<documentID-CLB-Dataset="2846"ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770"ID-GBIF-Dataset="52e1798c-48e3-42c9-9b09-0b1bce33afea"ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-87-115"ID-Pensoft-UUID="DF6504D9294F5C7F8148AAA6C0D3E01B"ID-Zenodo-Dep="5811667"ID-ZooBank="7137A82A62E34958A48CB05BEA80FE60"ModsDocID="1314-2607-87-115"checkinTime="1640348320511"checkinUser="pensoft"docAuthor="van Noort, Simon, Lahey, Zachary, Talamas, Elijah J., Austin, Andrew D., Masner, Lubomir, Polaszek, Andrew & Johnson, Norman F."docDate="2021"docId="CAB1E6D7D4C151C786EF0B38E530CF3D"docLanguage="en"docName="JourHymenoptRes 87: 115-222"docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87"docPubDate="2021-12-23"docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770"docTitle="Parabaeus Kieffer 1910"docType="treatment"docVersion="6"id="DF6504D9294F5C7F8148AAA6C0D3E01B"lastPageNumber="115"masterDocId="DF6504D9294F5C7F8148AAA6C0D3E01B"masterDocTitle="Review of Afrotropical sceliotracheline parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)"masterLastPageNumber="222"masterPageNumber="115"pageNumber="115"updateTime="1732649411773"updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:affiliationid="E1632F68C122A54DDBA470C59E60680D">Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="2D873866FBC3FF49D67F69C68D84163F">Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="4001AE465EED02CE025A324D987C5245">Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:namePartid="EAD8FC640D92D6FFE0910E24652971D0">Austin, Andrew D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliationid="DCD2DAECD10D03248B65F40715993C5A">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="6788EF4E71109608A06FEB5D55882CF8">Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K. W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario K 1 A 0 C 6, Canada</mods:affiliation>
<mods:affiliationid="763C808BF0E0B44FF3CB570AAAB82E07">Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:namePartid="6669B0F7C954959DB1D2F85B0EED1DE6">Johnson, Norman F.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliationid="3B81F8A1E0DB7DF75D146BDAB2EE8300">Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA</mods:affiliation>
<figureCitationid="4E162175329881E9DB76F6B24A2AD34E"captionStart="Figure 20"captionStartId="F20"captionText="Figure 20. Parabaeus abyssus female paratype (NHMUK) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C head, anterior view D data labels."figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure20"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626250"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">Figs 20</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="6A82B7E44FA25E663234295E12EFFB65"captionStart="Figure 21"captionStartId="F21"captionText="Figure 21. Parabaeus armadillus female holotype (NHMUK) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C head, anterior view D data labels."figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure21"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626251"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">, 21</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="F6799BFAA738FA12DF8F74371256E910"captionStart="Figure 22"captionStartId="F22"captionText="Figure 22. Parabaeus armadillus female (SAMC) (SAM-HYM-P 031787) A habitus, lateral view B habitus, dorsal view C head, anterior view D data labels."figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure22"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626252"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">, 22</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="B0DD0BD68EE4EB1694571F4257C08E59"captionStart="Figure 23"captionStartId="F23"captionText="Figure 23. Parabaeus armadillus male (SAMC) (SAM-HYM-P 037510 A) A habitus, lateral view B habitus, dorsal view (inset: data labels) C head, mesosoma, lateral view D head, mesosoma, dorsal view."figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure23"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626253"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">, 23</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="2F227D0F82D369D078EC92B1DC36C18B"captionStart="Figure 24"captionStartId="F24"captionText="Figure 24. Parabaeus armadillus male (SAMC) (SAM-HYM-P 037510 A) A head, anterior view B head, antenna and legs, anterior view C metasoma, lateral view D metasoma, dorsal view."figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure24"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626254"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">, 24</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="E0D8B8A4DCCDF530F5DFC1BF86376A5F"captionStart="Figure 25"captionStartId="F25"captionText="Figure 25. Parabaeus nasutus van Noort sp. nov. female holotype (SAMC) (SAM-HYM-P 040757) A habitus, lateral view B habitus, dorsal view C head, mesosoma, lateral view D head, mesosoma, dorsal view E head, anterior view (inset: data labels) F habitus, ventral view."figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure25"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626255"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">, 25</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="DCD477BD0BF03DB1F060FA080CF319C4"captionStart="Figure 26"captionStartId="F26"captionText="Figure 26. Parabaeus nasutus van Noort sp. nov. female holotype (SAMC) (SAM-HYM-P 040757) A head, antenna, ventrolateral view B cheek, clypeus, mandibles ventrolateral view C toruli, clypeus, mandibles, ventral view D mesoscutum, propodeum, dorsal view E mesosoma, anterior metasoma, dorso-lateral view F