treatments-xml/data/70/26/71/70267129D8300A6E7ECD099C81EBD8C4.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489" ID-PMC="PMC4547026" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-55-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06" ID-PubMed="26312044" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576322" ModsDocID="1314-2003-55-1" checkinTime="1451251384199" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mitchell, John D. &amp; Daly, Douglas C." docDate="2015" docId="70267129D8300A6E7ECD099C81EBD8C4" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 55: 1-92" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 55" docPubDate="2015-08-05" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489" docTitle="Spondias dulcis Parkinson, J. voy. South Seas 39. 1773." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06" masterDocTitle="A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics" masterLastPageNumber="92" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1668141444944" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Mitchell, John D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458 - 5126</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">johndanmitchell@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Daly, Douglas C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458 - 5126</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2015-08-05</mods:number>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName LSID="70267129-D830-0A6E-7ECD-099C81EBD8C4" authority="Parkinson, J. voy. South Seas 39. 1773." authorityName="Parkinson, J. voy. South Seas 39. 1773." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias dulcis" order="Sapindales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">Spondias dulcis Parkinson, J. voy. South Seas 39. 1773.</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Leaflets of Spondias species, showing details of the margin (insets): Spondias dulcis (Ayala &amp; Criollo 3982, NY); Spondias macrocarpa (Thomas et al. 6823, NY); Spondias mombin (Acevedo 6037, NY); Spondias globosa (Neill &amp; Palacios 7079, NY); Spondias radlkoferi narrow-leaflet form (Crane 458, LL) and broad-leaflet form (Contreras 6976, LL); Spondias purpurea (Grijalva 770, NY); Spondias testudinis (Lao Magin 112, NY); Spondias tuberosa (Carvalho et al. 3767, NY); Spondias venulosa (Stehmann 20855, NY)." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Flowers of Spondias species: Spondias dulcis (Wurdack 315, NY); Spondias macrocarpa (Spada 013 / 77, NY); Spondias globosa (Daly et al. 7836, NY); Spondias radlkoferi (Heithaus 119, NY); Spondias testudinis (Lao Magin 112, NY); Spondias tuberosa (Carauta 552, NY); Spondias venulosa (Queiroz 2604, NY)." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">, 15</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Fruits of Neotropical Spondias. Spondias dulcis (dry fruit: Berlin 870, NY; and longisection: unvouchered photo), Spondias macrocarpa (dry fruit: Thomas et al. 6823, NY), Spondias expeditionaria (endocarp and fresh fruit: Lorenzi s. n., NY), Spondias mombin (dry fruit: Mostacedo 2941, NY; endocarp: Moraes 1046, NY), Spondias globosa (fresh fruit [top], dry fruit, and endocarp: Daly et al. 8472, NY), Spondias purpurea (fresh fruit: unvouchered photo; dry fruit: Moreno 2827, NY; endocarp: Magallanes 3887), Spondias admirabilis (dry fruit: Farney et al. 4046, NY), Spondias radlkoferi (dry fruit: Nee 6729, NY; endocarp: Moran 6291, NY), Spondias testudinis (fresh and dry fruit; Daly et al. 7559, NY), Spondias tuberosa (fresh fruit: from Morton, 1987; dry fruit: Mattos Silva 2299, NY), and Spondias venulosa (fresh fruit: from photo in Lorenzi, 1998; dry fruit: Araujo 7828, NY)." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">, 16</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Distribution of Spondias dulcis." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">, 20</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Poupartia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Poupartia dulcis" order="Sapindales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">
<pageBreakToken pageId="19" pageNumber="20" start="start">Poupartia</pageBreakToken>
dulcis
</taxonomicName>
(Parkinson) Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. 1161. 1826-27. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Evia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Evia dulcis" order="Sapindales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Evia dulcis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Parkinson) Blume, Mus. Bot. 1(15): 233. 1850. Type. based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias dulcis" order="Sapindales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Spondias dulcis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Parkinson.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias cytherea" order="Sapindales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cytherea">Spondias cytherea</taxonomicName>
Sonn., Voy. Indes orient. 3: 242, t. 123. 1782.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias dulcis" order="Sapindales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">Spondias dulcis</taxonomicName>
Type. Mauritius (cultivated), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Commerson s.n.</emphasis>
(P!).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias dulcis subsp. var. var. commersonii" order="Sapindales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="dulcis" subSpecies="var." variety="commersonii">Spondias dulcis Parkinson var. commersonii</taxonomicName>
Engl. in A. DC &amp; C. DC., Monogr. phan. 4: 247. 1883.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias dulcis" order="Sapindales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">Spondias dulcis</taxonomicName>
