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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770" ID-GBIF-Dataset="52e1798c-48e3-42c9-9b09-0b1bce33afea" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-87-115" ID-Pensoft-UUID="DF6504D9294F5C7F8148AAA6C0D3E01B" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5811667" ID-ZooBank="7137A82A62E34958A48CB05BEA80FE60" ModsDocID="1314-2607-87-115" checkinTime="1640348320511" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="van Noort, Simon, Lahey, Zachary, Talamas, Elijah J., Austin, Andrew D., Masner, Lubomir, Polaszek, Andrew &amp; Johnson, Norman F." docDate="2021" docId="CAB1E6D7D4C151C786EF0B38E530CF3D" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 87: 115-222" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87" docPubDate="2021-12-23" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770" docTitle="Parabaeus Kieffer 1910" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="DF6504D9294F5C7F8148AAA6C0D3E01B" lastPageNumber="115" masterDocId="DF6504D9294F5C7F8148AAA6C0D3E01B" masterDocTitle="Review of Afrotropical sceliotracheline parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)" masterLastPageNumber="222" masterPageNumber="115" pageNumber="115" updateTime="1678757212235" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Review of Afrotropical sceliotracheline parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>van Noort, Simon</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-9741</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa &amp; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">svannoort@iziko.org.za</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Lahey, Zachary</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9402-9570</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Talamas, Elijah J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-6345</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Austin, Andrew D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Masner, Lubomir</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K. W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario K 1 A 0 C 6, Canada</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Polaszek, Andrew</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7171-3353</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Johnson, Norman F.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2021-12-23</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>87</mods:number>
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<mods:start>115</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.73770</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="191737726" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CAB1E6D7D4C151C786EF0B38E530CF3D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CAB1E6D7D4C151C786EF0B38E530CF3D" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="63JHH" LSID="CAB1E6D7-D4C1-51C7-86EF-0B38E530CF3D" authority="Kieffer, 1910" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parabaeus Kieffer, 1910</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="115" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Parabaeus abyssus female paratype (NHMUK) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C head, anterior view D data labels." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626250" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Figs 20</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Parabaeus armadillus female holotype (NHMUK) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C head, anterior view D data labels." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626251" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">, 21</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Parabaeus armadillus female (SAMC) (SAM-HYM-P 031787) A habitus, lateral view B habitus, dorsal view C head, anterior view D data labels." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626252" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">, 22</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Parabaeus armadillus male (SAMC) (SAM-HYM-P 037510 A) A habitus, lateral view B habitus, dorsal view (inset: data labels) C head, mesosoma, lateral view D head, mesosoma, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626253" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">, 23</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Parabaeus armadillus male (SAMC) (SAM-HYM-P 037510 A) A head, anterior view B head, antenna and legs, anterior view C metasoma, lateral view D metasoma, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626254" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">, 24</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Parabaeus nasutus van Noort sp. nov. female holotype (SAMC) (SAM-HYM-P 040757) A habitus, lateral view B habitus, dorsal view C head, mesosoma, lateral view D head, mesosoma, dorsal view E head, anterior view (inset: data labels) F habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626255" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">, 25</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Parabaeus nasutus van Noort sp. nov. female holotype (SAMC) (SAM-HYM-P 040757) A head, antenna, ventrolateral view B cheek, clypeus, mandibles ventrolateral view C toruli, clypeus, mandibles, ventral view D mesoscutum, propodeum, dorsal view E mesosoma, anterior metasoma, dorso-lateral view F scutellum, propodeum, metasoma, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626256" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">, 26</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Parabaeus ruficornis female holotype (NHMUK) (B. M. TYPE HYM. 9.399) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C head, anterior view D data labels." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626257" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">, 27</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="115" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parabaeus</taxonomicName>
Kieffer, 1910: 294 (original description). Type:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus ruficornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficornis">Parabaeus ruficornis</taxonomicName>
Kieffer, by monotypy and original designation);
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4689" author="Kieffer, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="292 - 294" refId="B66" refString="Kieffer, JJ, 1910. Diagnoses de nouveaux genres et de nouvelles especes de Scelionides (Hym.) des Iles Sechelles. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France 1910: 292 - 294, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4689" title="Diagnoses de nouveaux genres et de nouvelles especes de Scelionides (Hym.) des Iles Sechelles." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4689" volume="1910" year="1910">Kieffer 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 100, 104 (description, list of species, keyed);
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1912.tb00089.x" author="Kieffer, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" refId="B67" refString="Kieffer, JJ, 1912. Hymenoptera, Proctotrupoidea. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 2nd series 15: 45-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1912.tb00089.x" title="Hymenoptera, Proctotrupoidea. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 2 nd series 15: 45 - 80." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1912.tb00089.x" year="1912">Kieffer 1912</bibRefCitation>
