treatments-xml/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFEE6A52FA97928D1A44B831.xml

<document id="33765074DAD44F8259C4486C3DCB9124" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FFEE6A52FA97928D1A44B831" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pipistrellus coromandra" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="780" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="779" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
<mods:mods id="5F86CBA85EC3C350256D9342847AC5CB" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="125FAA3E4F7C3196A51DD52A90D5E86F">
<mods:title id="3DA67456D93AE30E456DBCDE72D9A703">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="F35F2179B6BF3D3C1F7467C39FB45A18" type="personal">
<mods:role id="7DC4680B26C6D0D33A92409582C5E39A">
<mods:roleTerm id="2449B85562AB982E2DB23C1CDD1AD4F3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="366DD2EE2B5DA3E351D1566A967CDE1C">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="99605987DFC7945D5FE8563225777C4B" type="personal">
<mods:role id="01A2D074F63E4900C47A27353E043C43">
<mods:roleTerm id="36084666A0B91E522B6A8FED08A6A978">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="35EF3F36D9C5EE15C6D8A1D0BE313080">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="E0768DBD168CC5659C2B06EC268AD094">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="C6FF80046060EE35B2893AB9230F7514" type="host">
<mods:originInfo id="296A205BA6977AC4565CCF431F843542">
<mods:dateIssued id="B6B35522AFB0FAEAC5A71B2FFEA885C4">2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="90EB58462F0E644E81531029D9D49C85" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="3FC256C32AC57FE22FAA84B9B541E519">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="B10507B30B35604774B0EF9E1CDF68B0">
<mods:placeTerm id="22DAB1B264857DE665126E2477E27A3B">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo id="D78E64A6C83116DD40CDF209C351CC65">
<mods:title id="BF45252FB3325A28F2DB9EFB4E59545B">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="D7EA664CFB87B67E6B6FB2BD052B01AF">
<mods:extent id="E0157502F6175EE94AA9CE6BD19460B3" unit="page">
<mods:start id="1DDE6906EC38B80679B61A839AB1B228">716</mods:start>
<mods:end id="66CDC4C05E58EA6D40C58A9F775EE019">981</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="4A562E29FF8547C0205A7909B93FFD39">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="3C96914B4BE5894834D1ED90908BA929" type="CLB-Dataset">56755</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E3428C771A50303B3325264F2AFCC96C" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="32F63D778F9478FB1E4B64475A7C8400" type="GBIF-Dataset">45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DF666640682C63F4ACB69101027B4DD0" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="BD0566F5A35D4FE8F5D00D95C50E2C89" type="Zenodo-Dep">6397752</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="4C3D87E8FFEE6A52FA97928D1A44B831" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403403" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628257" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403403" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFEE6A52FA97928D1A44B831" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFEE6A52FA97928D1A44B831" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="780" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEE6A51FA97928D1BA4BE30" box="[1387,1444,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEE6A51FA97928D1BA4BE30" blockId="21.[1385,2465,1236,1362]" box="[1387,1444,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<heading id="9F638192FFEE6A51FA97928D1BA4BE30" box="[1387,1444,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFFEE6A51FA97928D1BA4BE30" box="[1387,1444,1236,1282]" captionStart="Plate 56: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="13.[123,155,3277,3298]" captionTargetBox="[12,2758,16,3657]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="18. Common Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus pipistrellus), 19. Soprano Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus pygmaeus), 20. Crete Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus creticus), 21. Hanak’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus hanaki), 22. Nathusius’s Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii), 23. Madeira Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus maderensis), 24. Kuhl’s Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii), 25. Dusky Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus hesperidus), 26. Rusty Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus rusticus), 27. Tiny Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nanulus), 28. Aellen’s Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus inexspectatus), 29. Mount GarguesPipistrelle (Pipustrellus aero), 30. Dar-es-Salaam Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus permixtus), 31. Racey’s Pipistrelle (Puipustrellus raceyi), 32. Dhofar Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus dhofarensis), 33. Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus abramus), 34. Endo’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus endoi), 35. Sturdee’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus sturdeei), 36. Javan Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus javanicus), 37. Indian Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus coromandra), 38. Kelaart’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus ceylonicus), 39. Least Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus tenuis), 40. Mount Popa Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus paterculus), 41. Narrow-winged Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus stenopterus), 42. Minahassa Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus minahassae), 43. Greater Papuan Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus collinus), 44. Lesser Papuan Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus papuanus), 45. New Guinea Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus angulatus), 46. Watts’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus wattsi), 47. Northern Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus westralis), 48. Forest Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus adamsi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398502/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">37.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEE6A51FA49928D191BBE30" box="[1461,1819,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEE6A51FA49928D191BBE30" blockId="21.[1385,2465,1236,1362]" box="[1461,1819,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<heading id="9F638192FFEE6A51FA49928D191BBE30" box="[1461,1819,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFEE6A51FA49928D191BBE30" ID-CoL="4J6K4" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1461,1819,1236,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coromandra">Indian Pipistrelle</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEE6A51F8A3928D1709BE30" box="[1887,2313,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEE6A51F8A3928D1709BE30" blockId="21.[1385,2465,1236,1362]" box="[1887,2313,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<heading id="9F638192FFEE6A51F8A3928D1709BE30" box="[1887,2313,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEE6A51F8A3928D1709BE30" ID-CoL="4J6K4" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1887,2313,1236,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coromandra">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEE6A51F8A3928D1709BE30" box="[1887,2313,1236,1282]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Pipistrellus coromandra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEE6A51FA97934D19F6BE63" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEE6A51FA97934D17A1BE1B" blockId="21.[1385,2465,1236,1362]" box="[1387,2465,1300,1321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<heading id="9F638192FFEE6A51FA97934D17A1BE1B" box="[1387,2465,1300,1321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEE6A51FA97934D1BB6BE1B" bold="true" box="[1387,1462,1300,1321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFEE6A51FA3C934D18C0BE1B" ID-CoL="4J6K4" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1472,1728,1300,1321]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coromandra">Pipistrelle de Coromandel</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEE6A51F929934D1930BE1B" bold="true" box="[1749,1840,1300,1321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFEE6A51F8C6934D162DBE1B" ID-CoL="4J6K4" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1850,2093,1300,1321]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coromandra">Indien-Zwergfledermaus</vernacularName>
/ 
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEE6A51F7BE934D169DBE1B" bold="true" box="[2114,2205,1300,1321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFEE6A51F75B934D17A1BE1B" ID-CoL="4J6K4" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[2215,2465,1300,1321]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coromandra">Pipistrela de Coromandel</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEE6A51FA96936519F6BE63" blockId="21.[1385,2465,1236,1362]" box="[1386,2038,1340,1361]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<heading id="9F638192FFEE6A51FA96936519F6BE63" box="[1386,2038,1340,1361]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEE6A51FA9693651861BE63" bold="true" box="[1386,1633,1340,1361]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFEE6A51F9979365194EBE63" ID-CoL="4J6K4" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1643,1870,1340,1361]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coromandra">Coromandel Pipistrelle</vernacularName>
, 
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFEE6A51F8A0936519F6BE63" ID-CoL="4J6K4" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1884,2038,1340,1361]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coromandra">Little Indian Bat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEE6A51F83293241614BEF7" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEE6A51F83293241614BEF7" blockId="21.[1998,2592,1405,1832]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEE6A51F83293241662BEAC" bold="true" box="[1998,2146,1405,1438]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEE6A51F78D9324160FBEF7" ID-CoL="4VY54" authority="J. E. Gray, 1838" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coromandra">Scotophilus coromandra J. E. Gray, 1838</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEE6A51F7E193F1141DBEF7" box="[2077,2589,1448,1477]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEE6A51F7E193F1141DBEF7" blockId="21.[1998,2592,1405,1832]" box="[2077,2589,1448,1477]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FFEE6A51F7E193F1141DBEF7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319613" box="[2077,2589,1448,1477]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F7E193F116C0BEF7" box="[2077,2240,1448,1477]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Pondicherry</collectingCountry>