Type. Several syntypes cited.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias dulcis subsp. var. var. mucroserrata" order="Sapindales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="dulcis" subSpecies="var." variety="mucroserrata">Spondias dulcis Parkinson var. mucroserrata</taxonomicName>
Engl. in A. DC. &amp; C. DC., Monogr. phan. 4: 247. 1883.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias dulcis" order="Sapindales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">Spondias dulcis</taxonomicName>
Type. Mexico, w/o date, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pavón">Pavon</normalizedToken>
744 (G n.v.; GH-photo!, NY-photo!).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias dulcis subsp. var. var. integra" order="Sapindales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="dulcis" subSpecies="var." variety="integra">Spondias dulcis Parkinson var. integra</taxonomicName>
Engl. in A. DC. &amp; C. DC., Monogr. phan. 4: 248. 1883.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias dulcis" order="Sapindales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">Spondias dulcis</taxonomicName>
Type. Indonesia. Amboin, w/o date, Reinwardt s.n. (W!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="type">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
TAHITI. (without date), Capt. Cook [Banks &amp; Solander] s.n. (lectotype, BM-793299 n.v., designated by A. C. 
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, AC" journalOrPublisher="Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refId="B160" refString="Smith, AC, 1985. . Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji Vol. 3" volume="Vol. 3" year="1985">Smith 1985</bibRefCitation>
: 453).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Hermaphroditic, trees</emphasis>
, reproductive height 8-25 m. Trunk 20-40 cm diam.; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">outer bark</emphasis>
light gray or light brown, thin, smooth to moderately rough, lenticellate, shed in small thin plates. Plant entirely glabrous except for some capitate glandular 
<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="21" start="start">hairs</pageBreakToken>
. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Leaves</emphasis>
sometimes partially deciduous, 4-12-jugate, 11-60 cm long; petiole 9-15 cm long; lateral petiolules 2-8 mm long, the terminal one 10-30 mm long; basal leaflets 4.3-7.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.3-3.5 cm, other laterals 5-15 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.7-5 cm, all laterals oblong or lanceolate to ovate, terminal leaflet 5-9 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.9-3.5 cm, (narrowly) elliptic with acute base; leaflet apex acuminate or occasionally acute, the acumen 4-13 mm long, apex tip acute and glandular-mucronate; lateral leaflets medially subsymmetrical, basal width subsymmetrical, base insertion symmetrical and cuneate or obtuse, decurrent; margin slightly revolute and usually serrulate or crenulate, when present teeth concave-convex, sinus spacing regular, sinus glandular; leaflets chartaceous, adaxial surface sometimes glossy. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Inflorescences</emphasis>
usually developing with new leaf flush, terminal and axillary, congested at branchlet apex, 9-32.5 cm long, 3-7 mm diam at base; secondary axes to 11.5 cm long; bracts 0.4-5 mm long, linear to lanceolate, bracteoles 0.3-0.9 mm, linear to ovate; pedicel 1-3 mm long, portion distal to articulation 1-2 mm, sometimes the upper bracts and bracteoles and pedicel with scattered capitate glandular hairs. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Calyx</emphasis>
0.7-1.2 mm long, aestivation apert, divided nearly to base, the lobes 0.5-1 mm long, deltate; petals 2-3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-1.1 (1.3) mm, oblong to ovate or deltate, apex acute to slightly acuminate, cream-colored or white or whitish green, glabrous, reflexed at anthesis; stamens spreading, antesepalous and antepetalous ones 1.7-2.1 and 1.3-1.5(1.9) mm long, respectively, the anthers 0.7-0.8 mm long, in dorsiventral view elliptic to ovate, in lateral view oblong; disk 0.3-0.5(0.7) mm tall, 0.2-0.4 mm thick, summit undulate and outer margin sulcate, yellow; pistil ca. 1.3 mm long, depressed-ovoid to subcylindrical overall, divided most of its length into very thickly subulate, apically connivent styles ca. 0.8 mm long, the stigmas obovate, slightly extrorse. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fruit</emphasis>
4-10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-8 cm when dry, ellipsoid, obovoid or oblong, maturing yellow or orange, base of fruit basicrescent over distal portion of pedicel, the endocarp lacking a fibrous matrix but provided with spiny projections extending into the mesocarp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Leaflet venation</emphasis>
: Fimbrial vein absent; secondary veins 12-20 pairs, usually darker than blade abaxially, usually straight and nearly perpendicular to midvein, spacing regular or sometimes decreasing toward base, angle increasing toward apex and base, insertion on midvein decurrent; intersecondaries ca. 1 per pair of secondaries and parallel to them, long and straight; intercostal tertiaries few, principally admedially branching parallel to secondaries but some irregular-reticulate, also some admedial tertiaries branching from intramarginal vein; quaternaries irregular-reticulate, FEVs highly branched, dendritic, tracheoid idioblasts absent; marginal secondary present; on abaxial side the midvein prominulous to prominent, secondaries flat; on adaxial side the midvein prominulous, secondary veins impressed to prominulous.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Broadly cultivated in lowland moist forest regions throughout the Neotropics.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Given this 