: 86 (description);
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1912.tb00089.x" author="Kieffer, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" refId="B67" refString="Kieffer, JJ, 1912. Hymenoptera, Proctotrupoidea. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 2nd series 15: 45-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1912.tb00089.x" title="Hymenoptera, Proctotrupoidea. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 2 nd series 15: 45 - 80." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1912.tb00089.x" year="1912">Kieffer 1912</bibRefCitation>
: 53 (redescribed as new); Dodd 1914: 59 (keyed);
<bibRefCitation author="Kieffer, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter &amp; Co., Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" refId="B71" refString="Kieffer, JJ, 1926. Scelionidae. Das Tierreich. Vol. 48. Walter de Gruyter &amp; Co., Berlin" title="Scelionidae. Das Tierreich. Vol. 48." year="1926">Kieffer 1926</bibRefCitation>
: 132, 133 (description, keyed);
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/20023360" author="Brues, CT" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="69 - 90" refId="B20" refString="Brues, CT, 1940. Fossil parasitic Hymenoptera of the family Scelionidae from Baltic Amber. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 74: 69 - 90, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/20023360" title="Fossil parasitic Hymenoptera of the family Scelionidae from Baltic Amber." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/20023360" volume="74" year="1940">Brues 1940</bibRefCitation>
: 72 (description, comparison of recent and amber species);
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.3359.319" author="Muesebeck, CFW" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="319 - 419" refId="B111" refString="Muesebeck, CFW, Walkley, LM, 1956. Type species of the genera and subgenera of parasitic wasps comprising the superfamily Proctotrupoidea (order Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 105: 319 - 419, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.3359.319" title="Type species of the genera and subgenera of parasitic wasps comprising the superfamily Proctotrupoidea (order Hymenoptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.3359.319" volume="105" year="1956">Muesebeck and Walkley 1956</bibRefCitation>
: 379 (citation of type species);
<bibRefCitation author="De Santis, L" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia de La Plata" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="201 - 207" refId="B42" refString="De Santis, L, 1971. Nuevas citas de Himenopteros para la Republica Argentina. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia de La Plata 47: 201 - 207" title="Nuevas citas de Himenopteros para la Republica Argentina." volume="47" year="1971">De Santis 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 47 (emendation of diagnosis, key to species);
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm10897fv" author="Masner, L" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada," pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 87" refId="B99" refString="Masner, L, 1976. Revisionary notes and keys to world genera of Scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 108: 1 - 87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/entm10897fv" title="Revisionary notes and keys to world genera of Scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm10897fv" volume="108" year="1976">Masner 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 67 (transfer to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" family="Platygastridae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Inostemmatinae">Inostemmatinae</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation author="De Santis, L" journalOrPublisher="Editora da Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" refId="B43" refString="De Santis, L, 1980. Catalogo de los Himenopteros Brasilenos de la serie Parasitica incluyendo Bethyloidea. Editora da Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba" title="Catalogo de los Himenopteros Brasilenos de la serie Parasitica incluyendo Bethyloidea." year="1980">De Santis 1980</bibRefCitation>
: 311 (catalogue of species of Brazil);
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv" author="Masner, L" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 214" refId="B103" refString="Masner, L, Huggert, L, 1989. World review and keys to genera of the subfamily Inostemmatinae with reassignment of the taxa to the Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae (Hyme-noptera: Platygastridae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 147: 1 - 214, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv" title="World review and keys to genera of the subfamily Inostemmatinae with reassignment of the taxa to the Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae (Hyme-noptera: Platygastridae)." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv" volume="147" year="1989">Masner and Huggert 1989</bibRefCitation>
: 96 (description, species list);
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" author="Austin, AD" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="647 - 659" refId="B11" refString="Austin, AD, 1990. A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter. Invertebrate Taxonomy 3: 647 - 659, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" title="A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" volume="3" year="1990">Austin 1990</bibRefCitation>
: 647 (key to species of Old World, structure of mesosoma);
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter, FM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" refId="B28" refString="Carpenter, FM, 1992. Arthropoda 4. Superclass Hexapoda. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part R. Boulder, CO Geological Society of America, [i-ii,] 279-655." title="Arthropoda 4. Superclass Hexapoda. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part R. Boulder, CO Geological Society of America, [i-ii,] 279 - 655." year="1992">Carpenter 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 471 (fossil references);
<bibRefCitation author="Vlug, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Hymenopterorum Catalogus" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 168" publicationUrl="https://zenodo.org/record/24358" refId="B146" refString="Vlug, HJ, 1995. Catalogue of the Platygastridae (Platygastroidea) of the world (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Hymenopterorum Catalogus 19: 1 - 168, https://zenodo.org/record/24358" title="Catalogue of the Platygastridae (Platygastroidea) of the world (Insecta: Hymenoptera)." url="https://zenodo.org/record/24358" volume="19" year="1995">Vlug 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 44 (catalogued, catalogue of world species);
