450 lines
51 KiB
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450 lines
51 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264" ID-GBIF-Dataset="48bd4e9c-4763-413e-8389-359c4c55bc8c" ID-PMC="PMC4768370" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-560-1" ID-PubMed="27006611" ID-ZBK="F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-560-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 560" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States" checkinTime="1454620567459" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hamilton, Chris A., Hendrixson, Brent E. & Bond, Jason E." docDate="2016" docId="C81E3A95D0E34FE765A5263BAA0A516B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 560: 1-340" docOrigin="ZooKeys 560" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264" docTitle="Aphonopelma madera Hamilton, Hendrixson & Bond, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="E1E09A39-EA97-4C9B-931A-58EC5978C259" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="156" masterDocId="FFAAA03F4F6CFFFEFF94FFF0FFBDFFE9" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States" masterLastPageNumber="340" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="150" updateTime="1668162572149" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hamilton, Chris A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hendrixson, Brent E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bond, Jason E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>560</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>340</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-560-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127884981" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E1E09A39-EA97-4C9B-931A-58EC5978C259" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C81E3A95D0E34FE765A5263BAA0A516B" lastPageId="156" lastPageNumber="156" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
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<subSubSection pageId="149" pageNumber="150" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Taxon classification Animalia Araneae Theraphosidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="149" pageNumber="150" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/E1E09A39-EA97-4C9B-931A-58EC5978C259" authority="Hamilton, Hendrixson & Bond" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera Hamilton, Hendrixson & Bond</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="149" pageNumber="150">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 78, 79, 80, 81, 82
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="150" pageNumber="151" type="types">
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<paragraph pageId="150" pageNumber="151">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="150" pageNumber="151" start="start">Types</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="150" pageNumber="151">Male holotype (APH_3177) from Madera Canyon, Coronado National Forest, on road to Bog Springs Campground, Pima Co., Arizona, 31.72812 -110.878818 1, elev. 4809ft., 12.xi.2013, coll. Chris A. Hamilton and Brent E. Hendrixson; deposited in AUMNH. Paratype female (APH_1393) from Madera Canyon, Mt. Wrightson picnic area, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona, 31.71273 -110.874936 1, elev. 5401ft., 5.x.2011, coll. Brent E. Hendrixson and Thomas Martin; deposited in AUMNH. Paratype male (APH_1627) from Madera Canyon, Madera Picnic Area, Cochise Co., Arizona, 31.72722 -110.880812 1, elev. 4809ft., 15.xi.2012, coll. Brent E. Hendrixson; deposited in AMNH. Paratype female (APH_1571) from Madera Canyon, Bog Springs Campground, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona, 31.72733 -110.875018 1, elev. 5051ft., 27.x.2012, coll. Brent E. Hendrixson; deposited in AMNH.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="150" pageNumber="151" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="150" pageNumber="151">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="150" pageNumber="151">The specific epithet is a noun in apposition taken from type locality, Madera Canyon, in the Santa Rita Mountains where this species was first discovered.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="151" lastPageNumber="152" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="150" pageNumber="151">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="151" lastPageNumber="152" pageId="150" pageNumber="151">
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 78) is a member of the
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<taxonomicName genus="Marxi" lsidName="Marxi" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" rank="genus">Marxi</taxonomicName>
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species group and can be distinguished by a combination of morphological, molecular, and geographic characteristics. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA identifies
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
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as a phylogenetically distinct monophyletic lineage (Figs 7-8), supported as the sister lineage to
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (a species endemic to the Santa Catalina Mountains) and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (a species endemic to the Chiricahua Mountains). The significant measurements that distinguish male
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
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from its closely related phylogenetic and syntopic species are Cl and A3. Male
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by possessing a larger Cl/M3 (≥1.51; 1.51-1.60) than
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
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(≤1.42; 1.26-1.42),
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (≤1.40; 1.20-1.40),
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
