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<mods:title id="2A032501E513A8290B9ED5E96FC5D9FA">Taxonomy and DNA barcoding of the dark-winged fungus gnat genus Zygoneura Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) from China, with revision of the type materials</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="97D1054AE9DBD7AC8E87DF6D4912CFA9">Shah, Bismillah</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="586F6FD7B187D524810E872C88F4EDB4">Department of Forestry Protection, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A &amp; F University, 666 Wusu street, Linan, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P. R. China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="90D2F1B161A74EEB80D5AA5DF1083FFC">Du, Hong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="62D182BCCC494D97AAE55DD5608DABB6">Department of Forestry Protection, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A &amp; F University, 666 Wusu street, Linan, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, P. R. China</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="39C84D50672EFFFEFF76FCB6F011FCA3" ID-CoL="8FP59" authority="(Mamaev, 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Mamaev" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[151,795,862,889]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Zygoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="divergens" subGenus="Pharetratula">
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<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672EFFFEFF76FCB6F211FCA2" bold="true" box="[151,283,863,889]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="386">Zygoneura</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672EFFFEFECDFCB7F2CDFCA2" bold="true" box="[300,455,862,889]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="386">Pharetratula</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672EFFFEFE39FCB7F146FCA2" bold="true" box="[472,588,862,889]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="386">divergens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672EFFFEFDBAFCB7F019FCA3" author="Mamaev, B. M." box="[603,787,862,888]" pageId="9" pageNumber="386" pagination="135 - 139" refId="ref14558" refString="Mamaev, B. M. (1976) The detritivorous subfamily Zygoneorinae (Diptera, Sciariidae) in the fauna of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Trudy biologo-pochvennogo institute, N. S., 43, 135 - 139. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1976">Mamaev, 1976</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
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(
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)
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="DED811FD672EFFFEFF76FC2AF018FC00" box="[151,786,963,987]" pageId="9" pageNumber="386">
<taxonomicName id="39C84D50672EFFFEFF76FC2AF114FC00" ID-CoL="8D9MQ" authority="Mamaev, 1976" authorityName="Mamaev" authorityYear="1976" box="[151,542,963,987]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Pharetratula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="divergens">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672EFFFEFF76FC2AF28BFC00" box="[151,385,963,987]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="386">Pharetratula divergens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672EFFFEFE66FC2DF114FC00" author="Mamaev, B. M." box="[391,542,963,987]" pageId="9" pageNumber="386" pagination="135 - 139" refId="ref14558" refString="Mamaev, B. M. (1976) The detritivorous subfamily Zygoneorinae (Diptera, Sciariidae) in the fauna of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Trudy biologo-pochvennogo institute, N. S., 43, 135 - 139. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1976">Mamaev, 1976</bibRefCitation>
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[
<treatmentCitation id="7F6910C2672EFFFEFDCBFC2DF00DFC00" author="Mamaev, B. M." box="[554,775,963,987]" page="138" pageId="9" pageNumber="386" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672EFFFEFDCBFC2DF1D9FC00" author="Mamaev, B. M." box="[554,723,963,987]" pageId="9" pageNumber="386" pagination="135 - 139" refId="ref14558" refString="Mamaev, B. M. (1976) The detritivorous subfamily Zygoneorinae (Diptera, Sciariidae) in the fauna of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Trudy biologo-pochvennogo institute, N. S., 43, 135 - 139. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1976">Mamaev (1976)</bibRefCitation>
: 138
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].