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT95048" author="Austin, AD" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 87" refId="B12" refString="Austin, AD, Field, SA, 1997. The ovipositor system of scelionid and platygastrid wasps (Hymenoptera, Platygastroidea), comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications. Invertebrate Taxonomy 11: 1 - 87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/IT95048" title="The ovipositor system of scelionid and platygastrid wasps (Hymenoptera, Platygastroidea), comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT95048" volume="11" year="1997">Austin and Field 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 53, 68 (structure of ovipositor system, discussion of phylogenetic relationships);
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2002000400007" author="Loiacono, MS" journalOrPublisher="Neotropical Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="551 - 560" refId="B87" refString="Loiacono, MS, Margaria, CB, 2002. Systematics, morphology and physiology. Ceraphronoidea, Platygastroidea and Proctotrupoidea from Brazil (Hymenoptera). Neotropical Entomology 31: 551 - 560, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2002000400007" title="Systematics, morphology and physiology. Ceraphronoidea, Platygastroidea and Proctotrupoidea from Brazil (Hymenoptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2002000400007" volume="31" year="2002">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Loiácono">Loiacono</normalizedToken>
and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Margaría">Margaria</normalizedToken>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
: 555 (catalogue of Brazilian species);
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.47.5730" author="Talamas, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 52" refId="B138" refString="Talamas, E, Buffington, M, 2015. Fossil Platygastroidea in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 47: 1 - 52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.47.5730" title="Fossil Platygastroidea in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.47.5730" volume="47" year="2015">Talamas and Buffington 2015</bibRefCitation>
: 9 (fossil in Dominican amber);
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.38383" author="Lahey, Z" editor="Talamas, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="73 - 93" refId="B82" refString="Lahey, Z, Masner, L, Johnson, NF, Polaszek, A, 2019c. Revision of Aleyroctonus Masner &amp; Huggert (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae, Sceliotrachelinae). In: Talamas, E, Ed., Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea II. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 73: 73 - 93, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.38383" title="Revision of Aleyroctonus Masner &amp; Huggert (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae, Sceliotrachelinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.73.38383" volume="73" volumeTitle="Advances in the Systematics of Platygastroidea II." year="2019 c">Lahey, et al. 2019c</bibRefCitation>
: 76 (keyed).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="115" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
Body shape variable, from stocky and highly convex to elongate, spindle-like. All Old World species are apterous, as are the described Neotropical species with some undescribed New World species being micropterous or full-winged. Mostly yellow or light brown. Posterior ocellus contiguous with inner orbit; ocellar triangle high. Cheek and postgena with deep longitudinal excavation for housing of scape. Antennal clava of both sexes ovoid, 4-merous. Mesosoma of flightless species subrectangular, with most sclerites fused. Fore wing (when present) with short rudiment of submarginal vein without apical knob. Metasoma highly convex both dorsally and ventrally. T1 fused with T2, and S1 with S2, into solid sclerite; felt fields absent from S2 (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv" author="Masner, L" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 214" refId="B103" refString="Masner, L, Huggert, L, 1989. World review and keys to genera of the subfamily Inostemmatinae with reassignment of the taxa to the Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae (Hyme-noptera: Platygastridae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 147: 1 - 214, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv" title="World review and keys to genera of the subfamily Inostemmatinae with reassignment of the taxa to the Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae (Hyme-noptera: Platygastridae)." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv" volume="147" year="1989">Masner and Huggert 1989</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="115" type="species richness in the old world">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Species richness in the Old World.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Austin" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus abyssus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abyssus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Parabaeus abyssus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Austin, 1990 (Australia) (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Parabaeus abyssus female paratype (NHMUK) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C head, anterior view D data labels." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626250" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">20</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Austin" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus africanus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Parabaeus africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Austin, 1990 (Malawi)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Austin" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus armadillus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armadillus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Parabaeus armadillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Austin, 1990 (South Africa) (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Parabaeus armadillus female holotype (NHMUK) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C head, anterior view D data labels." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626251" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">21</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Parabaeus armadillus male (SAMC) (SAM-HYM-P 037510 A) A head, anterior view B head, antenna and legs, anterior view C metasoma, lateral view D metasoma, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626254" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">24</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buhl" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus austini" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austini">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Parabaeus austini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Buhl, 2011 (Tanzania)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buhl" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus brevicornis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicornis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Parabaeus brevicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Buhl, 2011 (Tanzania)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName authorityName="van Noort" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus nasutus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nasutus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Parabaeus nasutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
