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<document id="8C04567C364A9CC27D5B303353E2D391" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.155309" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b195c5ca-7f2b-4f1b-a9a9-c1095c95d012" ID-ISSN="0035-418" ID-Zenodo-Dep="155309" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1477237842213" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bernard Landry" docDate="2016" docId="03EA87B1FF8A82197E62FB7AFB27FA74" docLanguage="en" docName="13_Landry.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Revue suisse de Zoologie 123 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:225056F0A23C51DDC06AC27EAEA15D5B.2:RevSuisseZool.2015-2019.journal_article" docStyleId="225056F0A23C51DDC06AC27EAEA15D5B" docStyleName="RevSuisseZool.2015-2019.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Psara chathamalis Schaus 1923" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="369" masterDocId="FFD3FFC9FFBC822F7F6BFFD9FF94FF92" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the Spilomelinae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae s. l.) of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador" masterLastPageNumber="399" masterPageNumber="315" pageNumber="369" updateTime="1698390478594" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="C911A7351C0BF6B6E5D2F4F2138DF441">Taxonomic revision of the Spilomelinae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae s. l.) of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DAC060C50EA540F05A272250B56D131F">Bernard Landry</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03EA87B1FF8A82197E62FB7AFB27FA74" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5823230" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124557757" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5823230" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EA87B1FF8A82197E62FB7AFB27FA74" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87B1FF8A82197E62FB7AFB27FA74" lastPageNumber="369" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<subSubSection id="C359652CFF8A82197E62FB7AFD16FB2B" box="[265,642,1186,1210]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FF8A82197E62FB7AFD16FB2B" blockId="54.[265,642,1186,1243]" box="[265,642,1186,1210]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<heading id="D0B481CBFF8A82197E62FB7AFD16FB2B" bold="true" box="[265,642,1186,1210]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FF8A82197E62FB7AFD16FB2B" authority="Schaus, 1923" authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1923" box="[265,642,1186,1210]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Psara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chathamalis" subFamily="Spilomelinae">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197E62FB7AFD16FB2B" bold="true" box="[265,642,1186,1210]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197E62FB7AFE43FB2B" bold="true" box="[265,471,1186,1210]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Psara chathamalis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FF8A82197E8EFB7BFDEEFB2B" author="Schaus W." box="[485,634,1186,1209]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica 5" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" pagination="22 - 48" part="2" refString="Schaus W. 1923. Galapagos Heterocera with descriptions of new species. Zoologica 5 (2): 22 - 48, 2 pl." title="Galapagos Heterocera with descriptions of new species" type="journal article" year="1923">Schaus, 1923</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C359652CFF8A82197E02FB1AFDB7FB48" box="[361,547,1219,1243]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FF8A82197E02FB1AFDB7FB48" blockId="54.[265,642,1186,1243]" box="[361,547,1219,1243]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<figureCitation id="13782A22FF8A82197E02FB1AFE2EFB49" box="[361,442,1219,1243]" captionStart="Figs 41 - 48" captionStartId="17.[151,192,1883,1904]" captionTargetBox="[243,1344,281,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[203,1384,257,1831]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 41 - 48. Neotropical specimens of Spilomelinae, size not to scale. (41, 42) Omiodes indicata. (41) ♂, Galápagos, Tagus Cove, emerged ex pupa on Desmodium glabrum, 20 - 25. v. 1992, MHNG. (42) ♀, Galápagos, Pinta, ± 50 m, 20. iii. 1992, MHNG. (43) Patania silicalis ♀, Galápagos, Alcedo, NE slope, 292 m, 30. iii. 2004, MHNG. (44, 45) Penestola bufalis. (44) ♂, Galápagos, Santiago, Cerro Inn, 28. iii. 1992, MHNG. (45) ♀, Galápagos, Santa Cruz, CDRS, wall of Inverts. lab., 11 m, 6. iv. 2004, MHNG. (46, 47) Pilocrocis ramentalis. (46) ♂, Venezuela, Aragua, PN H. - Pittier, Estacion Rancho Grande, 1100 m, 15. vii. 2009, MHNG. (47) ♀, Galápagos, Santa Cruz, E. C. C. D., 6. iii. 1992, MHNG. (48) Psara chathamalis ♀, Galápagos, Santa Cruz, Bahía Conway, 14. iv. 1992, MHNG." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/162858/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Figs 48</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13782A22FF8A82197EAEFB1AFE7BFB49" box="[453,495,1219,1243]" captionStart="Figs 122 - 124" captionStartId="49.[151,192,1703,1724]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,262,1645]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[151,1437,262,1645]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="Figs 122 - 124. Male genitalia of Galápagos Spilomelinae, a and b from same slides, but not to scale, (a) showing the genitalia without phallus and (b), the phallus. (122) Psara chathamalis: slide MHNG-ENTO- 8663, Santiago. (123) Rhectocraspeda periusalis: slide MHNG-ENTO- 8981, Isabela. (124) Salbia haemorrhoidalis: slide MHNG-ENTO- 8700, Santa Cruz." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/162874/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">122</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13782A22FF8A82197E90FB1AFDB7FB48" box="[507,547,1219,1242]" captionStart="Figs 168 - 172" captionStartId="73.[151,192,1968,1989]" captionTargetBox="[175,1400,263,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[161,1420,254,1925]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="Figs 168 - 172. Female genitalia of Neotropical Spilomelinae, not to scale. (168) Psara chathamalis: slide MHNG-ENTO- 8993, Galápagos, Española. (169) Rhectocraspeda periusalis: slide MHNG-ENTO- 8982, Galápagos, Isabela. (170) Salbia haemorrhoidalis: slide MHNG-ENTO- 8994, Brazil. (171) Samea castellalis: slide MHNG-ENTO- 8707, Galápagos, San Cristóbal. (172) S. coffea paratype: slide MHNG-ENTO- 8720." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/162886/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">168</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C359652CFF8A82197FFCFB29FD74FACE" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FF8A82197FFCFB29FDB2FA97" blockId="54.[151,756,1264,1374]" box="[151,550,1264,1286]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB531189FF8A82197FFCFB29FDB2FA97" box="[151,550,1264,1286]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FF8A82197FFCFB29FDB6FA97" authority="Schaus, 1923: 45" authorityName="Schaus" authorityPageNumber="45" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,546,1264,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Pilocrocis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chathamalis" subFamily="Spilomelinae">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197FFCFB29FEE0FA97" box="[151,372,1264,1285]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Pilocrocis chathamalis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AE210B6FF8A82197E11FB29FDB6FA97" author="Schaus W." box="[378,546,1264,1286]" page="45" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" year="1923">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FF8A82197E11FB29FE6AFA94" author="Schaus W." box="[378,510,1264,1286]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica 5" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" pagination="22 - 48" part="2" refString="Schaus W. 1923. Galapagos Heterocera with descriptions of new species. Zoologica 5 (2): 22 - 48, 2 pl." title="Galapagos Heterocera with descriptions of new species" type="journal article" year="1923">Schaus, 1923</bibRefCitation>
: 45
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FF8A82197FFCFAD6FEDEFAAD" blockId="54.[151,756,1264,1374]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FF8A82197FFCFAD6FD89FAB0" authority="Schaus" authorityName="Schaus" box="[151,541,1293,1316]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Herpetogramma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chathamalis" subFamily="Spilomelinae">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197FFCFAD6FE2CFAB0" box="[151,440,1293,1316]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Herpetogramma chathamalis</emphasis>
(Schaus)
</taxonomicName>
: Linsley &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FF8A82197DC8FAD4FE83FAAD" author="Linsley E. G. &amp; Usinger R. L." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4 th series. 33" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" pagination="113 - 196" part="7" refString="Linsley E. G., Usinger R. L. 1966. Insects of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4 th series. 33 (7): 113 - 196." title="Insects of the Galapagos Islands" type="journal article" year="1966">Usinger, 1966</bibRefCitation>
