reticulata, eastern Bolivia G spicate inflorescences of Fillaeopsis discophora, Gabon H spicate inflorescences of Newtonia buchananii in Malawi I indehiscent pods of Anonychium africanum collected as livestock feed in Burkina Faso, West Africa J tardily dehiscent pods with chartaceous or weakly coriaceous valves of Plathymenia reticulata, eastern Bolivia K pod valves and papery endocarp packets surrounding seeds of Plathymenia reticulata, Bahia, Brazil L tardily dehiscent pods with chartaceous valves of Fillaeopsis discophora in tropical wet forest in Mayombe, Congo (Brazzaville) M large winged seeds of Fillaeopsis discophora in tropical wet forest in Ambam, Cameroon N fruits and winged seeds of Newtonia buchananii in cultivation in South Africa. Photo credits A S Christensen www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de B, F, J, K, N CE Hughes C, L, M X van der Burgt D Stefaan Dondeyne E M Arbonnier https: // agritrop. cirad. fr / G E Bidault, Missouri Botanical Garden, http: // legacy. tropicos. org / Image / 100618759 H G Baumann www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de I M Schmidt www. westafricanplants. senckenberg. de." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716.figure127" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1014799" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">127L, M</figureCitation>
), underpinning wind dispersal of the seeds, which also characterises the genera
<taxonomicName id="A060D3ABDEACB1BEDC652645F5E49ED4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Plathymenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plathymenia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="788E0FD747712912E8EA45EDF72C0CEB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Plathymenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B0F20B95DEF8764B454C6899856887F6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Leguminosae" genus="Newtonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Newtonia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2930B4DAADCD1E6548A0BA1C3EA465CE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Newtonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5667610EC7880ECF9A4C267FA749BA79" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The leaves of
<taxonomicName id="7F635F7D747426ECB00C91FDD8A45F3F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Fillaeopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fillaeopsis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="30EE0A67748F074D8BA8843D7122D0FF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fillaeopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are very similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="0F34E4EF2ED261C7AC3243A3AEE8AFF9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cylicodiscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cylicodiscus" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28786CEF5A14FD89A9C0306CB6EFBDBD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cylicodiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although flowers and fruits of the two genera are quite different. When sterile the two genera can be distinguished by the following characters:
<taxonomicName id="671B823D83AC484C7893FEA3672BFAF0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Fillaeopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fillaeopsis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D491301FF8E4D5490B089489185BBD18" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fillaeopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks a gland at the apex of the petiole, whereas
<taxonomicName id="0827F968294F74FCCF298146C7B4A648" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cylicodiscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cylicodiscus" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B87D03E266389C9AFA6BD8D632F3EA19" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cylicodiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a small, sunken gland; leaflets of
<taxonomicName id="E84840E2924DCFD8EF29C802910A6B2A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Fillaeopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fillaeopsis" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B47DE28EA6E93BCE999747274FF48EF0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fillaeopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a conspicuous marginal vein and are elliptical in shape, whereas leaflets of
<taxonomicName id="A398C3E19EE9A41EF1EA91E659BB88D0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cylicodiscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cylicodiscus" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2B629278B127D1C2B596C23CD87093B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cylicodiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have an inconspicuous marginal vein and are ovate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="93C8A9524884797C148E30FE143822FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="taxonomic references">
<paragraph id="85618796839275D16C9E1B0FD04C47DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Taxonomic references.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3FBD506D5F3098E75644E1362F7FE5E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="9D17B359AE2D8312176BE8DB4B3D867A" author="Harms, H" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="253 - 324" refId="B345" refString="Harms, H, 1899. Leguminosae Africanae II. Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 26: 253 - 324" title="Leguminosae Africanae II." volume="26" year="1899">Harms (1899)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="44BCDFF417ECB79E6980ED32909192EE" author="Villiers, J-F" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Museum national d'histoire naturelle Section B, Adansonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B897" refString="Villiers, J-F, 1989. Flore du Gabon. Fascicule 31: Leguminosae - Mimosoideae. Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, 1-185." title="Flore du Gabon. Fascicule 31: Leguminosae - Mimosoideae. Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, 1 - 185." year="1989">Villiers (1989)</bibRefCitation>
, both with illustrations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

192
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.56.10158" ID-GBIF-Dataset="de978b77-a171-42aa-b421-47311f55fc90" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154473175" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-56-3" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFBAFFB3FFEFFFAFFF9FFF87FFD81245" ID-ZBK="C3D00EFBD19C4F8695FFC9D01780A9A1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1138671" ID-ZooBank="C3D00EFBD19C4F8695FFC9D01780A9A1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1314-2607-56-3" ModsDocOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research " ModsDocTitle="Revision of Palearctic Trissolcus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae)" checkinTime="1553125461246" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Talamas, Elijah J., Buffington, Matthew L. &amp; Hoelmer, Kim" docDate="2017" docId="91F81750E405F2E7B6A873DC8EB54C71" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 56: 3-185" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 56" docPubDate="2017-06-21" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.56.10158" docTitle="Trissolcus trophonius" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="FFBAFFB3FFEFFFAFFF9FFF87FFD81245" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="FFBAFFB3FFEFFFAFFF9FFF87FFD81245" masterDocTitle="Revision of Palearctic Trissolcus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae)" masterLastPageNumber="185" masterPageNumber="3" pageId="60" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1643482931418" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Revision of Palearctic Trissolcus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Talamas, Elijah J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA / ARS c / o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Buffington, Matthew L.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154473175" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:91F81750E405F2E7B6A873DC8EB54C71" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/91F81750E405F2E7B6A873DC8EB54C71" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="60" pageNumber="63">