van Noort, sp. nov. (South Africa) (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Parabaeus nasutus van Noort sp. nov. female holotype (SAMC) (SAM-HYM-P 040757) A habitus, lateral view B habitus, dorsal view C head, mesosoma, lateral view D head, mesosoma, dorsal view E head, anterior view (inset: data labels) F habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626255" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">25</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Parabaeus nasutus van Noort sp. nov. female holotype (SAMC) (SAM-HYM-P 040757) A head, antenna, ventrolateral view B cheek, clypeus, mandibles ventrolateral view C toruli, clypeus, mandibles, ventral view D mesoscutum, propodeum, dorsal view E mesosoma, anterior metasoma, dorso-lateral view F scutellum, propodeum, metasoma, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626256" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">26</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buhl" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus papei" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="papei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Parabaeus papei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Buhl, 2011 (Tanzania)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Austin" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus peckorum" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peckorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Parabaeus peckorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Austin, 1990 (South Africa)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Austin" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus quasimodus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quasimodus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Parabaeus quasimodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Austin, 1990 (Kenya)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus ruficornis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficornis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Parabaeus ruficornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kieffer, 1910 (Seychelles) (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Parabaeus ruficornis female holotype (NHMUK) (B. M. TYPE HYM. 9.399) A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C head, anterior view D data labels." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.87.73770.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/626257" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">27</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="115" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
Afrotropical: Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4689" author="Kieffer, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="292 - 294" refId="B66" refString="Kieffer, JJ, 1910. Diagnoses de nouveaux genres et de nouvelles especes de Scelionides (Hym.) des Iles Sechelles. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France 1910: 292 - 294, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4689" title="Diagnoses de nouveaux genres et de nouvelles especes de Scelionides (Hym.) des Iles Sechelles." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4689" volume="1910" year="1910">Kieffer 1910</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" author="Austin, AD" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="647 - 659" refId="B11" refString="Austin, AD, 1990. A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter. Invertebrate Taxonomy 3: 647 - 659, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" title="A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" volume="3" year="1990">Austin 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000309" author="Buhl, PN" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="75 - 126" refId="B24" refString="Buhl, PN, 2011. Species of Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae from rainforest canopies in Tanzania, with keys to the Afrotropical species of Amblyaspis, Inostemma, Leptacis, Platygaster and Synopeas (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 154: 75 - 126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000309" title="Species of Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae from rainforest canopies in Tanzania, with keys to the Afrotropical species of Amblyaspis, Inostemma, Leptacis, Platygaster and Synopeas (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000309" volume="154" year="2011">Buhl 2011</bibRefCitation>
). Australasia: Australia. Neotropical: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Mexico, Panama, USA (Florida), Venezuela (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv" author="Masner, L" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 214" refId="B103" refString="Masner, L, Huggert, L, 1989. World review and keys to genera of the subfamily Inostemmatinae with reassignment of the taxa to the Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae (Hyme-noptera: Platygastridae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 147: 1 - 214, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv" title="World review and keys to genera of the subfamily Inostemmatinae with reassignment of the taxa to the Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae (Hyme-noptera: Platygastridae)." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv" volume="147" year="1989">Masner and Huggert 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Vlug, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Hymenopterorum Catalogus" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 168" publicationUrl="https://zenodo.org/record/24358" refId="B146" refString="Vlug, HJ, 1995. Catalogue of the Platygastridae (Platygastroidea) of the world (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Hymenopterorum Catalogus 19: 1 - 168, https://zenodo.org/record/24358" title="Catalogue of the Platygastridae (Platygastroidea) of the world (Insecta: Hymenoptera)." url="https://zenodo.org/record/24358" volume="19" year="1995">Vlug 1995</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="115" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
Unknown. Predicted to be living near the ground, possibly as leaf-litter inhabitants (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" author="Austin, AD" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="647 - 659" refId="B11" refString="Austin, AD, 1990. A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter. Invertebrate Taxonomy 3: 647 - 659, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" title="A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" volume="3" year="1990">Austin 1990</bibRefCitation>
). A number of specimens have subsequently been collected from canopy fogging sampling in Tanzania (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000309" author="Buhl, PN" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="75 - 126" refId="B24" refString="Buhl, PN, 2011. Species of Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae from rainforest canopies in Tanzania, with keys to the Afrotropical species of Amblyaspis, Inostemma, Leptacis, Platygaster and Synopeas (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 154: 75 - 126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000309" title="Species of Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae from rainforest canopies in Tanzania, with keys to the Afrotropical species of Amblyaspis, Inostemma, Leptacis, Platygaster and Synopeas (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000309" volume="154" year="2011">Buhl 2011</bibRefCitation>
