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<mods:title id="153141E0EF2383DE91A184A7D9A3E064">Marine benthic diatoms in the newly discovered coral reefs, off Basra coast, Southern Iraq</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1DED373A9B231AAC1F4A097022E8CF25">Al-Handal, Adil Y.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F9E204BC027CD6640A7E15E8C2B45629">Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7978388E56EC92263FF4F1B912E50212">Thomas, Evan W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2383B95B14F8C81883012D4C41F289CE">Biology Department, Waubonsee Community College, Sugar Grove, Illinois, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="049063967A186BF2F1A621C9EE0B3F46">Pennesi, Chiara</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="8FCE08AB902EE13601620D5B35DEF718">Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italia</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="8B84D73DFF8D2F77FF61F35CFD17FC03" blockId="23.[136,761,880,905]" box="[136,761,880,905]" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3BACBEFF8D2F77FF61F35CFD8CFC03" authority="Hendey (1973: 317)" authorityName="Hendey" authorityPageNumber="317" authorityYear="1973" box="[136,610,880,905]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Amphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="graeffeana">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8D2F77FF61F35CFE97FC03" bold="true" box="[136,377,880,905]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">Amphora graeffeana</emphasis>
Hendey (1973: 317)
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(
<figureCitation id="1300CBB8FF8D2F77FD98F35CFD1FFC03" box="[625,753,880,905]" captionStart="FIGURES 62–74" captionStartId="21.[136,243,1957,1978]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,190,1932]" captionTargetId="figure-14@21.[201,1386,190,1932]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 62–74. Marine benthic diatoms in coral reefs off Basra.Fig. 62. Pleurosigma diverse-striatum, Fig. 63. Pleurosigma strigosum, Figs 64, 65. Plagiotropis lepidoptera, Fig. 66. Stauroneis sp., Fig. 67. Amphora arcuata, Fig. 68. Amphora arenaria, Fig. 69. Amphora cf. commutata, Fig. 70. Amphora cingulata, Fig. 71. Halamphora coffeaeformis, Fig. 72. Halamphora costata, Figs 73,74. Amphora graeffeana." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13728836" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13728836/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">Figs 73, 74</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8D2F77FF61F3BAFF1EFC21" box="[136,240,918,939]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">References</emphasis>
: Hendey 1973, p. 317, figs 12–19; Schoemann &amp; Archibald, 1986, p. 15, figs 15–19; Wachinka &amp; Gaiser 2007, p. 416, fig. 108.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8D2F77FF61F42CFF04FB93" box="[136,234,1024,1049]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">Features</emphasis>
: Length 65–90 μm, width 10–15 μm, striae 
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10 μm (dorsal).
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<paragraph id="8B84D73DFF8D2F77FF54F408FDB9FB0F" blockId="23.[136,1452,1024,1373]" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8D2F77FF54F408FEAFFBB7" box="[189,321,1060,1085]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">Description</emphasis>
: valves dorsiventral with subacute apices. Dorsal margin convex, ventral margin straight, slightly inflated in the middle. Axial area widens towards the center, central area undistinguished from the axial area. Raphe biarcuate and close to the ventral margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84D73DFF8D2F77FF54F4BCFE97FA9F" blockId="23.[136,1452,1024,1373]" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8D2F77FF54F4BCFEF1FB23" box="[189,287,1168,1193]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">Remarks</emphasis>
: The illustrations presented by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF8D2F77FD96F4BCFC6FFB23" author="Witkowski, A. &amp; Lange-Bertalot, H. &amp; Metzeltin, D." box="[639,897,1168,1193]" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" pagination="1 - 925" refId="ref27775" refString="Witkowski, A., Lange-Bertalot, H. &amp; Metzeltin, D. (2000) Diatom Flora of Marine Coasts Iconographia Diatomologica 7: 1 - 925." type="book chapter" year="2000">
Witkowski 
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8D2F77FD16F4BCFCD9FB23" box="[767,823,1168,1193]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">et al.</emphasis>
(2000
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 166, fig. 24, pl. 172, figs 6–9) for this species looks rather different from the original description. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C3BACBEFF8D2F77FD1DF498FC30FB47" authorityName="Hendey" authorityYear="1973" box="[756,990,1204,1229]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Amphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="graeffeana">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8D2F77FD1DF498FC30FB47" box="[756,990,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">Amphora graeffeana</emphasis>
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, central area is narrow and only slightly widened near the center while these images have a central area very wide, extending beyond central area. Striae also appear rather coarser.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B84D73DFF8D2F77FF54F50CFD37FAD7" blockId="23.[136,1452,1024,1373]" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94F0B2FFF8D2F77FF54F50CFE0DFAB3" box="[189,483,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="134">Ecology and Distribution:</emphasis>
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A widespread marine species. Previously reported from the Gulf (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAAAACCFF8D2F77FB23F50CFA92FAB3" author="Simonsen, R." box="[1226,1404,1312,1337]" pageId="23" pageNumber="134" pagination="1 - 107" refId="ref27146" refString="Simonsen, R. (1974) The diatom plankton of the Indian Ocean expedition of RV. &quot; Meteor &quot; 1964 - 1965. Forschungsergebnisse, Reihe D: Biologie 19: 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1974">Simonsen 1974</bibRefCitation>
; 
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&amp; 
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2011). Frequent in 
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corals
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.
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