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
broad distribution, its known phenology is broken down by region. Central America: fruiting Aug-Sep; West Indies: flowering Mar-May, fruiting Nov-Jul; NW South America W of the Andes: flowering and fruiting Dec; Amazonia: flowering Aug-Oct, fruiting Aug-Mar; extra-Amazonian Brazil: flowering Oct-Apr, fruiting Nov; Venezuela: flowering Apr; Guianas: flowering May.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<pageBreakToken pageId="21" pageNumber="22" start="start">There</pageBreakToken>
are reports in the literature that the fruits are dispersed by two species of large fruit-eating bats in the genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Artibeus" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Artibeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Lobova, TA" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 471" refId="B95" refString="Lobova, TA, Geiselman, CK, Mori, SA, 2009. Seed Dispersal by Bats in the Neotropics. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 101: 1 - 471" title="Seed Dispersal by Bats in the Neotropics." volume="101" year="2009">Lobova et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="common names">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Brazil, Rio de Janeiro: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="cajá">caja</normalizedToken>
manga (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Angeli 704</emphasis>
, NY); Dominican Republic: manzana de oro (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Zanoni &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mejía">Mejia</normalizedToken>
16387
</emphasis>
, NY); Ecuador, Napo: mauca (Yacu Indians, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Irvine 653</emphasis>
, F); Guadeloupe: pomme 
<normalizedToken originalValue="cythère">cythere</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Père">Pere</normalizedToken>
Duss 3760
</emphasis>
, NY, pro parte); Guyana: golden apple (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Omawale &amp; Persaud 94</emphasis>
, NY); Jamaica: Jew plum (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Howard &amp; Proctor 13531</emphasis>
, A)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Nicaragua, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
San Juan: jocote 
<normalizedToken originalValue="yuplón">yuplon</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Sandino 3599</emphasis>
, NY); Panama, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
: mangoteen (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Miller &amp; Merello 230</emphasis>
, NY); Peru, Loreto: tapiriba (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Martin &amp; Plowman 1781</emphasis>
, ECON), San 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martín">Martin</normalizedToken>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="taperibá">taperiba</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Scolnik 1193</emphasis>
, NY), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="kapiníwa">kapiniwa</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Berlin 870</emphasis>
, NY); Puerto Rico: ambarella, jobo de la 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Índia">India</normalizedToken>
(Little 14914, NY); Venezuela, Delta Amacuro: jobo de los indios (Wurdack 315, NY).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="economic botany">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Economic botany.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias dulcis" order="Sapindales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Spondias dulcis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(often referred to as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias cytherea" order="Sapindales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cytherea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Spondias cytherea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the literature and on herbarium specimens) has been in cultivation for so long that its native range in Asia is difficult to determine. It was introduced to Jamaica from the South Pacific in the 18th Century (
<bibRefCitation author="Popenoe, W" journalOrPublisher="Hafner Press, New York" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" refId="B147" refString="Popenoe, W, 1948. (facsimile of 1920 edition). Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. Hafner Press, New York" title="(facsimile of 1920 edition). Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits" year="1948">Popenoe 1948</bibRefCitation>
), and it is planted in home gardens throughout the humid neotropics. In the American tropics, the only significant use of the species is for its juice and as a flavoring for ice creams and sorbets, although it is used to flavor yogurts in the Caribbean; it reportedly has a high Vitamin C content (
<bibRefCitation author="Lim, TK" journalOrPublisher="Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="B89" refString="Lim, TK, 2012. . Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants Vol. I. Fruits" volume="Vol. I. Fruits" year="2012">Lim 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="selected specimens examined">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Selected specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">BELIZE.</emphasis>
Toledo District, Temash River, ca. 11 km W of Caribbean Sea and ca. 3.5 km N of Belize/Guatemala border, ca. 