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(≤1.43; 1.24-1.43), and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
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(≤1.44; 1.15-1.44); and a larger Cl/A3 (≥1.86; 1.86-2.18) than
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
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(≤1.74; 1.53-1.74). Significant
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<pageBreakToken pageId="151" pageNumber="152" start="start">measurements</pageBreakToken>
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that distinguish female
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
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from its closely related phylogenetic and syntopic species are M3 and A4. Female
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by possessing a smaller M3/A4 (≤1.07; 0.96-1.07) than
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
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(≥1.07; 1.07-1.10),
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
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(≥1.12; 1.12-1.49), and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
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(≥1.11; 1.11-1.23), but larger than
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
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(0.80
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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(only 1 specimen).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="151" pageNumber="152">
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<paragraph pageId="151" pageNumber="152">
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Figure 78.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. live photographs. Female paratype (L) - APH_1393; Male (R) - APH_1434.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="152" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" type="description of male holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="151" pageNumber="152">Description of male holotype</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="152" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="151" pageNumber="152">
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(APH_3177; Fig. 79). Specimen preparation and condition: Specimen collected live crossing road, preserved in 80% ethanol; original coloration faded due to preservation. Left legs I, III, IV, and left pedipalp removed for measurements and photographs; stored in vial with specimen. Right legs II & III removed for DNA and stored at -80°C in the AUMNH (Auburn, AL). General coloration: Generally black or faded black. Cephalothorax: Carapace 7.81 mm long, 7.48 mm wide; densely clothed with black/faded black pubescence, slightly appressed to surface and longer than lower elevation species; fringe covered in long setae not closely appressed to surface; foveal groove medium deep and straight; pars cephalica region rises gradually from foveal groove, gently arching anteriorly toward ocular area; AER slightly procurved, PER very slightly recurved; normal sized chelicerae; clypeus slightly extends forward on a curve; LBl 0.99, LBw 1.14; sternum hirsute, clothed with short black, densely packed setae. Abdomen: Densely clothed in short black pubescence with numerous longer, lighter setae interspersed (generally red or orange in situ); dense dor
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<pageBreakToken pageId="152" pageNumber="153" start="start">sal</pageBreakToken>
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patch of black Type I urticating bristles (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="152" pageNumber="153">Cooke et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
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); ventral setae same as dorsal. Legs: Hirsute; densely clothed with short, similar length black setae, and longer setae interspersed. Metatarsus I very slightly curved. F1 8.37; F1w 1.92; P1 3.28; T1 7.32; M1 5.01; A1 3.85; F3 6.21; F3w 1.96; P3 2.58; T3 4.98; M3 5.04; A3 4.14; F4 7.52; F4w 1.83; P4 2.60; T4 6.76; M4 7.04; A4 4.83; femur III is normal - not noticeably swollen or wider than other legs. All tarsi fully scopulate. Extent of metatarsal scopulation: leg III (SC3) = 45.9%; leg IV (SC4) = 28.4%. Three ventral spinose setae, two prolateral spinose setae and one retrolateral spinose seta on metatarsus III; eight ventral spinose setae, and one prolateral spinose seta on metatarsus IV; three ventral spinose setae on tibia I; one large megaspine is present on the retrolateral tibia at the apex of the mating clasper - this can be seen when viewing the prolateral face of the mating clasper. Coxa I: Prolateral surface a mix of fine, hair-like and very thin tapered setae. Pedipalps: Hirsute; densely clothed in the same setal color as the other legs, with numerous longer ventral setae; one spinose seta at the apical, prolateral femur and three spinose setae on the prolateral tibia; PTl 4.947, PTw 2.158. Embolus shorter and stockier than lower elevation species; when extended, embolus gently and quickly tapers and curves to the retrolateral side near apex; embolus slender, no keels.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="152" pageNumber="153">
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<paragraph pageId="152" pageNumber="153">
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Figure 79.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–I">A-I</normalizedToken>
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male holotype, APH_3177 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 2.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2.5mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 2mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 0.5mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 3mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="152" pageNumber="153">
