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<document id="5DF2C94F809E04266B959C9B678EFF6D" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4000.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7d59f2ba-64d9-4aad-8b7d-0b317faf4455" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="232100" ID-ZooBank="2B105E46-B384-403D-BA1D-955965BF7AA8" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461188934719" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Poeta, Maria Rita Muniz &amp; Lise, Arno Antonio" docDate="2015" docId="EA7B0270124AFFE3FF452E056D1CFC5A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04000p400.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4000 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Alpaida machala Levi 1988" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="398" masterDocId="16427A08124AFFE2FFD2294A6E2BFFF3" masterDocTitle="On the males of the orb-weaving spiders Alpaida nigrofrenata (Simon, 1895), A. machala Levi, 1988, and A. cisneros Levi, 1988 (Araneae, Araneidae) and a new synonymy" masterLastPageNumber="400" masterPageNumber="397" pageNumber="397" updateTime="1698600374342" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="B228B369FDF5CBAFB5C7F745FAB24395">On the males of the orb-weaving spiders Alpaida nigrofrenata (Simon, 1895), A. machala Levi, 1988, and A. cisneros Levi, 1988 (Araneae, Araneidae) and a new synonymy</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="598FC9218695901FEB91747687EB6A0C">Poeta, Maria Rita Muniz</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="C9AED2B64F0C64F4F01F23C9CA717314" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="32F23EFF91F972E158C0AE82392178A8">Lise, Arno Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4F74A4D71B09AD19A45E93AC8485DE0D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D984CDE1238B085FFF40BA64DF65200B">2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="6876FF53E330359EFF5CE377769A3098" type="volume">
<mods:number id="DCA8F1C7A38620B3BCAEB3D4BB5AFD8E">4000</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="C1332AF0BB80043BE779B6696D161C5F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4000.3.7</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="4E207E9526E68F693CBFEA49945715E6" type="GBIF-Dataset">7d59f2ba-64d9-4aad-8b7d-0b317faf4455</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="EA7B0270124AFFE3FF452E056D1CFC5A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6094621" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119629201" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6094621" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EA7B0270124AFFE3FF452E056D1CFC5A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EA7B0270124AFFE3FF452E056D1CFC5A" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="398" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">
<subSubSection id="2AC8E0ED124AFFE2FF452E056F27F87A" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="626DB366124AFFE2FF452E056FC6F89A" blockId="0.[151,493,1871,1929]" box="[151,493,1871,1897]" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">
<heading id="3925040A124AFFE2FF452E056FC6F89A" bold="true" box="[151,493,1871,1897]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="A5D2C8E5124AFFE2FF452E056FC6F89A" ID-CoL="C5WV" authority="Levi, 1988" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1988" box="[151,493,1871,1897]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Alpaida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="machala">
<emphasis id="50A66F74124AFFE2FF452E056FC6F89A" bold="true" box="[151,493,1871,1897]" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">
<emphasis id="50A66F74124AFFE2FF452E056F4EF89A" bold="true" box="[151,357,1871,1897]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">Alpaida machala</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0643CE97124AFFE2FEBE2E056FC6F89A" author="Levi" box="[364,493,1871,1897]" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" refString="Levi, H. W. (1988) The neotropical orb-weaving spiders of the genus Alpaida (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 151, 365 - 487." type="journal article" year="1988">Levi, 1988</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="626DB366124AFFE2FF452E386F27F87A" blockId="0.[151,493,1871,1929]" box="[151,268,1906,1929]" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">
(
<figureCitation id="FAE9AFE3124AFFE2FF4D2E386F28F87A" box="[159,259,1906,1929]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 6" captionStartId="2.[151,258,1498,1520]" captionTargetBox="[415,1164,184,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[397,1189,174,1485]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 6. Alpaida nigrofrenata (Simon, 1895). 1, Male palp, mesal; 2, male habitus. Alpaida machala Levi, 1988. 3, Male palp, mesal; 4, male habitus. Alpaida cisneros Levi, 1988. 5, Male palp, mesal; 6, male habitus. Abbreviations: A, terminal apophysis; C, conductor; E, embolus; M, median apophysis, P, paracymbium; PM, paramedian apophysis; R, radix, T, tegulum. Scale bars, 1, 3, 5, 0.25 mm; 2, 4, 6, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232101/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">
Figs.
