treatments-xml/data/03/D7/50/03D75034FFC1E419FCF1559B74DEFA73.xml

<document id="7AB439359775983B383CCD06DB898227" ID-DOI="10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0009" ID-ISSN="1982-0224" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13332563" IM.bibliography_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1720669084001" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Peixoto, Luiz Antônio Wanderley &amp; de Pinna, Mário" docDate="2022" docId="03D75034FFC1E419FCF1559B74DEFA73" docLanguage="en" docName="NeotropIchthyol.20.1.e210009.pdf" docOrigin="Neotropical Ichthyology (e 210009) 20 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0009" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FC0C3FD10650AF21F8DA93D98D275823.3:NeotropIchthyol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="FC0C3FD10650AF21F8DA93D98D275823" docStyleName="NeotropIchthyol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Hypopomus Gill 1864" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="FFEE284CFFE1E438FFB65162717CF803" masterDocTitle="Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy" masterLastPageNumber="117" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="33" updateTime="1723818792354" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="BA85EA7CDC5478C11E6A4413B6C98D4F">Patterns of diversification and phylogenetic structure in the dorsolateral head musculature of Neotropical electric eels (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), with a myological synonymy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="55B93FBCFC66181042EEDAC0C4B3F5A0">Peixoto, Luiz Antônio Wanderley</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3ECF3E82B1966E0E0744187ED35518EB">de Pinna, Mário</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03D75034FFC1E419FCF1559B74DEFA73" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12719988" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12719988" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D75034FFC1E419FCF1559B74DEFA73" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D75034FFC1E419FCF1559B74DEFA73" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFC1E418FCF1559B7528FD13" blockId="32.[839,1108,1272,1297]" box="[839,1108,1272,1297]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<heading id="D089564EFFC1E418FCF1559B7528FD13" box="[839,1108,1272,1297]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C7E9AA1FFC1E418FCF1559B7528FD13" ID-CoL="52V6" authority="Gill, 1864" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1864" box="[839,1108,1272,1297]" family="Hypopomidae" genus="Hypopomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC1E418FCF1559B72A1FD12" bold="true" box="[839,989,1273,1297]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Hypopomus</emphasis>
Gill, 1864
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<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFC1E418FDB054217507FE86" blockId="32.[485,1461,1347,1894]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC1E418FDB054217265FD58" bold="true" box="[518,793,1347,1371]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Adductor mandibulae.</emphasis>
The 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC1E418FCEF542172D9FD58" box="[857,933,1347,1371]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">malaris</emphasis>
originates from the mid-dorsal portion of the hyomandibula and preopercle. Its insertion occurs on the posteromedial portion of the antorbital bone by a fibrous attachment, with its mesialmost fibers converging onto a small endomaxillary ligament, less than one-third the length of the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC1E418FB4654D17440FDC8" box="[1264,1340,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">malaris</emphasis>
which, in turn, inserts on the posteromedial portion of the maxilla (
<figureCitation id="1345FDA7FFC1E418FBDD54BA75D3FDF2" box="[1131,1199,1496,1521]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[136,209,902,922]" captionTargetBox="[231,1363,171,844]" captionTargetId="figure-21@13.[231,1364,171,845]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4 | Mesial view of adductor mandibulae of Hypopomus artedi (Hypopomidae), USNM 408442, 202. 7 mm LEA. Anatomical abbreviations in Tab. 1. Scale bar = 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13332571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13332571/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC1E418FB4C54BA7442FDF3" box="[1274,1342,1496,1520]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">rictalis</emphasis>
originates in the preopercle, sympletic, quadrate, and hyomandibula. The lateralmost fibers of 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC1E418FE5E57417350FE38" box="[488,556,1571,1595]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">rictalis</emphasis>
surpass the anterior margin of the preopercular fossa and reach the mid-portion of the preopercle; with the posterodorsal fibers almost reaching the posterior margin of that bone. That subsection inserts on the coronoid process.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C364B2A9FFC1E419FDB057F174DEFA73" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFC1E418FDB057F175D9FF65" blockId="32.[485,1461,1347,1894]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
The 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC1E418FD8957F173F5FEA8" box="[575,649,1683,1707]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">stegalis</emphasis>