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="DED811FD672EFFFEFF76FC0AF3F7FBC3" pageId="9" pageNumber="386">
<taxonomicName id="39C84D50672EFFFEFF76FC0AF176FC21" ID-CoL="8FP59" authority="(Mamaev)" baseAuthorityName="Mamaev" box="[151,636,994,1018]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Zygoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="divergens" subGenus="Pharetratula">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672EFFFEFF76FC0AF20FFC21" box="[151,261,995,1018]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="386">Zygoneura</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672EFFFEFEF7FC0BF292FC21" box="[278,408,994,1018]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="386">Pharetratula</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672EFFFEFE48FC0BF101FC21" box="[425,523,994,1018]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="386">divergens</emphasis>
(Mamaev)
</taxonomicName>
[
<treatmentCitation id="7F6910C2672EFFFEFD6BFC0BF0C4FC21" author="Menzel, F. &amp; Mohrig, W." box="[650,974,994,1018]" page="582" pageId="9" pageNumber="386" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672EFFFEFD6BFC0BF093FC21" author="Menzel, F. &amp; Mohrig, W." box="[650,921,994,1018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="386" pagination="1 - 761" refId="ref14853" refString="Menzel, F., Mohrig, W. (2000) Revision der palaarktischen Trauermucken (Diptera: Sciaridae). Studia Dipterologica Supplement, 6, 1 - 761." type="journal article" year="2000">Menzel &amp; Mohrig (2000)</bibRefCitation>
: 582
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;
<treatmentCitation id="7F6910C2672EFFFEFC3AFC0BF7DBFC21" author="Zhang, S. J. &amp; Wu, H. &amp; Huang, J. H." box="[987,1233,994,1018]" page="41" pageId="9" pageNumber="386" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672EFFFEFC3AFC0BF7A2FC21" author="Zhang, S. J. &amp; Wu, H. &amp; Huang, J. H." box="[987,1192,994,1018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="386" pagination="40 - 48" refId="ref15859" refString="Zhang, S. J., Wu, H. &amp; Huang, J. H. (2010) The genus Zygoneura Meigen in China, with descriptions of three new species (Diptera, Sciaridae). Zootaxa, 2368 (1), 40 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2368.1.2" type="journal article" year="2010">
Zhang
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672EFFFEFBC5FC0AF759FC21" box="[1060,1107,994,1018]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="386">et al</emphasis>
. (2010)
</bibRefCitation>
: 41
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="7F6910C2672EFFFEFB3CFC0BF3F8FBC3" author="Shin, S. &amp; Menzel, F. &amp; Lee, H. &amp; Lee, S." page="562" pageId="9" pageNumber="386" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672EFFFEFB3CFC0BF693FC21" author="Shin, S. &amp; Menzel, F. &amp; Lee, H. &amp; Lee, S." box="[1245,1433,994,1018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="386" pagination="561 - 567" refId="ref15442" refString="Shin, S., Menzel, F., Lee, H. &amp; Lee, S. (2014) Review of the genus Zygoneura Meigen (Diptera: Sciaridae) in Korea, with an updated checklist of the World species. Journal of Asia Pacific Entomology, 17, 561 - 567. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. aspen. 2014.05.004" type="journal article" year="2014">
Shin
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672EFFFEFAF5FC0AF649FC21" box="[1300,1347,994,1018]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="386">et al</emphasis>
. (2014)
</bibRefCitation>
: 562
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].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FE7736D3672EFFFEFF79F857F151F821" blockId="9.[151,1436,1982,2042]" pageId="9" pageNumber="386">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672EFFFEFF79F857F210F80D" bold="true" box="[152,282,1982,2006]" pageId="9" pageNumber="386">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="39C84D50672EFFFEFEC3F856F000F80D" authority="(Mamaev)" baseAuthorityName="Mamaev" box="[290,778,1982,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Zygoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="386" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="divergens" subGenus="Pharetratula">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672EFFFEFEC3F856F29AF80D" box="[290,400,1983,2006]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="386">Zygoneura</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672EFFFEFE40F857F129F80D" box="[417,547,1982,2006]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="386">Pharetratula</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672EFFFEFDD2F857F19FF80D" box="[563,661,1982,2006]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="386">divergens</emphasis>
(Mamaev)
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. A: head, frontal view; B: hypopygium, ventral view; C: fourth antennal flagellomere; D: wing, dorsal view.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="B6D26558672DFFFDFF76FF70F601FF27" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" type="materials_examined">
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<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672DFFFDFF76FF70F28AFF68" bold="true" box="[151,384,153,179]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<specimenCount id="E8CEFD5A672DFFFDFE66FF73F2C8FF6F" box="[391,450,154,180]" count="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" type="male">2♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="86DF7643672DFFFDFE2CFF73F119FF6F" box="[461,531,154,180]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">China</collectingCountry>