<docIssue id="26B1CC89124AFFE2FF092E386EC1F87A" box="[219,234,1906,1929]" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">3</docIssue>
, 4
</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2AC8E0ED124AFFE2FF452EFD6B5CF81C" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="626DB366124AFFE2FF452EFD6B5CF81C" blockId="0.[151,1435,1975,2031]" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="42C29448124AFFE2FF452EFD6B5CF81C" infered="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">
<taxonomicName id="A5D2C8E5124AFFE2FF452EFD6C25F83C" ID-CoL="C5WV" authority="Levi, 1988: 470" authorityName="Levi" authorityPageNumber="470" authorityYear="1988" box="[151,526,1975,1999]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Alpaida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="machala">
<emphasis id="50A66F74124AFFE2FF452EFD6F7AF83C" box="[151,337,1975,1999]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">Alpaida machala</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="E3739577124AFFE2FE892EF26C25F83C" author="Levi" box="[347,526,1976,1999]" page="470" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" year="1988">
<bibRefCitation id="0643CE97124AFFE2FE892EF26FFEF83C" author="Levi" box="[347,469,1976,1999]" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" refString="Levi, H. W. (1988) The neotropical orb-weaving spiders of the genus Alpaida (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 151, 365 - 487." type="journal article" year="1988">Levi, 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 470
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, figures 559–563. Female
<typeStatus id="BD690DC4124AFFE2FCE42EF26DB8F83C" box="[822,915,1976,1999]" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
from Buenavista (
<quantity id="A52A1E83124AFFE2FBB02EF26A81F83C" box="[1122,1194,1976,1999]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
of
<taxonomicName id="A5D2C8E5124AFFE2FB062EF26B1FF83C" ID-CoL="C5WV" box="[1236,1332,1976,1999]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Alpaida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="399" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="machala">Machala</taxonomicName>
), El Oro,
<collectingCountry id="1AC5F3F6124AFFE2FF152E926F09F81C" box="[199,290,2008,2031]" name="Ecuador" pageId="0" pageNumber="397">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="166C95A6124AFFE2FEFE2E926F83F81C" box="[300,424,2008,2031]" pageId="0" pageNumber="397" value="1942-11-20">20.XI.1942</date>
, R. Walls. Deposited in California Academy of Sciences (CAS, not examined). WSC 2015.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2AC8E0ED124BFFE3FF4529D26A4BFF07" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="626DB366124BFFE3FF4529D26C1DFF22" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,937]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<emphasis id="50A66F74124BFFE3FF4529D26F5DFF5C" bold="true" box="[151,374,152,175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Material examined.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="1AC5F3F6124BFFE3FEAC29D26C29FF5C" box="[382,514,152,175]" name="Ecuador" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
, Pichincha:
<emphasis id="50A66F74124BFFE3FD5429DD6D37FF5C" box="[646,796,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Pedro Vicente</emphasis>
(Road from Quito to Puerto Quito),
<geoCoordinate id="07E6D5A1124BFFE3FB7E29D26B25FF5C" box="[1196,1294,152,175]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" precision="925" value="-79.11667">79°07’W</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="07E6D5A1124BFFE3FAC829D26B5FFF5C" box="[1306,1396,152,175]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" precision="925" value="-0.083333336">00°05’S</geoCoordinate>
, ♂,
<date id="166C95A6124BFFE3FF4529F06F6FFF22" box="[151,324,186,209]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" value="1988-07-09" valueMax="1988-07-12" valueMin="1988-07-09">09–12.VII.1988</date>
, W. Maddison (
<collectionCode id="04C32BA3124BFFE3FE3929F06C01FF22" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" box="[491,554,186,209]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">MCZ</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="626DB366124BFFE3FF1529976A4BFF07" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,937]" box="[199,1120,221,244]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<emphasis id="50A66F74124BFFE3FF1529976F28FF07" bold="true" box="[199,259,221,244]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Note.</emphasis>