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<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName LSID="91F81750-E405-F2E7-B6A8-73DC8EB54C71" authority="(Nixon)" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Nixon" baseAuthorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Platygastroidea" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus trophonius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trophonius">
<pageBreakToken pageId="60" pageNumber="63" start="start">Trissolcus</pageBreakToken>
trophonius (Nixon)
</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 194–195" captionStartId="F62" captionText="Figures 194 - 195. Trissolcus trophonius, female holotype (B. M. TYPE HYM. 9.315) 194 head, mesosoma, metasoma, lateral view 195 head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.56.10158.figures194-195" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/138659" pageId="60" pageNumber="63">Figures 194-195</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 196–198" captionStartId="F63" captionText="Figures 196 - 198. Trissolcus trophonius, female holotype (B. M. TYPE HYM. 9.315) 196 head, anterior view 197 head and mesosoma, anterolateral view 198 head and mesosoma, dorsolateral view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.56.10158.figures196-198" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/138660" pageId="60" pageNumber="63">, 196-198</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="60" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName authority="Kieffer, 1926" authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Platygastroidea" genus="Microphanurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Microphanurus trophonius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trophonius">Microphanurus trophonius</taxonomicName>
Nixon, 1938: 123, 127 (original description, keyed); Nixon, 1943: 136, 140 (diagnosis, keyed); Risbec, 1950: 568 (keyed).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName authority="Ashmead, 1893" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Nixon" baseAuthorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Platygastroidea" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus trophonius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trophonius">Trissolcus trophonius</taxonomicName>
(Nixon): Masner, 1965: 128 (type information, generic transfer).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="60" pageNumber="63" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="63">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="63">Female body length: 0.94-1.08 mm (n=2). Body color: head, mesosoma, and metasoma black.</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="985517" doi="10.3897/jhr.56.10158.figures194-195" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/138659" pageId="60" pageNumber="63" start="Figures 194–195" startId="F62">
<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="63">Figures 194-195.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Ashmead, 1893" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Nixon" baseAuthorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Platygastroidea" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus trophonius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trophonius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="63">Trissolcus trophonius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female holotype (B.M. TYPE HYM. 9.315)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="63">194</emphasis>
head, mesosoma, metasoma, lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="63">195</emphasis>
head, mesosoma, metasoma, dorsal view. Scale bars in millimeters.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="985519" doi="10.3897/jhr.56.10158.figures196-198" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/138660" pageId="60" pageNumber="63" start="Figures 196–198" startId="F63">
<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="63">Figures 196-198.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Ashmead, 1893" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Nixon" baseAuthorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Platygastroidea" genus="Trissolcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trissolcus trophonius" order="Hemiptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trophonius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="63">Trissolcus trophonius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female holotype (B.M. TYPE HYM. 9.315)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="63">196</emphasis>
head, anterior view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="63">197</emphasis>
head and mesosoma, anterolateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="63">198</emphasis>
head and mesosoma, dorsolateral view. Scale bars in millimeters.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="60" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="63">Head.</emphasis>
Color of radicle: yellow. Length of radicle: equal to or greater than width of clypeus; less than width of clypeus. Color of A1-A6 in female: yellow, becoming brown distally; basal A1 and distal A2 yellow, elsewhere pale brown. Color of A7-A11 in female: brown. Number of basiconic sensilla on A6: 0. Number of basiconic sensilla on A7: 2. Facial striae: absent. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Microsculpture on gena directly above mandibular condyle: absent. Shape of ventral gena in lateral view: narrow. Genal carina: absent. Malar striae: absent. Sculpture of malar sulcus: smooth. Orbital furrow: expanding in size ventrally, strongly so at intersection with malar sulcus. Macrosculpture of frons between antennal scrobe and anterior ocellus: absent. Preocellar pit: present. Setation of lateral frons: sparse. Punctation of lateral frons: absent. Sculpture directly ventral to preocellar pit: dorsoventrally fluted. Macrosculpture of lateral frons: weakly horizontally striate, striae of antennal scrobe extending to lateral frons. OOL: separated by less than one ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: complete. Macrosculpture of posterior vertex: absent. Microsculpture on posterior vertex along occipital carina: absent. Anterior margin of occipital carina: coarsely crenulate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="64">
<pageBreakToken pageId="61" pageNumber="64" start="start">Mesosoma</pageBreakToken>
: Epomial carina: present. Macrosculpture of lateral pronotum directly anterior to netrion: finely rugulose. Netrion sulcus: complete. Pronotal suprahumeral sulcus in posterior half of pronotum: clearly indicated by cells. Location of pronotal suprahumeral sulcus: uncertain, percurrent. Number of episternal foveae: 4 or more. Course of episternal foveae ventrally: abutting postacetabular sulcus. Course of episternal foveae dorsally: extending to mesopleural pit. Subacropleural sulcus: present. Mesopleural pit: extending ventrally into dorsoventral furrow parallel to mesopleural carina. Mesopleural carina: well defined anteriorly, poorly defined to absent posteriorly. Sculpture of femoral depression: smooth. Patch of striae at posteroventral end of femoral depression: present, striae perpendicular to long axis of femoral depression. Setal patch at posteroventral end of femoral depression: present. Microsculpture of anteroventral mesopleuron: present dorsally. Macrosculpture of anteroventral mesopleuron: absent. Postacetabular sulcus: formed by large cells. Mesopleural epicoxal sulcus: formed by open crenulae. Setation of posteroventral metapleuron: absent. Sculpture of dorsal metapleural area: rugose. Posterodorsal metapleural sulcus: poorly defined to absent. Paracoxal sulcus in ventral half of metapleuron: indicated by a line of elongate cells. Anteroventral extension of metapleuron: not extending to base of mesocoxa. Metapleural epicoxal sulcus: present as coarse rugae. Mesoscutal humeral sulcus: indicated by a line of cells. Median mesoscutal carina: absent. Macrosculpture of mesoscutum: absent; weakly rugulose anteriorly, otherwise absent. Pattern of mesoscutal microsculpture: effaced posteriorly. Mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus: comprised of cells. Length of mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus: about half the length of anterolateral edge of mesoscutum. Parapsidal line: absent. Notaulus: extending at least 1/3 length of mesoscutum. Median protuberance on anterior margin of mesoscutellum: present. Protruberance on anterior margin of mesoscutellum directly posterior to notaulus: present. Shape of dorsal margin of anterior lobe of axillar crescent: round. Sculpture of anterior lobe of axillar crescent: absent. Area bounded by axillar crescent: striate. Macrosculpture of mesoscutellum: absent. Microsculpture on mesoscutellum: absent. Setation of posterior scutellar sulcus: present. Form of metascutellum: single row of cells. Metanotal trough: foveate, foveae occupying more than half of metanotal height. Metapostnotum: invaginated near lateral edge of metascutellum. Length of postmarginal vein: about 1.5 times as long as stigmal vein. Color of legs: coxae brown, legs elsewhere yellow; coxae and femora brown, elsewhere yellow. Anteromedial portion of metasomal depression: punctate or crenulate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="64">Metasoma.</emphasis>
