<documentID-CLB-Dataset="291982"ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1196.118460"ID-GBIF-Dataset="ebadc833-bab2-4d91-9308-991fa59b4ef5"ID-PMC="PMC10985401"ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1196-177"ID-Pensoft-UUID="14134BBB9A435A4088CCFC53DC50430B"ID-PubMed="38566620"ID-ZooBank="D10E0EA016D742B983D93871CBF06FE1"ModsDocID="1313-2970-1196-177"checkinTime="1711447963048"checkinUser="pensoft"docAuthor="Nastasi, Louis F., Buffington, Matthew L., Davis, Charles K. & Deans, Andrew R."docDate="2024"docId="981653C37B17587695D98081EAF7484C"docLanguage="en"docName="ZooKeys 1196: 177-207"docOrigin="ZooKeys 1196"docPubDate="2024-03-25"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1196.118460"docTitle="Aulacideini"docType="treatment"docVersion="4"id="14134BBB9A435A4088CCFC53DC50430B"lastPageNumber="177"masterDocId="14134BBB9A435A4088CCFC53DC50430B"masterDocTitle="Key to the North American tribes and genera of herb, rose, bramble, and inquiline gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Cynipidae sensu lato)"masterLastPageNumber="207"masterPageNumber="177"pageNumber="177"updateTime="1732659359204"updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:titleid="9B6413F0FFF25626B844B417D33B60A7">Key to the North American tribes and genera of herb, rose, bramble, and inquiline gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Cynipidae sensu lato)</mods:title>
<mods:affiliationid="B546581AE9ABA8F80A2D6B1B870600F5">Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Science & Industries Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="D8300BC6C26762F2537D103F970DD9D4">Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c / o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, DC, 20013, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="1E70892BA522A9DC4EE705EF232C3041">Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Science & Industries Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="ED14D1868F796DD158BD442518856C9F">Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 Agricultural Science & Industries Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA</mods:affiliation>
<figureCitationid="92BC96A579399AF3977FF710A07423B8"captionStart="Figures 87–95"captionStartId="F21"captionText="Figures 87 - 95. 87 galls of Antistrophus pisum on stem of Lygodesmia juncea (Asteraceae: Cichorieae), photographed by Chris Friesen (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 95588437) 88 galls of Antistrophus rufus in dissected stem of Silphium laciniatum (Asteraceae: Heliantheae), photographed by Andy Deans (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 64708490) 89 gall of Antistrophus silphii on apical stem of Silphium integrifolium (Asteraceae: Heliantheae), photographed by Andy Deans (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 64708191) 90 galls of Diplolepis polita on leaves of Rosa sp. (Rosaceae: Roseae), photographed by Garth Harwood (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 165442438) 91 gall of Diplolepis californica on Rosa sp. (Rosaceae: Roseae), photographed by Mary K. Hanson (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 115655737) 92 gall of Diastrophus potentillae on Potentilla simplex (Rosaceae: Potentilleae), photographed by Tom Murray (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 134669544) 93 gall of Diastrophus nebulosus on stem of Rubus sp. (Rosaceae: Rubeae), photographed by Pam Curtin (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 174007397) 94 galls of Diastrophus kincaidii on stems of Rubus parviflorus (Rosaceae: Rubeae), photographed by Adam Heikkila (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 173314109) 95 galls of Phanacis taraxaci on petiole of Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae: Cichorieae), photographed by Nathan Earley (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 174118397)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1196.118460.figures87-95"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1009584"pageId="0"pageNumber="177">, 87-89</figureCitation>
<paragraphid="52BE1C604751D3CF2B3362BD7828AEC4"pageId="0"pageNumber="177">Pronotum tall and broad dorsomedially. Pronotal submedial pits distinct and well-impressed. Pronotal plate present, usually only distinct in anterior half of pronotum. Mesopleuron sculpture striate, reticulate, or striate-reticulate. Mesoscutellar foveae distinct. Fore wing with marginal cell entirely open or entirely closed, never partially open. Wings always hyaline, never tinted or with darkened areas. Metatarsal claws without basal lobe. Metasomal tergites 2 and 3 free and articulate, never with a syntergite.</paragraph>
is represented by approximately 90 species in ten genera worldwide (
<bibRefCitationid="FBCDD3F7B29308386CECF1E3AEF0BAA4"DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5155.3.5"author="Nieves-Aldrey, JL"journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa"pageId="0"pageNumber="177"pagination="393 - 413"refId="B16"refString="Nieves-Aldrey, JL, 2022. Description of Fumariphilus Nieves-Aldrey, gen. nov., a new genus of herb gall wasps, with a key to genera of the tribe Aulacideini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Zootaxa 5155 (3): 393 - 413, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5155.3.5"title="Description of Fumariphilus Nieves-Aldrey, gen. nov., a new genus of herb gall wasps, with a key to genera of the tribe Aulacideini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)."url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5155.3.5"volume="5155"year="2022">Nieves-Aldrey 2022</bibRefCitation>