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Variation (6).Cl 7.815-9.43 (8.488
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.22), Cw 7.478-8.57 (7.861
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.16), LBl 0.986-1.138 (1.065
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.03), LBw 1.139-1.449 (1.321
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.06), F1 8.374-9.78 (8.918
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.22), F1w 1.917-2.11 (2.012
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.03), P1 3.016-3.59 (3.302
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.08), T1 7.321-8.89 (7.813
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.23), M1 4.977-5.52 (5.213
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.1), A1 3.542-4.84 (4.135
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.22), L1 length 27.831-32.29 (29.38
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.7), F3 6.215-7.06 (6.611
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.12), F3w 1.9-2.13 (1.991
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.03), P3 2.581-3.136 (2.851
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.09), T3 4.618-5.70 (5.029
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.15), M3 5.038-5.89 (5.467
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.12), A3 3.945-4.56 (4.29
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.1), L3 length 22.958-26.13 (24.247
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.46), F4 7.521-8.92 (8.154
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.21), F4w 1.82-1.99 (1.905
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.03), P4 2.603-3.234 (2.983
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.09), T4 6.379-7.51 (6.92
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.16), M4 7.043-8.20 (7.58
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.2), A4 4.288-5.89 (5.027
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.25), L4 length 28.706-33.63 (30.663
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.83), PTl 4.947-6.201 (5.447
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.17), PTw 1.79-2.158 (2.043
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.06), SC3 ratio 0.459-0.702 (0.548
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.03), SC4 ratio 0.238-0.481 (0.339
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.03), Coxa I setae = very thin tapered, F3 condition = normal.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="154" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="152" pageNumber="153" type="description of female paratype">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="152" pageNumber="153">Description of female paratype</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="153" lastPageNumber="154" pageId="152" pageNumber="153">
|
|||
|
|
(APH_1393; Figs 80-81). Specimen preparation and condition: Specimen collected live from burrow, preserved in 80% ethanol. Left legs I, III, IV, and pedipalp removed for photographs and measurements; stored in vial with specimen. Right leg III removed for DNA and stored at -80°C in the AUMNH (Auburn, AL). Genital plate with spermathecae removed and cleared, stored in vial with specimen. General coloration: Black/faded black and brown. Cephalothorax: Carapace 15.72 mm long, 13.73 mm wide; Hirsute, densely clothed with black/faded black, pubescence closely appressed to surface; fringe densely covered in longer setae; foveal groove medium deep and straight; pars cephalica region gently rises from thoracic furrow, arching anteriorly toward ocular area; AER very slightly procurved, PER slightly recurved; robust chelicerae, clypeus very slightly extends forward on a curve; LBl 1.76, LBw 2.19; sternum very hirsute, clothed with longer black/faded black setae. Abdomen: Densely clothed dorsally in short black setae with numerous longer, lighter
|
|||
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="153" pageNumber="154" start="start">setae</pageBreakToken>
|
|||
|
|
interspersed (generally red or orange in situ); dense dorsal patch of black Type I urticating bristles (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="153" pageNumber="154">Cooke et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
); ventral setae same as dorsal. Spermathecae: Paired and separate, very basic, very slight taper curve medially towards capitate bulbs, with wide bases that appear fused. Legs: Very hirsute; densely clothed with longer setae colored similarly as the long abdominal setae; F1 12.62; F1w 3.82; P1 5.31; T1 9.22; M1 6.56; A1 5.58; F3 8.79; F3w 3.34; P3 4.52; T3 6.84; M3 6.81; A3 5.73; F4 12.38; F4w 3.58; P4 4.87; T4 9.55; M4 9.91; A4 6.47. All tarsi fully scopulate. Extent of metatarsal scopulation: leg III (SC3) = 59.9%; leg IV (SC4) = 33.2%. Three ventral spinose setae on metatarsus III; eight ventral spinose setae, two retrolateral spinose setae (one near the basal border with the tibia), and one prolateral spinose seta on metatarsus IV. Coxa I: Prolateral surface a mix of fine, hair-like and tapered/thin tapered setae. Pedipalps: Densely clothed in the same setal color as the other legs; one spinose seta on the apical, prolateral femur, six prolateral spinose setae and one ventral spinose seta on the tibia (three at the apical border with the tarsus).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption pageId="153" pageNumber="154">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="153" pageNumber="154">
|
|||
|
|
Figure 80.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. n.
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
female paratype, APH_1393 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 5.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2.5mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<caption pageId="153" pageNumber="154">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="153" pageNumber="154">
|
|||
|
|
Figure 81.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. n.