Longitudinal striae on T1 posterior to basal costae: present. Number of sublateral setae (on one side): 0. Setation of laterotergite 1: absent. Longitudinal striation of T2: present in anteromedial portion of the tergite. Setation of T2: sparsely present in posterolateral corner. Setation of laterotergite 2: present. Striation of S2: present in anterior half of sternite not covered by laterotergites. Setation of S2: present posteromedially.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="64" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="64">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="64">
The presence of 4 clypeal setae and posteriorly effaced sculpture of the mesoscutum are shared with
<taxonomicName family="Platygastroidea" genus="T." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. plautiae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="64" rank="species" species="plautiae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="64">T. plautiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Platygastroidea" genus="T." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. japonicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="64" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="64">T. japonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName family="Platygastroidea" genus="T." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="T. kozlovi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="64" rank="species" species="kozlovi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="64">T. kozlovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It may separated from them by the dorsoventral groove that extends from the median ocellus to the antennal scrobe, the effaced sculpture lateral to this groove, and the striation on T2 that is limited to the anteromedial portion of the tergite.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="64" type="lectotype designation">
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="64">Lectotype designation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="64">We here designate specimen B.M. TYPE HYM. 9.315 (deposited in BMNH) to be the lectotype of this species.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="64" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="64">Link to distribution map.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="64">http://hol.osu.edu/map-large.html?id=3323</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="61" pageNumber="64" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="64">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="61" pageNumber="64">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1934-12-10" collectorName="Schneider, B. M." country="INDONESIA" elevation="55" location="Negaga Estate" municipality="Asahan Regency" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara Prov." typeStatus="Lectotype">
<typeStatus>Lectotype</typeStatus>
, female,
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. trophonius" pageId="61" pageNumber="64" rank="species" species="trophonius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="64">M. trophonius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry name="Indonesia">INDONESIA</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
:
<collectingRegion country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara">Sumatera Utara Prov.</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Asahan Regency</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:91F81750E405F2E7B6A873DC8EB54C71:2FD9762BDD2FC1B747E412B72759DECC" country="INDONESIA" municipality="Asahan Regency" name="Negaga Estate" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara Prov.">Negaga Estate</location>
,
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="m" value="55.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="50.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="m" value="55.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="50.0">50-60m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<collectingDate value="1934-12-10">10.XII.1934</collectingDate>
, reared,
<collectorName>Schneider, B.M.</collectorName>
TYPE HYM. 9.315 (deposited in BMNH)
</materialsCitation>
.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="64">Other material</emphasis>
:
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2017-01-01" collectingDateMax="2017-12-31" collectingDateMin="2017-01-01" country="THAILAND" location="THAILAND" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry name="Thailand">THAILAND</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, UCRC ENT 297005 (UCRC)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

682
data/91/F8/9E/91F89E04C8775143B786DAA9CEE9618D.xml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,682 @@
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.190.77449" ID-GBIF-Dataset="efd8e9e2-bbcd-47be-8636-3dfd1d212b64" ID-PMC="PMC8881438" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-190-53" ID-Pensoft-UUID="6DF16311D27B553D936CD7C0F0ED2C22" ID-PubMed="35437376" ModsDocID="1314-2003-190-53" checkinTime="1645173093068" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Xie, Deng-Feng, Cheng, Rui-Yu, Price, Megan, Chen, Jun-Pei, Lei, Jia-Qing, Zhang, Yi-Yang &amp; He, Xing-Jin" docDate="2022" docId="91F89E04C8775143B786DAA9CEE9618D" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 190: 53-67" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 190" docPubDate="2022-02-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.190.77449" docTitle="Allium heterophyllum D. F. Xie &amp; X. J. He 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="6DF16311D27B553D936CD7C0F0ED2C22" lastPageNumber="53" masterDocId="6DF16311D27B553D936CD7C0F0ED2C22" masterDocTitle="Allium heterophyllum (Amaryllidaceae), a new species from Henan, China" masterLastPageNumber="67" masterPageNumber="53" pageNumber="53" updateTime="1668140641731" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Allium heterophyllum (Amaryllidaceae), a new species from Henan, China</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Xie, Deng-Feng</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9244-456X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Cheng, Rui-Yu</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Price, Megan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 Sichuan, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Chen, Jun-Pei</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Lei, Jia-Qing</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zhang, Yi-Yang</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2159-6451</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>He, Xing-Jin</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">xjhe@scu.edu.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-02-18</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>190</mods:number>
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<mods:start>53</mods:start>