), suggesting that they are far more mobile than previously assumed. Species from these fogging samples are likely to be associated with the rich epiphyte, micro-habitat present in the canopy of Afromontane forest.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="115" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
The Old World species are all apterous, as are the described Neotropical species:
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. lenkoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="lenkoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. lenkoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de Santis, 1970 (Brazil) and
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. kiefferi" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="kiefferi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. kiefferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de Santis, 1970 (Argentina), but a number of New World species are known that are also micropterous or fully winged (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv" author="Masner, L" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 214" refId="B103" refString="Masner, L, Huggert, L, 1989. World review and keys to genera of the subfamily Inostemmatinae with reassignment of the taxa to the Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae (Hyme-noptera: Platygastridae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 147: 1 - 214, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv" title="World review and keys to genera of the subfamily Inostemmatinae with reassignment of the taxa to the Platygastrinae and Sceliotrachelinae (Hyme-noptera: Platygastridae)." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm121147fv" volume="147" year="1989">Masner and Huggert 1989</bibRefCitation>
). The Angolan species,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. machadoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="machadoi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. machadoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Risbec, 1957 is in fact a species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Baeus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Baeus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Baeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Haliday (=
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kozlov" authorityYear="1970" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Angolobaeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Angolobaeus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Angolobaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kozlov) (
<bibRefCitation author="Kozlov, MA" journalOrPublisher="Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="203 - 226" refId="B73" refString="Kozlov, MA, 1970. [Supergeneric groupings of Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera)]. Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye 49: 203 - 226" title="[Supergeneric groupings of Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera)]." volume="49" year="1970">Kozlov 1970</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm10897fv" author="Masner, L" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada," pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 87" refId="B99" refString="Masner, L, 1976. Revisionary notes and keys to world genera of Scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 108: 1 - 87, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4039/entm10897fv" title="Revisionary notes and keys to world genera of Scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/entm10897fv" volume="108" year="1976">Masner 1976</bibRefCitation>
). There is a described fossil species,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. pusillus" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="pusillus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. pusillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Brues, 1940, from Eocene-Oligocene Baltic amber (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/20023360" author="Brues, CT" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="69 - 90" refId="B20" refString="Brues, CT, 1940. Fossil parasitic Hymenoptera of the family Scelionidae from Baltic Amber. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 74: 69 - 90, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/20023360" title="Fossil parasitic Hymenoptera of the family Scelionidae from Baltic Amber." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/20023360" volume="74" year="1940">Brues 1940</bibRefCitation>
) and an undescribed species known from Oligocene-Miocene Dominican amber (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.47.5730" author="Talamas, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="1 - 52" refId="B138" refString="Talamas, E, Buffington, M, 2015. Fossil Platygastroidea in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 47: 1 - 52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.47.5730" title="Fossil Platygastroidea in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.47.5730" volume="47" year="2015">Talamas and Buffington 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
Sexual dimorphism is slight in some species with morphological differences only apparent in the shape of the antennal club (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" author="Austin, AD" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="647 - 659" refId="B11" refString="Austin, AD, 1990. A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter. Invertebrate Taxonomy 3: 647 - 659, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" title="A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" volume="3" year="1990">Austin 1990</bibRefCitation>
), whereas other species have a metasomal horn developed on T1 in females, presumably to accommodate the ovipositor (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" author="Austin, AD" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="647 - 659" refId="B11" refString="Austin, AD, 1990. A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter. Invertebrate Taxonomy 3: 647 - 659, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" title="A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" volume="3" year="1990">Austin 1990</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus ruficornis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficornis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Parabaeus ruficornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. peckorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="peckorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. peckorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are only known from males, and it is thus unclear as to whether the respective females will have a metasomal horn or not.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Austin" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus peckorum" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peckorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Parabaeus peckorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to the