, Coromandel Coast, 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F62E93F11419BEF7" box="[2514,2585,1448,1477]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">India</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEE6A51F83393921793BC62" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEE6A51F83393921793BC62" blockId="21.[1998,2592,1405,1832]" lastBlockId="21.[1387,2597,1839,3489]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEE6A51F833939216FEBEDE" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1999,2302,1483,1516]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coromandra">Pipistrellus coromandra</taxonomicName>
is externally identical to 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEE6A51F7D593AA1698BD26" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[2089,2200,1523,1556]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuis">P. tenuis</taxonomicName>
(being only larger in size), but the two species are considered distinct based on mtDNA. Populations in the north-western part of the distribution (
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F82090C81685BD80" box="[2012,2181,1681,1714]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F73090C81742BD80" box="[2252,2370,1681,1714]" name="Pakistan" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
) are grayer and distinguishable from the rest of the population and might be a separate subspecies (for which unavailable name afghanus has been applied), but additionalstudies are needed to resolve this. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEE6A51FA97910E1803BCDD" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="distribution">
<caption id="90EB6676FFEE6A51FA97910E1803BCDD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397848" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397848" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6397848/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" targetBox="[1384,1974,1418,1831]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEE6A51FA97910E1803BCDD" blockId="21.[1387,2597,1839,3489]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEE6A51FA97910E181CBC4A" bold="true" box="[1387,1564,1879,1912]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Distribution.</emphasis>
NE 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F9A1910E1906BC4A" box="[1629,1798,1879,1912]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEE6A51F8E3910E1643BC4A" box="[1823,2115,1879,1912]" country="Afghanistan" name="Nangarhar" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Nangarhar Province</collectingRegion>
), N 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F77C910E16F3BC4A" box="[2176,2291,1879,1912]" name="Pakistan" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEE6A51F6F7910E1B90BCAD" country="Pakistan" name="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</collectingRegion>
and 
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEE6A51FA2A91DB1838BCAD" box="[1494,1592,1922,1951]" country="Pakistan" name="Punjab" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Punjab</collectingRegion>
provinces), 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F91B91DB1932BCAD" box="[1767,1842,1922,1951]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">India</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F8BE91DB19CABCAD" box="[1858,1994,1922,1951]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
, Andaman and NicobarIs, 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F6B791DB17A0BCAD" box="[2379,2464,1922,1951]" name="Nepal" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Nepal</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F64C91DB1419BCAD" box="[2480,2585,1922,1951]" name="Bhutan" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51FA9091F31810BCF5" box="[1388,1552,1962,1991]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
, S 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F9BC91F31894BCF5" box="[1600,1684,1962,1991]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">China</collectingCountry>
(S 
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEE6A51F93791F31916BCF5" box="[1739,1814,1962,1991]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Tibet</collectingRegion>
[= 
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEE6A51F8B791F319B9BCF5" box="[1867,1977,1962,1991]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Xizang</collectingRegion>