<mods:end>67</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.190.77449</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.190.77449</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-190-53</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">6DF16311D27B553D936CD7C0F0ED2C22</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="193398380" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:91F89E04C8775143B786DAA9CEE9618D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/91F89E04C8775143B786DAA9CEE9618D" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="53" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName LSID="91F89E04-C877-5143-B786-DAA9CEE9618D" authority="D. F. Xie &amp; X. J. He" authorityName="D. F. Xie &amp; X. J. He" authorityYear="2022" class="Liliopsida" family="Amaryllidaceae" genus="Allium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Allium heterophyllum" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophyllum" status="sp. nov.">Allium heterophyllum D.F.Xie &amp; X.J.He</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="53">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="53" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Living images of Allium heterophyllum A habitat, growing on the open slope of rock B, C inflorescence, light purple with loose flowers D bulb with the horizontal rhizome." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.190.77449.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/647498" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological characters of Allium heterophyllum A, D single flower with light purple or white color B, E outer (left) and inner (right) tepals C, F inner (top) and outer (bottom) tepals and stamen G stamen and trait at the base H ovary I cross-section of ovary showing the carpels J-L the cross-section of leaf showing the blade characters M cross-section of rhomboid scapes N seeds' characters." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.190.77449.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/647499" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">, 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Photograph of the Holotype of Allium heterophyllum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.190.77449.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/647500" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">, 3</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="53" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-09-04" country="China" county="Songxian County" elevation="1347" latitude="33.69045" location="Longchiman mountains" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="111.99008" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Henan Province" typeStatus="Holotype">
<collectingCountry name="China">China</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion country="China" name="Henan">Henan Province</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingCounty>Songxian County</collectingCounty>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:91F89E04C8775143B786DAA9CEE9618D:4131BBDE0A24811CD55813045E66526F" country="China" county="Songxian County" latitude="33.69045" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="111.99008" name="Longchiman mountains" stateProvince="Henan Province">Longchiman mountains</location>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="111" direction="east" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="24.31" value="111.99008">111°59'24.31&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="41" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="25.61" value="33.69045">33°41'25.61&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.347" unit="m" value="1347.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.347" unit="m" value="1347.0">1347 m</elevation>
</quantity>
alt.,
<collectingDate value="2021-09-04">04 September 2021</collectingDate>
, Anonymous, XDF20210904 (
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
: SZ; Isotype: SZ)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="53" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName authorityName="D. F. Xie &amp; X. J. He" authorityYear="2022" class="Liliopsida" family="Amaryllidaceae" genus="Allium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Allium heterophyllum" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Allium heterophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. dumebuchum" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="dumebuchum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">A. dumebuchum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to its rhomboid scape in cross-section. However, it is clearly distinguished from
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. dumebuchum" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="dumebuchum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">A. dumebuchum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in perianth (white to light purple vs. light purple), leaves (not tortuous and not flesh vs. slight tortuous and flesh), the cross-section of leaves (two types vs. one type),
<normalizedToken originalValue="flowers’">flowers'</normalizedToken>
density (loose inflorescence vs. many-flowered) (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological characters of Allium heterophyllum A, D single flower with light purple or white color B, E outer (left) and inner (right) tepals C, F inner (top) and outer (bottom) tepals and stamen G stamen and trait at the base H ovary I cross-section of ovary showing the carpels J-L the cross-section of leaf showing the blade characters M cross-section of rhomboid scapes N seeds' characters." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.190.77449.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/647499" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">2</figureCitation>
; Table
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. The diagnostic morphological characters of Allium heterophyllum and related species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F04ACB34CEB0D97AAD718F4379E9760B" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" tableUuid="F04ACB34CEB0D97AAD718F4379E9760B">2</tableCitation>
), flowering season (late August to September vs. late September to October), and karyotype (2n = 16 vs. 2n = 32) (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. The chromosome complement of Allium heterophyllum (2 n = 2 x = 16)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.190.77449.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/647501" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">4</figureCitation>
). Compared to other
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fourreau" authorityYear="1869" class="Liliopsida" family="Amaryllidaceae" genus="Rhizirideum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizirideum" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Rhizirideum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (e.g.,
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. scenescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="scenescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">A. scenescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. spirale" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="spirale">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">A. spirale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. spurium" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="spurium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">A. spurium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. heterophyllum" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="heterophyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">A. heterophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also shows distinctive morphological characters, such as rhomboid scape in cross-section, unique two types of leaves, loose flowers, white to light purple color of perianth and filaments, and flowering season.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="F04ACB34CEB0D97AAD718F4379E9760B" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F04ACB34CEB0D97AAD718F4379E9760B" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" start="Table 2" startId="T2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Table 2.</emphasis>
The diagnostic morphological characters of
<taxonomicName authorityName="D. F. Xie &amp; X. J. He" authorityYear="2022" class="Liliopsida" family="Amaryllidaceae" genus="Allium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Allium heterophyllum" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Allium heterophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and related species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">Character</th>
