244 lines
21 KiB
XML
244 lines
21 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" approvalRequired="37" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="8" approvalRequired_for_treatments="29" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FFEE6A52FA97928D1A44B831" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pipistrellus coromandra" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="780" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="779" updateTime="1658412944878" updateUser="diego">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>716</mods:start>
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<mods:end>981</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6397752</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403403" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628257" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403403" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFEE6A52FA97928D1A44B831" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFEE6A52FA97928D1A44B831" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="780" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<subSubSection box="[1387,1444,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[1385,2465,1236,1362]" box="[1387,1444,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<heading box="[1387,1444,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<figureCitation box="[1387,1444,1236,1282]" captionStart="Plate 56: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="13.[123,155,3277,3298]" captionTargetBox="[12,2758,16,3657]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="18. Common Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus pipistrellus), 19. Soprano Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus pygmaeus), 20. Crete Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus creticus), 21. Hanak’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus hanaki), 22. Nathusius’s Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii), 23. Madeira Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus maderensis), 24. Kuhl’s Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii), 25. Dusky Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus hesperidus), 26. Rusty Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus rusticus), 27. Tiny Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nanulus), 28. Aellen’s Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus inexspectatus), 29. Mount GarguesPipistrelle (Pipustrellus aero), 30. Dar-es-Salaam Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus permixtus), 31. Racey’s Pipistrelle (Puipustrellus raceyi), 32. Dhofar Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus dhofarensis), 33. Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus abramus), 34. Endo’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus endoi), 35. Sturdee’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus sturdeei), 36. Javan Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus javanicus), 37. Indian Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus coromandra), 38. Kelaart’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus ceylonicus), 39. Least Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus tenuis), 40. Mount Popa Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus paterculus), 41. Narrow-winged Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus stenopterus), 42. Minahassa Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus minahassae), 43. Greater Papuan Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus collinus), 44. Lesser Papuan Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus papuanus), 45. New Guinea Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus angulatus), 46. Watts’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus wattsi), 47. Northern Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus westralis), 48. Forest Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus adamsi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398502/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">37.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1461,1819,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[1385,2465,1236,1362]" box="[1461,1819,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<heading box="[1461,1819,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<vernacularName box="[1461,1819,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Indian Pipistrelle</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1887,2313,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[1385,2465,1236,1362]" box="[1887,2313,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<heading box="[1887,2313,1236,1282]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1887,2313,1236,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coromandra">
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<emphasis box="[1887,2313,1236,1282]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Pipistrellus coromandra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[1385,2465,1236,1362]" box="[1387,2465,1300,1321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<heading box="[1387,2465,1300,1321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1387,1462,1300,1321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1472,1728,1300,1321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Pipistrelle de Coromandel</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1749,1840,1300,1321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1850,2093,1300,1321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Indien-Zwergfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2114,2205,1300,1321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2215,2465,1300,1321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Pipistrela de Coromandel</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="21.[1385,2465,1236,1362]" box="[1386,2038,1340,1361]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<heading box="[1386,2038,1340,1361]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1386,1633,1340,1361]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1643,1870,1340,1361]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Coromandel Pipistrelle</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[1884,2038,1340,1361]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Little Indian Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[1998,2592,1405,1832]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1998,2146,1405,1438]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="J. E. Gray, 1838" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Scotophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coromandra">Scotophilus coromandra J. E. Gray, 1838</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2077,2589,1448,1477]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[1998,2592,1405,1832]" box="[2077,2589,1448,1477]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319613" box="[2077,2589,1448,1477]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<collectingCountry box="[2077,2240,1448,1477]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Pondicherry</collectingCountry>