scutellum, propodeum, metasoma, dorsal view."figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure26"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626256"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">, 26</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="8F78B674AC08C93D39363534E5F5280E"captionStart="Figure 27"captionStartId="F27"captionText="Figure 27. Parabaeus ruficornis female holotype (NHMUK) (B. M. TYPE HYM. 9.399) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C head, anterior view D data labels."figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure27"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626257"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">, 27</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="A8C5CC91440611AD3D540397470A555B"DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4689"author="Kieffer, JJ"journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France"pageId="0"pageNumber="115"pagination="292 - 294"refId="B66"refString="Kieffer, JJ, 1910. Diagnoses de nouveaux genres et de nouvelles especes de Scelionides (Hym.) des Iles Sechelles. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France 1910: 292 - 294, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4689"title="Diagnoses de nouveaux genres et de nouvelles especes de Scelionides (Hym.) des Iles Sechelles."url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4689"volume="1910"year="1910">Kieffer 1910</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitationid="0B3CB20F8CEE465CE24C0F09A38596E6"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.47.5730"author="Talamas, E"journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research"pageId="0"pageNumber="115"pagination="1 - 52"refId="B138"refString="Talamas, E, Buffington, M, 2015. Fossil Platygastroidea in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 47: 1 - 52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.47.5730"title="Fossil Platygastroidea in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution."url="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.47.5730"volume="47"year="2015">Talamas and Buffington 2015</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="B9B9ADD1F49AA3E0BF420C914E3E31C4"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.38383"author="Lahey, Z"editor="Talamas, E"journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research"pageId="0"pageNumber="115"pagination="73 - 93"refId="B82"refString="Lahey, Z, Masner, L, Johnson, NF, Polaszek, A, 2019c. Revision of Aleyroctonus Masner & Huggert (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae, Sceliotrachelinae). In: Talamas, E, Ed., Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea II. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 73: 73 - 93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.38383"title="Revision of Aleyroctonus Masner & Huggert (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae, Sceliotrachelinae)."url="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.38383"volume="73"volumeTitle="Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea II."year="2019 c">Lahey, et al. 2019c</bibRefCitation>
Body shape variable, from stocky and highly convex to elongate, spindle-like. All Old World species are apterous, as are the described Neotropical species with some undescribed New World species being micropterous or full-winged. Mostly yellow or light brown. Posterior ocellus contiguous with inner orbit; ocellar triangle high. Cheek and postgena with deep longitudinal excavation for housing of scape. Antennal clava of both sexes ovoid, 4-merous. Mesosoma of flightless species subrectangular, with most sclerites fused. Fore wing (when present) with short rudiment of submarginal vein without apical knob. Metasoma highly convex both dorsally and ventrally. T1 fused with T2, and S1 with S2, into solid sclerite; felt fields absent from S2 (
<bibRefCitationid="A2699E1D017C3D2EC152237559062DBA"DOI="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv"author="Masner, L"journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada"pageId="0"pageNumber="115"pagination="1 - 214"refId="B103"refString="Masner, L, Huggert, L, 1989. World review and keys to genera of the subfamily Inostemmatinae with reassignment of the taxa to the Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae (Hyme-noptera: Platygastridae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 147: 1 - 214, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv"title="World review and keys to genera of the subfamily Inostemmatinae with reassignment of the taxa to the Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae (Hyme-noptera: Platygastridae)."url="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv"volume="147"year="1989">Masner and Huggert 1989</bibRefCitation>
<figureCitationid="5038D40472DC92BA9796EA8E1A2E9765"captionStart="Figure 20"captionStartId="F20"captionText="Figure 20. Parabaeus abyssus female paratype (NHMUK) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C head, anterior view D data labels."figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure20"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626250"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">20</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="009F15E51C92C056E8BEC658A7153C77"captionStart="Figure 21"captionStartId="F21"captionText="Figure 21. Parabaeus armadillus female holotype (NHMUK) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C head, anterior view D data labels."figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure21"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626251"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">21</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="62530F88C37D029808A112F079861A77"captionStart="Figure 24"captionStartId="F24"captionText="Figure 24. Parabaeus armadillus male (SAMC) (SAM-HYM-P 037510 A) A head, anterior view B head, antenna and legs, anterior view C metasoma, lateral view D metasoma, dorsal view."figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure24"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626254"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">24</figureCitation>