<geoCoordinate degrees="15.949536" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="15.949536">15.949536°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="89.033408" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-89.03341">89.033408°W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 1 m, 8 Jun 1996, Atha &amp; Romero 1372 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">BRAZIL. Acre</emphasis>
: Mun. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tarauacá">Tarauaca</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tarauacá">Tarauaca</normalizedToken>
town, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="8.2" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5555" value="-8.2">8.2°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="70.8" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5555" value="-70.8">70.8°W</geoCoordinate>
, 25 Sep 1994, Daly et al. 8361 (NY, HUFAC); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Rio de Janeiro</emphasis>
: Parque da Cidade de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gâvea">Gavea</normalizedToken>
, 10 Aug 1986, C. Angeli 704 (GUA, NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">COLOMBIA</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Amazonas</emphasis>
: Leticia, 19 Sep. 1966, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="ForeroGonzález">ForeroGonzalez</normalizedToken>
582 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">DOMINICAN REPUBLIC</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Prov. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cristóbal">Cristobal</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: at CESDA property, just outside of city of San 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cristóbal">Cristobal</normalizedToken>
, 27 Jul 1981, Zanoni 15549 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">ECUADOR</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Esmeraldas</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Quinindé">Quininde</normalizedToken>
, Bilsa Biological Station, Mache Mountains, 35 km W of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Quinindé">Quininde</normalizedToken>
, 5 km W of Santa Isabel, 2 lotes north of reserve, 400-600 m, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="0" direction="north" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="0.35">0°21'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="44" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-79.73333">79°44'W</geoCoordinate>
, 7 Dec. 1994, J. Clark 372 (NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Napo</emphasis>
: San 
<normalizedToken originalValue="José">Jose</normalizedToken>
de Payamino, 40 km W of Coca, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="0" direction="south" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-0.5">0°30'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-77.333336">77°20'W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 300-600 m, 20 Jan 1984, Irvine 653 (F). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">FRENCH GUIANA</emphasis>
: Commune de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rémire">Remire</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Île">Ile</normalizedToken>
de Cayenne, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="4" direction="south" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-4.866667">4°52S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="52" direction="west" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-52.266666">52°16'W</geoCoordinate>
, 25 Jul 1992 Wittingthon 44 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">GRENADA</emphasis>
: St. George, Annandale Falls, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="12.083333">12°05'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-61.716667">61°43'W</geoCoordinate>
, 11 June 2001, Hawthorne et al. 459 (FHO, NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">GUADELOUPE</emphasis>
: Grande-Terre, Grands-Fonds, Sainte-Anne, 12 Jul 1982, Barrier 3712 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">GUYANA</emphasis>
: Diamond, east bank of Demerara River, 28 May 1970, Omawale &amp; Persaud 94 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">JAMAICA</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">St. Anne Parish</emphasis>
: grounds of Windsor Hotel (cult.), near St. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Anne’s">Anne's</normalizedToken>
Bay, 20-31 Dec 1953, Howard &amp; Proctor 13531 (A). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">NICARAGUA</emphasis>
. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
San Juan, San Carlos, house S of cemetery (cult.), 16 Sep 1982, Sandino 3599 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">PANAMA</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: Barro Colorado Monument, Frijoles train stop, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="28" value="9.174445">9°10'28&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="47" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="48" value="-79.79667">79°47'48&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 37 m, 25 Aug 2001, Miller &amp; Merello 230 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">PERU</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Amazonas</emphasis>
: Huampami, Rio Cenepa, village, elev. 800 ft., 10 Feb. 1973, B. Berlin 870 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">PUERTO RICO</emphasis>
: Mun. Isabela, Arenales Altos, along Hwy. 112, 3.4 miles NE of junction with Hwy. 444, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="30" value="18.425">18°25'30&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="02" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.03333">67°02'W</geoCoordinate>
, 8 Nov 
<pageBreakToken pageId="22" pageNumber="23" start="start">1993</pageBreakToken>
, Nee 44157 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">TRINIDAD</emphasis>