<th colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">-</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. heterophyllum" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="heterophyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">A. heterophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. dumebuchum" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="dumebuchum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">A. dumebuchum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. spirale" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="spirale">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">A. spirale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. spurium" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="spurium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">A. spurium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. minus" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="minus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">A. minus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. senescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="senescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">A. senescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. nutans" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="nutans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">A. nutans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="3">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Bulb</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">growth pattern</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">solitary, paired or clustered</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">clustered</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">clustered</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">solitary or paired</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">clustered</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">solitary or paired</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">solitary or paired</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">shape</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">conical to ovate-cylindric</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">conical to cylindric</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">conical to cylindric</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">cylindric to conical-cylindric</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">conical to cylindric</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">conical to ovate-cylindric</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">narrowly cylindric to subconical</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">diameter (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">5.0-15.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">9.6-15.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">5.0-15.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">5.0-15.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">4.3-8.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">10.0-20.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">15.0-20.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Rhizome</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">growth pattern</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">oblique to horizontal</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">oblique to horizontal</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">horizontal</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">horizontal</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">oblique</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">horizontal</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">horizontal or oblique and stout</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Leaf sheath</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">exposed or buried</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">exposed</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">exposed</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">buried</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">buried</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">exposed</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">exposed</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">exposed</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="3">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Leaf blade</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">shape</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">linear, solid, not fleshy, canaliculated with one bulge in the back or flat with irregularly one or two-edged margin</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">ascending, slightly tortuous, linear, flat and solid in cross-section, flesh, apex obtuse to rounded</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">linear, spirally tortuous, flat, main veins and margins minutely scabrous-denticulate, rarely smooth, fleshy, apex obtuse</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">narrowly linear, straight, flat to convex-flat, fleshy, margin minutely scabrous, apex acute to gradually attenuate, truncate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">ascending, spirally tortuous, flat, fleshy, linear, solid, fleshy, obtuse to rounded at apex</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">spirally arranged, broadly linear, fleshy, sometimes slightly falcate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">broadly linear, subfalcate, flat, thick, fleshy, smooth, apex obtuse</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">length (cm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">15-45.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">19.5-38.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">20.0-45.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">15-30.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">11.4-24.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">23.0-45.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">30.0-55.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">width (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.5-4.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">3.8-13.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">4.0-10.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.5-4.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2.8-4.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">5.0-15.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">6.0-15.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Umbel</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">shape</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">hemispheric, loose</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">subglobose, many-flowered</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">hemispheric to subglobose, many-flowered.</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">laxly hemispheric, many-flowered.</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">hemispheric</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">hemispheric to globose, many-flowered</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">globose, densely many-flowered</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="3">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Scape</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">cross-section</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">rhomboid</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">rhomboid</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">flattened-winged</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">rhomboid to subterete</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">subterete</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">subterete</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2-angled, narrowly 2-winged</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">length (cm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">25.0-45.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">23.4-49.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">33.0-65.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">10.0-40.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">11.7-20.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">25.8-70.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">30.0-60.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">diameter (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.5-2.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2.5-5.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">4.0-5.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.5-2.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.5-1.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">3.0-5.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">3.5-6.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Pedicel</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">length (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">10.0-15.