,
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,
<collectingMunicipality id="1E13ACA9672DFFFDFD16FF73F026FF6F" box="[759,812,154,180]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">Anji</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="FB176008672DFFFDFCD6FF73F0EAFF6F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:766187C5672EFFFDFF76FCB6F7DDFE6B:FB176008672DFFFDFCD6FF73F0EAFF6F" box="[823,992,154,180]" country="China" latitude="30.235" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="119.244995" municipality="Anji" name="Mt. Longwang" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" stateProvince="Zhejiang">Mt. Longwang</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9BFC5014672DFFFDFC0AFF73F766FF6F" box="[1003,1132,152,180]" degrees="30" direction="north" minutes="14" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" precision="15" seconds="6" value="30.235">30°14’6’’ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9BFC5014672DFFFDFB96FF73F605FF6F" box="[1143,1295,152,180]" degrees="119" direction="east" minutes="14" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" precision="15" seconds="42" value="119.244995">119°14’42’’ E</geoCoordinate>
,
<elevation id="75E5D1E0672DFFFDFAFAFF70F697FF6F" box="[1307,1437,153,180]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.81" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" unit="m" value="681.0">
<quantity id="39309B36672DFFFDFAFAFF70F668FF6F" box="[1307,1378,153,180]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.81" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" unit="m" value="681.0">681 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
<date id="8A761013672DFFFDFF76FF57F213FF03" box="[151,281,190,216]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" value="2018-11-18">
<collectingDate id="9A32E9FB672DFFFDFF76FF57F213FF03" box="[151,281,190,216]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" value="2018-11-18">18.XI.2018</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectingMethod id="27894EC4672DFFFDFEC7FF57F2BBFF03" box="[294,433,190,216]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">malaise trap</collectingMethod>
, leg.
<collectorName id="533D5305672DFFFDFE0EFF57F16CFF03" box="[495,614,190,216]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">Caixia Liu</collectorName>
[
<specimenCode id="AE6E9EA8672DFFFDFD95FF57F1F4FF03" box="[628,766,190,216]" collectionCode="LW-XG" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">LW-XG832</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="AE6E9EA8672DFFFDFCEBFF54F09FFF03" box="[778,917,189,216]" collectionCode="LW-XG" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">LW-XG451</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="4EA03C8E672DFFFDFC46FF57F60DFF27" collectingDate="2018-07-29" collectorName="Zuluan Chen" country="China" elevation="979" latitude="30.202002" location="Mt. Tianmu" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="119.255" municipality="Lin'an" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Zhejiang">
<specimenCount id="E8CEFD5A672DFFFDFC46FF57F0C1FF03" box="[935,971,190,216]" count="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingRegion id="3C0CF831672DFFFDFC38FF57F7A0FF03" box="[985,1194,190,216]" country="China" name="Zhejiang" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">Zhejiang Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="1E13ACA9672DFFFDFB56FF57F60EFF03" box="[1207,1284,190,216]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">Lin’an</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="FB176008672DFFFDFAF1FF57F692FF03" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:766187C5672EFFFDFF76FCB6F7DDFE6B:FB176008672DFFFDFAF1FF57F692FF03" box="[1296,1432,190,216]" country="China" latitude="30.202002" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="119.255" municipality="Lin'an" name="Mt. Tianmu" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" stateProvince="Zhejiang">Mt. Tianmu</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9BFC5014672DFFFDFF76FF0BF224FF27" box="[151,302,224,252]" degrees="30" direction="north" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" precision="1" seconds="7.2" value="30.202002">30°12’7.2’’ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9BFC5014672DFFFDFED8FF08F2D8FF27" box="[313,466,224,252]" degrees="119" direction="east" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" precision="15" seconds="18" value="119.255">119°15’18’’ E</geoCoordinate>
,
<elevation id="75E5D1E0672DFFFDFE3FFF0BF16BFF27" box="[478,609,226,252]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.79" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" unit="m" value="979.0">
<quantity id="39309B36672DFFFDFE3FFF0BF12FFF27" box="[478,549,226,252]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.79" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" unit="m" value="979.0">979 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
<date id="8A761013672DFFFDFD8FFF0BF1F3FF27" box="[622,761,226,252]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" value="2018-07-29">
<collectingDate id="9A32E9FB672DFFFDFD8FFF0BF1F3FF27" box="[622,761,226,252]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" value="2018-07-29">29.VII.2018</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectingMethod id="27894EC4672DFFFDFCE5FF0BF085FF27" box="[772,911,226,252]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">malaise trap</collectingMethod>
, leg.