), three of which are known from North America (
<bibRefCitationid="54518AB03637D635235B6A80D2025874"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e68558"author="Nastasi, LF"journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist"pageId="0"pageNumber="177"refId="B15"refString="Nastasi, LF, Deans, AR, 2021. Catalogue of rose gall, herb gall, and inquiline gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the United States, Canada and Mexico. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e68558. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e68558"title="Catalogue of rose gall, herb gall, and inquiline gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the United States, Canada and Mexico. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e 68558."url="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e68558"year="2021">Nastasi and Deans 2021</bibRefCitation>
, 1869. Monophyly of the tribe is rather well-established (e.g.,
<bibRefCitationid="BDA791E29C0DE2B6BABA7B289AFEAA84"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123301"author="Ronquist, F"journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist"pageId="0"pageNumber="177"refId="B23"refString="Ronquist, F, Nieves-Aldrey, JL, Buffington, ML, Liu, Z, Liljeblad, J, Nylander, JA, 2015. Phylogeny, evolution and classification of gall wasps: The plot thickens. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0123301. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123301"title="Phylogeny, evolution and classification of gall wasps: The plot thickens. PLoS ONE 10 (5): e 0123301."url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123301"year="2015">Ronquist et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="C1CDE77B2F1AF3CEEEC82D9DF2E3DA8F"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-01716-2"author="Blaimer, BB"journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology"pageId="0"pageNumber="177"pagination=": 155"refId="B2"refString="Blaimer, BB, Gotzek, D, Brady, SG, Buffington, ML, 2020. Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses re-write the evolution of parasitism within cynipoid wasps. BMC Evolutionary Biology 20 (1): 155, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-01716-2"title="Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses re-write the evolution of parasitism within cynipoid wasps."url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-01716-2"volume="20"year="2020">Blaimer et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
), but the generic taxonomy is somewhat unsettled (
<bibRefCitationid="A4827E908771982C0D2A215F3619A2EF"DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5155.3.5"author="Nieves-Aldrey, JL"journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa"pageId="0"pageNumber="177"pagination="393 - 413"refId="B16"refString="Nieves-Aldrey, JL, 2022. Description of Fumariphilus Nieves-Aldrey, gen. nov., a new genus of herb gall wasps, with a key to genera of the tribe Aulacideini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Zootaxa 5155 (3): 393 - 413, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5155.3.5"title="Description of Fumariphilus Nieves-Aldrey, gen. nov., a new genus of herb gall wasps, with a key to genera of the tribe Aulacideini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)."url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5155.3.5"volume="5155"year="2022">Nieves-Aldrey 2022</bibRefCitation>
), and many North American species await description (Nastasi, pers. comm.). The number of introduced described species established in North America is uncertain (see the treatment of
<bibRefCitationid="0AA393038ADE903C5920065E91F42904"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e68558"author="Nastasi, LF"journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist"pageId="0"pageNumber="177"refId="B15"refString="Nastasi, LF, Deans, AR, 2021. Catalogue of rose gall, herb gall, and inquiline gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the United States, Canada and Mexico. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e68558. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e68558"title="Catalogue of rose gall, herb gall, and inquiline gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the United States, Canada and Mexico. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e 68558."url="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e68558"year="2021">Nastasi and Deans (2021)</bibRefCitation>
Globally, members of this tribe induce galls on five plant families (
<bibRefCitationid="95D605A720BD6458FE7526932C161A9D"DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4747.2.9"author="Azmaz, M"journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa"pageId="0"pageNumber="177"pagination="378 - 390"refId="B1"refString="Azmaz, M, Katilmis, Y, 2020. A new species of herb gall wasp (Cynipidae, Aulacideini, Aulacidea) from Turkey. Zootaxa 4747 (2): 378 - 390, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4747.2.9"title="A new species of herb gall wasp (Cynipidae, Aulacideini, Aulacidea) from Turkey."url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4747.2.9"volume="4747"year="2020">