<figureCitationid="BF84EAA626F199EFF5F83BBB6DEF2F43"captionStart="Figure 27"captionStartId="F27"captionText="Figure 27. Parabaeus ruficornis female holotype (NHMUK) (B. M. TYPE HYM. 9.399) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C head, anterior view D data labels."figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure27"httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626257"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">27</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="2FDB89D338D84106329BB9CA39406D9D"DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4689"author="Kieffer, JJ"journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France"pageId="0"pageNumber="115"pagination="292 - 294"refId="B66"refString="Kieffer, JJ, 1910. Diagnoses de nouveaux genres et de nouvelles especes de Scelionides (Hym.) des Iles Sechelles. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France 1910: 292 - 294, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4689"title="Diagnoses de nouveaux genres et de nouvelles especes de Scelionides (Hym.) des Iles Sechelles."url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4689"volume="1910"year="1910">Kieffer 1910</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="2C71EE240F3EF36DA769BD414A86F845"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647"author="Austin, AD"journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Taxonomy"pageId="0"pageNumber="115"pagination="647 - 659"refId="B11"refString="Austin, AD, 1990. A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter. Invertebrate Taxonomy 3: 647 - 659, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647"title="A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter."url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647"volume="3"year="1990">Austin 1990</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="123BFC0428035BF2ACC586A0679E183C"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000309"author="Buhl, PN"journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie"pageId="0"pageNumber="115"pagination="75 - 126"refId="B24"refString="Buhl, PN, 2011. Species of Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae from rainforest canopies in Tanzania, with keys to the Afrotropical species of Amblyaspis, Inostemma, Leptacis, Platygaster and Synopeas (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 154: 75 - 126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000309"title="Species of Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae from rainforest canopies in Tanzania, with keys to the Afrotropical species of Amblyaspis, Inostemma, Leptacis, Platygaster and Synopeas (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)."url="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000309"volume="154"year="2011">Buhl 2011</bibRefCitation>
). Australasia: Australia. Neotropical: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Mexico, Panama, USA (Florida), Venezuela (
<bibRefCitationid="AB242B81CC29CCFCA072BC3D04E05829"DOI="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv"author="Masner, L"journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada"pageId="0"pageNumber="115"pagination="1 - 214"refId="B103"refString="Masner, L, Huggert, L, 1989. World review and keys to genera of the subfamily Inostemmatinae with reassignment of the taxa to the Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae (Hyme-noptera: Platygastridae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 147: 1 - 214, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv"title="World review and keys to genera of the subfamily Inostemmatinae with reassignment of the taxa to the Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae (Hyme-noptera: Platygastridae)."url="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv"volume="147"year="1989">Masner and Huggert 1989</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitationid="765C61AB6300636D406A8D135808162E"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000309"author="Buhl, PN"journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie"pageId="0"pageNumber="115"pagination="75 - 126"refId="B24"refString="Buhl, PN, 2011. Species of Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae from rainforest canopies in Tanzania, with keys to the Afrotropical species of Amblyaspis, Inostemma, Leptacis, Platygaster and Synopeas (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 154: 75 - 126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000309"title="Species of Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae from rainforest canopies in Tanzania, with keys to the Afrotropical species of Amblyaspis, Inostemma, Leptacis, Platygaster and Synopeas (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)."url="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000309"volume="154"year="2011">Buhl 2011</bibRefCitation>
), suggesting that they are far more mobile than previously assumed. Species from these fogging samples are likely to be associated with the rich epiphyte, micro-habitat present in the canopy of Afromontane forest.