: 162.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FF8A82197FFCFA90FD74FACE" blockId="54.[151,756,1264,1374]" box="[151,736,1351,1374]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FF8A82197FFCFA90FE3DFACE" authority="Schaus" authorityName="Schaus" box="[151,425,1351,1374]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Psara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chathamalis" subFamily="Spilomelinae">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197FFCFA90FED8FACE" box="[151,332,1351,1374]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Psara chathamalis</emphasis>
(Schaus)
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FF8A82197ED9FA9EFD48FACE" author="Roque-Albelo L. &amp; Landry B." box="[434,732,1351,1373]" editor="Bungartz F." journalOrPublisher="Charles Darwin Foundation / Fundacion Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" pagination="2015" part="30" publicationUrl="http://www.darwinfoundation" refString="Roque-Albelo L., Landry B. 2015. Lepidoptera. In: Bungartz F., Herrera H., Jaramillo P., Tirado N., Jimenez-Uzcategui G., Ruiz D., Guezou A., Ziemmeck F. (eds.). Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist - Lista de Especies de Galapagos de la Fundacion Charles Darwin. Charles Darwin Foundation / Fundacion Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos: http: // www. darwinfoundation. org / datazone / checklists / terrestrial-invertebrates / Last updated 30 November 2015." title="Lepidoptera" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist - Lista de Especies de Galapagos de la Fundacion Charles Darwin" year="2015">Roque-Albelo &amp; Landry, 2015</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C359652CFF8A82197FFCFA5AFB8EFEEE" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FF8A82197FFCFA5AFEECFA08" blockId="54.[151,757,1411,2079]" box="[151,376,1411,1434]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<heading id="D0B481CBFF8A82197FFCFA5AFEECFA08" bold="true" box="[151,376,1411,1434]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197FFCFA5AFEECFA08" bold="true" box="[151,376,1411,1434]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Material examined:</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FF8A82197FFCFA7AFE78FA29" blockId="54.[151,757,1411,2079]" box="[151,492,1443,1467]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197FFCFA7AFF6DFA28" box="[151,249,1443,1466]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<typeStatus id="54F88805FF8A82197FFCFA7AFF6DFA28" box="[151,249,1443,1466]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="9D45FD2EFF8A82197E6CFA7DFE8FFA29" box="[263,283,1444,1467]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369"></specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="54F88805FF8A82197E49FA7AFEEBFA28" box="[290,383,1443,1466]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<collectionCode id="ED52AE62FF8A82197EE6FA7AFE74FA29" box="[397,480,1443,1467]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">USNM</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FF8A82197FFCFA1AFD61F78F" blockId="54.[151,757,1411,2079]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197FFCFA1AFED9FA49" box="[151,333,1475,1499]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Other specimens</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="9D45FD2EFF8A82197E35FA1DFE02FA49" box="[350,406,1476,1500]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" type="male">20 ♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D45FD2EFF8A82197ECCFA1DFE4BFA49" box="[423,479,1476,1500]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" type="female">31 ♀</specimenCount>
, 74 of undetermined sex from the
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197F94FA3AFE5DFA68" box="[255,457,1507,1530]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Galápagos Islands</collectingRegion>
:
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197E86FA3AFDA5FA68" box="[493,561,1507,1530]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Baltra</emphasis>
: South Seymour [no precise locality].
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197EF0F9DAFD94F988" box="[411,512,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Española</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FF8A82197D7AF9DAFD42F988" authority="Manzanillo" authorityName="Manzanillo" box="[529,726,1539,1562]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bahia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197D7AF9DAFDDBF988" box="[529,591,1539,1562]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Bahía</collectingRegion>
Manzanillo
</taxonomicName>
; E side peninsula, at coast; Hood [no specific locality].