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, Coromandel Coast,
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<collectingCountry box="[2514,2585,1448,1477]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[1998,2592,1405,1832]" lastBlockId="21.[1387,2597,1839,3489]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1999,2302,1483,1516]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coromandra">Pipistrellus coromandra</taxonomicName>
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is externally identical to
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[2089,2200,1523,1556]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuis">P. tenuis</taxonomicName>
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(being only larger in size), but the two species are considered distinct based on mtDNA. Populations in the north-western part of the distribution (
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<collectingCountry box="[2012,2181,1681,1714]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[2252,2370,1681,1714]" name="Pakistan" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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) are grayer and distinguishable from the rest of the population and might be a separate subspecies (for which unavailable name afghanus has been applied), but additionalstudies are needed to resolve this. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397848" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397848" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6397848/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" targetBox="[1384,1974,1418,1831]" targetPageId="21">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[1387,2597,1839,3489]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1387,1564,1879,1912]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Distribution.</emphasis>
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NE
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<collectingCountry box="[1629,1798,1879,1912]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[1823,2115,1879,1912]" country="Afghanistan" name="Nangarhar" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Nangarhar Province</collectingRegion>
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), N
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<collectingCountry box="[2176,2291,1879,1912]" name="Pakistan" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion country="Pakistan" name="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion box="[1494,1592,1922,1951]" country="Pakistan" name="Punjab" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Punjab</collectingRegion>
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provinces),
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<collectingCountry box="[1767,1842,1922,1951]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">India</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1858,1994,1922,1951]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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, Andaman and NicobarIs,
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<collectingCountry box="[2379,2464,1922,1951]" name="Nepal" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2480,2585,1922,1951]" name="Bhutan" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1388,1552,1962,1991]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
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, S
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<collectingCountry box="[1600,1684,1962,1991]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">China</collectingCountry>
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(S
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<collectingRegion box="[1739,1814,1962,1991]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Tibet</collectingRegion>
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[=
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<collectingRegion box="[1867,1977,1962,1991]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Xizang</collectingRegion>
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]),
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<collectingCountry box="[2015,2147,1962,1991]" name="Myanmar" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2166,2295,1962,1991]" name="Thailand" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2314,2380,1962,1991]" name="Laos" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Laos</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2398,2520,1962,1991]" name="Vietnam" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[1389,1535,1998,2031]" name="Cambodia" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[1387,2597,1839,3489]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1388,1643,2037,2070]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 34-49 mm, tail 22-39 mm, ear 7-14 mm, hindfoot 3-8 mm, forearm 25-35 mm; weight 3-4-8-3 g. The Indian Pipistrelle is extremely similar to the Least Pipistrelle (
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1828,1945,2115,2148]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuis">P. tenuis</taxonomicName>
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), but the Indian Pipistrelle averages larger for all external and cranial measurements (it is morphologically impossible to distinguish between a small Indian Pipistrelle and a large Least Pipistrelle). Dorsal pelage ranges from chestnut to medium to dark brown (being grayer brown in
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<collectingCountry box="[2309,2478,2234,2267]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry name="Pakistan" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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); ventral pelage is paler, with beige-brown or cinnamon-brown tips and darker bases to hairs. Ears, face, and membranes are medium to dark brown and nearly naked. Ears are narrow and broadly rounded; tragus is more or less the same thickness throughout and narrow, with broadly rounded tip. Uropatagium has few hairs next to body and tail, and extends from calcar to nearly tail tip (only extreme tip is free). Penis is short (less than
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<quantity box="[1639,1723,2470,2503]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
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). Baculum (3-8 mm long, one specimen) has straight or slightly sinuous shaft, bifurcated tip, and ventrally deflected basal lobes. Skull is larger than that of the Least Pipistrelle but smaller than that of the Javan Pipistrelle (PF.