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. armadillus" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="armadillus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. armadillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group, which does not have a metasomal horn in the females, whereas
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. ruficornis" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="ruficornis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. ruficornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to the
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. quasimodus" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="quasimodus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. quasimodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group and hence is predicted to have a horn in females.
<taxonomicName authorityName="van Noort" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus nasutus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nasutus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Parabaeus nasutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. belongs to the
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. armadillus" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="armadillus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. armadillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">There are two apparent species-groups in the Afrotropical region defined by the presence or absence of a hyperoccipital carina. We predict that these two groups will be further supported by the presence or absence of a metasomal horn in females, once both sexes of the known species are discovered.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Austin" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus armadillus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armadillus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Parabaeus armadillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group (
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. armadillus" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="armadillus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. armadillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. nasutus" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="nasutus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. nasutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. peckorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="peckorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. peckorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Hyperoccipital carina present.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Sexual dimorphism slight, females without metasomal horn on T1.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Absence of a sulcus between the lateral pronotum and mesopleuron.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Austin" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Parabaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parabaeus quasimodus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quasimodus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Parabaeus quasimodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group (
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. africanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. austini" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="austini">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. austini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. brevicornis" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="brevicornis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. brevicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. papei" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="papei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. papei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. quasimodus" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="quasimodus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. quasimodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. ruficornis" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="ruficornis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. ruficornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Hyperoccipital carina absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Sexual dimorphism strong, females with metasomal horn on T1 that is developed to varying degrees in size.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">Sulcus between the lateral pronotum and mesopleuron present.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
The only other described Old World species, the Australian
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. abyssus" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="abyssus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. abyssus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
falls into its own species-group, sharing characters across the two Afrotropical species-groups (hyperoccipital carina absent, but no metasomal horn on T1 in females) and the Neotropical species-group, which has armature (points, spikes or truncate projections) on the posterior or posterolateral margin of the propodeum, and these are also present in
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. abyssus" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="abyssus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. abyssus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" author="Austin, AD" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" pagination="647 - 659" refId="B11" refString="Austin, AD, 1990. A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter. Invertebrate Taxonomy 3: 647 - 659, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" title="A revision of Old World Parabaeus Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a group of highly modified apterous parasitoids inhabiting leaf litter." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IT9890647" volume="3" year="1990">Austin 1990</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="115">
The following key includes diagnostic characters enabling both sexes to be keyed out where known. Males of four species (
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. austini" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="austini">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. austini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. brevicornis" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="brevicornis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. brevicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. quasimodes" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="quasimodes">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. quasimodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. papei" pageId="0" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="papei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="115">P. papei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with metasomal horns in females are as yet unknown, and hence will not be identifiable using the current key configuration.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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