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197FFCF99AFE81F9C8" box="[151,277,1603,1626]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Fernandina</emphasis>
: Punta Espinosa;
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197EBEF99AFD99F9C8" box="[469,525,1603,1626]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Cabo</collectingRegion>
Douglas, GPS:
<geoCoordinate id="EE775060FF8A82197DD2F99DFF7FF9E9" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" precision="1" value="-0.30448332">S 00° 18.269</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE775060FF8A82197F9DF9BCFE36F9EE" box="[246,418,1636,1660]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" precision="1" value="-91.651634">W 091° 39.098</geoCoordinate>
.
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197ED4F9BDFDB5F9E9" box="[447,545,1636,1659]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Floreana</emphasis>
: Las Cuevas; Punta Cormoran; Charles [no specific locality].
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197DF2F95DFD60F909" box="[665,756,1668,1691]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Gardner</emphasis>
near
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197FA6F97DFEA6F929" box="[205,306,1700,1723]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Española</emphasis>
: NW side.
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197EADF97CFDBBF92E" box="[454,559,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Genovesa</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FF8A82197D54F97DFD4CF929" authority="Darwin" authorityName="Darwin" box="[575,728,1700,1723]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bahia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197D54F97DFDE9F929" box="[575,637,1700,1723]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Bahía</collectingRegion>
Darwin
</taxonomicName>
; S side, 200 y[ar]ds from beach.
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197E93F91DFDD3F949" box="[504,583,1732,1755]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197E93F91DFDD3F949" box="[504,583,1732,1755]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Isabela" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Isabela</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: Tagus Cove.
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FF8A82197FFCF93DFE90F969" box="[151,260,1764,1787]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Marchena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197FFCF93DFE90F969" box="[151,260,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Marchena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: [no precise locality].
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197D7AF93FFDDFF96F" box="[529,587,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Pinta</emphasis>
: Plaja Ibbeston [sic]; arid zone.
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197E0CF8DCFE6AF889" box="[359,510,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<collectingCountry id="F3547637FF8A82197E0CF8DCFE6AF889" box="[359,510,1796,1820]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197E0CF8DCFE6AF889" box="[359,510,1796,1820]" country="Dominican Republic" name="San Cristobal" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">San Cristóbal</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: Chatham [no precise locality]; P[uer]to Baquarizo [sic]; near Loberia, sea level, GPS: elev[ation].
<quantity id="4CBB9B42FF8A82197EC2F89CFE73F8CF" box="[425,487,1861,1885]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" unit="m" value="14.0">14 m</quantity>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE775060FF8A82197E93F89CFD0DF8CE" box="[504,665,1861,1885]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" precision="1" value="-0.91915">S 00° 55.149</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE775060FF8A82197DC1F89FFF78F8EE" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" precision="1" value="-89.61495">W 89° 36.897</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity id="4CBB9B42FF8A82197F97F8BFFEA3F8EE" box="[252,311,1893,1918]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
SE Pto Baquarizo [sic].
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197D1BF8BFFD79F8EF" box="[624,749,1894,1917]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197D1BF8BFFD79F8EF" box="[624,749,1894,1917]" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: Indefatigable [no precise locality];
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FF8A82197D29F85CFD64F80C" authority="Conway" authorityName="Conway" box="[578,752,1925,1950]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bahia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197D29F85CFD14F80E" box="[578,640,1925,1948]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Bahía</collectingRegion>
Conway
</taxonomicName>
; Academy Bay; Academy Bay, Charles Darwin Research Station; Charles Darwin Research Station, reared on
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FF8A82197FFCF83FFE35F86E" box="[151,417,2021,2045]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" genus="Commicarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosus">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197FFCF83FFE35F86E" box="[151,417,2021,2045]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Commicarpus tuberosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FF8A82197EDEF83CFDC1F86E" box="[437,597,2021,2044]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Nyctaginaceae</taxonomicName>
; littoral zone,
<collectingCountry id="F3547637FF8A82197FFCF7DEFF7EF78D" box="[151,234,2055,2079]" name="Haiti" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Tortuga</collectingCountry>
Bay; East slope,
<specimenCount id="9D45FD2EFF8A82197EC9F7DFFE78F78C" box="[418,492,2054,2078]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CBB9B42FF8A82197EC9F7DFFE7CF78C" box="[418,488,2054,2078]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" unit="m" value="160.0">160 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197D6EF7DEFDF0F78C" box="[517,612,2055,2078]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197D6EF7DEFDF0F78C" box="[517,612,2055,2078]" country="Argentina" name="Santa Fe" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Santa Fé</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: Tourist trail.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FF8A82197C54FEDAFB8EFEEE" blockId="54.[831,1437,258,380]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197C32FEDAFC2CFE88" box="[857,952,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197C32FEDAFC2CFE88" box="[857,952,259,282]" country="Philippines" name="Santiago" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Santiago</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: James Bay, E side n[ea]r. lagoons; Cerro Inn.