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<taxonomicName box="[2444,2578,2549,2582]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Pipustrellus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="javanicus">javanicus</taxonomicName>
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); zygomatic arches are thin and lack processes; I? is bicuspid, and I’ is unicuspid and higher than height of second cusp of I?; C! usually has secondary cusp; P* is subequal in crown area to I? and is usually (not always) intruded from tooth row; and lower molars are nyctalodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56 (
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<collectingCountry box="[2389,2469,2712,2741]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">India</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="biology_ecology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="21.[1387,2597,1839,3489]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1390,1501,2747,2780]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Primary and secondary montane and lowland forests, some disturbed forests, and highly disturbed agricultural and urban areas at elevations of 100-2000 m.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="food_feeding">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="21.[1387,2597,1839,3489]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1390,1645,2826,2859]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Indian Pipistrelles forage ¢.8-12 m aboveground or over water; along forest edges, creeks, and ravines; over cornfields; and in clearings. They are slow and erratic fliers and forage around cluttered vegetation in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[2146,2219,2905,2938]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">India</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. Stomach contents of some individuals in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion box="[1585,1659,2952,2977]" country="India" name="Bihar" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Bihar</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
, northern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1809,1882,2952,2977]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">India</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, contained small ants and mouthparts offlies.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="breeding">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="21.[1387,2597,1839,3489]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1391,1525,2983,3016]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Female Indian Pipistrelles seem to give birth to 1-2 young (rarely one) at a time and at least three times a year, with records in April, July-August, and October— November in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion box="[1585,1661,3062,3095]" country="India" name="Bihar" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Bihar</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
. Females with two suckling young were captured in April, July, and August in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingRegion box="[1543,1619,3105,3134]" country="India" name="Bihar" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Bihar</collectingRegion>
|
|||
|
|
. Pregnant females were captured in July in the same region, and a volantjuvenile with milk in its gut was captured in May.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="780" pageId="21" pageNumber="779" type="activity">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="21.[1387,2597,1839,3489]" lastBlockId="22.[178,1385,305,775]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="780" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1390,1626,3180,3213]" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Indian Pipistrelles emerge a few minutes before to 16 minutes after sunset and return 5-10 minutes before sunrise. In
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[2139,2214,3220,3253]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">India</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, they were recorded feeding for 90 minutes before returning to roosts for short rests of 20-30 minutes before leaving roosts again to feed. They roost in dense vegetation, crevices in walls of mud houses,ceilings, and roofs, and bamboo thatch roofs. One individual in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[2408,2541,3342,3371]" name="Myanmar" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
was captured outside a cave. Search call is high-intensity FM call and was recorded with maximum energy at ¢.40-42 kHz in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1910,2032,3417,3450]" name="Vietnam" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. In southern
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[2230,2304,3417,3450]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="779">India</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
, calls were recorded with maximum frequencies of 115-7-127-6 kHz (average of 122-8 kHz), minimum frequencies of 35-9-43-1 kHz (38-8 kHz), frequencies of maximum energy of 47-3— 56-5 kHz (50-2 kHz), and durations of 1-2-2-1 milliseconds (1-6 milliseconds).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="780" type="biology_ecology">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="22.[178,1385,305,775]" pageId="22" pageNumber="780">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[180,878,383,416]" pageId="22" pageNumber="780">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Indian Pipistrelles roost alone or in groups of 2-25 individuals in
|
|||
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[598,673,423,456]" name="India" pageId="22" pageNumber="780">India</collectingCountry>
|
|||
|
|
. They occasionally roost with Least Pipistrelles but remain isolated from each other in the same roost.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="780" type="conservation">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="22.[178,1385,305,775]" pageId="22" pageNumber="780">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[180,526,506,535]" pageId="22" pageNumber="780">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Indian Pipistrelle is widespread and common throughoutits distribution and is commonly found in disturbed and urban habitats.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="780" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph blockId="22.[178,1385,305,775]" pageId="22" pageNumber="780">
|
|||
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[180,333,628,653]" pageId="22" pageNumber="780">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
|||
|
|
Abramov et al. (2010), Bates & Harrison (1997), Bates et al. (2005), Benda & Gaisler (2015), Cor bet & Hill (1992), Csorba, Bates, Furey, Bumrungsri et al. (2008a), Francis (2008), Hill & Harrison (1987), Kruskop (2013a), Myers, P et al. (2000), Raghuram et al. (2014), Sinha (1984, 1986), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Sreepada et al. (1996), Srinivasulu et al. (2017), Struebig et al. (2005), Thapa, Subedi et al. (2012).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|