Male and female were considered conspecific for having the same color pattern.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2AC8E0ED124BFFE3FF15284A6DA0FE14" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="626DB366124BFFE3FF15284A6DA0FE14" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,937]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<emphasis id="50A66F74124BFFE3FF15284A6F17FEE4" bold="true" box="[199,316,256,279]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The male of
<taxonomicName id="A5D2C8E5124BFFE3FE1A29B56C54FEE4" box="[456,639,255,279]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Alpaida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="machala">
<emphasis id="50A66F74124BFFE3FE1A29B56C54FEE4" box="[456,639,255,279]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Alpaida machala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="A5D2C8E5124BFFE3FCB129B56A81FEE4" authority="Keyserling, 1865" authorityName="Keyserling" authorityYear="1865" box="[867,1194,255,279]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Alpaida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncata">
<emphasis id="50A66F74124BFFE3FCB129B56DF1FEE4" box="[867,986,255,279]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">A. truncata</emphasis>
(Keyserling, 1865)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A5D2C8E5124BFFE3FB0F29B56EE7FECA" authority="Levi, 1988" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1988" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Alpaida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="queremal">
<emphasis id="50A66F74124BFFE3FB0F29B56B75FEE4" box="[1245,1374,255,279]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">A. queremal</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0643CE97124BFFE3FAB6284A6EE7FECA" author="Levi" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Levi, H. W. (1988) The neotropical orb-weaving spiders of the genus Alpaida (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 151, 365 - 487." type="journal article" year="1988">Levi, 1988</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="0643CE97124BFFE3FED528686F52FECA" author="Levi" box="[263,377,290,313]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Levi, H. W. (1988) The neotropical orb-weaving spiders of the genus Alpaida (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 151, 365 - 487." type="journal article" year="1988">Levi 1988</bibRefCitation>
, figures 569; 577) in having an elongate median apophysis, which contours the tegulum laterally. Males of
<taxonomicName id="A5D2C8E5124BFFE3FF28280F6F58FEAF" box="[250,371,324,348]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Alpaida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="machala">
<emphasis id="50A66F74124BFFE3FF28280F6F58FEAF" box="[250,371,324,348]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">A. machala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from those of
<taxonomicName id="A5D2C8E5124BFFE3FD9C280F6CFBFEAF" box="[590,720,324,348]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Alpaida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quaremal">
<emphasis id="50A66F74124BFFE3FD9C280F6CFBFEAF" box="[590,720,324,348]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">A. quaremal</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="0643CE97124BFFE3FCD5280F6D5DFEAF" author="Levi" box="[775,886,325,348]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Levi, H. W. (1988) The neotropical orb-weaving spiders of the genus Alpaida (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 151, 365 - 487." type="journal article" year="1988">Levi 1988</bibRefCitation>
, figure 569) by the developed cylindrical projection in the basis of the median apophysis, by the rectangular-shaped conductor, and by a particularly short embolus that is almost totally hidden by the conductor (
<figureCitation id="FAE9AFE3124BFFE3FD9728C06CACFE52" box="[581,647,394,417]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 6" captionStartId="2.[151,258,1498,1520]" captionTargetBox="[415,1164,184,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[397,1189,174,1485]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 6. Alpaida nigrofrenata (Simon, 1895). 1, Male palp, mesal; 2, male habitus. Alpaida machala Levi, 1988. 3, Male palp, mesal; 4, male habitus. Alpaida cisneros Levi, 1988. 5, Male palp, mesal; 6, male habitus. Abbreviations: A, terminal apophysis; C, conductor; E, embolus; M, median apophysis, P, paracymbium; PM, paramedian apophysis; R, radix, T, tegulum. Scale bars, 1, 3, 5, 0.25 mm; 2, 4, 6, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/232101/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="A5D2C8E5124BFFE3FD4F28C06D3CFE52" box="[669,791,393,417]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Alpaida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="machala">
