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<document id="C8B4F5A22E76DCD76576447EE74F084D" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2024.2370663" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13219769" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1722843533298" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Denys, Christiane, Gabriel, Nadine W., Lalis, Aude &amp; Jenkins, Paulina" docDate="2024" docId="038C87C6FFFBFFF9B1F1FC77FC8AFD78" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.58.25-28.796-839.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 58 (25 - 28)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2370663" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Mus musculus Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="811" masterDocId="FFB5FFBEFFF6FFF6B02CFFB3FF8FFFA2" masterDocTitle="Subfossil rodents and tenrecs of Children’s Cave, Madagascar" masterLastPageNumber="839" masterPageNumber="796" pageNumber="809" updateTime="1723487275992" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="64A976A2CE39E544222D6F1584FB483A">Subfossil rodents and tenrecs of Children’s Cave, Madagascar</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0AC184C85E53A0F45D5624E9B753E2E3">Denys, Christiane</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="33CEA8EEE6F2FCCC6D05F5ACBB7C410F">Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) UMR 7205, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CD24EE2D87EAE401CFA30434AA5DC64F">Gabriel, Nadine W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="51443EE5C08A85414170320FE389D6AB">Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5EE7249B9FF8241A209A074CFA12E2BF">Lalis, Aude</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E2D1B17AAD385C17C65629A5E5F86D56">Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) UMR 7205, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="333414D936DA19C8772D90F3D8CB5B64">Jenkins, Paulina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2D5ED82C9CBF537C954D089E5119D35A">Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="F663409E750B62FEE106B07F0E29CD55">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="038C87C6FFFBFFF9B1F1FC77FC8AFD78" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038C87C6FFFBFFF9B1F1FC77FC8AFD78" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87C6FFFBFFF9B1F1FC77FC8AFD78" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="811" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<subSubSection id="C33F655BFFFBFFFBB1F1FC77FCC9FC7D" box="[477,838,964,991]" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9A36D0FFFBFFFBB1F1FC77FCC9FC7D" blockId="13.[477,838,964,991]" box="[477,838,964,991]" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<heading id="D0D281BCFFFBFFFBB1F1FC77FCC9FC7D" box="[477,838,964,991]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFBFFFBB1F1FC77FCC9FC7D" ID-CoL="7VW9H" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[477,838,964,991]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFBFFFBB1F1FC77FD09FC7D" box="[477,646,964,991]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Mus musculus</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33F655BFFFBFFF9B08CFBBBFBF4FF68" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="811" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9A36D0FFFBFFF9B08CFBBBFBF4FF68" blockId="13.[160,1156,1032,1092]" lastBlockId="15.[160,1155,142,202]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="811" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
This small species is found today in all anthropogenic and natural ecosystems of
<collectingCountry id="F3327640FFFBFFFBB08CFB98FEA9FBE6" box="[160,294,1067,1092]" name="Madagascar" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
from
<quantity id="4CDD9B35FFFBFFFBB15CFB98FD8EFBE6" box="[368,513,1067,1092]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" unit="m" value="1250.0" valueMax="2500.0" valueMin="0.0">0 to 2500 m</quantity>
a.s.l. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFFBFFFBB266FB98FC32FBE6" author="Soarimalala V &amp; Goodman SM" box="[586,957,1067,1092]" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" refId="ref16468" refString="Soarimalala V, Goodman SM. 2011. Les petits mammiferes de Madagascar. Antananarivo: Association Vahatra." type="book" year="2011">Soarimalala and Goodman 2011</bibRefCitation>
). Genetic studies have demonstrated that these mice belong to the subspecies
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFF8FFF8B347FA13FB93FA1B" box="[875,1052,1440,1465]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="810">M. m. gentilulus</emphasis>
Thomas, 1919 and originated from
<collectingCountry id="F3327640FFF8FFF8B1E2FA70FD93FA7E" box="[462,540,1475,1500]" name="Yemen" pageId="14" pageNumber="810">Yemen</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFF8FFF8B207FA70FCACFA7E" author="Duplantier J-M &amp; Catalan J &amp; Bonhomme F" box="[555,803,1475,1500]" pageId="14" pageNumber="810" pagination="154 - 158" refId="ref13919" refString="Duplantier J-M, Orth A, Catalan J, Bonhomme F. 2002. Evidence for a mitochondrial lineage originating from the arabian peninsula in the madagascar house mouse (Mus musculus). Heredity. 89: 154 - 158. doi: 10.1038 / sj. hdy. 6800122." type="journal article" year="2002">
Duplantier
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFF8FFF8B280FA70FD51FA7E" box="[684,734,1475,1500]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="810">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
). Archaeological bone remains included material of
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFF8FFF8B1A9FA55FD85FA5D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[389,522,1510,1535]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="810" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFF8FFF8B1A9FA55FD85FA5D" box="[389,522,1510,1535]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="810">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
excavated from a late ninth to tenth century Islamic port site south of Ambanja (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFF8FFF8B192F9BBFD0CF983" author="Radimilahy C" box="[446,643,1544,1569]" pageId="14" pageNumber="810" refId="ref16194" refString="Radimilahy C. 1998. Mahilaka: an archaeological investigation of an early town in northwestern Madagascar. Studies in African Archaeology 15. Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History." type="journal volume" year="1998">Radimilahy 1998</bibRefCitation>
), and very few subfossils were listed.