<bibRefCitationid="36306D8434A0353F4C449310CA9C286F"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa003"author="Buffington, ML"journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics and Diversity"pageId="0"pageNumber="177"pagination=": 1"refId="B4"refString="Buffington, ML, Forshage, M, Liljeblad, J, Tang, CT, van Noort, S, 2020. World Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera): A key to higher-level groups. Insect Systematics and Diversity 4 (4): 1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa003"title="World Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera): A key to higher-level groups."url="https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa003"volume="4"year="2020">Buffington et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitationid="73D81CCCDF7C736E7D5D347C6B4018E6"DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5155.3.5"author="Nieves-Aldrey, JL"journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa"pageId="0"pageNumber="177"pagination="393 - 413"refId="B16"refString="Nieves-Aldrey, JL, 2022. Description of Fumariphilus Nieves-Aldrey, gen. nov., a new genus of herb gall wasps, with a key to genera of the tribe Aulacideini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Zootaxa 5155 (3): 393 - 413, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5155.3.5"title="Description of Fumariphilus Nieves-Aldrey, gen. nov., a new genus of herb gall wasps, with a key to genera of the tribe Aulacideini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)."url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5155.3.5"volume="5155"year="2022">Nieves-Aldrey 2022</bibRefCitation>
), but the described North American taxa are restricted to host plants in the
<bibRefCitationid="4ADC7F008813CB18739791A5D26FA06E"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e68558"author="Nastasi, LF"journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist"pageId="0"pageNumber="177"refId="B15"refString="Nastasi, LF, Deans, AR, 2021. Catalogue of rose gall, herb gall, and inquiline gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the United States, Canada and Mexico. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e68558. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e68558"title="Catalogue of rose gall, herb gall, and inquiline gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the United States, Canada and Mexico. Biodiversity Data Journal 9: e 68558."url="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e68558"year="2021">Nastasi and Deans 2021</bibRefCitation>
). Galls induced by wasps of this tribe (Figs
<figureCitationid="D95FD7B19F1482D5A7058551917E65AC"captionStart="Figures 87–95"captionStartId="F21"captionText="Figures 87 - 95. 87 galls of Antistrophus pisum on stem of Lygodesmia juncea (Asteraceae: Cichorieae), photographed by Chris Friesen (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 95588437) 88 galls of Antistrophus rufus in dissected stem of Silphium laciniatum (Asteraceae: Heliantheae), photographed by Andy Deans (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 64708490) 89 gall of Antistrophus silphii on apical stem of Silphium integrifolium (Asteraceae: Heliantheae), photographed by Andy Deans (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 64708191) 90 galls of Diplolepis polita on leaves of Rosa sp. (Rosaceae: Roseae), photographed by Garth Harwood (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 165442438) 91 gall of Diplolepis californica on Rosa sp. (Rosaceae: Roseae), photographed by Mary K. Hanson (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 115655737) 92 gall of Diastrophus potentillae on Potentilla simplex (Rosaceae: Potentilleae), photographed by Tom Murray (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 134669544) 93 gall of Diastrophus nebulosus on stem of Rubus sp. (Rosaceae: Rubeae), photographed by Pam Curtin (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 174007397) 94 galls of Diastrophus kincaidii on stems of Rubus parviflorus (Rosaceae: Rubeae), photographed by Adam Heikkila (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 173314109) 95 galls of Phanacis taraxaci on petiole of Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae: Cichorieae), photographed by Nathan Earley (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 174118397)."figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1196.118460.figures87-95"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1009584"pageId="0"pageNumber="177">87-89</figureCitation>
) are most likely to yield adults when collected after host plants have senesced; adult wasps emerge in mid spring through late summer depending on the gall wasp species and collecting locality (Nastasi et al., in lit.). Many species induce cryptic galls that produce no externally discernable modification to the plant tissue; this phenomenon suggests that aulacideine herb gall wasps inducing cryptic galls are probably more diverse than currently known and have evaded detection due to their hidden galls.