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
cleared spermathecae A APH_1393 B APH_0136 C APH_0881 D APH_1571 E APH_1624.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="154" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">
|
|||
|
|
Variation (5).Cl 9.17-15.72 (12.176
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
1.11), Cw 8.43-13.73 (10.914
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.95), LBl 1.18-1.76 (1.475
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.09), LBw 1.51-2.19 (1.781
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.11), F1 7.332-12.62 (9.914
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.86), F1w 2.342-3.82 (3.088
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.25), P1 3.046-5.31 (4.265
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.39), T1 5.999-9.22 (7.798
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.57), M1 3.416-6.56 (5.147
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.55), A1 3.951-5.58 (4.83
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.27), L1 length 23.744-39.29 (31.955
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
2.62), F3 7.36-8.79 (8.203
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.34), F3w 2.46-3.34 (2.845
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.19), P3 3.34-4.52 (3.768
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.27), T3 5.07-6.84 (5.898
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.37), M3 5.11-6.81 (6
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.38), A3 4.69-5.73 (5.253
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.22), L3 length 25.67-32.69 (29.12
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
1.5), F4 7.514-12.38 (9.841
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.8), F4w 2.188-3.58 (2.816
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.25), P4 3.234-4.87
|
|||
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="154" pageNumber="155" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
|
|||
|
|
4.003
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.29), T4 6.137-9.55 (7.823
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.59), M4 6.197-9.91 (8.183
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.66), A4 4.842-6.47 (5.694
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.29), L4 length 27.924-43.18 (35.545
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
2.61), SC3 ratio 0.483-0.684 (0.595
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.04), SC4 ratio 0.296-0.348 (0.33
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
0.01), Coxa I setae = tapered/thin tapered. Spermathecae variation can be seen in Figure 81.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="155" lastPageNumber="156" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" type="materials_examined">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="154" pageNumber="155">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="155" lastPageNumber="156" pageId="154" pageNumber="155">
|
|||
|
|
United States: Arizona: Cochise: Carr Canyon Rd, 31.449658 -110.282028 1, 5257ft., [APH_1595, 8/11/2012, 1♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; Copper Canyon, Huachuca Mtns, 31.363172 -110.29979 5, 6082ft., [APH_0881, 2007, 1 juv, Josh Richards, AUMNH]; [APH_0980, 2007, 1♀, Josh Richards, AUMNH]; Huachuca Mtns, Ash Canyon, 31.38339 -110.24486 2, 5290ft., [APH_1249, 11/2010, 1♂, Jim Murray, AUMNH]; Huachuca Mtns, Garden Canyon Rd, 31.47306 -110.35111 2, 5360ft., [APH_1250-1251, 4/12/2010, 2♂, AMNH]; Huachuca Mountains, Miller Canyon, primitive campsite, 31.42476 -110.26082 2, 5238ft., [APH_3218, 20/5/2014, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Dustin Garig, Harrison Olinger, AUMNH]; Pima: 0.67 miles N Santa Cruz County line on Madera Canyon Rd, 31.73588 -110.88232 2, 4601ft., [APH_1434, 8/11/2011, 1♂, June Olberding, AUMNH]; [APH_1435, 11/11/2011, 1♂, June Olberding, AUMNH]; Madera Canyon Rd, 31.728908 -110.880462 1, 4803ft., [APH_1624, 15/11/2012, 1♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; [APH_1626, 15/11/2012, 1♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; Madera Canyon, Bog Springs Campground, 31.72733 -110.875018 1, 5051ft., [APH_1571, 27/10/2012, 1♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, AMNH]; [APH_1628, 15/11/2012, 1♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; [APH_1630, 15/11/2012, 1♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; Madera Canyon, Coronado National Forest, on road to Bog Springs Campground, 31.72812 -110.878818 1, 4809ft., [APH_3177, 12/11/2013, 1♂, Chris A. Hamilton, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; Madera Canyon, Madera Picnic Area, 31.72722 -110.880812 1, 4809ft., [APH_1625, 15/11/2012, 1♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; [APH_1627, 15/11/2012, 1♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, AMNH]; [APH_1629, 15/11/2012, 1♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; Madera Canyon, Madera Trailhead Picnic Area, 31.726945 -110.8804 1, 4758ft., [APH_0618, 10/7/2009, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Jon Davenport, Nate Davis, AUMNH]; Madera Canyon, Whitehouse Picnic Area, 31.733397 -110.88249 1, 4640ft., [APH_1631, 15/11/2012, 1♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; Santa Cruz: Madera Canyon, Bog Springs Campground, 31.72633 -110.87473 2, 5088ft., [APH_1436, 11/11/2011, 1♂, June Olberding, AUMNH]; Madera Canyon, Mt. Wrightson picnic area, 31.71273 -110.874936 1, 5401ft., [APH_1223, 5/8/2010, 1♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, Ashley Bailey, Andrea Reed, AUMNH]; [APH_1393, 5/10/2011, 1♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, Thomas Martin, AUMNH]; Madera Canyon, on road across from Santa Rita Gift Shop, 31.72527 -110.880051 1, 4851ft., [APH_1594, 8/11/2012, 1♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; Madera Canyon, picnic area, 31.72662 -110.879835 2, 4886ft., [APH_1523, 10/9/2012, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; Pajarito Mtns, 31.43263 -111.18977 6, 4050ft., [APH_0136, unknown, 1♀, David Kandeyeli, AUMNH]; Patagonia, Pennsylvania Avenue, 31.54024 -110.758528 2, 4046ft., [APH_1442, 18/12/2011, 1♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, Thomas Martin, AUMNH]; Santa Rita Mtns, along Mt. Hopkins Rd,
|
|||
|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="155" pageNumber="156" start="start">31.676321</pageBreakToken>
|
|||
|
|
-110.883409 1, 6904ft., [APH_1197, 28/7/2010, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Brendon Barnes, Nate Davis, AUMNH]; Upper Madera Canyon picnic area, 31.712488 -110.876839 1, 5467ft., [APH_1342-1343, 4/8/2011, 2 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Brendon Barnes, Nate Davis, Jake Storms, AUMNH].
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="155" pageNumber="156" type="distribution and natural history">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Distribution and natural history.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is known from the Huachuca, Pajarito, and Santa Rita Mountains in southeastern Arizona at elevations ranging from 1230 to 2110 meters, inhabiting the Madrean Archipelago Level III Ecoregion. The species has been collected from riparian, oak-grassland, oak woodland, and pine-oak woodland communities (Figs 1C, 82). Like other sky island endemics (e.g.,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is thought to be the only species found at higher elevations within these mountain ranges but might be syntopic with
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
at lower elevations. Despite several field trips to the type locality to search for adults of this species, only a single burrow (of an adult female, APH_1393, Fig. 78) was ever observed. The burrow entrance was located along the base of a slope and had a thin layer of silk along its edges; the burrow itself was fairly shallow and was sheltered by a large rock that was removed to reveal the spider inside its retreat. All other adults (males and females) were found walking along canyon roads during daylight hours. All immature specimens were located underneath large rocks with no obvious burrow entrances. The breeding period for this species is similar to other high-elevation species in the region (late autumn, early winter). Adult males examined in this study were found during the months of November and December; unconfirmed adult males (no voucher specimens available, identification tentatively assigned based on a photograph and locality data) have been found in Madera Canyon in October (http://bugguide.net/node/view/154224/bgimage; http://bugguide.net/node/view/665106/bgpage).