<collectorName id="533D5305672DFFFDFC2AFF0BF756FF27" box="[971,1116,226,252]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">Zuluan Chen</collectorName>
[TMM-925-2]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B6D26558672DFFFDFF26FEEFF2ACFE57" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="FE7736D3672DFFFDFF26FEEFF2ACFE57" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,432]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672DFFFDFF26FEEFF231FEFB" bold="true" box="[199,315,262,288]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">Remarks.</emphasis>
This species greatly resembles
<taxonomicName id="39C84D50672DFFFDFD71FEEFF7C4FEFB" authority="(Mohrig &amp; Mamaev)" baseAuthorityName="Mohrig &amp; Mamaev" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[656,1230,262,288]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" genus="Zygoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subdivergens" subGenus="Pharetratula">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672DFFFDFD71FEEFF1ADFEC4" box="[656,679,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">Z.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672DFFFDFD55FEEFF04EFEFB" box="[692,836,262,288]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">Pharetratula</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672DFFFDFCB0FEEFF0EEFEFB" box="[849,996,262,288]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">subdivergens</emphasis>
(Mohrig &amp;Mamaev)
</taxonomicName>
in the morphology of hypopygium. However, it can readily be differentiated from the latter in the ventral medial margin of gonocoxa without distinct lobes and gonostylus with two megasetae near the ventral side (
<figureCitation id="66F32A56672DFFFDFBF8FEA7F778FEBC" box="[1049,1138,333,360]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1982,2006]" captionTargetBox="[223,1364,1082,1950]" captionTargetId="figure-341@9.[215,1372,1073,1958]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Zygoneura (Pharetratula) divergens (Mamaev). A: head, frontal view; B: hypopygium, ventral view; C: fourth antennal flagellomere; D: wing, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13346913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13346913/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). This is the first record of this species from
<collectingCountry id="86DF7643672DFFFDFEBDFE9BF2A9FE57" box="[348,419,370,396]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">China</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B6D26558672DFFFDFF26FE7CF7DDFE6B" box="[199,1239,405,432]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="FE7736D3672DFFFDFF26FE7CF7DDFE6B" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,432]" box="[199,1239,405,432]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">
<emphasis id="CCBCEAC1672DFFFDFF26FE7CF26BFE74" bold="true" box="[199,353,405,431]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="86DF7643672DFFFDFE86FE7FF2A4FE6B" box="[359,430,406,432]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">China</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="3C0CF831672DFFFDFE58FE7FF117FE6B" box="[441,541,406,432]" country="China" name="Zhejiang" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
(this study),
<collectingCountry id="86DF7643672DFFFDFD51FE7FF1F1FE6B" box="[688,763,406,432]" name="Russia" pageId="10" pageNumber="387">Russia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672DFFFDFCEBFE7FF0A5FE74" author="Mamaev, B. M." box="[778,943,405,432]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" pagination="135 - 139" refId="ref14558" refString="Mamaev, B. M. (1976) The detritivorous subfamily Zygoneorinae (Diptera, Sciariidae) in the fauna of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Trudy biologo-pochvennogo institute, N. S., 43, 135 - 139. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1976">Mamaev 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9A594B22672DFFFDFC5AFE7FF7C1FE6B" author="Menzel, F. &amp; Mohrig, W." box="[955,1227,406,432]" pageId="10" pageNumber="387" pagination="1 - 761" refId="ref14853" refString="Menzel, F., Mohrig, W. (2000) Revision der palaarktischen Trauermucken (Diptera: Sciaridae). Studia Dipterologica Supplement, 6, 1 - 761." type="journal article" year="2000">Menzel &amp; Mohrig 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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