: Campus, University of the West Indies, 28 Jun 1916, Nevling 289 (A). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">VENEZUELA</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Delta Amacuro</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Grande between Curiapo and Pta. Cangrejo, 10 Apr 1955, Wurdack 315 (NY).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Considering that this taxon is native to Asia/Oceania and rather widely cultivated in tropical America, it can be considered of Least Concern, at least for the Neotropics.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
According to 
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, AC" journalOrPublisher="Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refId="B160" refString="Smith, AC, 1985. . Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji Vol. 3" volume="Vol. 3" year="1985">Smith (1985)</bibRefCitation>
, the type specimen was made from a plant cultivated in Mauritius but grown from seed brought by Commerson from Tahiti in 1768. The earliest effective publication of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias dulcis" order="Sapindales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Spondias dulcis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is by Parkinson (J.voy. South Seas, 1773), a botanical artist who accompanied Banks and Solander in Captain 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cooks’s">Cooks's</normalizedToken>
first expedition to the Southern oceans. A later publication of this name by G. Forster (Pl. esc. 33. 1786) is considered an isonym as it is based on the same type as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Parkinson’s">Parkinson's</normalizedToken>
name.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias cytherea" order="Sapindales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cytherea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Spondias cytherea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sonn. was once considered the earliest valid name of this species, on the basis that the names in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Parkinson’s">Parkinson's</normalizedToken>
publication were considered invalidly published (
<bibRefCitation author="Airy-Shaw, HK" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 19" publicationUrl="10.2307/4108411" refId="B2" refString="Airy-Shaw, HK, Forman, LL, 1967. The genus Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in tropical Asia. Kew Bulletin 21: 1 - 19, DOI: 10.2307/4108411" title="The genus Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in tropical Asia." url="10.2307/4108411" volume="21" year="1967">Airy Shaw and Forman 1967</bibRefCitation>
). A more recent examination of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Parkinson’s">Parkinson's</normalizedToken>
work has shown 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias dulcis" order="Sapindales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Spondias dulcis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a valid name and therefore to have priority over 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias cytherea" order="Sapindales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cytherea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Spondias cytherea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Fosberg, FR" journalOrPublisher="Brittonia" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="101 - 113" publicationUrl="10.2307/2805210" refId="B52" refString="Fosberg, FR, 1960. Introgression in Artocarpus (Moraceae) in Micronesia. Brittonia 12: 101 - 113, DOI: 10.2307/2805210" title="Introgression in Artocarpus (Moraceae) in Micronesia." url="10.2307/2805210" volume="12" year="1960">Fosberg 1960</bibRefCitation>
). Following this argument, 
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, AC" journalOrPublisher="Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refId="B160" refString="Smith, AC, 1985. . Flora Vitiensis Nova: A New Flora of Fiji Vol. 3" volume="Vol. 3" year="1985">Smith (1985)</bibRefCitation>
lectotypified 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias dulcis" order="Sapindales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Spondias dulcis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a collection considered the voucher of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Parkinson’s">Parkinson's</normalizedToken>
illustration of this species (and therefore a typotype).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
In 1869, Marchand subsumed 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias acida" order="Sapindales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acida">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Spondias acida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lam" authorityYear="1797" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias amara" order="Sapindales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amara">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Spondias amara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias pinnata" order="Sapindales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinnata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Spondias pinnata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias dulcis" order="Sapindales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Spondias dulcis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as varieties. Here 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias acida" order="Sapindales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acida">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Spondias acida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias pinnata" order="Sapindales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinnata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Spondias pinnata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are maintained as species, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lam" authorityYear="1797" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias amara" order="Sapindales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amara">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Spondias amara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considered a synonym of 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">S. pinnata. Spondias dulcis sensu</emphasis>
Blanco is attributable to 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Spondias purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>