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197CE1FEFAFBBAFEA9" box="[906,1070,291,315]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Seymour Norte</emphasis>
: [no precise locality]; Arid zone. Deposited in
<collectionCode id="ED52AE62FF8A82197CA0FE9DFB8BFECE" box="[971,1055,324,348]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">AMNH</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED52AE62FF8A82197B42FE9DFBE8FEC9" box="[1065,1148,324,347]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">BMNH</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED52AE62FF8A82197BEDFE9DFB28FECE" box="[1158,1212,324,348]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">CAS</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED52AE62FF8A82197BADFE9DFA9AFECE" box="[1222,1294,324,348]" country="Ecuador" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rhcv-mdhf" name="Invertebrate Collection" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">CDRS</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED52AE62FF8A82197A73FE9DFAC5FECE" box="[1304,1361,324,348]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/y2kv-9w3k" name="Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">CNC</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED52AE62FF8A82197A37FE9DFA0DFECE" box="[1372,1433,324,348]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">MCZ</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED52AE62FF8A82197C54FEBDFC07FEEE" box="[831,915,356,380]" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">MHNG</collectionCode>
, and
<collectionCode id="ED52AE62FF8A82197CA0FEBDFB82FEEE" box="[971,1046,356,380]" country="Sweden" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rsbi-vwmq" name="Swedish Museum of Natural History, Entomology Collections" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">NHRS</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C359652CFF8A82197C54FE4AFBEBFD1C" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FF8A82197C54FE4AFBEBFD1C" blockId="54.[831,1437,403,654]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197C54FE4AFC2CFE38" bold="true" box="[831,952,403,426]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
The golden brown ground colour of the wings in addition to the relatively larger size (wingspan:
<quantity id="4CBB9B42FF8A82197C54FE0DFC2DFE7F" box="[831,953,468,493]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" unit="mm" value="23.0" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="20.0">20-26 mm</quantity>
), well-marked fasciae, including a distinct basal forewing fascia, will separate most specimens of this species (
<figureCitation id="13782A22FF8A82197C9AFDCCFBD7FDBC" box="[1009,1091,533,558]" captionStart="Figs 41 - 48" captionStartId="17.[151,192,1883,1904]" captionTargetBox="[243,1344,281,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[203,1384,257,1831]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figs 41 - 48. Neotropical specimens of Spilomelinae, size not to scale. (41, 42) Omiodes indicata. (41) ♂, Galápagos, Tagus Cove, emerged ex pupa on Desmodium glabrum, 20 - 25. v. 1992, MHNG. (42) ♀, Galápagos, Pinta, ± 50 m, 20. iii. 1992, MHNG. (43) Patania silicalis ♀, Galápagos, Alcedo, NE slope, 292 m, 30. iii. 2004, MHNG. (44, 45) Penestola bufalis. (44) ♂, Galápagos, Santiago, Cerro Inn, 28. iii. 1992, MHNG. (45) ♀, Galápagos, Santa Cruz, CDRS, wall of Inverts. lab., 11 m, 6. iv. 2004, MHNG. (46, 47) Pilocrocis ramentalis. (46) ♂, Venezuela, Aragua, PN H. - Pittier, Estacion Rancho Grande, 1100 m, 15. vii. 2009, MHNG. (47) ♀, Galápagos, Santa Cruz, E. C. C. D., 6. iii. 1992, MHNG. (48) Psara chathamalis ♀, Galápagos, Santa Cruz, Bahía Conway, 14. iv. 1992, MHNG." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/162858/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
) from the other brown species with darker brown markings, and the key above under
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FF8A82197C54FD8EFA9AFDFC" authority="Guenee" authorityName="Guenee" box="[831,1294,598,622]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Herpetogramma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phaeopteralis" subFamily="Spilomelinae">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197C54FD8EFB0CFDFF" box="[831,1176,598,622]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Herpetogramma phaeopteralis</emphasis>
(Guenée)