]), 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F82391F31663BCF5" box="[2015,2147,1962,1991]" name="Myanmar" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F78A91F316F7BCF5" box="[2166,2295,1962,1991]" name="Thailand" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F6F691F3174CBCF5" box="[2314,2380,1962,1991]" name="Laos" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Laos</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F6A291F317D8BCF5" box="[2398,2520,1962,1991]" name="Vietnam" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51FA9191971BFFBCDD" box="[1389,1535,1998,2031]" name="Cambodia" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEE6A51FA9091AC17B3B187" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="description">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEE6A51FA9091AC17B3B187" blockId="21.[1387,2597,1839,3489]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEE6A51FA9091AC186BB324" bold="true" box="[1388,1643,2037,2070]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 34-49 mm, tail 22-39 mm, ear 7-14 mm, hindfoot 3-8 mm, forearm 25-35 mm; weight 3-4-8-3 g. The Indian Pipistrelle is extremely similar to the Least Pipistrelle (
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEE6A51F8D89E1A1999B356" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1828,1945,2115,2148]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuis">P. tenuis</taxonomicName>
), but the Indian Pipistrelle averages larger for all external and cranial measurements (it is morphologically impossible to distinguish between a small Indian Pipistrelle and a large Least Pipistrelle). Dorsal pelage ranges from chestnut to medium to dark brown (being grayer brown in 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F6F99EE317AEB3E9" box="[2309,2478,2234,2267]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F6049EE31BC5B230" name="Pakistan" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
); ventral pelage is paler, with beige-brown or cinnamon-brown tips and darker bases to hairs. Ears, face, and membranes are medium to dark brown and nearly naked. Ears are narrow and broadly rounded; tragus is more or less the same thickness throughout and narrow, with broadly rounded tip. Uropatagium has few hairs next to body and tail, and extends from calcar to nearly tail tip (only extreme tip is free). Penis is short (less than 
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFEE6A51F99B9FFF18BBB2F5" box="[1639,1723,2470,2503]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
). Baculum (3-8 mm long, one specimen) has straight or slightly sinuous shaft, bifurcated tip, and ventrally deflected basal lobes. Skull is larger than that of the Least Pipistrelle but smaller than that of the Javan Pipistrelle (PF. 
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEE6A51F6709FAC1412B124" box="[2444,2578,2549,2582]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Pipustrellus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="javanicus">javanicus</taxonomicName>
); zygomatic arches are thin and lack processes; I? is bicuspid, and I’ is unicuspid and higher than height of second cusp of I?; C! usually has secondary cusp; P* is subequal in crown area to I? and is usually (not always) intruded from tooth row; and lower molars are nyctalodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56 (
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F6A99CC117A5B187" box="[2389,2469,2712,2741]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">India</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEE6A51FA929CE217C1B031" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEE6A51FA929CE217C1B031" blockId="21.[1387,2597,1839,3489]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEE6A51FA929CE21BDDB1EE" bold="true" box="[1390,1501,2747,2780]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Habitat.</emphasis>
Primary and secondary montane and lowland forests, some disturbed forests, and highly disturbed agricultural and urban areas at elevations of 100-2000 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEE6A51FA929D5317D4B093" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEE6A51FA929D5317D4B093" blockId="21.[1387,2597,1839,3489]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEE6A51FA929D53186DB019" bold="true" box="[1390,1645,2826,2859]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Indian Pipistrelles forage ¢.8-12 m aboveground or over water; along forest edges, creeks, and ravines; over cornfields; and in clearings. They are slow and erratic fliers and forage around cluttered vegetation in 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F79E9D0016ABB048" box="[2146,2219,2905,2938]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">India</collectingCountry>
. Stomach contents of some individuals in 
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEE6A51F9CD9DD1187BB093" box="[1585,1659,2952,2977]" country="India" name="Bihar" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Bihar</collectingRegion>
, northern 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F8ED9DD1195AB093" box="[1809,1882,2952,2977]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">India</collectingCountry>
, contained small ants and mouthparts offlies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEE6A51FA939DFE1675B754" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEE6A51FA939DFE1675B754" blockId="21.[1387,2597,1839,3489]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEE6A51FA939DFE1BF5B0FA" bold="true" box="[1391,1525,2983,3016]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Breeding.</emphasis>