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFF8FFF8B47AF9BBFE88F9E6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="810" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFF8FFF8B47AF9BBFE88F9E6" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="810">Mus musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of unknown age is attested to in the south-eastern site of Andrahomana (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFF8FFF8B08AF9FEFEFAF9C4" author="Burney DA &amp; Vasey N &amp; Godfrey LR &amp; Ramilisonina &amp; Jungers WL &amp; Ramarolahy M &amp; Raharivony L" box="[166,373,1613,1638]" pageId="14" pageNumber="810" pagination="13 - 24" refId="ref13610" refString="Burney DA, Vasey N, Godfrey LR, Ramilisonina, Jungers WL, Ramarolahy M, Raharivony L. 2008. New Findings at Andrahomana Cave, Southeastern Madagascar. J Cave Karst Stud. 70 (1): 13 - 24." type="journal article" year="2008">
Burney
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFF8FFF8B0D3F9FEFEBFF9C4" box="[255,304,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="810">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
), where some endemic rodents were dated between 4500 and 1500 BP, and at Ankilitelo (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFF8FFF8B1A4F9C3FDECF92B" author="Muldoon KM &amp; Blieux DDD &amp; Simons EL &amp; Chatrath PS" box="[392,611,1648,1673]" pageId="14" pageNumber="810" refId="ref15982" refString="Muldoon KM, Blieux DDD, Simons EL, Chatrath PS. 2009. The subfossil occurrence and paleoecological significance of small mammals at Ankilitelo Cave, Southwestern Madagascar. J Mammal. 90: 1111 -- 1131. doi: 10.1644 / 08 - MAMM-A- 242.1." type="journal volume" year="2009">
Muldoon
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFF8FFF8B1D8F9C3FDADF92B" box="[500,546,1648,1673]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="810">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). Many
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFF8FFF8B295F9C3FCB2F92B" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[697,829,1648,1673]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="810" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFF8FFF8B295F9C3FCB2F92B" box="[697,829,1648,1673]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="810">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were also described from the Lavajaza site (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B21FFF8FFF8B116F920FE74F90E" author="Denys C &amp; Argot C &amp; Lalis A &amp; Goodman S" box="[314,507,1683,1708]" pageId="14" pageNumber="810" pagination="89 - 201" refId="ref13865" refString="Denys C, Argot C, Lalis A, Goodman S. 2021. Holocene subfossil rodents from the Lavajaza Cave, Central Highlands of Madagascar. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen. 300 (1): 89 - 201. doi: 10.1127 / njgpa / 2021 / 0980." type="journal article" year="2021">
Denys
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFF8FFF8B1A4F920FE37F90E" box="[392,440,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="810">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
). In Children’s Cave we found numerous remains of small murids that we can attribute to
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFF9FFF9B23DFF3DFD16FF05" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[529,665,142,167]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="15" pageNumber="811" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFF9FFF9B23DFF3DFD16FF05" box="[529,665,142,167]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="811">M. musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on small size, the disposition of the cusps of the prelobe of m1 and the presence of a hook on the upper incisor (
<figureCitation id="131E2A55FFF9FFF9B426FF02FBE1FF68" box="[1034,1134,177,202]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1534,1557]" captionTargetBox="[326,996,152,1494]" captionTargetId="figure-1@9.[316,1000,142,1503]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Rodent dental material from Childrens’s Cave.(a) Left upper molar row of B. betsileoensis NHMUK PV M 105365; (b) Right lower molar row B. betsileoensis NHMUK PV M 105196; (c) Right upper molar row R. rattus NHMUK PV M 105616; (d) Left upper molar row of M. cf. bastardi NHMUK PV M 102315; (e) Left upper molar row of M. cf. bastardi NHMUK PV M 102316;(f) Right lower molar row of Mus musculus NHMUK PV M 105164-sequence; (g) Right lower molar row M. cf. bastardi NHMUK PV M 105123; (h) Left m1 M. cf. bastardi NHMUK PV M 104879; (i) Left m1 and m3 M. cf. bastardi NHMUK PV M 105124." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219777/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="811">Figure 4f</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5A6658FFFBFFFBB08CFBCEFEDFFAAB" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" startId="13.[160,216,1149,1172]" targetBox="[171,1145,1302,1714]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="13" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8B9A36D0FFFBFFFBB08CFBCEFEDFFAAB" blockId="13.[160,1157,1149,1289]" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFBFFFBB08CFBCEFF7EFB36" bold="true" box="[160,241,1149,1172]" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Table 3.</emphasis>
Cranio-dental measurements of the modern and Children’s Cave (CC) subfossil