<emphasis id="50A66F74124BFFE3FD4F28C06D3CFE52" box="[669,791,393,417]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">A. machala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be easily distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="A5D2C8E5124BFFE3FB5128C06AD0FE52" box="[1155,1275,394,417]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Alpaida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncata">
<emphasis id="50A66F74124BFFE3FB5128C06AD0FE52" box="[1155,1275,394,417]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">A. truncata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the median apophysis apex, which narrows abruptly in the latter species (see
<bibRefCitation id="0643CE97124BFFE3FCAB28E76DC7FE37" author="Levi" box="[889,1004,429,452]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Levi, H. W. (1988) The neotropical orb-weaving spiders of the genus Alpaida (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 151, 365 - 487." type="journal article" year="1988">Levi 1988</bibRefCitation>
, figure 577) and also by the lack of a modified tibia II, diagnostic in
<taxonomicName id="A5D2C8E5124BFFE3FE3128856C70FE14" box="[483,603,463,487]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Alpaida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncata">
<emphasis id="50A66F74124BFFE3FE3128856C70FE14" box="[483,603,463,487]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">A. truncata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="0643CE97124BFFE3FD41289A6D29FE14" author="Levi" box="[659,770,464,487]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Levi, H. W. (1988) The neotropical orb-weaving spiders of the genus Alpaida (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 151, 365 - 487." type="journal article" year="1988">Levi 1988</bibRefCitation>
, figure 578).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2AC8E0ED124BFFE3FF1528B86C22FC74" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" type="description">
<paragraph id="626DB366124BFFE3FF1528B86C7FFC97" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,937]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<emphasis id="50A66F74124BFFE3FF1528B86F79FDFA" bold="true" box="[199,338,498,521]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="50A66F74124BFFE3FE8828BB6FBAFDFA" box="[346,401,497,521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Male</emphasis>
(MCZ, Pichincha,
<collectingCountry id="1AC5F3F6124BFFE3FDB728B86CE8FDFA" box="[613,707,498,521]" name="Ecuador" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
). Total length 3.70. Carapace length 1.75, width 1.40, height 0.60. Clypeus height 0.08. Sternum width 0.54. Abdomen length 2.15, width 1.25, height 1.30. Leg formula 1,4=2,3. Leg lengths (I/II/III/IV): femur 2.25/1.85/1.35/1.85; patella+tibia 2.45/2.00/1.30/1.95; metatarsus 1.50/1.25/0.90/1.35; tarsus 0.70/0.60/0.50/0.55. Total leg 6.90/5.70/4.05/5.70. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.12, ALE 0.10, PME 0.08, PLE 0.12; AME-ALE 0.12, PME-PLE 0.24, AME-AME 0.10, PME-PME 0.10. Median ocular area black, carapace and chelicerae pale yellow (see
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, figure 562). Sternum dark-brown. Labium and endites dark-brown with white apex. Legs I and II pale yellow, except by the tibiae, metatarsus, and tarsus that are light-orange; legs III and IV totally pale yellow. Abdomen longer than wide; dorsally, partially bordered by white pigment, with a discolored central area with longitudinal paired white marks and a transversal one posteriorly; also there are dusky rounded marks on shoulders, as in the female (see
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, figure 562). Venter with a dark-brown band from the spinnerets to the epigastric furrow, as the female (see
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, figure 563).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="50A66F74124BFFE3FF152A256F3CFC74" box="[199,279,879,903]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Female</emphasis>
: see
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2AC8E0ED124BFFE3FF152AD86D1CFC5A" box="[199,823,914,937]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" type="distribution">
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<emphasis id="50A66F74124BFFE3FF152AD86F72FC5A" bold="true" box="[199,345,914,937]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="1AC5F3F6124BFFE3FE8D2AD86F97FC5A" box="[351,444,914,937]" name="Ecuador" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
: Pichincha and El Oro (
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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