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">9.8-11.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">6.0-12.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">7.6-11.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">8.7-11.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">8.0-13.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">9.0-15.5</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Spathe</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1-valved, persistent and inconspicuous</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">unknown</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2-valved, persistent</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2-valved, usually caducous</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">unknown</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2-valved, persistent</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2-valved, persistent</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Perianth</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">color</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">white to light purple</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">light purple</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">reddish purple</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">strong purple or pale purple</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">pale purple</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">pale purple</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">pale red to pale purple</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="3">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Inner tepal</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">shape</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">elliptical</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">elliptical to ovate-elliptical</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">ovate-elliptical</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">ovate-elliptical</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">elliptical</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">elliptical</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">ovate</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">length (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">4.0-6.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">5.2-7.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">4.0-6.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">3.9-6.3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">4.0-4.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">4.3-6.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">5.0-6.5</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">width (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2.2-2.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">3.4-4.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2.0-4.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2.2-3.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.2-1.9</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.8-2.9</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2.2-3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="3">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Outer tepal</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">shape</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">ovate-elliptical</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">ovate-elliptical</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">ovate-elliptical</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">ovate-elliptical</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">ovate-oblong</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">ovate-elliptical</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">narrowly ovate</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">length (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">3.0-4.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">4.8-6.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">3.1-5.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2.9-5.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">3.7-4.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">3.1-5.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">4.5-5.5</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">width (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.6-1.9</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2.1-3.7</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.3-3.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.1-2.3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.1-1.7</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.1-2.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.5-2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="2">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Filament</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">exsertion</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">exserted</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">exserted</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">exserted</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">exserted</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">included</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">exserted</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">exserted</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">length (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">6.3-7.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">6.2-8.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">5.3-8.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">5.0-7.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">3.2-4.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">4.6-6.9</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">6.5-8.5</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Base of inner filament</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">shape</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">narrowly triangular</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">narrowly triangular</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">subulate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">subulate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">broadened in the lower half</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">broadened in the lower half</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">broadened in the lower half, 1-toothed on each side</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="3">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Anther</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">color</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">purple grey</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">purple</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">purple</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">yellow</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">reddish</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">black or yellowish-brown</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">yellow</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">length (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.8-2.3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2.2-2.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.7-2.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.7-2.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.3-1.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.5-2.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">1.8-2.3</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">width (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">0.9-1.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">0.9-1.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">0.7-1.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">0.6-0.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">0.6-0.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">0.5-0.