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFBFFFBB42BFBCEFBD8FB36" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1031,1111,1149,1172]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFBFFFBB42BFBCEFBD8FB36" box="[1031,1111,1149,1172]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">R. rattus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFBFFFBB08CFB29FEA0FB13" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[160,303,1178,1201]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFBFFFBB08CFB29FEA0FB13" box="[160,303,1178,1201]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Mus musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in millimetres. Range: minimum and maximum values, mean = average value, N = number of specimens measured. LS13: upper tooth row length; WM1: width of the upper M1; LMDB: maximum length of the mandible; HMDB: maximal height of the coronoid process; LI13: lower tooth row length.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9A36D0FFFBFFFBB087FAA5FBE3F910" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<table id="F925C470FFFB0009B087FAA5FBF6F910" box="[171,1145,1302,1714]" colsContinueFrom="11.[171,1145,295,707]" gridcols="6" gridrows="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087FAA5FBF6FA88" box="[171,1145,1302,1322]" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087FAA5FE93FA88" box="[171,284,1302,1322]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Species, site</th>
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B19DFAA5FE78FA88" box="[433,503,1302,1322]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">LS13</th>
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B278FAA5FD1FFA88" box="[596,656,1302,1322]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">WM1</th>
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B2C1FAA5FCB2FA88" box="[749,829,1302,1322]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">LMDB</th>
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B3B6FAA5FC6FFA88" box="[922,992,1302,1322]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">HMDB</th>
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B411FAA5FBF6FA88" box="[1085,1145,1302,1322]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">LI13</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087FA85FBF6FAE8" box="[171,1145,1334,1354]" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087FA85FE93FAE8" box="[171,284,1334,1354]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFBFFFBB087FA85FE9DFAE8" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[171,274,1334,1354]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFBFFFBB087FA85FE9DFAE8" box="[171,274,1334,1354]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Rattus rattus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B19DFA85FE78FAE8" box="[433,503,1334,1354]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 25</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B278FA85FD1FFAE8" box="[596,656,1334,1354]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 25</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B2C1FA85FCB2FAE8" box="[749,829,1334,1354]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 25</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B3B6FA85FC6FFAE8" box="[922,992,1334,1354]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 25</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B411FA85FBF6FAE8" box="[1085,1145,1334,1354]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 25</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087FAFDFBF6FAC0" box="[171,1145,1358,1378]" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087FAFDFBF6FAC0" box="[171,1145,1358,1378]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Modern Madagascar</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087FAD5FBF6FAD8" box="[171,1145,1382,1402]" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087FAD5FE93FAD8" box="[171,284,1382,1402]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Range</th>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B19DFAD5FE78FAD8" box="[433,503,1382,1402]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">6.22–7.0</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B278FAD5FD1FFAD8" box="[596,656,1382,1402]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">1.9–3.2</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B2C1FAD5FCB2FAD8" box="[749,829,1382,1402]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">23.8–28.8</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B3B6FAD5FC6FFAD8" box="[922,992,1382,1402]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">9.4–13.7</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B411FAD5FBF6FAD8" box="[1085,1145,1382,1402]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">6.1–6.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087FACDFBF6FA30" box="[171,1145,1406,1426]" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087FACDFE93FA30" box="[171,284,1406,1426]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Mean</th>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B19DFACDFE78FA30" box="[433,503,1406,1426]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">6.56</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B278FACDFD1FFA30" box="[596,656,1406,1426]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">2.1</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B2C1FACDFCB2FA30" box="[749,829,1406,1426]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">25.7</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B3B6FACDFC6FFA30" box="[922,992,1406,1426]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">11.3</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B411FACDFBF6FA30" box="[1085,1145,1406,1426]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">6.