arises from the sphenotic, pterosphenoid, metapterygoid and anterior margin of the hyomandibula. Towards its insertion, the fibers of 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC1E418FB1657DA7596FED3" box="[1184,1258,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">stegalis</emphasis>
differentiates into an intersegmental aponeurosis, dorsally entering the mandibular tendon and ventrally the meckelian tendon which, in turn, inserts onto the coronomeckelian bone (
<figureCitation id="1345FDA7FFC1E418FAD5566174D4FF18" box="[1379,1448,1795,1819]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[136,209,902,922]" captionTargetBox="[231,1363,171,844]" captionTargetId="figure-21@13.[231,1364,171,845]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4 | Mesial view of adductor mandibulae of Hypopomus artedi (Hypopomidae), USNM 408442, 202. 7 mm LEA. Anatomical abbreviations in Tab. 1. Scale bar = 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13332571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13332571/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC1E418FDA8564A7314FF43" box="[542,616,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">stegalis</emphasis>
is located laterally in relation to the basal region of the endopterygoid and 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC1E418FE5E562C73AFFF65" box="[488,723,1870,1894]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">adductor arcus palatini</emphasis>
, overlapping those structures completely.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFC0E419FDB051DC74CFF923" blockId="33.[488,1459,190,288]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FDF251DD7233F8D5" box="[580,847,190,214]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">segmentum mandibularis</emphasis>
is located dorsally to Meckel’s cartilage and does not contact directly the dorsal margin of Meckel’s cartilage. The path of the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FAC55186739EF923" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">ramus mandibularis trigeminus</emphasis>
nerve is lateral to the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FC79506A756FF923" box="[975,1043,264,288]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">rictalis</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FBFE506A75EEF923" box="[1096,1170,264,288]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">stegalis</emphasis>
, and mesial to the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FAE8506A74D6F923" box="[1374,1450,264,288]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">malaris</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC1E122FFC0E419FDB0503174DEFA73" blockId="33.[486,1459,339,624]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FDB050317258F968" bold="true" box="[518,804,339,363]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Levator arcus palatini.</emphasis>
The 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FCC650317524F968" box="[880,1112,339,363]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
has a roughly parallelogram shape (
<figureCitation id="1345FDA7FFC0E419FD80501A73F5F993" box="[566,649,376,400]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="34.[136,209,1126,1146]" captionTargetBox="[136,1458,171,1077]" captionTargetId="figure-205@34.[136,1459,171,1078]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 16 | Lateral view of dorsolateral musculature of Hypopomus artedi (Hypopomidae), USNM 408442, 202. 7 mm LEA. A= anterolateral fibers of the levator arcus palatini; P= posterolateral fibers of the levator arcus palatini. Remaining anatomical abbreviations in Tab. 1. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13332597" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13332597/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
), originating from the ventral margin of the frontal and sphenotic and inserting onto the hyomandibula. The origin of the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FB9E50FC7582F9B5" box="[1064,1278,414,438]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
is wider than its insertion, approximately one and a half of its insertion. At the insertion, the anterolateral and posterolateral fiber bundles of the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FC1D508A75F7FA03" box="[939,1163,488,512]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
are lateral to the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FAD6508A74D0FA03" box="[1376,1452,488,512]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">malaris</emphasis>
, while its anteromesial and posteromesial bundles are medial to the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FB5B536C7445FA25" box="[1261,1337,526,550]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">malaris</emphasis>
. Only the dorsalmost fibers of the posterior portion of the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FBA753517591FA48" box="[1041,1261,563,587]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
are mesial to the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FE5C533A73E6FA73" box="[490,666,600,624]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">dilatator operculi</emphasis>
, but without reaching the median portion of the 
<emphasis id="B90A3D30FFC0E419FB75533A74E7FA73" box="[1219,1435,600,624]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">levator arcus palatini</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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