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<caption pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
|
|||
|
|
Figure 82.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
sp. n. distribution of known specimens. There is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</caption>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="155" pageNumber="156" type="conservation status">
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
<paragraph pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
|
|||
|
|
Of the three sky island endemics,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
is represented by the most specimens, has the largest distribution, and is the only species that is not restricted to a single mountain range. The species appears to be fairly common in Madera Canyon but we would not argue that the conservation status for this species is secure at the moment. Our sampling of mitochondrial haplotypes (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Hendrixson, BE" pageId="260" pageNumber="261" url="10.1111/icad.12089" year="2015">Hendrixson et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) indicates that each mountain range is genetically unique and should be further evaluated for the presence of evolutionary significant units for conservation purposes. Additional sampling throughout the region (e.g., Canelo Hills, Patagonia Mountains, northern Sonora) is required to gain a better assessment of the potential for gene flow between populations. These mountain ranges are fairly rugged and benefit from management by the federal government (Coronado National Forest, Nogales and Sierra Vista Ranger Districts, United States Army), but have also been subjected to habitat degradation from recent urban encroachment (e.g., Nogales, Sierra Vista, Tucson), human-caused forest fires, off-road driving, recreational activities, human immigrants, and illegal drug trafficking (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Brusca, RC" pageId="259" pageNumber="260" url="http://www.skyislandaction.org/SIAC-Library/" year="2008">Coronado Planning Partnership 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
). Climate change in the sky island region (
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Brusca, RC" pageId="259" pageNumber="260" url="10.1002/ece3.720" year="2013">Brusca et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Mitchell, SG" pageId="261" pageNumber="262" url="10.1016/j.yqres.2012.11.001" year="2013">Mitchell and Ober 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Moore et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Hendrixson, BE" pageId="260" pageNumber="261" url="10.1111/icad.12089" year="2015">Hendrixson et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
|||
|
|
) also poses a potential threat to the survival of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
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|
|
<subSubSection lastPageId="156" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" type="remarks">
|
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|
|
<paragraph pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
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|
|
<paragraph lastPageId="156" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
|
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|
|
is morphologically similar to other high-elevation species in the
|
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|
|
<taxonomicName genus="Marxi" lsidName="Marxi" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" rank="genus">Marxi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
species group, especially
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(see
|
|||
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Hendrixson, BE" pageId="260" pageNumber="261" url="10.1111/icad.12089" year="2015">Hendrixson et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
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|
|
).
|
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|
|
<pageBreakToken pageId="156" pageNumber="157" start="start">Other</pageBreakToken>
|
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|
|
important ratios that distinguish males:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
possess a larger PTl/M3 (≥0.94; 0.94-1.05) than
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(≤0.82; 0.71-0.82),
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(≤0.87; 0.71-0.87), and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(≤0.75; 0.67-0.75); by possessing a larger A3/M4 (≥0.54; 0.54-0.60) than
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(≤0.52; 0.47-0.52) and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(≤0.50; 0.43-0.50), but smaller than
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(≥0.65; 0.65-0.72). Other important ratios that distinguish females:
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
possess a larger F1/T3 (≥1.74; 1.74-1.84) than
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(≤1.66; 1.63-1.66); by possessing a larger Cl/P1 (≥2.71; 2.71-3.01) than
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(2.21
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
(only 1 specimen)); by possessing a larger A3/T4 (≥0.60; 0.60-0.68) than
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(≤0.60; 0.57-0.60), but smaller than
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(0.71
|
|||
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
|||
|
|
(only 1 specimen)); by possessing a smaller L3 scopulation extent (48%-68%) than
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(78%-93%); by possessing a smaller L4 scopulation extent (29%-35%) than
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(63%-81%) and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
(37%-46%). For both males and females, certain morphometrics have potential to be useful, though due to the amounts of variation, small number of specimens, and the small differences between species, no other are claimed to be significant at this time (see Suppl. material 2). During evaluation of traditional PCA morphospace, males of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
separate from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
along PC1~2, but do not separate from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Females of
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
separate from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
along PC1~2, but do not separate from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. Interestingly,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
males separate from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
in three-dimensional PCA morphospace (PC1~PC2~PC3), but do not separate from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma marxi" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marxi">Aphonopelma marxi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
.
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
females separate from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chiricahua" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiricahua">Aphonopelma chiricahua</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma marxi" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marxi">Aphonopelma marxi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, but do not separate from
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma catalina" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catalina">Aphonopelma catalina</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
,
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma peloncillo" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peloncillo">Aphonopelma peloncillo</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
, and
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma vorhiesi" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">Aphonopelma vorhiesi</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
. PC1, PC2, and PC3 explain ≥96% of the variation in all analyses. An important note on morphology, when viewing the
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma madera" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madera">Aphonopelma madera</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
types and investigating the amount of variation across the measured specimens, one can see the large size differences possible between mature males and mature females of certain
|
|||
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aphonopelma</taxonomicName>
|
|||
|
|
species.
|
|||
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|||
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|||
|
|
</treatment>
|
|||
|
|
</document>
|