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087FA25FBF6FA08" box="[171,1145,1430,1450]" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087FA25FE93FA08" box="[171,284,1430,1450]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFBFFFBB087FA25FE9DFA08" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[171,274,1430,1450]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFBFFFBB087FA25FE9DFA08" box="[171,274,1430,1450]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Rattus rattus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B19DFA25FE78FA08" box="[433,503,1430,1450]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 19</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B278FA25FD1FFA08" box="[596,656,1430,1450]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 19</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B2C1FA25FCB2FA08" box="[749,829,1430,1450]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 16</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B3B6FA25FC6FFA08" box="[922,992,1430,1450]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 15</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B411FA25FBF6FA08" box="[1085,1145,1430,1450]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 36</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087FA1DFBF6FA60" box="[171,1145,1454,1474]" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087FA1DFBF6FA60" box="[171,1145,1454,1474]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Children’s Cave</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087FA75FBF6FA78" box="[171,1145,1478,1498]" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087FA75FE93FA78" box="[171,284,1478,1498]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Range</th>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B19DFA75FE78FA78" box="[433,503,1478,1498]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">6–7.1</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B278FA75FD1FFA78" box="[596,656,1478,1498]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">1.8–2.1</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B2C1FA75FCB2FA78" box="[749,829,1478,1498]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">21.0–26.4</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B3B6FA75FC6FFA78" box="[922,992,1478,1498]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">9.5–12.5</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B411FA75FBF6FA78" box="[1085,1145,1478,1498]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">5.7–6.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087FA6DFBF6FA50" box="[171,1145,1502,1522]" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087FA6DFE93FA50" box="[171,284,1502,1522]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Mean</th>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B19DFA6DFE78FA50" box="[433,503,1502,1522]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">6.63</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B278FA6DFD1FFA50" box="[596,656,1502,1522]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">2.0</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B2C1FA6DFCB2FA50" box="[749,829,1502,1522]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">24.84</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B3B6FA6DFC6FFA50" box="[922,992,1502,1522]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">10.85</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B411FA6DFBF6FA50" box="[1085,1145,1502,1522]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">6.44</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087FA45FBF6F9A8" box="[171,1145,1526,1546]" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087FA45FE93F9A8" box="[171,284,1526,1546]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFBFFFBB087FA45FE93F9A8" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[171,284,1526,1546]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFBFFFBB087FA45FE93F9A8" box="[171,284,1526,1546]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Mus musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B19DFA45FE78F9A8" box="[433,503,1526,1546]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 19</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B278FA45FD1FF9A8" box="[596,656,1526,1546]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 19</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B2C1FA45FCB2F9A8" box="[749,829,1526,1546]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 19</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B3B6FA45FC6FF9A8" box="[922,992,1526,1546]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 19</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B411FA45FBF6F9A8" box="[1085,1145,1526,1546]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 19</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087F9BDFBF6F980" box="[171,1145,1550,1570]" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087F9BDFBF6F980" box="[171,1145,1550,1570]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Modern Madagascar</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087F995FBF6F998" box="[171,1145,1574,1594]" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087F995FE93F998" box="[171,284,1574,1594]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Range</th>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B19DF995FE78F998" box="[433,503,1574,1594]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">2.8–3.4</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B278F995FD1FF998" box="[596,656,1574,1594]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">0.9–1.3</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B2C1F995FCB2F998" box="[749,829,1574,1594]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">10.0–13.6</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B3B6F995FC6FF998" box="[922,992,1574,1594]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">4.2–5.5</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B411F995FBF6F998" box="[1085,1145,1574,1594]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">2.7–3.