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">0.6-0.9</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Ovary</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">shape</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">obovoid</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">obovoid</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">broadly ovoid</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">ovoid</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">obovoid</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">obovoid</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">oblong-globose</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Flowering season</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">late Aug. to Sep.</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">late Sep. to Oct.</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">Aug. to Sep.</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">Jul. to Aug.</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">May to Jul.</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">Jul. to Aug.</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">Jun. to Aug.</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Chromosome number (2n)</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2n = 16</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2n = 32</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2n = 16, 32</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2n = 16, 32</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2n = 16</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2n = 32</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rowspan="1">2n = 16, 17, 24, 28, 32, 44, 48, 56, 64, 72</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.190.77449.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/647499" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Morphological characters of
<taxonomicName authorityName="D. F. Xie &amp; X. J. He" authorityYear="2022" class="Liliopsida" family="Amaryllidaceae" genus="Allium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Allium heterophyllum" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Allium heterophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">A, D</emphasis>
single flower with light purple or white color
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">B, E</emphasis>
outer (left) and inner (right) tepals
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">C, F</emphasis>
inner (top) and outer (bottom) tepals and stamen
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">G</emphasis>
stamen and trait at the base
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">H</emphasis>
ovary
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">I</emphasis>
cross-section of ovary showing the carpels
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">J-L</emphasis>
the cross-section of leaf showing the blade characters
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">M</emphasis>
cross-section of rhomboid scapes
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">N</emphasis>
<normalizedToken originalValue="seeds’">seeds'</normalizedToken>
characters.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.190.77449.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/647500" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Photograph of the Holotype of
<taxonomicName authorityName="D. F. Xie &amp; X. J. He" authorityYear="2022" class="Liliopsida" family="Amaryllidaceae" genus="Allium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Allium heterophyllum" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Allium heterophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.190.77449.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/647501" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Figure 4.</emphasis>
The chromosome complement of
<taxonomicName authorityName="D. F. Xie &amp; X. J. He" authorityYear="2022" class="Liliopsida" family="Amaryllidaceae" genus="Allium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Allium heterophyllum" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Allium heterophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(2n = 2
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">x</emphasis>
= 16).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="53" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
Perennial herbs, bulbs solitary, paired or clustered, ovate-cylindric or conical, 5.0-15 mm in diameter, tunics membranous, white, attached to a horizontal or oblique rhizome, 5.0-20.0 mm in diameter, surface usually blackish gray. Leaves linear, 5.0-10.0, solid in cross-section, 1.0-30.0 (-45.0) cm long and 1.5-4.0 mm wide, usually shorter than scape, sometimes equal to the length of scape, exposed sheaths in 1/7; cross-section of leaves exposed two types of morphologies, canaliculated with one bulge in the back or flat with irregularly one or two-edged margin; the
<normalizedToken originalValue="leaves’">leaves'</normalizedToken>
shape differences are most obvious in flower and fruit periods but not obvious in young leaves. Scapes rhomboid, solid in cross-section, 25.0-45.0 cm long, and 15.0-25.0 mm in diameter. Spathe 1-valved, persistent and inconspicuous; inflorescence umbellate hemispheric, loose. Pedicels equal, 10.0-15.0 mm; perianth white to light purple, inner tepals 4.0-6.0 mm, longer than outer ones, elliptical, apex obtuse; outer tepals 3.0-4.0 mm, ovate-elliptical. Filaments equal and exserted, white to light purple in the upper part, 1.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as perianth segments and connate at the base of the perianth. Outer one subulate, inner filaments narrowly triangular; anthers elliptical, purple-grey. Ovary obovoid, trigonous, white to light purple, without concave nectaries. 3 carpel and ovules 2 per locule, style exserted, stigma punctiform. Capsule obovate; seeds black, rhomboidal, 1.5-2.0 mm wide and 2.5-3.0 mm long (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological characters of Allium heterophyllum A, D single flower with light purple or white color B, E outer (left) and inner (right) tepals C, F inner (top) and outer (bottom) tepals and stamen G stamen and trait at the base H ovary I cross-section of ovary showing the carpels J-L the cross-section of leaf showing the blade characters M cross-section of rhomboid scapes N seeds' characters." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.190.77449.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/647499" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">2</figureCitation>
; Table
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. The diagnostic morphological characters of Allium heterophyllum and related species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F04ACB34CEB0D97AAD718F4379E9760B" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" tableUuid="F04ACB34CEB0D97AAD718F4379E9760B">2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="53" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
The new species epithet &quot;
<taxonomicName authorityName="D. F. Xie &amp; X. J. He" authorityYear="2022" class="Liliopsida" family="Amaryllidaceae" genus="Allium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Allium heterophyllum" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Allium heterophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; is based on the unique
<normalizedToken originalValue="leaves’">leaves'</normalizedToken>
characters, its leaves exposed two types of morphologies, canaliculated with one bulge in the back or flat with irregularly one or two-edged margin, and the differences in the leaves are most obvious in flowering and fruit periods. (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological characters of Allium heterophyllum A, D single flower with light purple or white color B, E outer (left) and inner (right) tepals C, F inner (top) and outer (bottom) tepals and stamen G stamen and trait at the base H ovary I cross-section of ovary showing the carpels J-L the cross-section of leaf showing the blade characters M cross-section of rhomboid scapes N seeds' characters." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.190.77449.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/647499" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="53" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
Through two field investigations,
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. heterophyllum" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="heterophyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">A. heterophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was flowering from late August to September and fruiting from late September to October.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="53" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Habitat and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">