</taxonomicName>
will be of additional help in some cases.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C359652CFF8A82197C54FD7FFC11FB91" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FF8A82197C54FD7FFC11FB91" blockId="54.[831,1437,678,1027]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197C54FD7FFC0BFD2F" bold="true" box="[831,927,678,701]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Biology:</emphasis>
Specimens collected in the
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197B81FD7FFAC8FD2F" box="[1258,1372,678,701]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
were only found at low elevation, on beaches and up to about
<quantity id="4CBB9B42FF8A82197C54FD3EFC1FFD6D" box="[831,907,743,767]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
on
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197CA9FD3EFBB5FD6C" box="[962,1057,743,766]" country="Philippines" name="Santiago" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Santiago</collectingRegion>
(Cerro Inn), from January until May and in September. One specimen, deposited in the BMNH, was reared on
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FF8A82197B28FCF0FBC4FCCD" authority="(Lam.) Standl." authorityName="(Lam.) Standl." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" genus="Commicarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tuberosus">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197B28FCF0FADEFCAD" box="[1091,1354,808,832]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Commicarpus tuberosus</emphasis>
(Lam.) Standl. (Nyctaginaceae)
</taxonomicName>
. This
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197BC8FC91FA81FCCD" box="[1187,1301,840,863]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
indigenous plant is found on the islands of Española, Floreana,
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197C54FC50FC1AFC32" box="[831,910,905,928]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Isabela" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Isabela</collectingRegion>
, Pinzón,
<collectingCountry id="F3547637FF8A82197C94FC53FB0FFC32" box="[1023,1179,905,930]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197C94FC53FB0FFC32" box="[1023,1179,905,930]" country="Dominican Republic" name="San Cristobal" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">San Cristóbal</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197BC7FC53FAB8FC30" box="[1196,1324,906,930]" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197A55FC50FA08FC32" box="[1342,1436,905,928]" country="Philippines" name="Santiago" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Santiago</collectingRegion>
(Jaramillo
<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FF8A82197CDEFC73FB3DFC53" author="Jaramillo Diaz P." box="[949,1193,938,962]" editor="Bungartz F." journalOrPublisher="Charles Darwin Foundation / Fundacion Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" pagination="2016" part="1" publicationUrl="http://www.darwinfoundation.org" refString="Jaramillo Diaz P., GuezouA. 2015. CDF Checklist of Galapagos Vascular Plants - FCD Lista de especies de Plantas Vasculares de Galapagos. In: Bungartz F., Herrera H., Jaramillo P., Tirado N., Jimenez-Uzcategui G., Ruiz D., Guezou A. &amp; Ziemmeck F. (eds.). Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist - Lista de Especies de Galapagos de la Fundacion Charles Darwin. Charles Darwin Foundation / Fundacion Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos: http: // www. darwinfoundation. org / datazone / checklists / vascular-plants / Last accessed 1 June 2016." title="CDF Checklist of Galapagos Vascular Plants - FCD Lista de especies de Plantas Vasculares de Galapagos" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist - Lista de Especies de Galapagos de la Fundacion Charles Darwin" year="2015">Díaz &amp; Guézou, 2015</bibRefCitation>
) while elsewhere it is known from mainland