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087F98DFBF6F9F0" box="[171,1145,1598,1618]" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087F98DFE93F9F0" box="[171,284,1598,1618]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Mean</th>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B19DF98DFE78F9F0" box="[433,503,1598,1618]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">3.22</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B278F98DFD1FF9F0" box="[596,656,1598,1618]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">1.1</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B2C1F98DFCB2F9F0" box="[749,829,1598,1618]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">12.33</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B3B6F98DFC6FF9F0" box="[922,992,1598,1618]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">4.97</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B411F98DFBF6F9F0" box="[1085,1145,1598,1618]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">2.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087F9E5FBF6F9C8" box="[171,1145,1622,1642]" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087F9E5FE93F9C8" box="[171,284,1622,1642]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFFBFFFBB087F9E5FE93F9C8" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[171,284,1622,1642]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="809" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFFBFFFBB087F9E5FE93F9C8" box="[171,284,1622,1642]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Mus musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B19DF9E5FE78F9C8" box="[433,503,1622,1642]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 8</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B278F9E5FD1FF9C8" box="[596,656,1622,1642]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 8</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B2C1F9E5FCB2F9C8" box="[749,829,1622,1642]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 24</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B3B6F9E5FC6FF9C8" box="[922,992,1622,1642]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 17</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B411F9E5FBF6F9C8" box="[1085,1145,1622,1642]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">N = 24</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087F9DDFBF6F920" box="[171,1145,1646,1666]" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087F9DDFBF6F920" box="[171,1145,1646,1666]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Children’s Cave</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087F935FBF6F938" box="[171,1145,1670,1690]" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087F935FE93F938" box="[171,284,1670,1690]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Range</th>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B19DF935FE78F938" box="[433,503,1670,1690]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">3.1–3.4</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B278F935FD1FF938" box="[596,656,1670,1690]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">1.1–1.4</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B2C1F935FCB2F938" box="[749,829,1670,1690]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">11.1–13.8</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B3B6F935FC6FF938" box="[922,992,1670,1690]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">4.1–5.9</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B411F935FBF6F938" box="[1085,1145,1670,1690]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">2.6–3.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35153492FFFB0009B087F92DFBF6F910" box="[171,1145,1694,1714]" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">
<th id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B087F92DFE93F910" box="[171,284,1694,1714]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">Mean</th>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B19DF92DFE78F910" box="[433,503,1694,1714]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">3.3</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B278F92DFD1FF910" box="[596,656,1694,1714]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">1.18</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B2C1F92DFCB2F910" box="[749,829,1694,1714]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">12.21</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B3B6F92DFC6FF910" box="[922,992,1694,1714]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">5.22</td>
<td id="76C45DEEFFFB0009B411F92DFBF6F910" box="[1085,1145,1694,1714]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="809">2.86</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5A6658FFF8FFF8B08CFB5CFBF2FAE3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219783" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13219783" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219783/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="810" startId="14.[160,225,1263,1286]" targetBox="[164,1150,143,1229]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9A36D0FFF8FFF8B08CFB5CFBF2FAE3" blockId="14.[160,1156,1263,1345]" pageId="14" pageNumber="810">