Currently,
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. heterophyllum" pageId="0" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="heterophyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="53">A. heterophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from the type population in Longchiman Mountains in Songxian County, Henan, China. This species grows on the open slope of rock by the river with a small amount of soil attached, sometimes rooting in crevices, holes or steps of the rock face at an elevation from 1250 m to 1400 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="53" type="chinese name">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Chinese name.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="53">Yi Ye Jiu (异叶韭).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.294.4800" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4cecba31-25a8-4a32-8866-d41f1c6fd71e" ID-PMC="PMC3677322" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-294-57" ID-PubMed="23794872" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-294-57" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 294" ModsDocTitle="Afroprinus cavicola gen. et sp. n. from the Afrotropical region with notes on cave-dwelling Saprininae (Coleoptera, Histeridae)" checkinTime="1451247358633" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lackner, Tomas" docDate="2013" docId="91F8A5C793114575B2BF4191E2299F54" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 294: 57-73" docOrigin="ZooKeys 294" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.294.4800" docTitle="Afroprinus Lackner, 2013, gen. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="59" masterDocId="D004FFD88B5DA64AFA70A101FFD0FFCB" masterDocTitle="Afroprinus cavicola gen. et sp. n. from the Afrotropical region with notes on cave-dwelling Saprininae (Coleoptera, Histeridae)" masterLastPageNumber="73" masterPageNumber="57" pageNumber="58" updateTime="1668155742546" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Afroprinus cavicola gen. et sp. n. from the Afrotropical region with notes on cave-dwelling Saprininae (Coleoptera, Histeridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Lackner, Tomas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number>294</mods:number>
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<mods:start>57</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-294-57</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152043499" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BD1A264E-6EDB-4F69-A2D7-5EB0FBB57583" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/91F8A5C793114575B2BF4191E2299F54" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BD1A264E-6EDB-4F69-A2D7-5EB0FBB57583" class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Afroprinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afroprinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afroprinus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="58">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="58" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Type species:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Afroprinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afroprinus cavicola" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavicola">Afroprinus cavicola</taxonomicName>
sp. n.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="58" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Body length 2.125-2.375 mm, dorsal surface entirely punctate; cuticle dark brown to black, without metallic luster, frontal and supraorbital striae present, well developed; sensory structures of antennal club in form of small sensory area and corresponding vesicle situated on internal distal margin; pronotal hypomeron asetose; elytral disc with four long carinate dorsal elytral striae, fifth stria occasionally present on fourth elytral interval; apex of prosternal process convex, prosternal pre-apical foveae large and deep, connected apically by marginal prosternal stria; carinal prosternal striae shortened apically, not united anteriorly; lateral prosternal striae terminating in large deep prosternal pre-apical foveae; meso-metaventral sutural stria present, undulate. Venter asetose.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" type="differential diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
The general appearance of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Afroprinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afroprinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afroprinus</taxonomicName>
somewhat resembles that of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Hypocacculus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypocacculus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypocacculus</taxonomicName>
, differing chiefly in the large prosternal pre-apical foveae connected by the deep marginal prosternal stria and in the marginal pronotal stria that in
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="59" start="start">dorsal</pageBreakToken>
view is visible along its entire length. By the convex apical third of the prosternal process and by the prosternal pre-apical foveae connected by the marginal prosternal stria
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Afroprinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afroprinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afroprinus</taxonomicName>
can also be confused with several Afrotropical species of the genera
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Chalcionellus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalcionellus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalcionellus</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Pholioxenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholioxenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pholioxenus</taxonomicName>
. It differs from those species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Chalcionellus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalcionellus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalcionellus</taxonomicName>
that have the prosternal pre-apical foveae connected by the marginal prosternal stria by the sculpture of dorsal surface, which is metallic and much coarser in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Afroprinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afroprinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afroprinus</taxonomicName>
and by lacking the pronotal depressions of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Chalcionellus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chalcionellus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalcionellus</taxonomicName>
. From those species of Afrotropical
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Pholioxenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholioxenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pholioxenus</taxonomicName>
(mainly from South Africa and Namibia) that likewise have their prosternal pre-apical foveae connected by marginal prosternal stria,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Afroprinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afroprinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afroprinus</taxonomicName>
differs by the asetose pronotal hypomeron and much coarser and denser elytral punctuation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="59" type="biology">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
The type series of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Afroprinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afroprinus cavicola" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavicola">Afroprinus cavicola</taxonomicName>
has been found on bat droppings in a Kenyan cave.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="59" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Kenya.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="59" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
The generic name is a combination of the genus name '
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Saprinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saprinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Saprinus</taxonomicName>
' with a prefix derived from the continent of Africa. Gender masculine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>