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<bibRefCitationid="30CFF2E1DF2611DF0418DD210B7F2675"DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.47.5730"author="Talamas, E"journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research"pageId="0"pageNumber="115"pagination="1 - 52"refId="B138"refString="Talamas, E, Buffington, M, 2015. Fossil Platygastroidea in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 47: 1 - 52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.47.5730"title="Fossil Platygastroidea in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution."url="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.47.5730"volume="47"year="2015">Talamas and Buffington 2015</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="D2993BEA1F2BBE89F9A7C396C9B94937"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647"author="Austin, AD"journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Taxonomy"pageId="0"pageNumber="115"pagination="647 - 659"refId="B11"refString="Austin, AD, 1990. A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter. Invertebrate Taxonomy 3: 647 - 659, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647"title="A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter."url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647"volume="3"year="1990">Austin 1990</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="1C08605FC78865002657FDBE5CA3FAE2"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647"author="Austin, AD"journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Taxonomy"pageId="0"pageNumber="115"pagination="647 - 659"refId="B11"refString="Austin, AD, 1990. A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter. Invertebrate Taxonomy 3: 647 - 659, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647"title="A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter."url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647"volume="3"year="1990">Austin 1990</bibRefCitation>
<paragraphid="682DE42DA6AF52E9216EA29EC09CD823"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">There are two apparent species-groups in the Afrotropical region defined by the presence or absence of a hyperoccipital carina. We predict that these two groups will be further supported by the presence or absence of a metasomal horn in females, once both sexes of the known species are discovered.</paragraph>
<paragraphid="CD08878859A2190427336ACA1C50BC90"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">Sexual dimorphism slight, females without metasomal horn on T1.</paragraph>
<paragraphid="B022943467D0FE192258DDBDE85C2186"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">Absence of a sulcus between the lateral pronotum and mesopleuron.</paragraph>
<paragraphid="0BD8A00C91C55A063B84B81C519EDCEF"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">Sexual dimorphism strong, females with metasomal horn on T1 that is developed to varying degrees in size.</paragraph>
<paragraphid="2581683BC5690C29E76F7F8A4B305879"pageId="0"pageNumber="115">Sulcus between the lateral pronotum and mesopleuron present.</paragraph>
falls into its own species-group, sharing characters across the two Afrotropical species-groups (hyperoccipital carina absent, but no metasomal horn on T1 in females) and the Neotropical species-group, which has armature (points, spikes or truncate projections) on the posterior or posterolateral margin of the propodeum, and these are also present in
<bibRefCitationid="2F953F6868CDFEEE1863163D6579EE77"DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647"author="Austin, AD"journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Taxonomy"pageId="0"pageNumber="115"pagination="647 - 659"refId="B11"refString="Austin, AD, 1990. A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter. Invertebrate Taxonomy 3: 647 - 659, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647"title="A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter."url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647"volume="3"year="1990">Austin 1990</bibRefCitation>