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFF8FFF8B08CFB5CFF73FAA4" bold="true" box="[160,252,1263,1286]" pageId="14" pageNumber="810">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Scatter diagram of dental measurements from modern
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFF8FFF8B31FFB5CFC3FFAA4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[819,944,1263,1286]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="810" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rattus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFF8FFF8B31FFB5CFC3FFAA4" box="[819,944,1263,1286]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="810">Rattus rattus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and specimens from Children’s Cave and Lavajaza. Top: LS13: length of the upper molar row, WM1: width of M1. Measurements in mm. Bottom: length of the mandible (LMDB), L13: length of the lower molar row.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C33F655BFFF9FFF9B08CFF5AFC8AFD78" pageId="15" pageNumber="811" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9A36D0FFF9FFF9B08CFF5AFBE8FEA0" blockId="15.[160,1127,233,258]" box="[160,1127,233,258]" pageId="15" pageNumber="811">Attributed material: Upper Stratum: 10 maxillaries; 52 mandibular rami; see Appendix.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9A36D0FFF9FFF9B08CFE92FD89FD37" blockId="15.[160,1156,289,730]" pageId="15" pageNumber="811">
On these specimens, the incisive foramen enters deeply into the palate and stops at the level of the t1 cusp of M1. The molars are relatively narrow. On M1 the cusps are arranged in three convex lobes, with t1 and t4 ending posteriorly to t3 and t6. The t1 cusp is compressed laterally. On M2 the t1 is very large and bunodont. On the very small M3 only two small anterior cusps and one small distal cingulum are visible. On m1 the four cusps of the prelobe are well linked together but the antero-labial one is very small and situated posteriorly compared to the large anterior antero-lingual cusp. On the anterolabial side of m1 and m2 one can see a small oblique cingulum. The m1 and m2 display a small posterior cingulum of about the same size. On the very small m3 one can see two rows of cusps. The first row is composed of two equal cusps while the second row has only a small median cusp (
<figureCitation id="131E2A55FFF9FFF9B1B9FDCFFE76FD37" box="[405,505,636,661]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[160,225,1534,1557]" captionTargetBox="[326,996,152,1494]" captionTargetId="figure-1@9.[316,1000,142,1503]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Rodent dental material from Childrens’s Cave.(a) Left upper molar row of B. betsileoensis NHMUK PV M 105365; (b) Right lower molar row B. betsileoensis NHMUK PV M 105196; (c) Right upper molar row R. rattus NHMUK PV M 105616; (d) Left upper molar row of M. cf. bastardi NHMUK PV M 102315; (e) Left upper molar row of M. cf. bastardi NHMUK PV M 102316;(f) Right lower molar row of Mus musculus NHMUK PV M 105164-sequence; (g) Right lower molar row M. cf. bastardi NHMUK PV M 105123; (h) Left m1 M. cf. bastardi NHMUK PV M 104879; (i) Left m1 and m3 M. cf. bastardi NHMUK PV M 105124." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219777/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="811">Figure 4f</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9A36D0FFF9FFF9B0ECFD2DFC8AFD78" blockId="15.[160,1156,289,730]" pageId="15" pageNumber="811">
The size of the upper molar rows as well as the width of M1 fit well with modern
<taxonomicName id="4C254D53FFF9FFF9B47AFD2DFE8AFD78" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="15" pageNumber="811" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="B951EAC2FFF9FFF9B47AFD2DFE8AFD78" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="811">Mus musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens of
<collectingCountry id="F3327640FFF9FFF9B184FD72FDA1FD78" box="[424,558,705,730]" name="Madagascar" pageId="15" pageNumber="811">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(
<tableCitation id="C6A7036BFFF9FFF9B211FD72FD00FD78" box="[573,655,705,730]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="13.[160,216,1149,1172]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 3. Cranio-dental measurements of the modern and Children’s Cave (CC) subfossil R. rattus and Mus musculus in millimetres. Range: minimum and maximum values, mean = average value, N = number of specimens measured. LS13: upper tooth row length; WM1: width of the upper M1; LMDB: maximum length of the mandible; HMDB: maximal height of the coronoid process; LI13: lower tooth row length." pageId="15" pageNumber="811">Table 3</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131E2A55FFF9FFF9B2B0FD72FD76FD78" box="[668,761,705,730]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[160,225,1420,1443]" captionTargetBox="[171,1150,143,1386]" captionTargetId="figure-3@16.[163,1153,142,1389]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7. Scatter diagram of dental measurements of modern Mus musculus and specimens from Lavajaza. Top:LS13:length of the upper molar row, WM1: width of M1. Measurements in mm. Bottom: length of the mandible (LMDB), L13: length of the lower molar row." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13219787" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13219787/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="811">Figure 7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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