Female Indian Pipistrelles seem to give birth to 1-2 young (rarely one) at a time and at least three times a year, with records in April, July-August, and October— November in 
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEE6A51F9CD9DAF187DB725" box="[1585,1661,3062,3095]" country="India" name="Bihar" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Bihar</collectingRegion>
. Females with two suckling young were captured in April, July, and August in 
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEE6A51F9FB9A781853B70C" box="[1543,1619,3105,3134]" country="India" name="Bihar" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Bihar</collectingRegion>
. Pregnant females were captured in July in the same region, and a volantjuvenile with milk in its gut was captured in May.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEE6A52FA929A351B06BA4B" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="780" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="activity">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEE6A52FA929A351B06BA4B" blockId="21.[1387,2597,1839,3489]" lastBlockId="22.[178,1385,305,775]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="780" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEE6A51FA929A35185AB7BF" bold="true" box="[1390,1626,3180,3213]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Indian Pipistrelles emerge a few minutes before to 16 minutes after sunset and return 5-10 minutes before sunrise. In 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F7A79ACD16A6B787" box="[2139,2214,3220,3253]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">India</collectingCountry>
, they were recorded feeding for 90 minutes before returning to roosts for short rests of 20-30 minutes before leaving roosts again to feed. They roost in dense vegetation, crevices in walls of mud houses,ceilings, and roofs, and bamboo thatch roofs. One individual in 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F6949B5717EDB619" box="[2408,2541,3342,3371]" name="Myanmar" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
was captured outside a cave. Search call is high-intensity FM call and was recorded with maximum energy at ¢.40-42 kHz in 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F88A9B0019F0B648" box="[1910,2032,3417,3450]" name="Vietnam" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
. In southern 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEE6A51F74A9B001700B648" box="[2230,2304,3417,3450]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">India</collectingCountry>
, calls were recorded with maximum frequencies of 115-7-127-6 kHz (average of 122-8 kHz), minimum frequencies of 35-9-43-1 kHz (38-8 kHz), frequencies of maximum energy of 47-3— 56-5 kHz (50-2 kHz), and durations of 1-2-2-1 milliseconds (1-6 milliseconds).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFED6A52FF4897261D7CBADD" pageId="22" pageNumber="780" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFED6A52FF4897261D7CBADD" blockId="22.[178,1385,305,775]" pageId="22" pageNumber="780">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFED6A52FF4897261D6EBA92" bold="true" box="[180,878,383,416]" pageId="22" pageNumber="780">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Indian Pipistrelles roost alone or in groups of 2-25 individuals in 
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFED6A52FDAA97FE1CA1BAFA" box="[598,673,423,456]" name="India" pageId="22" pageNumber="780">India</collectingCountry>
. They occasionally roost with Least Pipistrelles but remain isolated from each other in the same roost.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFED6A52FF4897A31CD5B957" pageId="22" pageNumber="780" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFED6A52FF4897A31CD5B957" blockId="22.[178,1385,305,775]" pageId="22" pageNumber="780">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFED6A52FF4897A31C0EB925" bold="true" box="[180,526,506,535]" pageId="22" pageNumber="780">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Indian Pipistrelle is widespread and common throughoutits distribution and is commonly found in disturbed and urban habitats.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFED6A52FF48942D1A44B831" pageId="22" pageNumber="780" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFED6A52FF48942D1A44B831" blockId="22.[178,1385,305,775]" pageId="22" pageNumber="780">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFED6A52FF48942D1F4DB9BF" bold="true" box="[180,333,628,653]" pageId="22" pageNumber="780">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Abramov et al. (2010), Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Bates et al. (2005), Benda &amp; Gaisler (2015), Cor bet &amp; Hill (1992), Csorba, Bates, Furey, Bumrungsri et al. (2008a), Francis (2008), Hill &amp; Harrison (1987), Kruskop (2013a), Myers, P et al. (2000), Raghuram et al. (2014), Sinha (1984, 1986), Smith &amp; Xie Yan (2008), Sreepada et al. (1996), Srinivasulu et al. (2017), Struebig et al. (2005), Thapa, Subedi et al. (2012).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>