<collectingCountry id="F3547637FF8A82197B2EFC13FB0BFC73" box="[1093,1183,970,993]" name="Ecuador" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3547637FF8A82197BB5FC12FA9BFC70" box="[1246,1295,971,994]" name="Peru" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Peru</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FF8A82197A49FC13FCECFB91" author="McMullen C. K." bookContentInfo="370 pp." journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" refString="McMullen C. K. 1999. Flowering plants of the Galapagos. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London. 370 pp." title="Flowering plants of the Galapagos" type="book" year="1999">McMullen, 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C359652CFF8A82197C54FBC3FAA5FB67" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FF8A82197C54FBC3FAA5FB67" blockId="54.[831,1437,1050,1270]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197C54FBC3FC41FBA3" bold="true" box="[831,981,1050,1073]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Distribution:</emphasis>
This
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197B77FBC3FB19FBA3" box="[1052,1165,1050,1073]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
endemic was described from Chatham
<collectingCountry id="F3547637FF8A82197C8FFBE2FBB1FBC0" box="[996,1061,1083,1106]" name="Iceland" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Island</collectingCountry>
(now
<collectingCountry id="F3547637FF8A82197B06FBE2FA95FBC0" box="[1133,1281,1083,1107]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197B06FBE2FA95FBC0" box="[1133,1281,1083,1107]" country="Dominican Republic" name="San Cristobal" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">San Cristóbal</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
) and recorded by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FF8A82197C0AFB82FC6FFBE6" author="Schaus W." box="[865,1019,1115,1140]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica 5" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" pagination="22 - 48" part="2" refString="Schaus W. 1923. Galapagos Heterocera with descriptions of new species. Zoologica 5 (2): 22 - 48, 2 pl." title="Galapagos Heterocera with descriptions of new species" type="journal article" year="1923">Schaus (1923)</bibRefCitation>
from Indefatigable (=
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197B9BFB85FAF3FBE6" box="[1264,1383,1116,1140]" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
) and South Seymour (= Baltra). I have collected or examined specimens as well from Española, Fernandina, Floreana, Gardner near Española, Genovesa,
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197BA7FB65FA8FFB41" box="[1228,1307,1212,1235]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Isabela" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Isabela</collectingRegion>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FF8A82197A41FB65FCEDFB66" authority="Pinta" authorityName="Pinta" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Marchena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Marchena, Pinta</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197CEFFB07FC77FB64" box="[900,995,1246,1270]" country="Argentina" name="Santa Fe" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Santa Fé</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197C85FB04FBDAFB66" box="[1006,1102,1245,1268]" country="Philippines" name="Santiago" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Santiago</collectingRegion>
, and Seymour Norte.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C359652CFF8A82197C54FAD4FB27FA74" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FF8A82197C54FAD4FB27FA74" blockId="54.[831,1437,1293,1511]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FF8A82197C54FAD4FC25FAB7" bold="true" box="[831,945,1293,1317]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">Remarks:</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="54F88805FF8A82197C9AFAD4FBDBFAB6" box="[1009,1103,1293,1316]" pageId="54" pageNumber="369" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
in the USNM was examined to determine the specimens that I have collected or examined in different collections as mentioned above. Abundant in 1992, this species was collected only twice (on Fernandina and
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FF8A82197B1EFA56FA84FA37" box="[1141,1296,1422,1447]" country="Dominican Republic" name="San Cristobal" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">
<collectingCountry id="F3547637FF8A82197B1EFA56FA84FA37" box="[1141,1296,1422,1447]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="54" pageNumber="369">San Cristóbal</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
) during our 2002, 2004, and 2005 expeditions, perhaps indicating a significant drop in the populations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>